2279:, where he wrote that "relics of bygone instruments of labour possess the same importance for the investigation of extinct economic forms of society, as do fossil bones for the determination of extinct species of animals" Engels elaborated further that "it is from the history of nature and human society that the laws of dialectics are abstracted" which situates archaeology as part of that discovery process. Further, Engels sought to define three essential principles of dialectical materialist theory as "transformation of quantity into quality and vice versa; (...) the interpenetration of opposites; (and) the negation of the negation". Thus, Marxist archaeology examines the material record for indicators of the transformation of society and/or nature, and of the oppositional material and social forces that engender change, as frames for interpreting the archaeological record.
2182:
97:
2206:
27:
2194:
2331:
polarization within the anthropological discipline (and all academic disciplines) that fuels the questions that spur progress in archaeological theory and knowledge. This constant interfacing and conflict between the extremes of the two heuristic playing grounds (subjective vs. objective) are believed to result in a continuous reconstruction of the past by scholars.
2495:, these young archaeologists "were enthusiastic, but not very experienced in Marxism or in archaeology." In the 1930s, the term "Soviet archaeology" was adopted in the country to differentiate Marxist archaeology as understood by Soviet archaeologists from the "bourgeois archaeology" of other, non-Marxist nations. Allying it firmly with the academic discipline of
2455:âas a part of their general support for scientific advancementâencouraged archaeological study, founding the Russian Academy for the History of Material Culture in 1919. Soon renamed the State Academy for the History of Material Culture (GAIMK) following the re-designation of the Empire as the Soviet Union, it was centred in
2483:
in which he outlined a framework for
Marxist archaeology. Within this work, the very discipline of archaeology was criticised as being inherently bourgeois and therefore anti-Marxist, and following its publication there was a trend to denounce those archaeological ideas and work that had gone before,
2302:
Marxist archaeology has been characterised as having "generally adopted a materialist base and a processual approach whilst emphasising the historical-developmental context of archaeological data." The theory argues that past societies should be examined through
Marxist analysis, thereby having a
2429:
Relics of by-gone instruments of labour possess the same importance for the investigation of extinct economic forms of society, as do fossil bones for the determination of extinct species of animals. It is not the articles made, but how they are made, and by what instruments, that enables us to
2330:
Marxist archaeologists in general believe that the bipolarism that exists between the processual and post-processual debates is an opposition inherent within knowledge production and is in accord with a dialectical understanding of the world. Many
Marxist archaeologists believe that it is this
2396:
Marxist archaeology places an emphasis on learning how people lived and worked in the past. In attempting to do this, Marxist archaeologists working in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and following decades denounced what they saw as "artifactology", the simple categorization of artifacts in
2474:
in the Soviet Union in 1924, there was an increased focus on academics bringing their findings in line with
Marxist theories. As a part of this, the government prevented Soviet archaeologists from contact with their foreign counterparts, and archaeologists were encouraged to understand their
2386:
The dogmatism with which Soviet social scientists adhered to this scheme contrasts sharply with the views expressed by Marx and Engels, who were prepared to consider multilinear models of social evolution, especially with regard to earlier and less well understood periods of human
2418:
wrote many books on the subject of history, but wrote little about archaeology, or how it could be understood within a
Marxist framework. According to Trigger, the most relevant passage that Marx made about the subject was found in his epic study of political economy,
2430:
distinguish different economic epochs. Instruments of labour not only supply a standard of the degree of development to which human labour has attained, but they are also indicators of the social conditions under which labour is carried on.
2559:
visited the Soviet Union. Prior to this, he had already begun looking at societies from the perspective that they developed primarily through economic means, having begun to reject culture-historical archaeology in the late 1920s.
2286:
during the early twentieth century. Marxist archaeology quickly became the dominant archaeological theory within the Soviet Union, and subsequently spread and was adopted by archaeologists in other countries. In particular, in the
2487:
Soon, Ravdonikas and other young
Marxist archaeologists rose to significant positions in the archaeological community of the Soviet Union, with notable Marxist archaeologists of this period including
2374:. Marxist archaeologists often interpret the archaeological record as displaying this progression through forms of society. This approach was particularly popular in the Soviet Union under
373:
338:
2567:, there has been a reawakening of interest in applying to archaeology some of the implications of the earlier work of Karl Marx, many of which had been re-examined by French
2499:, this decade saw the publication of many more archaeological books in the Union, as well as the start of what would become the country's primary archaeological journal,
2366:
societies, which
Marxists note is the dominant form today. However, Marxists believe that there are in fact two more social stages for human society to progress through:
2346:
158:
2536:
1629:
45:
2563:
According to archaeologists Colin
Renfrew and Paul Bahn, "Following the upsurge in theoretical discussion that followed the initial impact of the
3072:
2544:
2540:
488:
118:
113:
258:
133:
2236:
2738:
368:
1062:
1044:
473:
3040:
2976:
2957:
2928:
1957:
1884:
328:
1434:
2397:
typologies, because they believed that it took archaeological focus away from the human beings who created and used them.
3065:
2452:
875:
463:
283:
213:
188:
2523:, a form of Marxist archaeological thought known as "social archaeology" developed during the 1970s, based primarily in
2995:
2299:
in the 1980s and 1990s, forms of
Marxist archaeology were once more popularised amongst the archaeological community.
3107:
2514:
702:
353:
303:
63:
2015:
1962:
627:
268:
1469:
1019:
717:
595:
293:
193:
148:
2839:
Jamieson, Ross W. (2005). "Colonialism, Social
Archaeology and lo Andino: Historical Archaeology in the Andes".
3155:
3097:
3058:
2475:
information within the framework of history developed by Marx and Engels. In 1929, a young archaeologist named
2464:
2275:
specifically analyzed how archaeology supported a materialist conception of history, Marx indicated as much in
515:
413:
393:
298:
223:
2491:, Yevgeni Krichevsky, A. P. Kruglow, G. P. Podgayetsky and P. N. Tret'yakov. According to later archaeologist
2358:
societies. According to Marxist doctrine, most of these, however, evolved into slave-based societies, then to
617:
2229:
1764:
667:
436:
318:
1439:
1319:
493:
408:
248:
96:
3129:
2296:
1947:
1749:
1219:
348:
273:
168:
3024:
1719:
1694:
1619:
982:
780:
218:
2850:
2350:(1884)âholds that society has evolved through a series of progressive stages. The first of these was
1859:
866:
750:
468:
363:
323:
253:
238:
2222:
1952:
313:
233:
183:
637:
3150:
3124:
3114:
2634:
Earle, Timothy K.; Preucel, Robert W. (1987). "Processual Archaeology and the Radical Critique".
2501:
2311:, and while it may have once held that human societies progress through a series of stages, from
2257:
2117:
2097:
930:
662:
545:
398:
358:
178:
173:
128:
18:
Archaeological theory that interprets archaeological information within the framework of Marxism
3119:
2045:
1369:
775:
707:
697:
685:
3081:
2253:
1189:
1034:
610:
418:
333:
278:
41:
2488:
2476:
2443:, a state run by a Marxist-Leninist government, during the 1920s. Upon taking power in the
2102:
2055:
2050:
2035:
2025:
1992:
1967:
1854:
1829:
1729:
1444:
1014:
829:
785:
590:
555:
505:
447:
288:
163:
153:
106:
899:
403:
8:
2920:
2367:
2351:
2312:
2161:
2112:
1814:
1634:
1124:
765:
745:
632:
622:
570:
560:
478:
458:
308:
228:
123:
2484:
exemplified at the Pan-Russian Conference for Archaeology and Ethnography held in 1930.
1569:
550:
2870:
2862:
2743:
2659:
2651:
2556:
2174:
2156:
2134:
2060:
1997:
1987:
1942:
1937:
1894:
1599:
1324:
1294:
1159:
1129:
989:
815:
795:
735:
483:
386:
343:
203:
1649:
3036:
2991:
2972:
2953:
2924:
2916:
2874:
2841:
2663:
2198:
2127:
2087:
2065:
1794:
1779:
1759:
1349:
1269:
1194:
1004:
935:
909:
861:
790:
770:
642:
605:
585:
575:
565:
538:
500:
443:
1589:
1494:
1429:
1379:
1244:
3028:
3014:
2854:
2643:
2415:
2292:
2272:
2210:
2186:
2122:
2107:
1899:
1834:
1734:
1669:
1644:
1594:
1559:
1519:
1354:
1314:
1279:
1169:
1149:
1099:
1094:
1074:
1029:
999:
945:
894:
889:
856:
755:
712:
657:
600:
198:
80:
1909:
3092:
3018:
2564:
2355:
2139:
2030:
1982:
1977:
1889:
1824:
1804:
1744:
1639:
1614:
1579:
1574:
1564:
1534:
1489:
1479:
1344:
1284:
1239:
1204:
1184:
1144:
1119:
965:
884:
580:
510:
243:
2909:
1549:
2460:
2444:
2308:
2288:
2144:
1972:
1874:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1704:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1624:
1604:
1544:
1539:
1524:
1509:
1499:
1419:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1299:
1274:
1264:
1259:
1234:
1224:
1199:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1079:
760:
692:
647:
423:
263:
2858:
1399:
3144:
3032:
2900:
2520:
2492:
2471:
2379:
2375:
1839:
1709:
1699:
1609:
1484:
1364:
1339:
1334:
1304:
1229:
1134:
1084:
1009:
994:
940:
914:
672:
453:
2282:
Marxian archaeological theory was developed by Soviet archaeologists in the
2747:
2568:
2440:
2283:
2082:
1904:
1879:
1844:
1774:
1769:
1754:
1739:
1689:
1679:
1529:
1514:
1504:
1454:
1424:
1409:
1394:
1359:
1179:
1139:
1089:
1039:
960:
904:
2421:
2304:
1919:
1864:
1819:
1714:
1659:
1584:
1414:
1404:
1309:
1289:
1249:
1174:
1164:
1154:
955:
652:
525:
208:
143:
3050:
2866:
2505:, and the opening up of many more archaeological units in universities.
2655:
2463:), and initially followed pre-existing archaeological theories, namely
2363:
2324:
1914:
1724:
1554:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1329:
1254:
1214:
1209:
1049:
849:
824:
520:
138:
2904:
2733:
2528:
2456:
2448:
2411:
2371:
2359:
2320:
2268:
2149:
2092:
2040:
2020:
1849:
1474:
1069:
1024:
834:
2647:
2075:
2070:
1869:
950:
2410:
When they were formulating Marxism in the mid-nineteenth century,
2344:
The Marxist conception of historyâwhich originated within Engels'
2291:, where the theory was propagated by an influential archaeologist
2256:
that interprets archaeological information using the framework of
2532:
2496:
2316:
2261:
844:
88:
2327:, it is typically critical of such evolutionary typology today.
839:
2205:
374:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
2524:
339:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
2354:, which Marxist theorists believed was held by classless,
2807:
2805:
2307:
basis. It holds that societal change comes about through
2704:
2702:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2347:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
159:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
2881:
2817:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2714:
2699:
2687:
2670:
36:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2908:
2555:In 1935, the influential Australian archaeologist
3142:
2834:
2832:
2439:Marxist archaeology was first pioneered in the
2594:. New York: International Publishers. 189-190.
3066:
2230:
119:The Condition of the Working Class in England
2829:
2633:
2451:republic following the 1917 revolution, the
114:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
3009:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2911:Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice
2899:
3073:
3059:
2611:. New York: International Publishers. 356.
2237:
2223:
259:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
134:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
3080:
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
48:, without removing the technical details.
2969:Capital, a Critique of Political Economy
2838:
2739:Capital: A Critique of Political Economy
2588:Capital, a Critique of Political Economy
2481:For a Soviet History of Material Culture
2479:(1894â1976) published a report entitled
3013:
2887:
2823:
2811:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2720:
2708:
2693:
2681:
2609:Marx and Engels Collected Works Vol. 25
2592:Marx and Engels Collected Works Vol. 35
2550:
369:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
3143:
2971:. New York: International Publishers.
2952:. New York: International Publishers.
2947:
2434:
1045:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3054:
1958:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
329:Change the World Without Taking Power
46:make it understandable to non-experts
2966:
2732:
20:
3020:A History of Archaeological Thought
2508:
2339:
284:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
214:Theses on the Philosophy of History
13:
14:
3167:
2990:. San Diego: Academic Press Inc.
2515:Latin American social archaeology
2470:Following the ascent to power of
2260:, which is often short-handed as
304:Time, Labor and Social Domination
2425:, in which he had written that:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2016:21st-century communist theorists
354:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
269:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
189:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
95:
25:
3007:Archaeology as Political Action
2940:
2893:
718:Theory of historical trajectory
596:Dictatorship of the proletariat
294:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
194:History and Class Consciousness
149:Critique of the Gotha Programme
2726:
2627:
2614:
2597:
2580:
2465:culture-historical archaeology
516:Socially necessary labour time
414:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
299:The Sublime Object of Ideology
224:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
2574:
2405:
437:Critique of political economy
3005:McGuire, Randall H. (2008).
2986:McGuire, Randall H. (1992).
474:Falling profit-rate tendency
249:The Society of the Spectacle
7:
2531:but with some influence in
2297:post-processual archaeology
1948:Capitalism Nature Socialism
464:Concrete and abstract labor
349:Capital in the Anthropocene
274:Social Justice and the City
169:The Accumulation of Capital
10:
3172:
3025:Cambridge University Press
3023:(2nd ed.). New York:
3004:
2985:
2948:Engels, Frederich (1987).
2851:Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
2512:
2400:
219:Dialectic of Enlightenment
3088:
2859:10.1080/00438240500168384
2603:Frederich Engels. 1987 .
2571:in the 1960s and 1970s."
2334:
364:Literature and Revolution
324:Late Victorian Holocausts
254:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
239:The Wretched of the Earth
3033:10.1017/CBO9780511813016
2915:(4th ed.). London:
2642:(4): 501â513, 527â538 .
2391:
314:The Origin of Capitalism
184:The State and Revolution
2502:Sovetskaya arkheologiya
2477:Vladislav I. Ravdonikas
2378:, and as archaeologist
2362:societies, and then to
2258:dialectical materialism
1020:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
663:Relations of production
546:Base and superstructure
399:Dialectical materialism
359:The Revolution Betrayed
179:Terrorism and Communism
174:Philosophical Notebooks
129:The Communist Manifesto
2535:. It was pioneered by
2447:and reforming it as a
2432:
2389:
1963:Historical Materialism
708:Proletarian revolution
703:Primitive accumulation
698:Historical determinism
3156:Archaeological theory
3082:Archaeological theory
2988:A Marxist Archaeology
2427:
2384:
2254:archaeological theory
2199:Philosophy portal
1993:Science & Society
611:Democratic centralism
469:Factors of production
334:Caliban and the Witch
279:Women, Race and Class
2950:Dialectics of Nature
2636:Current Anthropology
2622:Dialectics of Nature
2605:Dialectics of Nature
2551:In the western world
2489:Artemiy Artsikhovsky
2211:Socialism portal
2187:Communism portal
2056:History of communism
2051:Economic determinism
2036:Criticism of Marxism
2026:Creative destruction
786:Marxism and religion
506:Scientific socialism
409:Philosophy of nature
289:Imagined Communities
154:Dialectics of Nature
2967:Marx, Karl (1996).
2435:In the Soviet Union
2352:primitive communism
2313:primitive communism
2295:. With the rise of
2250:Marxist archaeology
1943:Capital & Class
623:False consciousness
571:Commodity fetishism
561:Class consciousness
479:Means of production
309:The Age of Extremes
229:The Long Revolution
164:What Is to Be Done?
124:The German Ideology
3120:Processual ("New")
3098:Culture-historical
2744:The Modern Library
2586:Karl Marx. 1996 .
2557:Vere Gordon Childe
2157:Worker cooperative
2135:Left-wing populism
2061:Left-wing politics
1998:Socialist Register
1988:Rethinking Marxism
781:Literary criticism
484:Mode of production
344:Capitalist Realism
204:The Black Jacobins
3138:
3137:
3042:978-0-521-60049-1
3015:Trigger, Bruce G.
2978:978-0-7178-0535-8
2959:978-0-7178-0525-9
2930:978-0-500-28441-4
2917:Thames and Hudson
2842:World Archaeology
2267:Although neither
2247:
2246:
2088:Political ecology
2066:Marxian economics
1005:Council communism
973:
972:
900:Neue Marx-LektĂŒre
862:Regulation school
751:Cultural analysis
643:Lumpenproletariat
586:Cultural hegemony
576:Communist society
566:Classless society
501:Productive forces
234:Guerrilla Warfare
107:Theoretical works
74:
73:
66:
3163:
3093:Neo-evolutionary
3075:
3068:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3010:
3001:
2982:
2963:
2935:
2934:
2914:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2836:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2668:
2667:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2601:
2595:
2584:
2509:In Latin America
2416:Friedrich Engels
2340:Social evolution
2293:V. Gordon Childe
2273:Friedrich Engels
2239:
2232:
2225:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2162:Workers' council
1983:Race & Class
890:Frankfurt School
857:Neo-Gramscianism
830:MarxismâLeninism
812:
811:
756:Cultural Studies
713:World revolution
658:Private property
199:Prison Notebooks
99:
76:
75:
69:
62:
58:
55:
49:
29:
28:
21:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3130:Post-processual
3084:
3079:
3049:
3043:
2998:
2979:
2960:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2671:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2615:
2602:
2598:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2569:anthropologists
2565:New Archaeology
2553:
2539:in Peru and by
2517:
2511:
2453:Communist Party
2437:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2356:hunter-gatherer
2342:
2337:
2243:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2167:
2166:
2140:Universal class
2031:Conflict theory
2011:
2003:
2002:
1978:New Left Review
1933:
1925:
1924:
1065:
1055:
1054:
985:
975:
974:
885:Budapest School
809:
808:Common variants
801:
800:
731:
723:
722:
688:
678:
677:
581:Critical theory
541:
531:
530:
511:Surplus product
439:
429:
428:
389:
379:
378:
244:Reading Capital
109:
70:
59:
53:
50:
42:help improve it
39:
30:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3151:Marxist theory
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3011:
3002:
2997:978-0124840782
2996:
2983:
2977:
2964:
2958:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2901:Renfrew, Colin
2892:
2890:, p. 322.
2880:
2828:
2826:, p. 340.
2816:
2814:, p. 330.
2801:
2799:, p. 329.
2789:
2787:, p. 328.
2777:
2775:, p. 327.
2765:
2763:, p. 326.
2753:
2750:. p. 200.
2725:
2723:, p. 331.
2713:
2711:, p. 344.
2698:
2696:, p. 343.
2686:
2684:, p. 337.
2669:
2648:10.1086/203551
2626:
2613:
2596:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2552:
2549:
2547:in Venezuela.
2537:Luis Lumbreras
2513:Main article:
2510:
2507:
2461:St. Petersburg
2445:Russian Empire
2436:
2433:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2309:class struggle
2289:United Kingdom
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2145:Vulgar Marxism
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:Related topics
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Monthly Review
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Constellations
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
983:Other variants
981:
980:
977:
976:
971:
970:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
925:
924:
920:
919:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
879:
878:
872:
871:
870:
869:
867:Third-worldist
864:
859:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
827:
819:
818:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
776:Historiography
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
693:Class struggle
689:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
648:Metabolic rift
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
497:
496:
491:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
440:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
424:Marxist ethics
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
264:Ways of Seeing
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
110:
105:
104:
101:
100:
92:
91:
85:
84:
72:
71:
33:
31:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3168:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2590:, Vol. 1. in
2589:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2545:Iraida Vargas
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:Latin America
2516:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2493:Bruce Trigger
2490:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2472:Joseph Stalin
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2382:later wrote:
2381:
2380:Bruce Trigger
2377:
2376:Joseph Stalin
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:materialistic
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Revolutionary
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Authoritarian
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Moufawad-Paul
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:Eurocommunism
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:Austromarxism
993:
991:
988:
987:
984:
979:
978:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Communization
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:
922:
921:
916:
915:Praxis School
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
880:
877:
874:
873:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:
817:
814:
813:
805:
804:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
727:
726:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
682:
681:
674:
673:Working class
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
540:
535:
534:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:Crisis theory
452:
449:
445:
442:
441:
438:
433:
432:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
108:
103:
102:
98:
94:
93:
90:
87:
86:
82:
78:
77:
68:
65:
57:
47:
43:
37:
34:This article
32:
23:
22:
16:
3102:
3019:
3006:
2987:
2968:
2949:
2941:Bibliography
2910:
2895:
2888:Trigger 2007
2883:
2846:
2840:
2824:Trigger 2007
2819:
2812:Trigger 2007
2797:Trigger 2007
2792:
2785:Trigger 2007
2780:
2773:Trigger 2007
2768:
2761:Trigger 2007
2756:
2748:Random House
2742:. New York:
2737:
2728:
2721:Trigger 2007
2716:
2709:Trigger 2007
2694:Trigger 2007
2689:
2682:Trigger 2007
2639:
2635:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2562:
2554:
2541:Mario Sanoja
2518:
2500:
2486:
2480:
2469:
2441:Soviet Union
2438:
2428:
2420:
2409:
2395:
2387:development.
2385:
2345:
2343:
2329:
2301:
2284:Soviet Union
2281:
2276:
2266:
2249:
2248:
2083:Municipalism
1895:Bhattacharya
1040:Situationist
1015:Instrumental
740:
668:State theory
633:Immiseration
628:Human nature
618:Exploitation
448:accumulation
60:
51:
35:
15:
3125:Behavioural
3115:Conjunctive
2422:Das Kapital
2046:Communalism
1445:Wallerstein
1035:Revisionist
766:Film theory
746:Criminology
741:Archaeology
653:Proletariat
638:Imperialism
551:Bourgeoisie
526:Wage labour
419:Reification
209:On Practice
3145:Categories
2919:. p.
2905:Bahn, Paul
2734:Marx, Karl
2575:References
2406:Precedents
2364:capitalist
2325:capitalism
2103:Democratic
1968:Mediations
1580:Przeworski
1520:Poulantzas
1370:Sivanandan
1325:Bettelheim
1225:Horkheimer
1220:MariĂĄtegui
1195:Pashukanis
1120:Liebknecht
1050:Wertkritik
990:Analytical
850:Trotskyism
825:Autonomist
816:Structural
796:Philosophy
736:Aesthetics
521:Value-form
489:Capitalist
394:Alienation
387:Philosophy
139:Grundrisse
2875:162378977
2664:147115343
2529:Venezuela
2457:Leningrad
2449:socialist
2412:Karl Marx
2372:communism
2370:and then
2368:socialism
2323:and then
2321:feudalism
2269:Karl Marx
2150:Economism
2113:Reformist
2093:Socialism
2041:Communism
2021:Anarchism
1875:Coulthard
1800:McDonnell
1760:Screpanti
1670:Rowbotham
1535:Harnecker
1345:Althusser
1285:Deutscher
1125:Kollontai
1115:Luxemburg
1095:Plekhanov
1025:Nkrumaism
936:Classical
910:Political
835:Guevarism
791:Sociology
771:Geography
591:Democracy
539:Sociology
494:Socialist
459:Commodity
54:July 2018
3017:(2007).
2907:(2004).
2867:40024241
2736:(1906).
2620:Engels,
2315:through
2076:Old Left
2071:New Left
1938:Antipode
1932:Journals
1835:Heinrich
1810:Roediger
1805:Douzinas
1795:Hennessy
1750:Holloway
1665:Hartsock
1655:Eagleton
1640:Federici
1615:Bannerji
1590:Therborn
1570:RanciĂšre
1565:Easthope
1545:Anderson
1540:Altvater
1440:O'Connor
1435:MĂ©szĂĄros
1430:Guattari
1385:Thompson
1375:Miliband
1355:Williams
1340:Hobsbawm
1315:Emmanuel
1295:Beauvoir
1260:Lefebvre
1205:Benjamin
1170:Bukharin
1150:Zinoviev
1145:Grossman
1130:Bogdanov
1105:Connolly
1085:Lafargue
1030:Orthodox
1000:Centrist
951:Leninism
946:Feminist
895:Humanist
876:Hegelian
404:Ideology
81:a series
79:Part of
3103:Marxist
2853:: 353.
2656:2743487
2533:Ecuador
2497:history
2401:History
2317:slavery
2277:Capital
2262:Marxism
2175:Outline
2128:Utopian
1905:Srnicek
1890:Toscano
1885:Seymour
1840:Prashad
1790:Sankara
1785:Berardi
1770:Hampton
1745:Burawoy
1715:Panitch
1710:Haraway
1700:Cleaver
1685:Brenner
1650:Balibar
1605:Postone
1595:Losurdo
1525:Vattimo
1495:Gonzalo
1490:Jameson
1480:Parenti
1420:Liebman
1415:Guevara
1305:Nkrumah
1300:Sombart
1275:Padmore
1245:Kalecki
1240:Marcuse
1200:Bordiga
1185:Gramsci
1140:Trotsky
1100:Du Bois
1090:Kautsky
966:Western
845:Titoism
730:Aspects
686:History
606:Radical
444:Capital
144:Capital
89:Marxism
40:Please
3108:Social
3039:
2994:
2975:
2956:
2927:
2873:
2865:
2662:
2654:
2624:, 356.
2360:feudal
2335:Theory
2252:is an
2123:Social
2108:Market
1910:Horvat
1865:Fisher
1860:Linera
1855:Lordon
1845:Kelley
1830:Marcos
1825:Ghandy
1815:Foster
1740:Fraser
1735:Wright
1725:Jessop
1720:Clarke
1705:Bishop
1695:Massey
1675:Mouffe
1625:Newton
1620:Spivak
1610:Rodney
1575:Berman
1530:Badiou
1510:Laclau
1505:Harvey
1500:Dussel
1460:Debord
1455:Tronti
1425:Heller
1410:Castro
1405:Berger
1390:Bauman
1380:Cabral
1365:Mandel
1360:Freire
1350:Hinton
1330:Draper
1310:Sweezy
1280:Sartre
1270:Adorno
1235:Brecht
1190:Galiev
1165:Korsch
1160:LukĂĄcs
1135:Stalin
1080:Morris
1075:Engels
1063:People
840:Maoism
761:Ethics
601:Soviet
319:Empire
2871:S2CID
2863:JSTOR
2849:(3).
2660:S2CID
2652:JSTOR
2607:, in
2459:(now
2392:Other
1920:Saito
1915:Hamza
1780:ĆœiĆŸek
1765:TamĂĄs
1730:Davis
1690:Davis
1680:Geras
1645:Wolff
1630:Sakai
1585:Cohen
1560:Sison
1555:Vogel
1515:Bahro
1485:Negri
1475:Nairn
1400:Kosik
1395:Fanon
1335:Jones
1290:Hoxha
1265:James
1250:Fromm
1180:Serge
1155:Bloch
1110:Lenin
931:Black
556:Class
3037:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2543:and
2527:and
2525:Peru
2414:and
2271:nor
1880:Malm
1850:Dean
1820:West
1775:Cano
1755:Rose
1660:Kurz
1635:Wood
1600:Ture
1550:Löwy
1470:Hall
1465:Amin
1450:Mies
1320:Hill
1230:Dutt
1215:Basu
1070:Marx
961:Post
923:Both
905:Open
3029:doi
2921:179
2855:doi
2644:doi
2519:In
2264:.
1255:Cox
1210:Mao
956:Neo
44:to
3147::
3035:.
3027:.
2923:.
2903:;
2869:.
2861:.
2847:37
2845:.
2831:^
2804:^
2746:,
2701:^
2672:^
2658:.
2650:.
2640:28
2638:.
2467:.
2319:,
1870:Li
1175:Ho
83:on
3074:e
3067:t
3060:v
3045:.
3031::
3000:.
2981:.
2962:.
2933:.
2877:.
2857::
2666:.
2646::
2238:e
2231:t
2224:v
450:)
446:(
67:)
61:(
56:)
52:(
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
