770:
1479:...Mars 2 and Mars 3. Both reached Mars shortly after Mariner 9. Unfortunately, these Soviet ships were not reprogrammable, as was the case with Mariner 9, and rather than wait out the huge, planet-wide dust storm, they proceeded to follow their programming right on schedule. Landers were dispatched from each, the first crashing and the second apparently reaching the surface intact but losing radio contact immediately. The orbiters fared little better; following their simple logic, both used up their available resources snapping images of the featureless dust clouds below.
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745:, the largest storm ever observed." The surface was totally obscured. Unable to reprogram the mission computers, both Mars 2 and Mars 3 dispatched their landers immediately, and the orbiters used up a significant portion of their available data resources in snapping images of the featureless dust clouds below, rather than the surface mapping intended.
753:), water vapor concentrations 5,000 times less than in the Earth's atmosphere, the base of the ionosphere starting at 80 to 110 kilometres (50 to 68 mi) altitude, and grains from dust storms as high as 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) in the atmosphere. The images and data enabled the creation of surface
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The entire descent module had a fueled mass of 1,210 kilograms (2,670 lb), the spherical landing capsule accounting for 358 kilograms (789 lb) of this. An automatic control system consisting of gas micro-engines and pressurised nitrogen containers provided attitude control. Four "gunpowder"
886:
The descent module separated from the orbiter on 27 November 1971 about 4.5 hours before reaching Mars. After entering the atmosphere at approximately 6 km/s, the descent system on the module malfunctioned, possibly because the angle of entry was too steep. The descent sequence did not operate
866:
on board, which would move across the surface on skis while connected to the lander with a 15-metre (49 ft) umbilical. Two small metal rods were used for autonomous obstacle avoidance, as radio signals from Earth would take too long to drive the rovers using remote control. The rover carried a
748:
The Mars 2 orbiter sent back data covering the period from
December 1971 to March 1972, although transmissions continued through August. It was announced that Mars 2 and Mars 3 had completed their missions by 22 August 1972, after 362 orbits. The probe, combined with Mars 3, sent back a total of 60
811:
The Mars 2 descent module was mounted on the bus/orbiter opposite the propulsion system. It consisted of a spherical 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) diameter landing capsule, a 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in) diameter conical aerodynamic braking shield, a parachute system and retro-rockets.
874:
The rover was planned to be placed on the surface after landing by a manipulator arm and to move in the field of view of the television cameras and stop to make measurements every 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in). The traces of movement in the
Martian soil would also be recorded to determine
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Four aerials protruded from the top of the sphere to provide communications with the orbiter via an onboard radio system. The equipment was powered by batteries which were charged by the orbiter prior to separation. Temperature control was maintained through thermal insulation and a system of
831:
to study atmospheric composition; temperature, pressure, and wind sensors; and devices to measure mechanical and chemical properties of the surface, including a mechanical scoop to search for organic materials and signs of life. It also contained a pennant with the
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pictures. The images and data revealed mountains as high as 22 kilometres (14 mi), atomic hydrogen and oxygen in the upper atmosphere, surface temperatures ranging from −110 to 13 °C (−166 to 55 °F), surface pressures of 5.5 to 6 mbar (0.55 to 0.6
713:
The orbiter's primary scientific objectives were to image the
Martian surface and clouds, determine the temperature on Mars, study the topography, composition and physical properties of the surface, measure properties of the atmosphere, monitor the
823:
were mounted on the top section of the lander. Foam was used to absorb shock within the descent module. The landing capsule had four triangular petals which would open after landing, righting the spacecraft and exposing the instrumentation.
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The main PrOP-M frame was a square box with a small protrusion at the center. The frame was supported on two wide flat skis, one extending down from each side elevating the frame slightly above the surface.
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698:. After the first stage separated the second stage was ignited. The third stage engine blasted Mars 2 into parking orbit, then the Blok D upper stage sent Mars 2 on the trans-Mars trajectory.
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as planned and the parachute did not deploy. The descent module became the first man-made object to impact the surface of Mars. The exact crash site is unknown, but it is estimated to be at
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upper stage. The lander of Mars 2 became the first human-made object to reach the surface of Mars, although the landing system failed and the lander was lost.
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The
Orbiter type was the 4MV, used also for Mars-3 and later Mars and Venera Probes. The orbiter engine performed a burn to put the spacecraft into a
710:, 18-hour orbit about Mars with an inclination of 48.9 degrees. Scientific instruments were generally turned on for about 30 minutes near periapsis.
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Dimensions: 4.1 m (13.5 ft) tall, 2 m (6.6 ft) across (5.9 m (19.4 ft) across with solar panels deployed)
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missions consisted of identical spacecraft, each with an orbiter and an attached lander. The orbiter is identical to the
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radiators. The landing capsule was sterilised before launch to prevent contamination of the
Martian environment.
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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The lander was equipped with two television cameras with a 360 degree view of the surface as well as a
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arrived and successfully orbited Mars on 14 November 1971, just two weeks prior to Mars 2 and Mars 3,
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/1060/beyond-earth-a-chronicle-of-deep-space-exploration/
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4.1 × 2.0 × 5.9 m (13.5 × 6.6 × 19.4 ft)
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The main and auxiliary parachutes, the engine to initiate the landing, and the radar
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The
Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union
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engines were mounted to the outer edge of the cone to control pitch and yaw.
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952:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
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Map of Mars, showing the location of Mars 2 center left, in relation to
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2691:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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1573:"The Rocky Soviet Road to Mars" by Larry Klaes – EJASA October 1989
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918:. Attempts to contact the probe after the crash were unsuccessful.
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Because of the demise of the lander, the rover was not deployed.
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and magnetic fields. The orbiter remains in
Martian orbit.
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1,380-by-2,494-kilometre (857 mi × 1,550 mi)
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Mars 2 lander had a small 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb)
16:
Soviet orbiter and lander mission to Mars (1971–1972)
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867:dynamic penetrometer and a radiation densitometer.
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3651:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
3496:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
1384:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
3890:Non Earth orbiting satellites of the Soviet Union
3567:
3841:
678:On-orbit dry mass: 2,265 kg (4,993 lb)
2728:
1558:Ted Stryk's page on enhancing the partial photo
1502:. NASA Headquarters History Division. pp.
963:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
1563:TASS notice on the Mars-3 landing (in Russian)
729:on Mars adversely affected the mission. When
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2687:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
1768:
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694:heavy launch vehicle launched the probe from
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3577:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
2721:
2707:
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1600:
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206:1 year, 3 months and 3 days
3612:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1495:
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921:
853:
798:
768:
667:Combined: 4,650 kg (10,250 lb)
3842:
1408:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
741:was thick with "a planet-wide robe of
670:Orbiter: 3,440 kg (7,580 lb)
3481:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
2702:
1756:
1581:
1432:
725:By coincidence, a particularly large
673:Lander: 1,210 kg (2,670 lb)
1520:
1458:
635:bus. The type of bus/orbiter is the
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
718:and the interplanetary and Martian
659:Mars 2: 19 May 1971 at 16:22:44 UTC
13:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2755:List of artificial objects on Mars
1607:
757:, and gave information on Martian
14:
3906:
3875:Derelict satellites orbiting Mars
3850:Space program of the Soviet Union
3768:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
1541:
1426:
882:Entry, descent, and crash landing
3456:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
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1317:
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944:, overlaid with the position of
834:State Emblem of the Soviet Union
136:
32:
3627:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
3433:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
843:
805:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
441:24,940 km (15,500 mi)
43:needs additional citations for
1414:
1400:
664:Launch mass (including fuel):
252:4,650 kg (10,250 lb)
190:
1:
3582:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1548:Catalog of Soviet Mars images
1394:
280:2,265 kg (4,993 lb)
264:1,210 kg (2,670 lb)
258:3,440 kg (7,580 lb)
1745:indicate failures at launch.
1496:Perminov, V.G. (July 1999).
643:heavy launch vehicle with a
612:, a series of uncrewed Mars
7:
3860:Spacecraft launched in 1971
3506:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
3451:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
3427:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
2795:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1437:. Encyclopedia Astronautica
1336:
803:Mars 3 Lander model at the
737:were surprised to find the
650:
431:1,380 km (860 mi)
10:
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847:
701:
639:. They were launched by a
20:
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2813:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
2770:
2763:
2740:
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1807:
1740:
1714:
1615:
1553:NASA's mars probe website
942:global topography of Mars
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3855:1971 in the Soviet Union
3763:Mars Exploration Program
2745:List of missions to Mars
1364:List of missions to Mars
795:Lander spacecraft system
23:Mars II (disambiguation)
2853:Mars Science Laboratory
858:Rendering of the PrOP-M
624:beginning 19 May 1971.
3870:Lunae Palus quadrangle
3222:Mars Exploration Rover
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2904:
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1420:See Mars 3 article in
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859:
808:
791:
313:1971-05-19UTC16:22:44Z
3417:(2024, flyby in 2025)
3409:(2024, flyby in 2025)
2988:(2023, flyby in 2026)
2979:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
2911:
2903:
2895:
2750:List of Mars orbiters
1532:The Planetary Society
1359:List of Mars orbiters
938:Interactive image map
925:
875:material properties.
857:
802:
772:
416:Reference system
309:19 May 1971, 16:22:44
219:Spacecraft properties
3773:Mars Next Generation
3732:Permanent settlement
3622:Mars Surveyor Lander
3088:Mars Climate Orbiter
3074:Mars Global Surveyor
1791:Orbital launches in
735:planetary scientists
690:On 19 May 1971, the
550:Mars 2 Lander impact
163:Soviet space program
52:improve this article
21:For other uses, see
2730:Spacecraft missions
2196:Soyuz 7K-LOK mockup
1139:Mars Polar Lander ↓
998:Mars Memorials list
902: /
696:Baikonur Cosmodrome
534: /
427:Periareion altitude
132:
3758:Mars Scout Program
3597:Mars 4NM & 5NM
3521:Mars Micro Orbiter
3511:Mars Geyser Hopper
2913:
2905:
2897:
1528:"Missions to Mars"
1467:. pp. 73–78.
1459:Pyle, Rod (2012).
1389:Robotic spacecraft
1351:Spaceflight portal
1004:
860:
809:
792:
656:Launch Date/Time:
437:Apoareion altitude
411:Orbital parameters
130:
3885:Geography of Mars
3837:
3836:
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3797:The Case for Mars
3707:Atmospheric entry
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3602:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
3559:
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3536:Next Mars Orbiter
3444:Rosalind Franklin
3380:
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3300:
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3155:Mars Polar Lander
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2781:2001 Mars Odyssey
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1474:978-1-61614-589-7
1379:Space exploration
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1235:
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1212:Rosalind Franklin
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961:Clickable image:
829:mass spectrometer
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482:Orbital insertion
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3803:Inspiration Mars
3790:The Mars Project
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1461:Destination Mars
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604:was an uncrewed
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512:27 November 1971
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503:(failed landing)
485:27 November 1971
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301:Start of mission
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203:Mission duration
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3501:Mars Base Alpha
3491:Icebreaker Life
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3358:Mars 3MS No.170
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3198:
3149:Mars Pathfinder
3100:
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2950:Mariner 6 and 7
2914:
2906:
2898:
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720:magnetic fields
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627:The Mars 2 and
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1941:Nauka 2KS No.3
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1609:Mars programme
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1542:External links
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592: →
591:
586:
583:←
579:
578:
573:Mars 2 stamp
570:
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72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
24:
19:
3895:1971 on Mars
3865:Mars program
3813:Mars Society
3795:
3788:
3742:Terraforming
3737:Colonization
3663:Voyager Mars
3655:
3643:
3636:
3462:
3442:
3413:
3400:Mangalyaan-2
3399:
3318:Mars 1M No.1
3277:
3257:
3241:
3227:
3215:
3191:
3184:
3178:Schiaparelli
3177:
3169:
3159:Deep Space 2
3148:
3141:
3134:
3113:
3094:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3039:
3032:
3002:
2984:
2971:
2964:
2866:Perseverance
2865:
2846:
2825:
2818:
2793:
2788:Mars Express
2786:
2779:
2688:
2684:
2648:Molniya 1-19
2580:
2573:
2566:
2532:Molniya 2-01
2504:
2327:
2298:Gridsphere B
2294:Gridsphere 2
2290:Gridsphere 1
2255:
2246:Molniya 1-18
2233:
2221:
2194:
2187:
2160:
2120:
2098:
2021:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1888:
1846:
1742:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1522:
1498:
1478:
1460:
1439:. Retrieved
1428:
1416:
1402:
1374:Mars program
1326:
1308:
1288:
1270:
1250:
1232:Schiaparelli
1231:
1211:
1193:
1176:Perseverance
1175:
1155:
1086:
1071:
1055:Deep Space 2
1035:
1015:
972: Active
960:
885:
877:
873:
869:
861:
844:PrOP-M rover
838:
826:
818:
814:
810:
786:
780:
774:
747:
724:
712:
705:
689:
626:
622:Soviet Union
610:Mars program
601:
599:
577:Mars program
575:
395:Last contact
269:Landing mass
235:Manufacturer
149:Mission type
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
18:
3880:Mars rovers
3677:Exploration
3526:MELOS rover
3429:(mid 2020s)
3368:Fobos-Grunt
3242:Opportunity
2673:Meteor 1-10
2512:Explorer 45
2302:Rigidsphere
2207:Meteor 1-09
2202:Explorer 44
2034:San Marco 3
2007:Meteor 1-08
1947:Explorer 43
1884:Calsphere 5
1879:Calsphere 4
1874:Calsphere 3
1822:Meteor 1-07
1435:"Mars M-71"
1433:Mark Wade.
1156:Opportunity
992:(See also:
909: /
788:Opportunity
755:relief maps
606:space probe
542: /
517:Impact site
509:Impact date
447:Inclination
420:Areocentric
336:Launch site
306:Launch date
245:Launch mass
3844:Categories
3751:Strategies
3645:Red Dragon
3607:Mars-Aster
3551:Sky-Sailor
3546:Phootprint
3516:Mars-Grunt
3333:2MV-3 No.1
3328:2MV-4 No.1
3280:helicopter
3095:Mangalyaan
2663:Kosmos 470
2658:Kosmos 469
2643:Kosmos 468
2638:Kosmos 467
2633:Kosmos 466
2628:Kosmos 465
2598:Kosmos 464
2593:Kosmos 463
2562:Kosmos 462
2557:Kosmos 461
2547:Kosmos 460
2542:Kosmos 459
2537:Kosmos 458
2527:Kosmos 457
2522:Kosmos 456
2517:Kosmos 455
2490:Kosmos 454
2470:Kosmos 453
2460:Kosmos 452
2450:Kosmos 451
2445:Kosmos 450
2440:Kosmos 449
2435:Kosmos 448
2430:Kosmos 447
2425:Kosmos 446
2420:Kosmos 445
2415:Kosmos 444
2410:Kosmos 443
2405:Kosmos 442
2385:Kosmos 441
2375:Kosmos 440
2370:Kosmos 439
2365:Kosmos 438
2350:Kosmos 437
2345:Kosmos 436
2335:Kosmos 435
2313:Kosmos 434
2308:Kosmos 433
2263:Kosmos 432
2251:Kosmos 431
2229:Kosmos 430
2223:Tselina-OM
2217:Kosmos 429
2183:Kosmos 428
2173:Kosmos 427
2156:Kosmos 426
2146:Kosmos 424
2136:Kosmos 424
2131:Kosmos 423
2126:Kosmos 422
2116:Kosmos 421
2111:Kosmos 420
2106:Kosmos 419
2094:Kosmos 418
2089:Kosmos 417
2084:Kosmos 416
2079:Kosmos 415
2074:Kosmos 414
2069:Kosmos 413
2064:Kosmos 412
2059:Kosmos 411
2054:Kosmos 410
2044:Kosmos 409
2039:Kosmos 408
2029:Kosmos 407
1997:Kosmos 406
1992:Kosmos 405
1987:Kosmos 404
1982:Kosmos 403
1977:Kosmos 402
1967:Kosmos 401
1952:Kosmos 400
1916:Kosmos 399
1911:Kosmos 398
1906:Kosmos 397
1901:Kosmos 396
1896:Kosmos 395
1859:Kosmos 394
1842:Kosmos 393
1827:Kosmos 392
1817:Kosmos 391
1812:Kosmos 390
1675:Kosmos 419
1654:2MV-3 No.1
1642:2MV-4 No.1
1567:Wikisource
1395:References
906:45°S 313°W
864:Mars rover
739:atmosphere
727:dust storm
716:solar wind
585:Kosmos 419
548: (
387:1972-08-22
353:Khrunichev
349:Contractor
285:Dimensions
78:newspapers
3818:Mars race
3632:NetLander
3592:Marsokhod
3570:proposals
3568:Cancelled
3372:Yinghuo-1
3353:Mariner 8
3348:2M No.522
3338:Mariner 3
3290:Mars 2020
3278:Ingenuity
3216:Sojourner
3192:Tianwen-1
3013:Mariner 9
2940:Mariner 4
2872:Mars 2020
2847:Curiosity
2826:Tianwen-1
2685:underline
2235:Apollo 15
2151:Mariner 9
2100:Mariner 8
2002:Tournesol
1921:Shijian I
1848:Apollo 14
1715:Cancelled
1668:2M No.522
1661:2M No.521
1251:Sojourner
1036:Curiosity
911:-45; -313
821:altimeter
807:in Moscow
731:Mariner 9
539:45°S 47°E
398:July 1972
317: UTC
181:1971-045D
175:1971-045A
169:COSPAR ID
3782:Advocacy
3717:Aircraft
3685:Concepts
3617:Mars One
3587:Beagle 3
3474:Proposed
3464:Kazachok
3447:) (2028)
3421:EscaPADE
3311:launches
3269:Aircraft
3248:timeline
3234:timeline
3176:ExoMars
3164:Beagle 2
3142:Viking 2
3135:Viking 1
3059:Phobos 2
3054:Phobos 1
3041:Viking 2
3034:Viking 1
2996:Orbiters
2877:timeline
2858:timeline
2801:timeline
2772:Orbiters
2568:Zenit-2M
2500:OPS 9432
2495:OPS 3431
2485:Prospero
2480:OPS 7616
2455:OPS 4311
2360:OPS 7681
2355:OPS 5454
2329:Zenit-4M
2318:OPS 8607
2212:OPS 8373
2189:Zenit-2M
2178:OPS 8709
2162:Soyuz 11
2049:OPS 3811
2023:Soyuz 10
2017:OPS 7899
2012:Salyut 1
1962:OPS 5300
1957:OPS 4788
1934:Zenit-2M
1869:OPS 5268
1864:Tansei 1
1832:OPS 7776
1727:Mars 5NM
1722:Mars 4NM
1337:See also
1327:Viking 2
1309:Viking 1
1016:Beagle 2
994:Mars map
776:Viking 1
692:Proton-K
651:Overview
641:Proton-K
633:Venera 9
618:orbiters
461:18 hours
380:Declared
372:Disposal
340:Baikonur
326:Proton-K
277:Dry mass
255:Orbiter:
160:Operator
108:May 2014
67:"Mars 2"
3702:Landing
3697:Orbiter
3486:DePhine
3439:ExoMars
3392:Planned
3363:Mars 96
3323:1M No.2
3285:flights
3258:Zhurong
3185:InSight
3170:Phoenix
3106:Landers
2966:Rosetta
2828:orbiter
2689:italics
2668:Oreol 1
2603:Ariel 4
2588:Polaire
2390:Luna 19
2380:Shinsei
2340:Luna 18
2272:LOADS-2
1854:NATO-2B
1743:Italics
1732:Mars 5M
1634:1M No.2
1628:1M No.1
1623:Mars 1M
1369:Mars 1M
1289:Zhurong
1194:Phoenix
1072:InSight
950:landers
940:of the
933:discuss
759:gravity
702:Orbiter
614:landers
608:of the
544:-45; 47
501:impact
477:orbiter
385: (
311: (
261:Lander:
230:No. 171
189:SATCAT
92:scholar
3531:MetNet
3435:(2026)
3423:(2024)
3403:(2024)
3385:Future
3309:Failed
3228:Spirit
3210:PrOP-M
3203:Rovers
3194:lander
3129:Mars 7
3124:Mars 6
3119:Mars 3
3114:Mars 2
3081:Nozomi
3023:Mars 5
3018:Mars 4
3008:Mars 3
3003:Mars 2
2985:Psyche
2960:Mars 7
2955:Mars 6
2945:Zond 2
2935:Mars 1
2927:Flybys
2838:Rovers
2764:Active
2582:Canyon
2475:ITOS-B
2400:TETR-4
2278:OV1-21
2268:OV1-20
2168:SESP-1
2141:Mars 3
2121:Mars 2
1972:ISIS 2
1800:1972 →
1785:← 1970
1706:Mars 7
1701:Mars 6
1696:Mars 5
1691:Mars 4
1686:Mars 3
1681:Mars 2
1648:Mars 1
1510:
1471:
1441:27 May
1271:Spirit
1121:Mars 6
1105:Mars 3
1089:Mars 2
984:
977:
970:
850:PrOP-M
765:Lander
686:Launch
645:Blok D
629:Mars 3
602:Mars 2
590:Mars 3
490:Orbits
457:Period
322:Rocket
249:Total:
131:Mars 2
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
3712:Rover
3692:Flyby
3657:Vesta
3541:PADME
2808:MAVEN
2506:STV-4
2465:ASTEX
2395:OSO 7
2286:LCS 4
2240:PFS-1
1504:34–60
897:313°W
451:48.9°
343:81/24
239:OKB-1
99:JSTOR
85:books
3414:Hera
2973:Dawn
2919:Past
2819:Hope
2734:Mars
2323:Eole
2282:RTDS
1793:1971
1616:Past
1508:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1443:2024
948:and
929:view
894:45°S
785:and
743:dust
616:and
600:The
529:47°E
526:45°S
499:Mars
475:Mars
198:5739
196:5234
153:Mars
71:news
2732:to
1234:EDM
751:kPa
637:4MV
493:362
191:no.
54:by
3846::
3370:/
3157:/
2300:,
2296:,
2292:,
2288:,
2284:,
1631:|
1530:.
1506:.
1486:^
1477:.
1463:.
1451:^
1000:)
996:;
981:•
974:•
931:•
836:.
779:,
228:4M
3441:(
2722:e
2715:t
2708:v
2304:)
2280:(
2274:)
2270:(
2242:)
2238:(
1776:e
1769:t
1762:v
1637:)
1625:(
1601:e
1594:t
1587:v
1569:)
1565:(
1534:.
1516:.
1445:.
1410:.
966:(
935:)
927:(
552:)
389:)
330:D
328:/
315:)
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
25:.
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