1373:
1344:
1372:
1149:. Decades later, and thirty years after the 1992 presidential edict, the researchers were filing cases in the courts to pressure regional branches of the FSB to release documents about the Great Terror over 80 years earlier. Krivenko was an academic and a founding member of Memorial, while Prudovsky began by researching the fate of his grandfather and has spent the last ten years on a wide-ranging study of political repression in the 1930s.
4327:
1145:. This demanded that all legislative acts and other documentation that "served as the basis for mass repressive measures and violations of human rights" should be declassified and made publicly available within three months. The Great Terror involved "crimes against humanity" and was therefore subject to no statute of limitation. In 1968, the USSR acceded to the UN
997:, for its work in documenting violations of human rights in Russia and other former states in the USSR. Quoting the RLA jury: "for showing, under very difficult conditions, and with great personal courage, that history must be recorded and understood, and human rights respected everywhere if sustainable solutions to the legacy of the past are to be achieved."
1327:(ECHR) in Strasbourg. The Research & Information Centre at Petersburg Memorial declared that it would continue its work and projects but "did not intend to mark all its publications with such a stamp", designating it a foreign agent. It informed, "all interested persons that RIC Memorial's public activities would be continued by the Joffe Foundation".
896:, executed in 1937 and 1938. In 2016, the Russian government attempted to revise this account, claiming that among the dead were Soviet POWs shot by invading Finns in 1941–1944. Memorial representatives challenged both the motivation behind this claim and the purported new evidence intended to support it.
782:
guards were shot dead. Both titles contain an introduction on the crime and the exhumations, and a roll-call of the respective victims with biogram and picture, where available. They are based on analogous Polish publications, but include additional information on the Katyn
Massacre and expanded biograms.
1334:
Memorial
International's designation as a "foreign agent" was part of the State's ongoing battle with NGOs and civil society. By autumn 2019, Memorial and its new chairman, Yan Rachinsky, faced fines of 3,700,000 roubles for infringing the terms of the foreign agent law: a sum that was raised through
1241:
On 20 March 2009, the city's
Dzerzhinsky district court ruled that the December 2008 search and confiscation of 12 HDDs were carried out with procedural violations; the actions of law enforcement bodies were illegal. Eventually, the 12 hard drives, plus optical discs and some papers, were returned to
781:
in April and May 1940. The result of this research are four publications on the murders, all edited by
Gurianov: one volume on Katyn, where NKVD officers murdered at least 4,400 regular army officers and reserve officers; and three volumes on Kalinin, were 6,300 policemen and prison guards and border
551:
Memorial was founded on 26–28 January 1989 as a "historical and educational" society at a conference held in the Moscow
Aviation Institute. Two years later a distinct Memorial Civil Rights Defense Center was also set up. In a random poll conducted on the streets of Moscow, respondents named many whom
1315:
According to the 2012 foreign agent law, "groups must register with the
Justice Ministry as “foreign agents” if they receive even a minimal amount of funding from any foreign sources, governmental or private, and engage in 'political activity'". The first part of Memorial to be declared a "foreign
362:
and their families. Between 1987 and 1990, while the USSR was still in existence, 23 branches of the society were established. When the Soviet Union collapsed, branches of
Memorial in Ukraine remained affiliated to the Russian network. Some of the oldest branches of Memorial in northwest and central
713:
In 2005, Memorial's database contained records of more than 1,300,000 victims of political repression in the Soviet Union. First issued as a CD, by 2020 the fifth edition of the database was available online and held over three million entries of those shot, imprisoned or deported during the Soviet
1392:
ordered the
International Memorial Society and its regional branches to close because it had violated the 2012 foreign agent law. During the court hearing, state prosecutor Zhafyarov accused Memorial of "creating a false image of the Soviet Union as a terrorist state" and "making us repent for the
1384:
On 11 November 2021, the
Russian Prosecutor General's Office announced that it had submitted a lawsuit to the Supreme Court, seeking to close Memorial International over violations of the Russian foreign agent law. The following day, it became known that the Moscow City Prosecutor's Office filed a
733:
Since 1999, Memorial has organised an annual competition for secondary school students around the theme of "The
Individual and History: Russia in the 20th century". It received between 1,500 and 2,000 entries each year. Authors of the 40 best contributions are invited to Moscow to attend a special
1357:
with hostile chants. Memorial staff called the police, but by the time the officers arrived most of the intruders had dispersed, and police led away the three who remained. Then, without explanation, the police shut the people who had been watching the film in the Memorial building and held them
1157:
The growing list of prisoners of conscience and political prisoners in Russia (the Memorial Human Rights Centre issued a list of 377 names on 9 November 2021) reflected the link always drawn by Memorial between past atrocities and present-day violations of human rights. This referred, on the one
856:
for further information), and faced with a need to update the information (and the technology), it was decided to create a map of the burial grounds, graveyards and commemorative sites across Russia. Launched in Russian in 2016, an English-language version, "Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the
1178:
In the 1990s, Memorial researchers gained access to central FSB archives and many significant documents about collectivisation, the Gulag and the Great Terror were found and published. Outside the capital, the situation across the country varied considerably. After the third-term re-election of
393:
On 29 December 2021, HRC Memorial as a legal entity in Russia was closed and liquidated by the Moscow City Court as violating the "Foreign Agent" Law. On 5 April 2022, the Russian Court of Appeal confirmed the dissolution. Some of Memorial's human rights activities continued in Russia. Memorial
717:
Another project is the "Open List" database, created in several languages of the former Soviet Union (Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian and Belarusian) to encourage relatives and descendants of those shot, imprisoned and deported to contribute information about the victims and their families. This
489:
A significant juncture in Memorial's development was its Moscow conference on 29–30 October 1988. After the failure of officialdom to force the postponement of the conference, it gathered 338 delegates from 57 cities and towns. In a report to the Politburo dated 16 November the new KGB head,
1435:
On 31 December 2021, a joint statement was released by the European Union, the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom criticising the Russian courts' decisions to shut Memorial and calling on Russia "to uphold its international human rights obligations and commitments".
564:
within the Soviet Union; Sakharov became the first Memorial chairman. The exiled Solzhenitsyn was also named but he declined the invitation, saying he could do little to help from abroad; in private, he told Sakharov that the scope of the project should not be restricted to the
1225:
in Moscow, said, "This outrageous police raid shows the poisonous climate for non-governmental organisations in Russia This is an overt attempt by the Russian government to silence critical voices". Academics from all over the world signed an open letter to then-President
414:
Memorial's creation was a response to growing public awareness of historic abuses within the Soviet Union (USSR) during the 1980s, as well as concern about contemporary human rights, especially in certain hotspots around the USSR. This took place within the context of
1330:
In its 2015 annual "foreign agent" audit, Russia's Ministry of Justice accused the Memorial Human Rights Centre of "undermining the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation" and of calling for "a change of political regime" in the country.
673:
Memorial organized assistance, both legal and financial, for the victims of the Gulag. It conducts research into the history of political repression and shares the findings in books, articles, exhibitions, museums, and the websites of its member organizations.
980:
In eastern and southern Ukraine, as noted earlier (§), Memorial organisations set up during the late Soviet period have remained affiliated with the Russian network. A noted centre for work both on historical materials and current human rights concerns is the
1146:
1316:
agent" was its Moscow-based Human Rights Centre in July 2014. The following year, the Ministry of Justice designated the Research & Information Centre at St. Petersburg Memorial, two Memorial organisations in Yekaterinburg and another one in Ryazan "
973:
Memorial Germany was founded in 1993 in Berlin to support the organization in Russia. Over time it has become an independent human rights organization based in Germany. Memorial Italia has been operating since 2004. Memorial Belgium was founded in 2007.
928:) in the USSR from 1968 to 1983. All of its 63 issues were also translated into English and published abroad. Western observers and scholars considered it to be a key source of trustworthy information about human rights in the post-Stalin Soviet Union.
497:
Secretaries of several creative unions (architects, designers, artists and filmmakers) were present as potential trustees of the proposed organization. More radical voices were also heard, including those of the Moscow Popular Front, the newly founded
463:
1295:
of being behind the murder, and claimed that Kadyrov had openly threatened her. Kadyrov denied his involvement and sued Memorial for defamation, naming Orlov specifically in his complaint. Several years later the case was yet to be resolved.
1196:
containing 20 years of research. The information was being used to develop "a universally accessible database with hundreds of thousands of names." Director Irina Flige thought Memorial was being targeted because it was on the wrong side of
1358:
there for hours, late into the night. Everyone was forced to provide full personal details from their passports, their residential address and phone number, as well as information about their education, workplace, and work title.
955:, and the struggle of its citizens to preserve their cultural identity in the face of military raids and enforced disappearances by the Russian army and 'guerilla' fighters. The 25-minute film was produced in collaboration with
2655:"Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 2. Биограммы польских военнопленных. М-Я"
2603:
Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War - Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940
797:
Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War - Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940
2629:"Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Том 1. Биограммы военнопленных : А-Л"
1385:
lawsuit with the Moscow City Court requesting the closure of the Memorial Human Rights Centre. The lawsuits would be heard on 26 and 23 November, respectively. More than 120,000 people signed a petition to save the group.
891:
In July 1997, a joint expedition of the St. Petersburg and Karelian Memorial Societies led by Dmitriev, Irina Flige, and Veniamin Joffe found 236 common graves containing the bodies of at least 6,000 victims of Stalin–era
1369:, then the organisation's many branches would have to re-register and thereafter restore contacts with one another across the country. In January 2015, the Court announced that it would not uphold the Ministry's request.
1105:, stated that the recipients "have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human rights abuses and the abuse of power", however the committee stated that the choice was not made against Putin, who launched an
1320:". On 4 October 2016, the law requiring organizations that accepted funds from abroad and engaged in "political activities" to register and declare themselves as a "foreign agent" was applied to Memorial International.
686:. Over the next thirty years this date was adopted across Russia: by 2016 annual events were held on 30 October at 103 of the 411 burial grounds and commemorative sites included on the "Russia's Necropolis" website.
343:. Although the focus of affiliated groups differs from region to region, they share similar concerns about human rights, documenting the past, educating young people and marking remembrance days for the victims of
2681:"Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 3. Что мы знаем о Медном"
319:, especially in conflict zones in and around modern Russia. A movement rather than a unitary system, as of December 2021 Memorial encompassed over 50 organizations in Russia and 11 in other countries, including
1183:
in 2012, civil society as a whole and Memorial, in particular, were increasingly out of favour. Memorial's chronicling of historic purges frequently conflicted with Putin's attempts to venerate Soviet history.
761:, the Memorial Polish programme researched the mass executions of nearly 22,000 Polish military officers and soldiers, policemen, officials, intelligentsia and others conducted at Stalin's order by the NKVD in
2566:
Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War - Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Central Committee of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940
1264:
It became much harder for human rights activists to act impartially during the second Chechen conflict (1999–2005). Memorial's office in Grozny was frequently raided by the authorities. Memorial activist
790:
Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War - Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards
525:
1261:
spent days in Grozny under bombardment by federal aviation. They moved between the two sides of the conflict, searching for the missing and arranging exchanges of those killed during the fighting.
682:
Moscow Memorial was among the organisations that persuaded the Russian authorities to follow the long-standing dissident tradition of marking 30 October each year, transforming it into an official
1208:
newspaper. Memorial denied any link to the publication. Some human rights lawyers in Russia speculated that the raid was a retaliation for the St. Petersburg Memorial screening of the banned film
4109:
1393:
Soviet past, instead of remembering glorious history probably because someone is paying for it". A lawyer for Memorial said it would appeal against the decision in both Russian courts and the
1428:(ECHR), ordering the Russian government to halt the abolition of the two organisations. As of December 2021, both organisations were party to a pre-existing ECHR complaint concerning the
1038:, a board member of Memorial, commented that the prize represents "much-needed moral support at a difficult time for rights activists in Russia". A cash reward, which comes with the prize, of
374:. The label was extended in November 2015 to the Research & Information Centre at St. Petersburg Memorial, and on 4 October 2016 to Memorial International itself. On 28 December 2021, the
876:
At the Kovalevsky Woods near St. Petersburg, Memorial attempted to construct a National Memorial Museum Complex to commemorate the 4,500 victims who were killed and buried there during the
2596:
Ubity v Kalinine, zakhoroneny v Mednom. kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh - uznikov Ostashskogo lagera NKVD SSSR, Passtrelannykh po Resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda
6411:
1323:
Memorial HRC and International Memorial disputed this designation of their status in the courts and, having exhausted such legal recourse with the Russian judicial system, applied to the
475:
5952:
494:, observed that 66% of the delegates came from Moscow and the Moscow Region. Kryuchkov decried "provocative statements" made by dissidents and young activists during the two-day event.
3691:
tr. "She said that Kadyrov threatened her, literally said: "Yes, my hands are covered in blood up to the elbows. And I am not ashamed of this. I have killed and will kill bad people.""
4256:
825:
Memorial was planning to continue the project and publish a volume on the Katyn Massacre committed at the Kharkov Regional Directorate of the NKVD, however the events after 2019 (the
378:
ordered Memorial International to close for violations of the foreign agent law. A lawyer for Memorial said it would appeal. The Memorial Human Rights Centre was ordered shut by the
3666:
According to Orlov, "Я знаю, я уверен в том, кто виновен в убийстве Наташи Эстемировой. Мы все этого человека знаем. Зовут его Рамзан Кадыров, это президент Чеченской республики". (
1285:
in the country. Three days later, Memorial suspended its activities in Chechnya, stating "We cannot risk the lives of our colleagues even if they are ready to carry on their work."
1094:
399:
4976:
2599:Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года
394:
continues to operate in other countries, notably in Germany where its oldest and largest non-Russian chapter is based. In October 2022, Memorial was one of the three laureates of
3668:
tr. "I know, I am sure who is guilty of the murder of Natasha Estemirova. We all know this person. His name is Ramzan Kadyrov, this is the President of the Chechen Republic"
845:
In the early 21st century, Memorial in St. Petersburg worked to create the "Virtual Gulag" Museum in order to bring together research and archives from all over the former
6263:
1420:
in Geneva described the Russian courts' rulings as "further weaken the country's dwindling human rights community". This was followed by the application of an emergency
2060:
V. Kryuchkov, "The provocative statements by certain participants at the conference of the Memorial Society", KGB report to the CPSU Central Committee, 16 November 1988
5205:
1445:
683:
3133:
370:
was passed in July 2012, Memorial came under increasing government pressure. On 21 July 2014, the Memorial Human Rights Centre was declared a "foreign agent" by the
433:
which led to increased government transparency and tolerance of civil society. An earlier statement of the goals later pursued by the Memorial Society was made by
3292:
977:
Later, branches of the International Memorial were also set up in the Czech Republic (2016) and most recently a French branch came into existence in April 2020.
288:'s reign. Subsequently, it expanded the scope of its research to cover the entire Soviet period. Memorial is the recipient of numerous awards, among others the
5805:
5650:
3680:"Она рассказывала, что Кадыров ей угрожал, говорил буквально: "Да, у меня руки по локоть в крови. И я не стыжусь этого. Я убивал и буду убивать плохих людей."
2558:
Ubity v Katyni. Kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh - uznikov Kozelskogo lagera NKVD, rasstrelannykh po resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda
4386:
3708:
363:
Russia, the Urals and Siberia later developed websites documenting independent local research and published the crimes of the Soviet regime in their region.
5531:
3272:
1113:
754:
2794:
4230:
1116:
Democracy Defender Award, jointly with Ukrainian Human Rights Centre ZMINA, for courageous and important efforts to promote human rights and democracy.
3365:
2561:Убиты в Катыни. Книга памяти польских военнопленных - узников Козельского лагеря НКВД, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года
5706:
697:
Throughout its existence, but particularly since 2012, the International Memorial Society has widened its range of activities. Today these include the
1813:
6426:
6396:
6244:
5579:
1238:
said, "Unfortunately, this action against Memorial is not an isolated instance of pressure against freedom of association and expression in Russia".
1034:
said that the assembly hoped "to contribute to ending the circle of fear and violence surrounding human rights defenders in the Russian Federation".
893:
474:. Their concept included a monument, a museum, an archive, and a library. An "all-Union informal movement" organized and submitted a petition to the
3850:
3472:
651:
To assist the formation of public awareness based on the values of democracy and law, to extirpate totalitarian patterns , and to firmly establish
6381:
5297:
4502:
3246:
1788:
931:
The launch of the online version was held at Memorial's office in Karetny. Many former editors of the underground publication attended, including
382:
on 29 December 2021; state prosecutors accused it of breaching the foreign agent law and supporting terrorism and extremism. On the same day, the
1864:
670:; the fifth version contains over three million names, although Memorial estimated that 75% of victims had not yet been identified and recorded.
447:, the opening of all secret police archives relating to the past, and the organization of an international tribunal to examine the crimes of the
354:
years of the late 1980s, to document the crimes against humanity committed in the USSR during the 20th century and help surviving victims of the
1529:
5875:
3753:
861:, noting their state of preservation, monuments and ceremonies, and whether they have protected status. It includes the killing fields of the
6421:
5169:
4902:
4030:
3382:
1001:
478:(CPSU) in 1988, and that body supported Politburo proposals for the creation of a monument to the victims of political repression during the
4144:
2160:
705:
excursions and exhibitions, the society has organised similar educational ventures about the Soviet era in Moscow and other Russian cities.
4753:
3425:
3293:"Denmark and OSCE-partner countries honours Human Rights Centre ZMINA and Memorial Human Rights Centre with 2022 Democracy Defender Award"
3062:
742:. To date, 26 collections of winning entries have been published: the majority of these can be found on the "Lessons of History" website.
2713:
1362:
1129:
In April 2021, Memorial researchers Sergei Krivenko and Sergei Prudovsky published a study of the "national" operations conducted by the
2238:
2191:
922:
which had been distributed in the Soviet Union. Appearing at irregular intervals during the year, it was circulated in typescript form (
6401:
6386:
5851:
3066:
2383:
6416:
5871:
5457:
4379:
3682:
3188:
2873:
4005:
5985:
4972:
4804:
4761:
4567:
2343:
1753:
1257:
Activists linked to Memorial played a key role during the first Chechen conflict (1994–1996) when Russia's human rights ombudsman
1158:
hand, to hotspots around the Soviet Union and Russia, the two wars in Chechnya, conflicts with neighbouring countries, especially
6431:
5321:
3080:
2381:[Memory, speak! What does Memorial do – an organisation that is carefully monitored by the Prosecutor General's Office].
5699:
3557:
947:
Memorial has funded or helped to produce various publications and films related to human rights. This included the documentary
2465:
1555:
588:. Memorial was not formally recognized until 1990 when the organization acquired official status. On 19 April 1992, after the
6228:
6118:
5847:
2611:
2578:
2041:
982:
219:
4372:
4176:
1961:
1028:
4096:
3141:
1722:
540:, future chairman (1998–2017) of International Memorial, as particularly outspoken. Memorial should become an heir to the
4395:
4331:
3814:
3002:
1670:
822:: the book on Katyn in 2015, on the 75th anniversary; and the three volumes on Mednoye on the 80th anniversary, in 2019.
718:
expanded sources of information beyond the case files kept on individuals by the Soviet security services or the police.
5557:
5423:
4836:
1351:
On 14 October 2021, around 20 men broke into the Moscow offices of Memorial and interrupted a public film screening of
1230:
that condemned the seizure of disks and material. The United States declared itself "deeply concerned" about the raid:
4079:
2251:
1624:
1506:
6406:
6288:
5947:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5692:
5038:
3193:
1192:
On 4 December 2008, Memorial's St. Petersburg office was raided by the authorities. Officers confiscated 11 computer
1072:
512:. Members of the Moscow Action Group of Memorial were among the radicals. The conference was addressed by dissidents
1694:
508:
4260:
2680:
2654:
2628:
1405:
1106:
667:
479:
281:
3108:
4832:
4450:
1404:
In February 2024, Memorial's co-chair, Oleg Orlov, was sentenced to two years in prison having been convicted of
589:
6292:
5760:
4295:
3784:
1425:
1394:
1324:
1210:
1065:
383:
3219:[Lech Walesa nominated Memorial International for the Nobel Peace Prize – Human Rights in Russia. "].
5345:
2126:
917:
852:
Disrupted by the 2008 seizure in St. Petersburg of much of the materials on which the project was based (see
63:
3134:"Chechnyan President forces Victor Gollancz Prize-winner Oleg Orlov to face a court hearing (Archived copy)"
2279:
1281:
on 15 July 2009. BBC reporters suggested her death was connected to her investigations of government-backed
6034:
5978:
2406:
869:, the abandoned burial grounds of the Gulag, and also 138 graveyards of the "special" settlements to which
552:
they thought suitable candidates for the Memorial Society's board of trustees. The second most popular was
371:
1893:[after the liquidation, "Memorial" announced the start of a new project] (in Russian). Коммерсантъ
6391:
6376:
5229:
3482:
1201:, specifically the idea "that Stalin and the Soviet regime were successful in creating a great country".
1009:
830:
4130:
3934:
1335:
crowdfunding. In 2020, Memorial submitted a complaint to the ECHR about excessive fines and harassment.
985:, an affiliate organisation since February 1989, which today runs the "Human Rights in Ukraine" portal.
5309:
4510:
3876:
1451:
866:
1147:
Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
6128:
5756:
3216:
2379:"Память, говори! Чем занимается "Мемориал" — организация, которую тщательно проверяет Генпрокуратура"
1429:
1317:
1102:
819:
585:
499:
483:
367:
269:
17:
6138:
3950:
3217:"Лех Валенса выдвинул Международный "Мемориал" на Нобелевскую Премию Мира – Права человека в России"
2903:
6296:
5725:
3539:
2556:
1137:, 1937–1938. Examining the available documents, they noted that the FSB, successor to the NKVD and
581:
277:
5181:
5161:
4153:
3726:
2169:
2110:
2059:
1913:
873:
peasant families and then Poles, Lithuanians and others were deported in their tens of thousands.
596:, a "historical, educational, human rights and charitable society", with organizations in several
390:
instructing Russia to halt the forced dissolution of Memorial, pending the outcome of litigation.
5971:
5911:
5076:
1389:
375:
304:
3935:"Memorial faces the courts; an appeal to the ECHR", International Memorial News, 29 October 2020
3433:
2214:
1273:(1958–2006), investigated murders and abductions in Chechnya until she herself was kidnapped in
857:
Gulag" followed in August 2021. This resource documents over 400 sites, some dating back to the
5816:
5784:
5668:
5657:
5638:
5623:
5612:
5601:
5586:
5575:
5564:
5553:
5538:
5527:
5516:
5497:
5486:
5475:
5464:
5449:
5434:
5419:
5408:
5397:
5386:
5371:
5056:
5045:
5034:
5023:
5015:
5006:
4994:
4987:
4983:
4706:
4478:
4474:
4414:
1914:"Live Updates: Nobel Peace Prize Is Awarded to Rights Advocates in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus"
1417:
994:
438:
395:
299:
Prior to its dissolution in Russia in early 2022, it consisted of two separate legal entities,
293:
179:
59:
3679:
2821:
2033:
2018:
1962:"The deportation of Solzhenitsyn", A Chronicle of Current Events (32.1, item 12), 17 July 1974
1556:"Russian court shuts down Memorial Human Rights Center, day after sister group ordered closed"
5501:
5133:
4745:
4486:
4346:(Joffe Foundation). A select directory of burial grounds and commemorative sites (in English)
2239:
A.N. Alexeyev, "Memorial has existed for a quarter of a century", Cogita!ru, 15 February 2013
2192:
A.N. Alexeyev, "Memorial has existed for a quarter of a century", Cogita!ru, 15 February 2013
1061:
735:
734:
school academy and the awards ceremony. The jury has been headed in the past by Otto Sigurd,
541:
443:
316:
203:
99:
6354:
6316:
5745:
5616:
4602:
4522:
4434:
3712:
2795:
Catriona Bass, "A national museum to the victims of Stalinist repression: words not deeds?"
2075:
They included former dissidents Dmitry Leonov and Vyacheslav Igrunov, unofficial historian
1484:
1353:
1291:, a Memorial board member with experience in the North Caucasus, accused Chechen president
1288:
1215:
1098:
1035:
1016:
1005:
880:. Memorial workers discovered the bodies in 2002. A memorial complex already exists at the
702:
659:
658:
To promote the truth about the historical past and perpetuate the memory of the victims of
448:
406:, for their efforts in "document war crimes, human rights abuses, and the abuse of power".
344:
191:
185:
6162:
2881:
8:
6300:
6144:
6088:
4422:
3327:
2874:"Friday Night 04.27.07 – Human Rights Advocacy in Chechnya: Job or Sacrifice? – 04.27.07"
2533:
2432:"The Victims of War and Repression complex, Ryazan (Central Russia)", Russia's Necropolis
1865:"Historic Russian Human Rights Center Closes, Warns of "Return to the Totalitarian Past""
1473:
210:
6016:
5313:
5261:
4956:
4694:
6249:
5568:
4894:
4820:
4737:
4632:
4466:
4458:
3979:[Memorial complained to the ECHR about fines under the law on foreign agents].
3789:
3731:
3163:
1652:
1365:
in an application to the Supreme Court. If Memorial was closed, commented its chairman
1270:
1266:
1222:
1024:
849:
and to commemorate and record the existence of the Gulag and the lives of its inmates.
597:
570:
491:
216:"The Guardian of National Memory" Award from Polish Institute of National Memory (2012)
73:
1012:
in the Russian Federation, as well as refugees from Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
6332:
6312:
6304:
6222:
6150:
6096:
6010:
5860:
5780:
5542:
5427:
5245:
4940:
4924:
4886:
4667:
4659:
4538:
4498:
4399:
4364:
4291:
3884:
3083:[Russian journalist Scherbakowa receives Ossietzky Prize | DW | 4 May 2014].
2607:
2574:
2037:
1995:
1921:
1398:
1361:
The first calls for the closure of Memorial were made in 2014 by Minister of Justice
1159:
1086:
1046:
993:
In 2004, the Memorial Human Rights Centre (HRC) was among the four recipients of the
858:
826:
739:
609:
557:
454:
Some of these goals became feasible in the late 1980s when several activists such as
430:
379:
289:
6236:
4590:
3551:
2298:
1204:
The raid was supposedly related to a xenophobic article in a June 2007 issue of the
6328:
6268:
6200:
6184:
6172:
6022:
5896:
5739:
5733:
5661:
5546:
5468:
5253:
5189:
4729:
4686:
4636:
4598:
4057:
3758:
3504:
3277:
2459:
1478:
1231:
1079:
885:
836:
689:
Memorial worked on the law "On Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression".
264:
6076:
5090:
4430:
6324:
6320:
6308:
6240:
6190:
6176:
6124:
5890:
5836:
5793:
5642:
5509:
5412:
5237:
5125:
5102:
5082:
4655:
4610:
4203:
3953:[Memorial – Trials over Memorials. A complaint was filed with the ECHR].
3909:
3818:
3686:
3561:
3164:"Memorial Awarded 2012 'Custodian of National Memory' Prize – HRO.org in English"
3006:
2469:
2283:
2195:
2111:
KGB report on Memorial conference to the CPSU Central Committee, 16 November 1988
2076:
2029:
2013:
1981:
1674:
1462:
1397:(ECHR) in Strasbourg, which has jurisdiction over Russia. The following day, the
1366:
1258:
1227:
1090:
1050:
936:
818:
Both titles were launched on 17 September, to the date on the anniversary of the
645:
561:
553:
537:
521:
467:
403:
151:
145:
95:
6102:
4878:
3645:
3623:
3595:
3408:
3048:
3018:
2836:
2496:
2446:"Korkino village (Siberia), burial of Great Terror victims", Russia's Necropolis
1680:, Russian Federation Ministry of Justice (in Russian), accessed 28 December 2021
6338:
6255:
6112:
6092:
6070:
6064:
6046:
6006:
5994:
5631:
5520:
5442:
5375:
5301:
5273:
5269:
5145:
5121:
5049:
4948:
4932:
4582:
4359:
3085:
2378:
2080:
2025:
1300:
1292:
1250:
1235:
1180:
1167:
1020:
932:
870:
747:
613:
574:
513:
459:
455:
197:
157:
6040:
6028:
5221:
5094:
5027:
3811:
3339:
2996:
1789:"As Russia shutters respected NGOs, European Court of Human Rights intervenes"
1667:
1580:
6370:
6206:
6168:
6132:
6058:
5684:
5590:
5505:
5337:
5325:
5289:
5285:
5153:
4964:
4851:
4721:
4671:
4490:
4442:
4083:
3888:
3580:
3575:
3477:
2517:
1999:
1925:
1421:
1377:
1142:
722:
633:
387:
308:
285:
111:
6082:
5963:
4177:"As the Kremlin Revises History, a Human Rights Champion Becomes a Casualty"
3812:"The Register of foreign agent NGOs", Russian Federation Ministry of Justice
3081:"Russische Publizistin Scherbakowa erhält Ossietzky-Preis | DW | 4 May 2014"
1343:
1071:
In 2012, Memorial was awarded the Custodian of National Memory prize by the
6276:
6259:
6232:
6194:
5884:
5830:
5824:
5769:
5479:
5438:
5401:
5390:
5353:
5281:
5197:
5060:
4859:
4812:
4518:
4418:
4355:
4204:"Ukraine war: Russian human rights campaigner Oleg Orlov sentenced to jail"
3312:
3273:"Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian Rights Defenders Awarded Nobel Peace Prize"
2363:
For example, the Bolsheromanovka village memorial in Siberia's Altai Region
2255:
2092:
1758:
1628:
1456:
1134:
1054:
846:
762:
758:
698:
652:
580:
On 6 July 1989, Memorial organized its first public event by picketing the
533:
517:
437:
dissidents in February 1974, following the deportation of dissident writer
434:
6350:
6282:
6218:
6212:
5716:
5627:
5594:
5213:
5177:
5141:
4702:
4031:"Thugs Attack Russian Human Rights Group, Then Police Make Matters Worse"
3981:
3523:
3455:
1031:
862:
641:
441:
from the USSR. They called for publication in the USSR of Solzhenitsyn's
355:
351:
3851:"Russian Justice Ministry Accuses Memorial Of Calling For Regime Change"
2855:
2409:[Memorial – Rehabilitation of victims of political repression].
1890:
766:
6180:
6108:
6052:
5605:
5490:
5379:
4530:
3976:
3509:
1994:] (in Russian). Moscow: Chekhov Publishing Corp. pp. 101–102.
1467:
1278:
1141:, had not fulfilled the terms of a June 1992 edict issued by President
881:
877:
601:
566:
320:
115:
4231:"U.S, EU condemn decision to shut Russian human rights group Memorial"
2161:"Russia's Supreme Court orders closure of Memorial civil rights group"
1401:
announced its decision to shut down the Memorial Human Rights Centre.
1347:
Protest in defense of the Memorial in Warsaw, Poland, 21 November 2021
833:, including the closure of Memorial) made this impossible as of 2024.
5333:
4824:
2764:
2719:
1985:
1814:"Russia: Dissolution of Human Rights Center "Memorial" confirmed in…"
1754:"Russian court orders closure of country's oldest human rights group"
1193:
637:
471:
4340:(Memorial). Online database with over 3 million entries (in Russian)
4145:"'Russia's conscience' on trial as civil rights group faces closure"
3313:"Statistics of the national operations of the NKVD, 1937–1938", 2021
1723:"Russian court shuts down human rights group Memorial International"
1507:"Russian court shuts down human rights group Memorial International"
476:
19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4208:
4110:"Russia's leading rights group says prosecutors seek to cripple it"
3727:"Chechen Leader Sues Over Accusations of Ordering Activist's Death"
3600:
3109:"Waynakh Online » Memorial Received the Victor Gollancz Prize"
2806:
2779:
2445:
2431:
2362:
1282:
1246:
1198:
952:
910:
424:
4257:"Russia: Joint Statement on Court Decisions to Liquidate Memorial"
2134:
1411:
6344:
5453:
3977:""Мемориал" пожаловался в ЕСПЧ на штрафы по закону об иноагентах"
2276:
2200:
1163:
1082:
nominated Memorial International for the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize.
956:
770:
625:
336:
328:
324:
3833:
3754:"Arsonists Torch Memorial Human Rights Office in North Caucasus"
3524:
HDDs will be returned to "Memorial" in presence of the Ombudsman
3224:
2950:
2920:
2518:"Results of 22nd annual schools competition", Lessons of History
1912:
Kwai, Isabella; Engelbrecht, Cora; Ward, Euan (7 October 2022).
1008:
for its wide range of services on behalf of forced migrants and
721:
Memorial's archives have been used by historians such as Briton
4998:
4326:
1304:
1274:
1023:
of the European Union, in memory of murdered Memorial activist
884:
killing field (1937–1938) in Karelia, thanks to the efforts of
605:
536:. In a report to the Politburo, KGB head Kryuchkov singled out
340:
273:
83:
4343:
4080:"Russian Justice Ministry asks to close Memorial Rights Group"
3383:"With shutdown of Memorial, Kremlin looks to control the past"
3247:"Nobel Peace Prize to activists from Belarus, Russia, Ukraine"
2965:
2752:
2351:
A Chronicle of Current Events, chronicle-of-current-events.com
1530:"Russia shuts Memorial Human Rights Centre in 'one-two punch'"
1310:
907:
In 2008, Memorial HRC launched an online version of the noted
4058:"Russian Soviet-era remembrance group Memorial risks closure"
1891:"«Мемориал» после ликвидации объявил о старте нового проекта"
1838:
1604:
1245:
778:
529:
359:
332:
236:
4288:
Victims of Soviet terror: the story of the Memorial movement
3877:"Russia accuses human rights group of seeking regime change"
3456:"Memorial will get its property back but not its reputation"
3023:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, www.unhcr.org
2765:"Those who did not return: An overview", Russia's Necropolis
1299:
On 17 January 2018, masked arsonists set fire to Memorial's
1187:
1166:, and, on the other hand, to the regime within Russia under
899:
6412:
Non-profit organizations listed in Russia as foreign agents
3063:"Political Sakharov Prize Goes To Russian Rights Activists"
2935:
2733:
1695:"Russian Court Orders Prominent Human Rights Group to Shut"
1130:
1039:
829:
and the policy pursued by the Russian Federation after its
774:
544:
of the late Soviet period, said Roginsky, and he named the
5206:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
4099:, BBC News (Russian Service), 28 January 2015(in Russian).
3910:"Russia censures Memorial rights group as 'foreign agent'"
2780:"Kovalyovsky Woods memorial cemetery", Russia's Necropolis
2753:"Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag" (in English)
1839:"The Organization Has Been Liquidated by a Court Decision"
684:
Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions
4349:
3951:"Мемориал – Суды над «Мемориалами». Подана жалоба в ЕСПЧ"
3351:
2480:
1945:
1138:
593:
548:(1968–1982) and its compilers as a model to be emulated.
4350:
Open List of the Victims of the Soviet Regime, 1917–1991
4337:
4006:"Men disrupt screening of Ukraine famine film in Russia"
3834:
St Petersburg Memorial Research & Information Centre
2326:
1338:
1049:, a founder and staff member of Memorial, was given the
962:
241:
4352:
Moscow (in Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian and Belarusian)
2980:
2824:, 7x7: Horizontal Russia website (English translation)
2714:"Gulag files seized during police raid on rights group"
1004:(UNHCR) named Memorial HRC as the winner of the annual
666:
Its online database contains details of the victims of
307:
committed in the Soviet Union, particularly during the
16:
For other social organizations with the same name, see
4394:
3709:
Chechen leader sues rights group after activist murder
3454:
After various forms of pressure the newspaper closed.
3370:, Rights in Russia & Article 20 (October 2016) pdf
2807:"The Sandarmokh Memorial complex", Russia's Necropolis
2407:"Мемориал – Реабилитация жертв политических репрессий"
2062:: his remarks are quoted at the bottom of page three.
1505:
Chernova, Anna; Berlinger, Joshua (28 December 2021).
1528:
Osborn, Andrew; Antonov, Mikhail (29 December 2021).
1521:
701:
project and, following the example of Berlin and its
5532:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1214:(2007), which is about the murder of Russian ex-spy
1114:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2483:(in Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, and Belarusian).
1911:
792:(Moscow 2015), with 4 415 biograms of the victims.
4152:
2712:
2678:
2652:
2626:
2168:
2017:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
951:(2007), which focused on the village of Zumsoy in
753:Memorial had a special Polish programme headed by
5580:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
4131:"Closure of another Memorial organisation sought"
1504:
1042:50,000 was awarded to Memorial in December 2009.
592:, Memorial was reconstituted as an International
470:proposed a complex to commemorate the victims of
409:
6368:
4133:, International Memorial, news 12 November 2021.
4055:
3330:, The Dmitriev Affair website, 17 November 2021.
2822:Anna Yarovaya, "Who wants to rewrite Sandarmokh"
2738:tr. "Memory Map: Necropolis of Terror and Gulag"
1747:
1745:
1743:
1057:for her work relating to Memorial's activities.
398:, alongside Ukrainian human rights organisation
3043:
3041:
3039:
1773:
1547:
1412:International response to the threat of closure
1269:, a close colleague of the murdered journalist
1152:
708:
569:because repressive measures had begun with the
5714:
3849:Service, RFE/RL's Russian (10 November 2015).
3342:, Ivanovo News, 16 November 2021 (in Russian).
2997:2004 Right Livelihood Award: Memorial (Russia)
2936:Memorial Anti-Discrimination Centre (Brussels)
5993:
5979:
5700:
5170:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
4903:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
4380:
2344:"Political prisoner's day, 30 October 1974",
2154:
2152:
1888:
1740:
1527:
1002:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
923:
908:
422:
416:
254:
4285:
4136:
3507:['Memorial' reverted the searches].
3036:
2055:
2053:
1692:
1093:and the Ukrainian human rights organisation
1089:along with Belarusian human rights activist
970:has branches in several European countries.
4344:Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag
3189:"'Custodian of National Memory' Prize 2012"
2328:The Victims of Political Terror in the USSR
1787:Friedman, Ingrid Burke (30 December 2021).
1648:
1646:
809:Vol. 2, "The Biograms of Polish POWs. M-Ya"
5986:
5972:
5707:
5693:
4387:
4373:
4306:Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia
4097:"Supreme Court has not abolished Memorial"
3715:, 18 July 2009. Retrieved on 19 July 2009.
3573:
3352:Memorial Human Rights Centre: Publications
2734:«Карта Памяти: Некрополь террора и Гулага»
2149:
804:Vol. 1, "The Biograms of Polish POWs. A-L"
429:(openness), policies pursued by president
5458:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4201:
4003:
2981:The Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2376:
2322:
2320:
2050:
1188:Confiscation of the digital archive, 2008
1124:
988:
692:
619:
486:in 1961 had been ignored for many years.
303:, whose purpose was the recording of the
6427:Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes
6397:Political repression in the Soviet Union
4973:International Committee of the Red Cross
4805:International Committee of the Red Cross
4762:Nansen International Office for Refugees
4568:International Committee of the Red Cross
3724:
2593:
2554:
2012:
1980:
1786:
1717:
1715:
1643:
1581:"Memorial – Structure and organisations"
1573:
1371:
1342:
6382:1989 establishments in the Soviet Union
5322:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
4338:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR
4142:
3848:
3779:
3777:
3704:
3702:
2299:"Qu'est-ce que Memorial International?"
2241:(in Russian), accessed 28 December 2021
2158:
1693:Nechepurenko, Ivan (28 December 2021).
1619:
1617:
1553:
814:Vol. 3, "What do we Know about Mednoye"
628:, Memorial pursued the following aims:
23:International human rights organisation
6369:
3785:"Russia: Government vs. Rights Groups"
3552:Memorial got back its confiscated HDDs
2698:
2606:] (in Russian). Moscow: Memorial.
2317:
2006:
1976:
1974:
1688:
1686:
1376:Protest in defense of the Memorial in
1060:In 2009, Memorial HRC was awarded the
745:
6119:Belarusian Association of Journalists
5967:
5688:
4368:
3985:(in Russian). Moscow. 20 October 2020
3874:
3497:
3340:"Hunting for the secrets of the NKVD"
2377:Bocharova, Svetlana (27 March 2013).
1712:
1339:Intimidation and order to close, 2021
983:Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group
963:International Memorial outside Russia
677:
655:in everyday politics and public life;
502:, and uncensored periodicals such as
263:
220:Pax Christi International Peace Award
6422:Organizations disestablished in 2021
4313:Gulag: A History of the Soviet camps
4202:Rosenberg, Steve (7 February 2024).
4143:Ivanova, Polina (14 December 2021).
4056:Rainsford, Sarah (30 October 2014).
4004:Tsvetkova, Maria (15 October 2021).
3774:
3699:
2159:Ivanova, Polina (28 December 2021).
1862:
1751:
1668:"The Register of foreign agent NGOs"
1614:
1119:
1029:President of the European Parliament
728:
662:carried out by totalitarian regimes.
3875:Hille, Kathrin (10 November 2015).
3578:[And the discs come back].
3574:Belovranin, Andrzej (11 May 2009).
3401:
3049:"Russia rights group wins EU prize"
2797:opendemocracy.net, 5 November 2010.
1971:
1683:
560:in 1975 for his efforts to promote
13:
6229:Democratic Opposition in Venezuela
5558:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
5424:International Atomic Energy Agency
4837:American Friends Service Committee
4279:
3725:Schwirtz, Michael (18 July 2009).
3646:"Rights group halts Chechnya work"
3505:"'Мемориал' повернул обыск вспять"
2207:
2129:[MEMORIAL: HUMAN RIGHTS].
1752:Roth, Andrews (28 December 2021).
624:According to its post-Soviet 1992
524:), and by the octogenarian writer
14:
6443:
6402:Commemoration of communist crimes
6387:Organizations established in 1989
5039:International Labour Organization
4319:
3624:"Russian activist found murdered"
3596:"Vow to catch Chechnya assassins"
3542:, by Sean Guillory, 31 March 2009
3194:Institute of National Remembrance
2594:Gurianov, Aleksandr, ed. (2015).
2555:Gurianov, Aleksandr, ed. (2015).
1311:"Foreign agent" status, 2014–2020
1073:Institute of National Remembrance
284:and other crimes committed under
6417:2021 disestablishments in Russia
6289:Democratic opposition in Belarus
4325:
4261:European External Action Service
4249:
4223:
4195:
4169:
4124:
4102:
4090:
4072:
4049:
4023:
3997:
3969:
3943:
3928:
3902:
3868:
3842:
3827:
3805:
3746:
3718:
3673:
1112:Memorial also received the 2022
853:
668:political repression in the USSR
480:cult of personality under Stalin
5238:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
4451:Institut de Droit International
3660:
3638:
3616:
3588:
3567:
3545:
3533:
3517:
3465:
3448:
3418:
3375:
3359:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3306:
3285:
3265:
3239:
3209:
3181:
3156:
3126:
3101:
3073:
3055:
3011:
2990:
2974:
2959:
2944:
2929:
2914:
2896:
2866:
2849:
2830:
2815:
2800:
2788:
2773:
2758:
2746:
2727:
2672:
2646:
2620:
2587:
2548:
2526:
2511:
2497:"Stalin's new status in Russia"
2489:
2474:
2453:
2439:
2425:
2399:
2370:
2356:
2337:
2291:
2270:
2244:
2232:
2185:
2119:
2104:
2099:chronicle-of-current-events.com
2086:
2069:
2020:Moscow and Beyond, 1986 to 1989
1966:chronicle-of-current-events.com
1955:
1939:
1905:
1882:
1856:
1831:
1806:
590:dissolution of the Soviet Union
6432:Nansen Refugee Award laureates
2573:(in Russian). Moscow: Zvenia.
2215:"Memorial History. A Timeline"
1992:Gorky, Moscow, Then Everywhere
1889:Старикова, М. (7 April 2022).
1661:
1605:International Memorial website
1598:
1498:
1426:European Court of Human Rights
1395:European Court of Human Rights
1325:European Court of Human Rights
1277:and shot dead in neighbouring
1211:Rebellion: the Litvinenko Case
1173:
1085:Memorial was awarded the 2022
1066:Society for Threatened Peoples
612:), as well as in Germany, the
410:Early history and predecessors
384:European Court of Human Rights
209:"Freedom of Expression Prize"
1:
4977:League of Red Cross Societies
4503:Paul Estournelles de Constant
3957:(in Russian). 19 October 2020
3473:"Russia: raid on Memorial HQ"
3409:Stalin's new status in Russia
2857:A Chronicle of Current Events
2841:"Chronicle of current events"
2346:A Chronicle of Current Events
2094:A Chronicle of Current Events
1491:
918:A Chronicle of Current Events
901:A Chronicle of Current Events
644:and thus prevent a return to
520:(wife of dissident scientist
396:that year's Nobel Peace Prize
6035:Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
3855:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
3530:, 27 March 2009 (in Russian)
3513:(in Russian). 21 March 2008.
3462:20 January 2009 (in Russian)
2862:chronicleofcurrentevents.net
1987:Горький, Москва, далее везде
1946:Memorial Human Rights Centre
1653:"Structure and organisation"
1153:Memorial Human Rights Centre
1019:. In 2009, Memorial won the
709:Archives and online database
482:. A similar decision by the
350:Memorial emerged during the
313:Memorial Human Rights Centre
242:Memorial Human Rights Centre
7:
4308:, Granta publishers: London
4112:. Reuters. 11 November 2021
3656:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
3634:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
2971:, accessed 31 December 2021
2966:Association Mémorial France
2956:, accessed 31 December 2021
2941:, accessed 31 December 2021
2926:, accessed 31 December 2021
2837:Khronika tekushchikh sobyty
2679:Aleksandr Gurianov (2019).
2653:Aleksandr Gurianov (2019).
2627:Aleksandr Gurianov (2019).
2507:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
2303:Association Mémorial France
2198:, then chief editor of the
2116:, accessed 28 December 2021
2101:, accessed 28 December 2021
1968:, accessed 28 December 2021
1952:, accessed 28 December 2021
1611:, accessed 28 December 2021
1554:Chernova, Anna; Guy, Jack.
1439:
1010:internally displaced people
837:"Virtual Gulag" museum and
785:The four publications are:
757:. Together with the Polish
546:Chronicle of Current Events
123:Chairman of the HRC Council
10:
6448:
5806:Center for Civil Liberties
5651:Center for Civil Liberties
4511:International Peace Bureau
3368:Civil Society under Attack
2860:, April 1968 to June 1982
2839:(Хроника текущих событий,
1380:, Russia, 12 December 2021
1221:Allison Gill, director of
1218:in Great Britain in 2006.
1109:in February of that year.
1095:Centre for Civil Liberties
1015:In 2008, Memorial won the
400:Centre for Civil Liberties
317:protection of human rights
15:
6129:Reporters Without Borders
6002:
5906:
5870:
5846:
5815:
5779:
5755:
5724:
5363:
5112:
4869:
4646:
4406:
3564:, 6 May 2009 (in Russian)
3540:Memorial Vindicated Again
2468:29 September 2007 at the
2066:, accessed 9 January 2022
1655:(2018) Memorial website,
1452:Kommunarka "firing range"
1430:Russian foreign agent law
1406:"repeatedly discrediting"
1388:On 28 December 2021, the
1103:Norwegian Nobel Committee
1045:The writer and historian
820:Soviet invasion of Poland
586:Tiananmen Square Massacre
582:Chinese Embassy in Moscow
528:, an early inmate of the
484:22nd Congress of the CPSU
368:Russian foreign agent law
280:to study and examine the
270:human rights organisation
255:
232:
167:
131:
121:
105:
90:
79:
69:
55:
44:28 January 1989
40:
33:
18:Memorial (disambiguation)
6407:Sakharov Prize laureates
6297:Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya
6273:/ Andrea González (2017)
5346:Médecins Sans Frontières
4304:Cathy Merridale (2000),
2951:Memorial Česká republika
2598:
2560:
2536:. wilsoncenter.org. 2020
2348:(33.1), 10 December 1974
1474:Solovki "special" prison
1170:and his administration.
1027:. Announcing the award,
942:
795:Gurianov Aleksandr, ed.
788:Gurianov Aleksandr, ed.
402:and Belarusian activist
278:fall of the Soviet Union
225:Nobel Peace Prize (2022)
34:
4833:Friends Service Council
4311:Anne Applebaum (2003),
3168:hro.rightsinrussia.info
3051:. BBC. 22 October 2009.
3000:www.rightlivelihood.org
2463:www.rightlivelihood.org
2127:"МЕМОРИАЛ: ПРАВОЗАЩИТА"
1390:Supreme Court of Russia
376:Supreme Court of Russia
315:, which focused on the
305:crimes against humanity
282:human rights violations
100:Protecting human rights
5912:Nobel Prize recipients
5848:Physiology or Medicine
5230:UN Peacekeeping Forces
5079: (declined award)
4988:Martin Luther King Jr.
3817:6 October 2022 at the
3576:"И возвращаются диски"
3372:(via docs.google.com).
2904:"MEMORIAL Deutschland"
2481:The Open List database
2219:International Memorial
1673:6 October 2022 at the
1448:, 30 October each year
1418:UN Human Rights Office
1408:the Russian military.
1381:
1348:
1125:International Memorial
1000:In the same year, the
995:Right Livelihood Award
989:Awards and nominations
968:International Memorial
924:
909:
693:Research and education
620:Mission and activities
439:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
423:
417:
301:Memorial International
268:) is an international
237:Memorial International
180:Right Livelihood Award
5502:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
5182:Alfonso García Robles
5162:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
5134:Amnesty International
4746:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
4286:Adler, Nanci (1993).
3389:. AFP. 5 January 2022
3005:1 August 2014 at the
2924:www.memorialitalia.it
2878:www.16beavergroup.org
2204:magazine, came first.
1375:
1346:
1062:Victor Gollancz Prize
736:Svetlana Aleksiyevich
616:, Italy, and France.
466:, Dmitry Leonov, and
444:The Gulag Archipelago
421:(reconstruction) and
265:[mʲɪmərʲɪˈaɫ]
204:Victor Gollancz Prize
6355:Woman, Life, Freedom
6317:Siarhei Tsikhanouski
6293:Coordination Council
5746:Karl Barry Sharpless
5617:World Food Programme
4334:at Wikimedia Commons
4315:, Allen Lane: London
3838:www.memorial-nic.org
3685:19 July 2009 at the
2534:"Alexander Guryanov"
2282:30 June 2007 at the
2114:bukovsky-archive.com
2064:bukovsky-archive.com
1485:Topography of Terror
1416:On 29 December, the
1216:Alexander Litvinenko
1099:Berit Reiss-Andersen
1078:On 4 February 2015,
1017:Hermann Kesten Prize
1006:Nansen Refugee Award
703:Topography of Terror
660:political repression
584:in protest over the
449:Soviet secret police
345:political repression
192:Hermann Kesten Prize
186:Nansen Refugee Award
6301:Svetlana Alexievich
5298:Pugwash Conferences
4157:on 10 December 2022
3560:16 May 2009 at the
3426:"Eleven hard disks"
3415:. 27 December 2008.
3315:p. 2 (in Russian),
3227:on 24 February 2015
2969:memorial-france.org
2954:memorial-czechia.cz
2884:on 20 November 2008
2258:on 6 September 2006
2173:on 10 December 2022
2096:(Moscow), 1968–1982
2083:and Yury Samodurov.
1631:on 6 September 2006
1470:forest and memorial
1363:Aleksandr Konovalov
1107:invasion of Ukraine
839:Russia's Necropolis
831:invasion of Ukraine
372:Ministry of Justice
211:Index on Censorship
127:Alexander Cherkasov
30:
6392:Post-Soviet states
6377:Memorial (society)
5569:Juan Manuel Santos
4895:George C. Marshall
4738:Carl von Ossietzky
4633:Austen Chamberlain
4499:A. M. F. Beernaert
4467:Theodore Roosevelt
4459:Bertha von Suttner
4332:Memorial (society)
4263:. 31 December 2021
4237:. 31 December 2021
4183:. 29 December 2021
4181:The New York Times
4086:. 10 October 2014.
3790:Human Rights Watch
3732:The New York Times
3069:. 22 October 2009.
2826:dmitrievaffair.com
2811:en.mapofmemory.org
2784:en.mapofmemory.org
2769:en.mapofmemory.org
2499:. 27 December 2008
2460:FAQ about Memorial
2449:en.mapofmemory.org
2435:en.mapofmemory.org
2366:en.mapofmemory.org
2252:"Memorial Charter"
1918:The New York Times
1699:The New York Times
1625:"MEMORIAL Charter"
1446:Day of Remembrance
1382:
1349:
1271:Anna Politkovskaya
1267:Natalia Estemirova
1242:Memorial in 2009.
1223:Human Rights Watch
1101:, the head of the
1025:Natalya Estemirova
854:§ Persecution
777:and probably near
755:Aleksandr Gurianov
678:Day of Remembrance
632:To promote mature
600:(Russia, Ukraine,
598:post-Soviet states
571:October Revolution
492:Vladimir Kryuchkov
464:Vyacheslav Igrunov
74:Human rights group
28:
6364:
6363:
6333:Mikola Statkevich
6313:Veronika Tsepkalo
6305:Maria Kalesnikava
5961:
5960:
5872:Economic Sciences
5682:
5681:
5543:Kailash Satyarthi
5428:Mohamed ElBaradei
5246:Mikhail Gorbachev
4941:Philip Noel-Baker
4925:Lester B. Pearson
4887:Albert Schweitzer
4668:Ferdinand Buisson
4660:Gustav Stresemann
4539:Henri La Fontaine
4400:Nobel Peace Prize
4330:Media related to
4037:. 16 October 2021
3916:. 9 November 2015
3762:. 17 January 2018
3407:Galpin, Richard.
3366:Olga Gnezdilova,
3328:"Thirty Years On"
3281:. 7 October 2022.
2740:) launched 2016.
2613:978-5-6041921-4-6
2580:978-5-78700-123-5
2043:978-0-394-58797-4
1399:Moscow City Court
1120:Recent operations
1087:Nobel Peace Prize
1047:Irina Scherbakowa
859:Russian Civil War
827:COVID-19 pandemic
740:Ludmila Ulitskaya
729:School programmes
558:Nobel Peace Prize
509:Express Chronicle
431:Mikhail Gorbachev
380:Moscow City Court
290:Nobel Peace Prize
248:
247:
6439:
6345:Ukrainian people
6329:Stsiapan Putsila
6272:
6253:
6023:Aung San Suu Kyi
5988:
5981:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5914:
5897:Philip H. Dybvig
5740:Morten P. Meldal
5734:Carolyn Bertozzi
5709:
5702:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5664:
5662:Narges Mohammadi
5653:
5634:
5619:
5608:
5597:
5582:
5571:
5560:
5549:
5547:Malala Yousafzai
5534:
5523:
5512:
5493:
5482:
5471:
5469:Martti Ahtisaari
5460:
5445:
5430:
5415:
5404:
5393:
5382:
5356:
5348:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5314:José Ramos-Horta
5304:
5292:
5276:
5264:
5262:Rigoberta Menchú
5256:
5254:Aung San Suu Kyi
5248:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5136:
5128:
5126:Mairead Corrigan
5105:
5097:
5085:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5052:
5041:
5030:
5019:
5018:
5010:
5009:
5001:
4990:
4979:
4967:
4959:
4957:Dag Hammarskjöld
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4730:Arthur Henderson
4724:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4697:
4695:Nathan Söderblom
4689:
4687:Frank B. Kellogg
4681:
4680:
4674:
4662:
4639:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4605:
4599:Hjalmar Branting
4593:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4513:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4425:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4329:
4301:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4151:. Archived from
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3947:
3941:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3846:
3840:
3831:
3825:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3759:The Moscow Times
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3722:
3716:
3706:
3697:
3677:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3571:
3565:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3485:on 15 April 2012
3481:. Archived from
3469:
3463:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3432:. Archived from
3422:
3416:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3363:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3278:The Moscow Times
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3253:. 7 October 2022
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3223:. Archived from
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3140:. Archived from
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3015:
3009:
2994:
2988:
2978:
2972:
2963:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2880:. Archived from
2870:
2864:
2853:
2847:
2834:
2828:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2374:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2341:
2335:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2254:. Archived from
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2167:. Archived from
2156:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2133:. Archived from
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2090:
2084:
2079:, and academics
2073:
2067:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2023:
2014:Sakharov, Andrei
2010:
2004:
2003:
1982:Sakharov, Andrey
1978:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1863:Chernova, Anna.
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1843:Memorial Society
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1749:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1681:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1627:. Archived from
1621:
1612:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1502:
1479:Solovetsky Stone
1232:State Department
927:
914:
886:Yury A. Dmitriev
556:, who had won a
500:Democratic Union
428:
420:
267:
262:
258:
257:
51:
49:
31:
27:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6357:movement (2023)
6325:Sergei Dylevsky
6321:Ales Bialiatski
6309:Volha Kavalkova
6266:
6247:
6245:Daniel Ceballos
6241:Antonio Ledezma
6125:Ladies in White
5998:
5992:
5962:
5957:
5910:
5902:
5899:(United States)
5893:(United States)
5891:Douglas Diamond
5887:(United States)
5866:
5842:
5837:Anton Zeilinger
5833:(United States)
5811:
5794:Ales Bialiatski
5775:
5751:
5748:(United States)
5736:(United States)
5720:
5713:
5683:
5678:
5673:to be announced
5667:
5656:
5643:Ales Bialiatski
5637:
5622:
5611:
5600:
5585:
5574:
5563:
5552:
5537:
5526:
5515:
5510:Tawakkol Karman
5496:
5485:
5474:
5463:
5448:
5433:
5418:
5413:Wangari Maathai
5407:
5396:
5385:
5370:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5279:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5139:
5131:
5119:
5108:
5103:Andrei Sakharov
5100:
5088:
5083:Henry Kissinger
5073:
5067:
5066:
5055:
5044:
5033:
5022:
5014:
5013:
5005:
5004:
4993:
4982:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4830:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4707:Nicholas Butler
4700:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4665:
4656:Aristide Briand
4653:
4642:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4611:Fridtjof Nansen
4608:
4603:Christian Lange
4596:
4588:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4516:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4428:
4413:
4402:
4393:
4322:
4298:
4282:
4280:Further reading
4277:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4149:Financial Times
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3881:Financial Times
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3847:
3843:
3832:
3828:
3823:unro.minjust.ru
3819:Wayback Machine
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3723:
3719:
3707:
3700:
3687:Wayback Machine
3678:
3674:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3572:
3568:
3562:Wayback Machine
3555:www.lenizdat.ru
3550:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3522:
3518:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3436:on 6 April 2012
3424:
3423:
3419:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3144:on 15 July 2014
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3113:www.waynakh.com
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3007:Wayback Machine
2995:
2991:
2979:
2975:
2964:
2960:
2949:
2945:
2939:adcmemorial.org
2934:
2930:
2921:Memorial Italia
2919:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2835:
2831:
2820:
2816:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2778:
2774:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2742:mapofmemory.org
2732:
2728:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2570:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2522:urokiistorii.ru
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2479:
2475:
2470:Wayback Machine
2458:
2454:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2325:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2284:Wayback Machine
2277:Memorial-Italia
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2196:Vitaly Korotich
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2165:Financial Times
2157:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2137:on 5 March 2007
2125:
2124:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2091:
2087:
2077:Arseny Roginsky
2074:
2070:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2011:
2007:
1979:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1785:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1750:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1684:
1678:unro.minjust.ru
1675:Wayback Machine
1666:
1662:
1651:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1463:Arseny Roginsky
1442:
1422:interim measure
1414:
1367:Arseny Roginsky
1341:
1313:
1259:Sergei Kovalyov
1255:
1228:Dmitry Medvedev
1190:
1176:
1155:
1127:
1122:
1091:Ales Bialiatski
1051:Ossietzky Award
991:
965:
945:
937:Alexander Lavut
905:
843:
751:
748:Katyn Massacres
731:
711:
695:
680:
646:totalitarianism
622:
562:civil liberties
554:Andrei Sakharov
542:Helsinki Groups
538:Arseny Roginsky
522:Andrei Sakharov
468:Arseny Roginsky
412:
404:Ales Bialiatski
388:interim measure
260:
240:
228:
176:
175:
163:
152:Arseny Roginsky
146:Andrei Sakharov
142:
141:
134:
124:
108:
98:
96:totalitarianism
62:
47:
45:
36:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
6445:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6256:Yon Goicoechea
6237:Leopoldo López
6226:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6198:
6188:
6166:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6136:
6122:
6116:
6113:United Nations
6106:
6100:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5995:Sakharov Prize
5991:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5881:
5879:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5857:
5855:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5821:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5790:
5788:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5764:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5665:
5654:
5635:
5632:Dmitry Muratov
5620:
5609:
5598:
5583:
5572:
5561:
5550:
5535:
5524:
5521:European Union
5513:
5494:
5483:
5472:
5461:
5446:
5443:Muhammad Yunus
5431:
5416:
5405:
5394:
5383:
5376:United Nations
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5341:
5329:
5317:
5305:
5302:Joseph Rotblat
5293:
5277:
5274:F. W. de Klerk
5270:Nelson Mandela
5265:
5257:
5249:
5241:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5146:Menachem Begin
5137:
5129:
5122:Betty Williams
5116:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5098:
5086:
5071:
5064:
5053:
5050:Norman Borlaug
5042:
5031:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4991:
4980:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4949:Albert Luthuli
4944:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4675:
4663:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4594:
4591:Léon Bourgeois
4586:
4583:Woodrow Wilson
4578:
4571:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4514:
4506:
4494:
4487:Klas Arnoldson
4482:
4475:Ernesto Moneta
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4426:
4423:Frédéric Passy
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:NobelPrize.org
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4321:
4320:External links
4318:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4296:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4248:
4222:
4194:
4168:
4135:
4123:
4101:
4089:
4071:
4048:
4022:
3996:
3968:
3942:
3927:
3901:
3867:
3841:
3826:
3821:(in Russian),
3804:
3793:. 28 June 2017
3773:
3745:
3717:
3698:
3672:
3659:
3648:. 18 July 2009
3637:
3626:. 15 July 2009
3615:
3604:. 16 July 2009
3587:
3566:
3544:
3532:
3516:
3496:
3464:
3447:
3417:
3413:news.bbc.co.uk
3400:
3374:
3358:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3305:
3284:
3264:
3238:
3208:
3180:
3155:
3125:
3100:
3086:Deutsche Welle
3072:
3054:
3035:
3010:
2989:
2983:(in English),
2973:
2958:
2943:
2928:
2913:
2895:
2865:
2848:
2829:
2814:
2799:
2787:
2772:
2757:
2755:launched 2021.
2745:
2726:
2697:
2671:
2645:
2619:
2612:
2586:
2579:
2547:
2525:
2510:
2488:
2473:
2452:
2438:
2424:
2398:
2369:
2355:
2336:
2316:
2290:
2269:
2243:
2231:
2206:
2194:(in Russian).
2184:
2148:
2118:
2103:
2085:
2081:Lev Ponomaryov
2068:
2049:
2042:
2026:Antonina Bouis
2005:
1970:
1954:
1938:
1904:
1881:
1855:
1830:
1805:
1772:
1739:
1711:
1682:
1660:
1642:
1613:
1597:
1572:
1546:
1520:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1438:
1413:
1410:
1340:
1337:
1318:foreign agents
1312:
1309:
1307:, Ingushetia.
1301:North Caucasus
1293:Ramzan Kadyrov
1254:
1251:North Caucasus
1244:
1236:Sean McCormack
1206:Novy Peterburg
1189:
1186:
1181:Vladimir Putin
1175:
1172:
1168:Vladimir Putin
1154:
1151:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1021:Sakharov Prize
990:
987:
964:
961:
949:The Crying Sun
944:
941:
933:Sergei Kovalev
904:
898:
842:
835:
816:
815:
811:
810:
806:
805:
800:(Moscow 2019)
750:
744:
730:
727:
710:
707:
694:
691:
679:
676:
664:
663:
656:
649:
621:
618:
614:Czech Republic
575:Vladimir Lenin
514:Larisa Bogoraz
460:Yuri Samodurov
456:Lev Ponomaryov
411:
408:
253:(Russian:
246:
245:
234:
230:
229:
227:
226:
223:
217:
214:
207:
201:
198:Sakharov Prize
195:
189:
183:
173:
172:
171:
169:
165:
164:
162:
161:
158:Sergei Kovalev
155:
149:
139:
138:
137:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
109:
106:
103:
102:
92:
88:
87:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
57:
53:
52:
42:
38:
37:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6444:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6264:Alfredo Ramos
6261:
6257:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6089:Peled-Elhanan
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6059:Wei Jingsheng
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5703:
5698:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5592:
5591:Denis Mukwege
5588:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5506:Leymah Gbowee
5503:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5347:
5342:
5339:
5338:David Trimble
5335:
5330:
5327:
5326:Jody Williams
5323:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5291:
5290:Yasser Arafat
5287:
5286:Yitzhak Rabin
5283:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5263:
5258:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5154:Mother Teresa
5150:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5091:Seán MacBride
5087:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4965:Linus Pauling
4961:
4958:
4953:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4852:John Boyd Orr
4848:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4806:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4750:
4747:
4742:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4726:
4723:
4722:Norman Angell
4718:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4676:
4673:
4672:Ludwig Quidde
4669:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4637:Charles Dawes
4634:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4491:Fredrik Bajer
4488:
4483:
4480:
4479:Louis Renault
4476:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4443:Randal Cremer
4439:
4436:
4435:Charles Gobat
4432:
4431:Élie Ducommun
4427:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4111:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4085:
4084:Radio Liberty
4081:
4075:
4059:
4052:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3937:(in Russian)
3936:
3931:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3647:
3641:
3625:
3619:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3584:(in Russian).
3583:
3582:
3581:Novaya Gazeta
3577:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3478:openDemocracy
3474:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3430:openDemocracy
3427:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3197:. 1 June 2012
3196:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2682:
2675:
2656:
2649:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2520:(in Russian)
2519:
2514:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2485:openlist.wiki
2482:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2333:base.memo.org
2331:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1892:
1885:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1378:Yekaterinburg
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1182:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:Boris Yeltsin
1140:
1136:
1132:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
986:
984:
978:
975:
971:
969:
960:
958:
954:
950:
940:
938:
934:
929:
926:
921:
919:
913:
912:
902:
897:
895:
889:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
871:"dekulakized"
868:
864:
860:
855:
850:
848:
840:
834:
832:
828:
823:
821:
813:
812:
808:
807:
803:
802:
801:
799:
793:
791:
786:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
743:
741:
737:
726:
724:
723:Orlando Figes
719:
715:
706:
704:
700:
690:
687:
685:
675:
671:
669:
661:
657:
654:
650:
647:
643:
640:based on the
639:
635:
634:civil society
631:
630:
629:
627:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
555:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
495:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
445:
440:
436:
432:
427:
426:
419:
407:
405:
401:
397:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:Stalinist era
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:Joseph Stalin
283:
279:
275:
272:, founded in
271:
266:
252:
243:
238:
235:
231:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
170:
166:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
136:
130:
126:
120:
117:
113:
112:Jan Raczynski
110:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
43:
39:
32:
26:
19:
6260:Lorent Saleh
6233:Julio Borges
6156:
5942:
5885:Ben Bernanke
5861:Svante Pääbo
5831:John Clauser
5825:Alain Aspect
5799:
5770:Annie Ernaux
5672:
5649: /
5646:
5645: /
5630: /
5593: /
5545: /
5508: /
5504: /
5480:Barack Obama
5456: /
5441: /
5439:Grameen Bank
5426: /
5402:Shirin Ebadi
5391:Jimmy Carter
5378: /
5364:2001–present
5354:Kim Dae-jung
5336: /
5324: /
5312: /
5300: /
5288: /
5284: /
5282:Shimon Peres
5272: /
5198:Desmond Tutu
5180: /
5144: /
5124: /
5093: /
5081: /
5075:
5061:Willy Brandt
4975: /
4933:Georges Pire
4879:Léon Jouhaux
4860:Ralph Bunche
4835: /
4823: /
4813:Cordell Hull
4754:Robert Cecil
4705: /
4670: /
4658: /
4635: /
4601: /
4523:Alfred Fried
4521: /
4519:Tobias Asser
4501: /
4489: /
4477: /
4433: /
4421: /
4419:Henry Dunant
4312:
4305:
4287:
4265:. Retrieved
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4234:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4207:
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4180:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4154:the original
4148:
4138:
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4104:
4092:
4074:
4062:. Retrieved
4051:
4039:. Retrieved
4034:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4009:
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3980:
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3954:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3918:. Retrieved
3913:
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3880:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3822:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3788:
3764:. Retrieved
3757:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3730:
3720:
3695:www.grani.ru
3694:
3690:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3599:
3590:
3579:
3569:
3554:
3547:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3508:
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:the original
3476:
3467:
3460:Fontanka.Ru,
3459:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3434:the original
3429:
3420:
3412:
3403:
3391:. Retrieved
3386:
3377:
3367:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3287:
3276:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:the original
3220:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3192:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3167:
3158:
3146:. Retrieved
3142:the original
3137:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3112:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3084:
3075:
3057:
3026:. Retrieved
3022:
3013:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:the original
2877:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2748:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2718:
2688:. Retrieved
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2622:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2528:
2521:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2491:
2484:
2476:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2413:(in Russian)
2410:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2387:(in Russian)
2382:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2330:(in Russian)
2327:
2307:. Retrieved
2302:
2293:
2287:(in Italian)
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2246:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2199:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2170:the original
2164:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:the original
2130:
2121:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2071:
2063:
2019:
2008:
1991:
1986:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1917:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:The Guardian
1757:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1677:
1663:
1656:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1608:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1533:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1500:
1457:Last Address
1434:
1415:
1403:
1387:
1383:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1298:
1287:
1263:
1256:
1240:
1220:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1191:
1177:
1174:Persecution
1156:
1135:Great Terror
1128:
1111:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1059:
1055:Goethe Medal
1044:
1014:
999:
992:
979:
976:
972:
967:
966:
948:
946:
930:
916:
915:publication
906:
900:
890:
875:
851:
847:Soviet Union
844:
838:
824:
817:
796:
794:
789:
787:
784:
759:KARTA Center
752:
732:
720:
716:
712:
699:Last Address
696:
688:
681:
672:
665:
653:human rights
623:
579:
550:
545:
534:Solovki camp
518:Elena Bonner
507:
503:
496:
488:
453:
442:
435:Brezhnev era
413:
392:
365:
356:Great Terror
349:
312:
300:
298:
250:
249:
244:(in English)
239:(in English)
80:Headquarters
25:
6351:Mahsa Amini
6267: [
6248: [
6139:Milinkievič
6041:Oslobođenje
5717:Nobel Prize
5628:Maria Ressa
5595:Nadia Murad
5310:Carlos Belo
5222:Óscar Arias
5214:Elie Wiesel
5190:Lech Wałęsa
5178:Alva Myrdal
5142:Anwar Sadat
5095:Eisaku Satō
5028:René Cassin
4821:Emily Balch
4703:Jane Addams
4290:. Praeger.
4241:31 December
4215:27 February
4161:29 December
4116:12 November
4035:www.hrw.org
3982:Interfax.ru
3939:www.memo.ru
3894:11 November
3860:11 November
3528:Fontanka.Ru
3355:memohrc.org
3317:lib.memo.ru
3298:7 September
3221:www.hro.org
3138:www.gfbv.de
3093:28 December
3089:(in German)
2908:memorial.de
2845:old.memo.ru
2417:29 December
2391:29 December
2309:29 December
2305:(in French)
2224:22 December
2177:29 December
2131:www.memo.ru
2032:. pp.
1950:memohrc.org
1798:30 December
1765:29 December
1732:28 December
1704:28 December
1657:www.memo.ru
1609:www.memo.ru
1590:29 December
1565:29 December
1539:29 December
1253:, 1994–2018
1133:during the
1080:Lech Wałęsa
1032:Jerzy Buzek
903:(1968–1982)
863:Great Purge
642:rule of law
526:Oleg Volkov
418:perestroika
386:applied an
352:perestroika
276:during the
160:(1930–2021)
154:(1946–2017)
148:(1921–1989)
107:Co-chairmen
94:History of
6371:Categories
6083:¡Basta Ya!
5997:recipients
5757:Literature
5606:Abiy Ahmed
5491:Liu Xiaobo
5380:Kofi Annan
5077:Lê Đức Thọ
4531:Elihu Root
4297:0275945022
4064:31 October
4041:18 October
4015:18 October
3766:17 January
3652:11 January
3630:11 January
3510:Kommersant
3489:11 January
3440:11 January
3251:Onmanorama
3231:11 January
3118:11 January
3028:11 January
2888:7 December
2686:. Memorial
2660:. Memorial
2634:. Memorial
2503:11 January
2141:11 January
2028:(trans.).
1635:11 January
1492:References
1487:excursions
1468:Sandarmokh
1303:office in
1289:Oleg Orlov
1279:Ingushetia
1234:spokesman
1194:hard disks
1036:Oleg Orlov
882:Sandarmokh
878:Red Terror
867:Krasny Bor
602:Kazakhstan
567:Stalin era
366:After the
321:Kazakhstan
311:, and the
133:Key people
116:Oleg Orlov
60:Non-profit
48:1989-01-28
6201:Yousafzai
6177:Zaitouneh
6011:Marchenko
5839:(Austria)
5808:(Ukraine)
5796:(Belarus)
5742:(Denmark)
5726:Chemistry
5719:laureates
5334:John Hume
5113:1976–2000
4870:1951–1975
4825:John Mott
4647:1926–1950
4407:1901–1925
4396:Laureates
4267:2 January
4187:3 January
3989:1 January
3961:1 January
3889:0307-1766
3393:5 January
3387:France 24
3257:7 October
3201:1 January
3173:1 January
2720:The Times
2000:236221026
1931:7 October
1926:0362-4331
1823:6 January
638:democracy
472:Stalinism
6353:and the
6191:Sotoudeh
6185:Bouazizi
6157:Memorial
6097:Kamwenho
6093:Ghazzawi
5863:(Sweden)
5827:(France)
5802:(Russia)
5800:Memorial
5772:(France)
5647:Memorial
4356:Memorial
4209:BBC News
3914:BBC News
3815:Archived
3683:Archived
3601:BBC News
3558:Archived
3067:Forex TV
3003:Archived
2985:khpg.org
2466:Archived
2384:Lenta.RU
2280:Archived
2016:(1991).
1984:(1990).
1897:11 April
1671:Archived
1481:, Moscow
1440:See also
1354:Mr Jones
1283:militias
1249:and the
1247:Chechnya
1199:Putinism
1053:and the
953:Chechnya
925:samizdat
911:samizdat
865:such as
714:period.
504:Glasnost
425:glasnost
358:and the
256:Мемориал
251:Memorial
168:Award(s)
91:Services
86:, Russia
35:Мемориал
29:Memorial
6339:Navalny
6277:Sentsov
6207:Mukwege
6173:Senussi
6169:Mahfouz
6163:Fariñas
6133:Ibrahim
6065:Ghezali
6007:Mandela
5817:Physics
5454:Al Gore
4398:of the
4235:Reuters
4010:Reuters
3955:memo.ru
3738:20 July
3148:20 June
2690:20 June
2664:20 June
2638:20 June
2604:Onwards
2567:Onwards
2540:20 June
2411:memo.ru
2262:1 April
2201:Ogonyok
1874:5 April
1848:5 April
1585:memo.ru
1534:Reuters
1459:project
1424:by the
1164:Ukraine
1160:Georgia
1064:by the
957:WITNESS
841:website
798:Onwards
771:Kharkiv
767:Kalinin
626:charter
610:Georgia
337:Belgium
329:Germany
325:Ukraine
233:Website
70:Purpose
46: (
41:Founded
6347:(2022)
6341:(2021)
6335:(2020)
6291:: The
6285:(2019)
6279:(2018)
6225:(2016)
6223:Bashar
6215:(2015)
6213:Badawi
6209:(2014)
6203:(2013)
6197:(2012)
6195:Panahi
6187:(2011)
6181:Farzat
6165:(2010)
6159:(2009)
6153:(2008)
6151:Hu Jia
6147:(2007)
6141:(2006)
6135:(2005)
6121:(2004)
6115:(2003)
6105:(2002)
6099:(2001)
6085:(2000)
6079:(1999)
6077:Gusmão
6073:(1998)
6071:Rugova
6067:(1997)
6061:(1996)
6055:(1995)
6049:(1994)
6047:Nasrin
6043:(1993)
6037:(1992)
6031:(1991)
6029:Demaçi
6025:(1990)
6019:(1989)
6017:Dubček
6013:(1988)
5352:2000:
5344:1999:
5332:1998:
5320:1997:
5308:1996:
5296:1995:
5280:1994:
5268:1993:
5260:1992:
5252:1991:
5244:1990:
5236:1989:
5228:1988:
5220:1987:
5212:1986:
5204:1985:
5196:1984:
5188:1983:
5176:1982:
5168:1981:
5160:1980:
5152:1979:
5140:1978:
5132:1977:
5120:1976:
5101:1975:
5089:1974:
5074:1973:
4999:UNICEF
4971:1963:
4963:1962:
4955:1961:
4947:1960:
4939:1959:
4931:1958:
4923:1957:
4901:1954:
4893:1953:
4885:1952:
4877:1951:
4858:1950:
4850:1949:
4831:1947:
4819:1946:
4811:1945:
4803:1944:
4760:1938:
4752:1937:
4744:1936:
4736:1935:
4728:1934:
4720:1933:
4701:1931:
4693:1930:
4685:1929:
4666:1927:
4654:1926:
4631:1925:
4609:1922:
4597:1921:
4589:1920:
4581:1919:
4566:1917:
4537:1913:
4529:1912:
4517:1911:
4509:1910:
4497:1909:
4485:1908:
4473:1907:
4465:1906:
4457:1905:
4449:1904:
4441:1903:
4429:1902:
4294:
3920:2 July
3887:
3797:2 July
3608:22 May
3019:"News"
2767:2021.
2610:
2577:
2569:]
2040:
1998:
1924:
1793:Jurist
1513:11 May
1305:Nazran
1275:Grozny
894:purges
608:, and
606:Latvia
573:under
341:France
274:Russia
222:(2013)
213:(2012)
206:(2009)
200:(2009)
194:(2008)
188:(2004)
182:(2004)
84:Moscow
6283:Tohti
6271:]
6252:]
6219:Murad
6145:Osman
6109:Annan
5943:2022
5781:Peace
5715:2022
4060:. BBC
2684:(PDF)
2658:(PDF)
2632:(PDF)
2601:[
2571:(PDF)
2564:[
2030:Knopf
1990:[
1509:. CNN
943:Media
779:Minsk
763:Katyn
530:Gulag
360:Gulag
333:Italy
6103:Payá
6053:Zana
5953:2024
5948:2023
5938:2021
5933:2020
5928:2019
5923:2018
5918:2017
5876:2022
5852:2022
5785:2022
5761:2022
5669:2024
5658:2023
5639:2022
5624:2021
5613:2020
5602:2019
5587:2018
5576:2017
5565:2016
5554:2015
5539:2014
5528:2013
5517:2012
5498:2011
5487:2010
5476:2009
5465:2008
5450:2007
5435:2006
5420:2005
5409:2004
5398:2003
5387:2002
5372:2001
5068:1972
5057:1971
5046:1970
5035:1969
5024:1968
5016:1967
5007:1966
4995:1965
4984:1964
4917:1956
4910:1955
4844:1948
4797:1943
4790:1942
4783:1941
4776:1940
4769:1939
4714:1932
4679:1928
4625:1924
4618:1923
4575:1918
4560:1916
4553:1915
4546:1914
4415:1901
4292:ISBN
4269:2022
4243:2021
4217:2024
4189:2022
4163:2021
4118:2021
4066:2014
4043:2021
4017:2021
3991:2022
3963:2022
3922:2017
3896:2015
3885:ISSN
3862:2015
3799:2017
3768:2018
3740:2009
3654:2018
3632:2018
3610:2010
3491:2018
3442:2018
3395:2022
3300:2023
3259:2022
3233:2018
3203:2022
3175:2022
3150:2014
3120:2018
3095:2020
3030:2018
2890:2008
2692:2024
2666:2024
2640:2024
2608:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2542:2024
2505:2018
2419:2021
2393:2021
2311:2021
2264:2004
2226:2023
2179:2021
2143:2018
2038:ISBN
1996:OCLC
1933:2022
1922:ISSN
1899:2022
1876:2022
1850:2022
1825:2023
1818:OMCT
1800:2021
1767:2021
1734:2021
1706:2021
1637:2018
1592:2021
1567:2021
1541:2021
1515:2022
1162:and
1131:NKVD
935:and
775:Kyiv
746:The
738:and
636:and
516:and
506:and
339:and
294:2022
261:IPA:
174:List
140:List
56:Type
4358:on
3713:AFP
2843:),
2034:168
1869:CNN
1727:CNN
1560:CNN
1139:KGB
594:NGO
532:'s
292:in
64:NGO
6373::
6331:/
6327:/
6323:/
6319:/
6315:/
6311:/
6307:/
6303:/
6299:/
6295:/
6269:es
6262:/
6258:/
6254:/
6250:es
6243:/
6239:/
6235:/
6231::
6221:/
6193:/
6183:/
6179:/
6175:/
6171:/
6131:/
6127:/
6111:/
6095:/
6091:/
6009:/
5671::
5660::
5641::
5626::
5615::
5604::
5589::
5578::
5567::
5556::
5541::
5530::
5519::
5500::
5489::
5478::
5467::
5452::
5437::
5422::
5411::
5400::
5389::
5374::
5059::
5048::
5037::
5026::
4997::
4986::
4417::
4259:.
4233:.
4206:.
4179:.
4147:.
4082:.
4033:.
4008:.
3912:.
3883:.
3879:.
3853:.
3836:,
3787:.
3776:^
3756:.
3729:.
3711:,
3701:^
3693:)
3598:.
3526:,
3475:.
3458:,
3428:.
3411:.
3385:.
3275:.
3249:.
3191:.
3166:.
3136:.
3111:.
3065:.
3038:^
3021:.
2906:.
2876:.
2809:.
2782:.
2717:.
2700:^
2319:^
2301:.
2217:.
2163:.
2151:^
2052:^
2036:.
2024:.
1973:^
1964:,
1948:,
1920:.
1916:.
1867:.
1841:.
1816:.
1791:.
1775:^
1756:.
1742:^
1725:.
1714:^
1697:.
1685:^
1645:^
1616:^
1607:,
1583:.
1558:.
1532:.
1432:.
1097:.
1075:.
1068:.
959:.
939:.
888:.
773:,
769:,
765:,
725:.
604:,
577:.
462:,
458:,
451:.
347:.
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
296:.
259:,
114:,
5987:e
5980:t
5973:v
5878:)
5874:(
5854:)
5850:(
5787:)
5783:(
5763:)
5759:(
5708:e
5701:t
5694:v
4388:e
4381:t
4374:v
4300:.
4271:.
4245:.
4219:.
4191:.
4165:.
4120:.
4068:.
4045:.
4019:.
3993:.
3965:.
3924:.
3898:.
3864:.
3801:.
3770:.
3742:.
3689:(
3670:)
3612:.
3493:.
3444:.
3397:.
3302:.
3261:.
3235:.
3205:.
3177:.
3152:.
3122:.
3097:.
3032:.
2987:.
2910:.
2892:.
2736:(
2723:.
2694:.
2668:.
2642:.
2616:.
2583:.
2544:.
2421:.
2395:.
2353:.
2313:.
2266:.
2228:.
2181:.
2145:.
2046:.
2002:.
1935:.
1901:.
1878:.
1852:.
1827:.
1802:.
1769:.
1736:.
1708:.
1639:.
1594:.
1569:.
1543:.
1517:.
1040:€
920:,
648:;
50:)
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.