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it had not started this way: Sakharov considered three starting points, a flat universe with a slightly negative cosmological constant, a universe with a positive curvature and a zero cosmological constant, and a universe with a negative curvature and a slightly negative cosmological constant. Those last two models feature what
Sakharov calls a reversal of the time arrow, which can be summarized as follows: He considers times t > 0 after the initial Big Bang singularity at t = 0 (which he calls "Friedman singularity" and denotes Φ) as well as times t < 0 before that singularity. He then assumes that entropy increases when time increases for t > 0 as well as when time decreases for t < 0, which constitutes his reversal of time. Then he considers the case when the universe at t < 0 is the image of the universe at t > 0 under CPT symmetry but also the case when it is not so: the universe has a non-zero CPT charge at t = 0 in this case. Sakharov considers a variant of this model where the reversal of the time arrow occurs at a point of maximum entropy instead of happening at the singularity. In those models there is no dynamic interaction between the universe at t < 0 and t > 0.
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578:, Sakharov tried a "layer cake" of alternating layers of fission and fusion fuel. The results were disappointing, yielding no more than a typical fission bomb. However the design was seen to be worth pursuing because deuterium is abundant and uranium is scarce, and he had no idea how powerful the US design was. Sakharov realised that in order to cause the explosion of one side of the fuel to symmetrically compress the fusion fuel, a mirror could be used to reflect the radiation. The details had not been officially declassified in Russia when Sakharov was writing his memoirs, but in the Teller–Ulam design, soft X-rays emitted by the fission bomb were focused onto a cylinder of lithium deuteride to compress it symmetrically. This is called
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995:...symmetry between a cancer cell and a normal one. Yet our state is similar to a cancer cell – with its messianism and expansionism, its totalitarian suppression of dissent, the authoritarian structure of power, with a total absence of public control in the most important decisions in domestic and foreign policy, a closed society that does not inform its citizens of anything substantial, closed to the outside world, without freedom of travel or the exchange of information.
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625: ... may have helped to prevent one. But I am not at all sure of this; back then, in those long-gone years, the question didn't even arise. What most troubles me now is the instability of the balance, the extreme peril of the current situation, the appalling waste of the arms race ... Each of us has a responsibility to think about this in global terms, with tolerance, trust, and candor, free from ideological dogmatism, parochial interests, or national egotism."
558:. Sakharov's study group at FIAN in 1948 came up with a second concept in August–September 1948. Adding a shell of natural, unenriched uranium around the deuterium would increase the deuterium concentration at the uranium-deuterium boundary and the overall yield of the device, because the natural uranium would capture neutrons and itself fission as part of the thermonuclear reaction. This idea of a layered fission-fusion-fission bomb led Sakharov to call it the
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610:, he believed that American academics had been unfair to Teller's resolve to get the H-bomb for the United States since "all steps by the Americans of a temporary or permanent rejection of developing thermonuclear weapons would have been seen either as a clever feint, or as the manifestation of stupidity. In both cases, the reaction would have been the same – avoid the trap and immediately take advantage of the enemy's stupidity."
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antiballistic missile defense" because an arms race in the new technology would otherwise increase the likelihood of nuclear war. He also asked permission to publish his manuscript, which accompanied the letter, in a newspaper to explain the dangers posed by that kind of defense. The government ignored his letter and refused to let him initiate a public discussion of ABMs in the Soviet press.
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887:). Contrary to normal practice, Sakharov, a member of the academy, publicly spoke out against full membership for Nuzhdin and held him responsible for "the defamation, firing, arrest, even death, of many genuine scientists." In the end, Nuzhdin was not elected, but the episode prompted Nikita Khrushchev to order the KGB to gather
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In April 1985, Sakharov started a new hunger strike for his wife to travel abroad for medical treatment. He again was taken to a hospital and force-fed. In August, the
Politburo discussed what to do about Sakharov. He remained in the hospital until October 1985, when his wife was allowed to travel to
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Sakharov later described that it took "years" for him to "understand how much substitution, deceit, and lack of correspondence with reality there was" in the Soviet ideals. "At first I thought, despite everything that I saw with my own eyes, that the Soviet State was a breakthrough into the future, a
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In his first model the two universes did not interact, except via local matter accumulation whose density and pressure become high enough to connect the two sheets through a bridge without spacetime between them, but with a continuity of geodesics beyond the
Schwarzschild radius with no singularity,
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Sakharov was also interested in explaining why the curvature of the universe is so small. This led him to consider cyclic models, where the universe oscillates between contraction and expansion phases. In those models, after a certain number of cycles the curvature naturally becomes infinite even if
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Developments concerning Dr. Andrei
Sakharov: joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth
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in his honour, and is the highest tribute to human rights endeavours awarded by the
European Union. It is awarded annually by the parliament to "those who carry the spirit of Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov"; to "Laureates who, like Sakharov, dedicate their lives to peaceful struggle for human
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Soon after 9 p.m. on 14 December 1989, Sakharov went to his study to take a nap before preparing an important speech he was to deliver the next day in the
Congress. His wife went to wake him at 11 p.m. as he had requested but she found Sakharov dead on the floor. According to the notes of Yakov
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defense became a key issue in US–Soviet relations. In a secret detailed letter to the Soviet leadership of July 21, 1967, Sakharov explained the need to "take the
Americans at their word" and accept their proposal for a "bilateral rejection by the USA and the Soviet Union of the development of
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We can visualize that neutral spinless maximons (or photons) are produced at ''t'' < 0 from contracting matter having an excess of antiquarks, that they pass "one through the other" at the instant ''t'' = 0 when the density is infinite, and decay with an excess of quarks when ''t'' > 0,
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in the US. Sakharov believed that in this "tragic confrontation of two outstanding people", both deserved respect, because "each of them was certain he had right on his side and was morally obligated to go to the end in the name of truth." While
Sakharov strongly disagreed with Teller over
582:. The Teller–Ulam design also had a secondary fission device inside the fusion cylinder to assist with the compression of the fusion fuel and generate neutrons to convert some of the lithium to tritium, producing a mixture of deuterium and tritium. Sakharov's idea was first tested as
939:) in January 1980, Sakharov assumed the role of a widely recognized and open dissident in Moscow. He stood vigil outside closed courtrooms, wrote appeals on behalf of more than 200 individual prisoners, and continued to write essays about the need for democratization.
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called him "a spokesman for the conscience of mankind". In the words of the Nobel
Committee's citation: "In a convincing manner Sakharov has emphasised that Man's inviolable rights provide the only safe foundation for genuine and enduring international cooperation."
954:. The Committee wrote appeals, collected signatures for petitions and succeeded in affiliating with several international human rights organizations. Its work was the subject of many KGB reports and brought Sakharov under increasing pressure from the government.
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was being tried. In his Nobel lecture, "Peace, Progress, Human Rights", Sakharov called for an end to the arms race, greater respect for the environment, international cooperation, and universal respect for human rights. He included a list of
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Between 1980 and 1986, Sakharov was kept under Soviet police surveillance. In his memoirs, he mentioned that their apartment in Gorky was repeatedly subjected to searches and heists. Sakharov was named the 1980 Humanist of the Year by the
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In May 1968, Sakharov completed an essay, "Reflections on
Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom". He described the anti-ballistic missile defense as a major threat of world nuclear war. After the essay was circulated in
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kind of prototype for all countries". Then he came, in his words, to "the theory of symmetry: all governments and regimes to a first approximation are bad, all peoples are oppressed, and all are threatened by common dangers.":
394:, overseeing the development of thermonuclear weapons, Sakharov also did fundamental work in understanding particle physics, magnetism, and physical cosmology. Sakharov is mostly known for his political activism for
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1273:, an annual Sakharov Prize for journalism was established for reporters and commentators in Russia. Funded by former Soviet dissident Pyotr Vins, now a businessman in the US, the prize is administered by the
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Sajarov, Andrei; Bonner, Elena (1989). "Al simposio de Madrid sobre las relaciones comerciales y económicas Este-Oeste" [Madrid symposium on East-West trade relations and economics].
6826:Спецвипуск. Пам'яті Андрія Сахарова [Special program issue. In commemoration of Andrei Sakharov, Mustafa Dzhemilev's interview to Semyon Gluzman, in Russian], 26 min, 15 December 2014
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I am no volunteer priest of the idea, but simply a man with an unusual fate. I am against all kinds of self-immolation (for myself and for others, including the people closest to me).
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496:. In 1943, he married Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, with whom he raised two daughters and a son. Klavdia would later die in 1969. In 1945, he joined the Theoretical Department of
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and then published outside the Soviet Union, Sakharov was banned from conducting any military-related research and returned to FIAN to study fundamental theoretical physics.
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I am unable to imagine the universe and human life without some guiding principle, without a source of spiritual 'warmth' that is nonmaterial and not bound by physical laws.
1182:. He helped to initiate the first independent legal political organizations and became prominent in the Soviet Union's growing political opposition. In March 1989, Sakharov
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Sakharov's ideas on social development led him to put forward the principle of human rights as a new basis of all politics. In his works, he declared that "the principle '
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In a letter written from exile, he cheered up a fellow physicist and free market advocate with the words: "Fortunately, the future is unpredictable and also – because of
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Soviet detention of Andrei Sakharov: Markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, Second Session, 4 February 1980
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The apartment building in Gagarina Avenue 214, Scherbinki district of Nizhny Novgorod where Sakharov lived in exile from 1980 to 1986. His apartment is now a museum.
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Since the late 1950s Sakharov had become concerned about the moral and political implications of his work. Politically active during the 1960s, Sakharov was against
5832:"The metamorphosis of Andrei Sakharov: the inventor of the Soviet hydrogen bomb became an advocate of peace and human rights. What led him to his fateful decision?"
6570:[A.I. Solzhenitsyn, A.D. Sakharov and R. Medvedev: the debate around "Letter to the Soviet leaders" and its perception in the emigre press (M. Agursky)].
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1003:' should be understood literally", and defied what he saw as unwritten ideological rules imposed by the Communist Party on the society in spite of a democratic
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realizing total CPT symmetry of the universe. All the phenomena at t < 0 are assumed in this hypothesis to be CPT reflections of the phenomena at t > 0.
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In 1972, Sakharov became the target of sustained pressure from his fellow scientists in the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Soviet press. The writer
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6567:А.И. Солженицын, А.Д. Сахаров и Р. Медведев: дискуссия вокруг "Письма вождям Советского Союза" и её восприятие в эмигрантской печати (М. Агурский)
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During the 1980s, the block of 16th Street NW between L and M streets, in front of the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C. (which later became the
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about activities of Soviet dissidents and recommendations about the interpretation in newspapers. The letters cover the period from 1968 to 1991 (
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In 1973 and 1974, the Soviet media campaign continued, targeting both Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn for their pro-Western, anti-socialist positions.
469:, although his father was a non-believer. When Andrei was about thirteen, he realized that he did not believe in God. However, despite being an
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1019:– uncertain." For Sakharov, the indeterminacy of the future supported his belief that he could and should take personal responsibility for it.
654:, which is still the basis for the majority of work in the area. Sakharov, in association with Tamm, proposed confining extremely hot ionized
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Rhéaume, Charles (February 2008). "Western scientists' reactions to Andrei Sakharov's human rights struggle in the Soviet Union, 1968–1989".
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Sakharov's parents and paternal grandmother, Maria Petrovna, largely shaped his personality; his mother and grandmother were members of the
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Apparently Sakharov did not need to delve any deeper into it for a long time, remaining a totally non-militant atheist with an open heart.
2190:"The need for an open world: Andrei Sakharov calls on scientists to intensify the campaign for a nuclear weapons ban and full disarmament"
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1194:. In November the head of the KGB reported to Gorbachev on Sakharov's encouragement and support for the coal miners' strike in Vorkuta.
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By 1973, Sakharov was meeting regularly with Western correspondents and holding press conferences in his apartment. He appealed to the
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Sakharov, Andrei (Fall 1978). "The human rights movement in the USSR and Eastern Europe: its goals, significance, and difficulties".
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every second year since 2006 "to recognize outstanding leadership and/or achievements of scientists in upholding human rights".
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In December 1988, Sakharov visited Armenia and Azerbaijan on a fact-finding mission. He concluded, "For Azerbaijan the issue of
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The KGB File of Andrei Sakharov. (edited by Joshua Rubenstein and Alexander Gribanov), New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005;
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in 1950, Sakharov played a key role in the development of the first megaton-range Soviet hydrogen bomb using a design known as
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Alarm and hope. The world-renowned Nobel laureate and political dissident speaks out on human rights, disarmament, and détente
1316:). The documents characterize not only Sakharov's activity, but that of other dissidents, as well as that of highest-position
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1125:. He was held in isolation for four months. In August 1984, Bonner was sentenced by a court to five years of exile in Gorky.
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named after him: Baryon number violation, C-symmetry and CP-symmetry violation, and interactions out of thermal equilibrium.
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and young reporters and editors working far from Russia's media capital, Moscow. The 2015 winner was Yelena Kostyuchenko.
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in front of the Press House is named after Sakharov. The square was named on 16 March 1991, as the Press House was still
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in Moscow. The prize "for journalism as an act of conscience" has been won over the years by famous journalists such as
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Sakharov never felt that by creating nuclear weapons he had "known sin", in Oppenheimer's expression. He later wrote:
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Rabinowitch, Eugene (November 1968). "The Sakharov manifesto: Progress, peaceful coexistence, intellectual freedom".
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Sakharov, Andrei; Tverdokhlebov, Andrei; Albrecht, Vladimir (May 28, 1974). "USSR. The chronicle of current events".
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to a trade bill, which coupled trade tariffs to the Kremlin's willingness to allow freer emigration for Soviet Jews.
454:). Sakharov's mother, Yekaterina Alekseevna Sofiano, was a daughter of Aleksey Semenovich Sofiano, a general in the
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Web exhibit "Andrei SAKHAROV: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights" at American Institute of Physics
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who had displayed respect for social awareness and humanitarian principles (including advocating the abolition of
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wrote and performed the song "Памяти А. Д. Сахарова" ("In memory of Andrei Sakharov"), which features on his
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The images and impact of Andrei Sakharov: a study of dissident rhetoric in the Soviet human rights movement
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In New York City, a street sign at the southwest corner of Third Avenue and 67th Street in Manhattan reads
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Fireside, Harvey (Winter 1989). "Dissident visions of the USSR: Medvedev, Sakharov & Solzhenitsyn".
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Dornan, Peter (1975). "Andrei Sakharov: the conscience of a liberal scientist". In Tökés, Rudolf (ed.).
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3750:"The Initial Stage of an Expanding Universe and the Appearance of a Nonuniform Distribution of Matter"
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Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (December 1973). "Peace and violence – Sakharov for the Nobel Peace Prize".
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The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Forty Years That Shook the World, from Stalin to Yeltsin
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Sakharov, Andrei; Turchin, Valentin; Medvedev, Roy (June 6, 1970). "The need for democratization".
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Proton decay experiments had been performed since 1954 already. Sakharov was the first to consider
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Sakharov then tested a MK-driven "plasma cannon" where a small aluminum ring was vaporized by huge
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Altshuler, Boris (February 2012). "Andrei Sakharov today: lasting impact on science and society".
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E. P. Wigner, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 93, 521 (1949); Proc. Natl.Ac'ad. Sci. (U. S.) 38, 449 (1952)
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Rapoport, a senior pathologist present at the autopsy, it is most likely that Sakharov died of an
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the United States. She had heart surgery in the United States and returned to Gorky in June 1986.
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is powered by a "Sakharov drive". The novel was published in 1982, when Sakharov was in exile in
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562:, or layered cake. The first Soviet atomic device was tested on August 29, 1949. After moving to
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4220:"Andrei Sakharov, 68, Nuclear Inventor and Mainspring of the Soviet Conscience (Published 1989)"
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In 1980, Sakharov was stripped of all Soviet awards for "anti-Soviet activities". Later, during
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4112:"The Disturbances of the Metric when a Collapsing Sphere Passes below the Schwarzschild Sphere"
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The Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces 1945–2000
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6738:"Faces of Resistance in the USSR, The Andrei Sakharov Archives Homepage (archived webpage)"
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is named after Sakharov, and is featured prominently in several episodes. This follows the
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is a matter of ambition, for the Armenians of Karabakh, it is a matter of life and death".
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in 1955. A larger variation of the same design which Sakharov worked on was the 50 Mt
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allowing an exchange of matter between the two conjugated sheets, based on an idea after
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Sternberg, Hilary (December 1973). "Sakharov & Solzhenitsyn: champions of freedom".
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Gennady Gorelik. The Metamorphosis of Andrei Sakharov. Scientific American, 1999, March.
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2D didactic image of Sakharov's model of the universe with reversal of the arrow of time
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Václav Havel and Soviet Dissidents, 8 min, watch Andrei Sakharov's interview since 2:05
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of the universe; in that regard, he was the first to give a theoretical motivation for
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Dissent in the Soviet Union: the role of Andrei Sakharov in the human rights movement
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Belotserkovsky, Vadim (1975). "Soviet dissenters: Solzhenitsyn, Sakharov, Medvedev".
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Sakharov was also involved in an event with political consequences in 1964, when the
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Sakharov, Andrei (1990). "We cannot do without nuclear power plants, but ...".
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Sakharov, Andrei; Turchin, Valentin; Medvedev, Roy (Summer 1970). "An open letter".
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Sakharov was arrested on 22 January 1980, following his public protests against the
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and was accelerated to 100 km/s. Sakharov later suggested replacing the copper
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Sessler, Andrew; Howell, Yvonne (May 1984). "Andrei Sakharov: a man of our times".
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Sakharov was not allowed to leave the Soviet Union to collect the prize. His wife,
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Korey, William (November 1986). "Andrey Sakharov–the Soviet Jewish perspective".
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3309:Греки в Красноярском крае (Материалы из книги И. Джухи "Греческая операция НКВД")
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tradition of naming Shuttlecraft after prominent scientists, and particularly in
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In Chisinau, the capital of Moldova, there is Academician Andrei Sakharov street.
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4446:, Sakharov's Nobel Lecture, Nobel Peace Prize, Oslo, Norway, December 11, 1975.
3963:"Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe"
3929:"Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe"
3167:
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Sakharov, Andrei; Meiman, Naum (March–April 1982). "The plight of Yuri Orlov".
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Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
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Kelley, Donald (February 1979). "Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov as futurologists".
4153:Вакуумные квантовые флуктуации в искривленном пространстве и теория гравитации
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family. His father, Dmitri Ivanovich Sakharov, was a physics professor at the
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Sakharov, Andrei (Spring 1969). "Here and there: the threat of nuclear war".
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at the age of 68. He was interred in the Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow.
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473:, he did believe in a "guiding principle" that transcends the physical laws.
253:
10649:
5426:
4259:. Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe. Routledge.
2430:
Sakharov, Andrei (March 1975). "Sakharov's statement on Jackson amendment".
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of October 1961, which was the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated.
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in Moscow. In 1947, Sakharov was successful in defending his thesis for the
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4798:
4171:"Vacuum Quantum Fluctuations in Curved Space and the theory of gravitation"
3172:
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Sakharov, Andrei (Spring 1973). "Statement by the Human Rights Committee".
2149:
1155:, called Sakharov to tell him that he and his wife could return to Moscow.
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6324:
3913:Нарушение СР–инвариантности, С–асимметрия и барионная асимметрия Вселенной
3285:
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1610:
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and an amateur pianist. His grandfather, Ivan, was a lawyer in the former
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7684:
7648:
7612:
7173:
6565:
4030:"Many-sheeted models of the universe (Multisheet models of the universe)"
2280:
Sakharov, Andrei (December 1973). "The Deputy Prosecutor-General and I".
1766:
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1317:
1148:
965:
903:
868:. Pushing for the end of atmospheric tests, he played a role in the 1963
283:
6782:
Annotated bibliography of Andrei Sakharov from the Alsos Digital Library
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2128:
1452:, Sakharov Square, located in the heart of the city, is named after him.
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8482:
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7001:
6348:
Ritus, Vladimir (February 2012). "A D Sakharov: personality and fate".
5691:
5584:
Drell, Sidney; Okun, Lev (August 1990). "Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov".
4997:
4978:"New York day by day; human rights reminder posted near Soviet mission"
4308:
4289:
4170:
3962:
3226:
3074:
Sakharov, Andrei (July 1999). "Lecture in Lyons: science and freedom".
1592:
1562:
1485:, his monument stands in Sakharov Square, and there is a Sakharov Park.
1358: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
884:
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31:
10941:
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by the Soviet Union
5630:
5406:
5381:
5344:
Meeting the Demands of Reason: The Life and Thought of Andrei Sakharov
4670:
Whitney, Craig R.; Times, Special To the New York (January 10, 1989).
4619:
2931:
Sakharov, Andrei (February 25, 1988). "A man of universal interests".
2657:
2630:
1140:, to be given annually for outstanding contributions to human rights.
704:). The resulting helical MK-2 generated 1000 million amperes in 1953.
489:
10808:
10333:
9998:
9463:
8512:
8272:
7804:
7295:
6625:
Weisskopf, Victor (August 1984). "Sakharov and East-West relations".
6205:
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6010:
The Solzhenitsyn-Sakharov dialogue: politics, society, and the future
5605:
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5525:
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3095:
2952:
2842:
2822:"The danger of thermonuclear war. An open letter to Dr. Sidney Drell"
2702:
2675:
2612:
2587:
2555:
Sakharov, Andrei (December 1980). "USSR: Sakharov's plea for poets".
2537:
2510:
2092:"Thoughts on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom"
1686:
1582:
1578:
1566:
1558:
1547:
1522:
1460:
1289:
The Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center, established at
915:
888:
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696:) generators. The radial MK-1 produced a pulsed magnetic field of 25
555:
505:
425:
for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms.
352:
229:
8998:
6410:
5683:
3666:
Sakharov, A. D.; et al. (1991). "Magnetoimplosive generators".
1614:
1333:
1320:
and the KGB. No Russian equivalent of the KGB archive is available.
1178:
In 1988, Sakharov was given the International Humanist Award by the
894:
The major turn in Sakharov's political evolution came in 1967, when
438:
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born in Moscow on 21 May 1921, to a
10484:
10259:
9838:
9388:
8492:
6455:"Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn: dissidents with a different world view"
5795:
The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom
4458:
The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom
4079:"Cosmological models of the Universe with reversal of time's arrow"
3560:"Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons and Human Rights"
3493:
The world of Andrei Sakharov: a Russian physicist's path to freedom
3337:
The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom
3219:"Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons and Human Rights"
2073:
Thoughts on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom
1794:
1629:
1489:
1284:
1198:
1152:
1071:
in the Soviet Union and stated that he shared the prize with them.
928:
837:
792:
726:
715:
439:
6757:
Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights
2461:
Sakharov, Andrei (June 1976). "Peace, progress and human rights".
1304:
Most of documents of the archive are letters from the head of the
10878:
7924:
5785:
3362:
1599:
1586:
1500:
1449:
1445:
1400:
1396:
1055:
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204:
39:
10971:
Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
10850:
6607:
Andrei Sakharov and the Soviet dissidents: a critical commentary
6257:
The new image-makers: Soviet propaganda and disinformation today
5862:
3665:
3636:
3334:
3050:"Sakharov: Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn: a difference in principle"
2249:
Sakharov, Andrei (December 1973). "Interview with Swedish RTV".
1417:
593:
Sakharov saw "striking parallels" between his fate and those of
7469:
3533:. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons/Thomson Gale. Archived from
3490:
1824:
1606:
1574:
1543:
919:
911:
738:
583:
529:
459:
329:
95:
6659:
Fifth International Sakharov Hearing: Proceedings, April, 1985
5759:
Glazov, Yuri (1985). "Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn, and Sakharov".
3898:
F. Reines, C.L. Cowan, M. Goldhaber, Phys.Rev. 96 (1954) 1157.
3585:
Sakharov, A. D. (January 1966). "Magnetoimplosive Generators"
2373:
Sakharov, Andrei (January–March 1974). "Reply to oppression".
942:
In 1970, Sakharov was among the three founding members of the
375:; 21 May 1921 – 14 December 1989) was a Soviet
16:
Soviet nuclear physicist and human rights activist (1921–1989)
8477:
6386:
5449:
Clemens, Walter Jr. (1971). "Sakharov: a man for our times".
1625:
1554:
1464:
975:
879:
nominated for full membership Nikolai Nuzhdin, a follower of
712:
659:
563:
9045:
Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR
5885:
2984:
2754:
2142:
On Alexander Solzhenitsyn's "A Letter to the Soviet Leaders"
1054:, Norway. On the day the prize was awarded, Sakharov was in
10748:
8902:
5612:
5414:
4063:Космологические модели Вселенной с поворотом стрелы времени
3198:"Sakharov Human Rights Prize 25th anniversary marked in US"
1515:
1051:
7677:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
5234:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1980.
4975:
4325:"Outspoken Soviet Scientist; Andrei Dmitriyevich Sakharov"
4312:
through the intermediary of the Dutch academic and writer
2727:
Sakharov, Andrei (Fall 1981). "An autobiographical note".
1797:, he declined the return of his awards and, consequently,
1756:(three times: 12 August 1953; 20 June 1956; 7 March 1962).
883:(initiator of the Stalin-supported anti-genetics campaign
6583:
Teller, Edward (1991). "A life of fighting for freedom".
2138:О письме Александра Солженицына "Вождям Советского Союза"
2035:] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Права человека.
1996:] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Moscow: Права человека.
1305:
780:. Proton decay was suggested by Wigner in 1949 and 1952.
3266:
Sakharov Remembered: a tribute by friends and colleagues
1297:. The documents from that archive were published by the
1038:
Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. The
6471:
4420:
3609:
Sakharov, A. D. (1966). "Magnetoimplosive generators".
1535:
Intersection of Ventura Blvd and Laurel Canyon Blvd in
6865:
6460:
The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies
5583:
5277:
3809:"Quark-Muonic Currents and Violation of CP Invariance"
2789:
Sakharov, Andrei (June 1983). "A message from Gorky".
2342:
Sakharov, Andrei (December 1973). "Reply to critics".
2311:
Sakharov, Andrei (December 1973). "Press conference".
8452:
6656:
Wynn, Allan; Dewhirst, Martin; Stone, Harold (1986).
6563:
6533:
5326:
4430:, Nobel Peace Prize, Oslo, Norway, December 10, 1975.
3363:
Sidney D. Drell, George P. Shultz (October 1, 2015).
480:
in 1938 and, following evacuation in 1941 during the
414:
and faced persecution from the Soviet establishment.
8003:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
6417:
6259:. Washington: Pergamon-Brassey's. pp. 159–200.
6250:
5724:
Ginzburg, Vitaly (2001). "The Sakharov Phenomenon".
5484:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 354–417.
3115:
1735:
The faction leader of the Ecologists in the PC game
523:
6766:. Web exhibit at the American Institute of Physics.
6277:
6093:
Andrei Sakharov: Quarks and the Structure of Matter
5482:
Dissent in the USSR: politics, ideology, and people
5448:
3880:
Paper at seminar, Phys. Inst. Acad. Sci., June 1970
670:that led to the development of the tokamak device.
433:
10119:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century
6153:
6069:
5864:
5763:. D. Reidel Publishing Company. pp. 158–179.
5282:
4352:
4306:Initially on July 6, 1968, in the Dutch newspaper
8051:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
6624:
6502:
5886:Hesse, Natalya; Tolz, Vladimir (April 12, 1984).
5433:
5102:, (Oxford: Oxford U. Press) 2005, pp. xv, 351-355
4438:
4436:
3906:
3904:
957:Sakharov married a fellow human rights activist,
744:
476:After schooling, Sakharov studied physics at the
10956:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Vytis
10892:
6308:
6221:
6178:
6151:
5829:
5723:
5667:
5238:
5070:"Andrei Sakharov, 68, Soviet 'Conscience,' Dies"
4976:Anderson, Susan; Bird, David (August 10, 1984).
4906:Washington's Sakharov Plaza: A Message to Russia
4588:
4353:Rubenstein, Joshua; Gribanov, Alexander (2005).
3793:Кварк–мюонные токи и нарушение СР–инвариантности
3465:
3073:
3060:
3047:
3024:
3007:
2967:
2930:
2913:
2898:
2881:
2864:
2819:
2788:
2777:
2737:
2726:
2673:
2628:
2585:
2554:
2545:
2508:
2491:
2460:
2429:
2412:
2393:
2372:
2341:
2310:
2279:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2187:
2135:
2112:
2070:
1964:
1945:
1923:
1902:
1881:
1860:
1285:Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center
1264:Andrei Sakharov Prize for Writer's Civic Courage
1098:in 1979, and was sent to the city of Gorky, now
6676:
6546:Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики
6347:
6067:
5956:
5921:
2024:
1985:
1530:International Sakharov Environmental University
1301:in 2005. These documents are available online.
673:
421:was established and is awarded annually by the
390:Although he spent his career in physics in the
383:, which he was awarded in 1975 for emphasizing
8185:
6582:
6048:
6027:
6006:
5983:
5902:
5534:Drell, Sidney; Kapitsa, Sergei (eds.) (1991).
5307:
4433:
3901:
3784:
3264:Sidney David Drell, Sergeǐ Petrovich Kapitsa,
2231:Sakharov, Andrei (Summer 1972). "Memorandum".
2089:
686:explosively pumped flux compression generators
636:Support for peaceful use of nuclear technology
11106:Members of the American Philosophical Society
10100:
9014:
8438:
8171:
7641:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
7374:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
6851:
6603:
6090:
5706:
5498:
5479:
5379:
5360:
4944:
4054:
4005:
3850:
3723:
3694:
3554:
3552:
2778:Sakharov, Andrei (Summer 1982). "An appeal".
1620:Andreï Sakharov Boulevard in the district of
1081:
680:Explosively pumped flux compression generator
646:In 1950 he proposed an idea for a controlled
195:Explosively pumped flux compression generator
10951:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
6681:. In Williams, Robert; Viotti, Paul (eds.).
5821:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5758:
5341:
4831:
4795:"Glasnost defence foundation digest No. 734"
4669:
4598:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 275.
4257:Brezhnev and the Decline of the Soviet Union
4144:
4103:
1717:, and was dedicated both to Sakharov and to
1102:, a city that was off limits to foreigners.
617:After more than forty years, we have had no
10986:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
8990:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
8976:Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy
6452:
5863:Harasowska, Marta; Olhovych, Orest (1977).
5615:Andrei Sakharov: the conscience of humanity
4158:Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences
3365:Andrei Sakharov: The Conscience of Humanity
3335:Gennady Gorelik; Antonina W. Bouis (2005).
2970:"On Gorbachev: a talk with Andrei Sakharov"
1459:(est. 1990) are located at the entrance to
1022:
10107:
10093:
9021:
9007:
8971:Kazakhstan and weapons of mass destruction
8445:
8431:
8178:
8164:
6858:
6844:
6799:
6705:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2005.
5617:. Vol. 69. Hoover Press. p. 61.
4881:"Мосгорсуд ликвидировал Сахаровский центр"
4847:
4381:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4218:Anderson, Raymond H. (December 15, 1989).
3549:
3491:Gorelik, Gennady; Bouis, Antonina (2005).
2064:
1605:In Poland, streets named in his honour in
1602:, Belgium, is named in honour of Sakharov.
1190:and co-led the democratic opposition, the
976:Attacked by Soviet establishment from 1972
840:model. Sakharov also proposed the idea of
70:
9041:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
7929:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6683:Arms control: history, theory, and policy
6241:
6204:
5575:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5524:
5405:
5182:Learn how and when to remove this message
4645:"The Bukovsky Archives, 14 November 1989"
3657:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3213:
3211:
2701:
2656:
2631:"The social responsibility of scientists"
2611:
2536:
1697:The fictitious interplanetary spacecraft
1510:Andreja Saharova iela in the district of
1410:"Thank you Andrei Sakharov" mural on the
1374:Learn how and when to remove this message
1323:
828:, which are an alternative to the couple
804:His legacy in this domain are the famous
737:effect. He theorized this could focus 10
684:In 1951 he invented and tested the first
11126:Fellows of the American Physical Society
10991:Nuclear weapons scientists and engineers
7444:International Committee of the Red Cross
7276:International Committee of the Red Cross
7233:Nansen International Office for Refugees
7039:International Committee of the Red Cross
5501:"Andrei Sakharov and the nuclear danger"
5199:Congress, second session, March 18, 1986
4870:and the pictures of the original pages).
4820:Harvard University. KGB file of Sakharov
4595:Perestroïka and Soviet national security
4217:
4168:
4150:
4076:
4060:
4027:
4011:
3960:
3926:
3910:
3856:
3806:
3790:
3747:
3729:
3700:
3608:
3584:
3418:"Andrei Sakharov - Important Scientists"
3339:. Oxford University Press. p. 356.
2375:Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali
2144:] (in Russian). New York: Khronika.
1743:is a scientist named Professor Sakharov.
1416:
1405:
1390:
1208:
1180:International Humanist and Ethical Union
1162:
1085:
1027:In 1973, Sakharov was nominated for the
935:For 12 years, until his exile to Gorky (
855:
763:
250:Klavdia Vikhireva (1943–1969; her death)
11066:Soviet psychiatric abuse whistleblowers
8966:Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
7793:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
6253:"Sakharov, the KGB, and the mass media"
5434:Carroll, Nicholas (February 25, 1981).
5365:(3 ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
5024:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
4713:
4538:"The Bukovsky Archives, 29 August 1985"
4455:
4109:
3524:
1730:Live In "Russia" 2 (Живем в "России" 2)
1188:All-Union Congress of People's Deputies
10893:
8961:Russia and weapons of mass destruction
8940:Russian espionage in the United States
6129:
5613:Drell, Sidney; Shultz, George (2015).
5415:Capuzza, Jamie; Golden, James (1988).
4718:. New York: St. Martin's. p. 116.
3861:[Antiquarks in the Universe].
3531:New dictionary of scientific biography
3509:
3415:
3208:
2968:Sakharov, Andrei (December 22, 1988).
2884:"A letter to my scientific colleagues"
2108:from the original on January 13, 2013.
2075:. Foreign Affairs Publishing Company.
1553:The Andrej Sacharovweg is a street in
1425:, the USSR stamp issued on 14 May 1991
820:. Novikov called such singularities a
11031:Soviet anti–nuclear weapons activists
10383:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein
10088:
9050:Committee on Human Rights in the USSR
9028:
9002:
8426:
8159:
6839:
6740:. Brandeis University. Archived from
6552:(39, part 2): 159–161. Archived from
6072:The Sakharov file: a study in courage
5761:The Russian Mind Since Stalin's Death
4957:from the original on November 2, 2012
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4207:from the original on October 9, 2022.
4140:from the original on October 9, 2022.
4099:from the original on October 9, 2022.
4050:from the original on October 9, 2022.
4001:from the original on October 9, 2022.
3957:from the original on October 9, 2022.
3867:Dedicated to the 30th anniversary of
3847:Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 177, 70 (1967)
3837:from the original on October 9, 2022.
3780:from the original on October 9, 2022.
3637:Sakharov, A. D.; et al. (1991).
3440:
3438:
2738:Sakharov, Andrei (January 21, 1982).
2492:Sakharov, Andrei (February 9, 1978).
1780:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1747:
1639:, in honor of Sakharov and his wife,
1241:Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought
1138:Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought
1117:, was detained, and Sakharov began a
1050:, read his speech at the ceremony in
944:Committee on Human Rights in the USSR
546:. In mid-1948 he participated in the
6578:from the original on April 19, 2015.
6418:Shcharansky, Anatoly (Spring 1990).
6179:Medvedev, Zhores (January 9, 1986).
5138:
4998:"Alexander Gradsky official website"
4912:, 27 August 1984. Retrieved May 2013
3701:Sakharov, A. D. (December 7, 1982).
3008:Sakharov, Andrei (August 17, 1989).
2914:Sakharov, Andrei (August 13, 1987).
2860:from the original on March 16, 2016.
1971:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1356:adding citations to reliable sources
1327:
1147:, who had initiated the policies of
5436:"The loneliness of Andrei Sakharov"
4945:Aaron Curtiss (November 22, 1991).
4926:Photo exhibition "Sakharov Gardens"
4813:
4672:"SAKHAROV TOOK UP ENCLAVE'S STATUS"
4482:"From Exile - Sakharov Web Exhibit"
4460:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4061:Sakharov, A. D. (September 1980).
3010:"A speech to the People's Congress"
2899:Sakharov, Andrei (March 16, 1987).
2394:Sakharov, Andrei (March 21, 1974).
2055:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
2016:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
1801:did not sign the necessary decree.
1737:S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl
1521:Andreij-Sacharow-Platz in downtown
1158:
851:
741:per second on a 1 mm surface.
729:to magnetically compress and focus
13:
8029:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
7895:International Atomic Energy Agency
7308:American Friends Service Committee
5905:"Elena Bonner and Andrei Sakharov"
5867:The international Sakharov hearing
5709:"Sakharov: science of a dissident"
5382:"Sakharov is Tokamak's originator"
5212:Sakharov, Andrei. Facets of a Life
5134:
4335:
4245:
4077:Sakharov, A. D. (September 1980).
3444:Zaloga, Steve (17 February 2002).
3435:
3316:from the original on April 8, 2010
3277:
2882:Sakharov, Andrei (March 1, 1984).
2865:Sakharov, Andrei (July 21, 1983).
2676:"The responsibility of scientists"
2588:"The responsibility of scientists"
2509:Sakharov, Andrei (February 1978).
2413:Sakharov, Andrei (June 13, 1974).
2188:Sakharov, Andrei (November 1975).
2090:Sakharov; Andrei (July 22, 1968).
1550:is called the Andrej Sacharovbrug.
1539:, is named Andrei Sakharov Square.
1518:, Latvia, is named after Sakharov.
1234:
1096:Soviet intervention in Afghanistan
1058:, where the human rights activist
1031:, and in 1974, he was awarded the
692:. He called these devices MK (for
14:
11147:
8913:Main Intelligence Directorate/GRU
8454:Soviet program of nuclear weapons
7510:International Labour Organization
6770:Andrei Sakharov: Photo-chronology
6720:
6628:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
6281:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5964:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5957:Holloway, David (June 30, 1991).
5929:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5452:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4012:Sakharov, A. D. (October 1982).
3911:Sakharov, A. D. (January 1967).
3791:Sakharov, A. D. (January 1967).
3061:Sakharov, Andrei (May 21, 1990).
3048:Sakharov, Andrei (May 21, 1990).
2792:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2740:"Letter to my foreign colleagues"
2674:Sakharov, Andrei (October 1981).
2511:"Letter from Sakharov and Meiman"
2195:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1266:was established in October 1990.
1001:what is not prohibited is allowed
688:, compressing magnetic fields by
604:nuclear testing in the atmosphere
574:in the United States. Before his
524:Soviet program of nuclear weapons
392:Soviet program of nuclear weapons
336:Теория ядерных переходов типа 0→0
11006:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
5903:Hermann, Anton (November 1987).
5707:Furth, Harold (April 30, 1981).
5143:
4410:"30.12 Materials about Sakharov"
4028:Sakharov, A. D. (October 1982).
3927:Sakharov, A. D. (January 1967).
3807:Sakharov, A. D. (January 1967).
3748:Sakharov, A. D. (January 1966).
3392:"Nobel Prize Laureates from MSU"
3132:
3118:
2820:Sakharov, Andrei (Summer 1983).
1469:Haifa Hof HaCarmel train station
1423:Soviet Nobel Peace Prize winners
1332:
749:After 1965 Sakharov returned to
434:Family background and early life
11101:Soviet male non-fiction writers
7709:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
6922:Institut de Droit International
6702:The KGB file of Andrei Sakharov
6420:"The legacy of Andrei Sakharov"
6224:"The legacy of Andrei Sakharov"
6222:Medvedev, Zhores (March 1990).
5380:Bonner, Elena (December 2005).
5204:U.S. Government Printing Office
5105:
5092:
5062:
5037:
5012:
4990:
4969:
4938:
4915:
4899:
4873:
4854:The KGB File of Andrei Sakharov
4787:
4769:
4744:
4722:
4707:
4689:
4663:
4637:
4612:
4582:
4564:"AIP_Sakharov_Photo_Chronology"
4556:
4530:
4504:
4474:
4449:
4402:
4389:
4355:The KGB File of Andrei Sakharov
4300:
4282:
4273:
4211:
4198:10.1070/PU1991v034n05ABEH002498
3992:10.1070/PU1991v034n05ABEH002497
3892:
3883:
3874:
3863:Problems in Theoretical Physics
3841:
3688:10.1070/PU1991v034n05ABEH002495
3631:10.1070/PU1966v009n02ABEH002876
3578:
3484:
3459:
3409:
1968:Moscow and beyond: 1986 to 1989
1849:
1525:is named in honour of Sakharov.
1395:A statue of Andrei Sakharov in
1343:needs additional citations for
1243:was established in 1988 by the
11076:Recipients of the Stalin Prize
11061:Soviet prisoners and detainees
10976:Moscow State University alumni
10946:European democratic socialists
10260:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel
6685:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 307–309.
6649:10.1080/00963402.1984.11459247
6564:Surovtseva, Ekaterina (2015).
6534:Surovtseva, Ekaterina (2014).
6372:10.3367/UFNe.0182.201202g.0182
6302:10.1080/00963402.1968.11457727
6255:. In Bittman, Ladislav (ed.).
6181:"Sakharov's scientific legacy"
5977:10.1080/00963402.1991.11459998
5950:10.1080/00963402.1990.11459791
5922:Holloway, David (March 1990).
5830:Gorelik, Gennady (July 2002).
5728:. Springer. pp. 471–506.
5473:10.1080/00963402.1971.11455417
5263:10.3367/UFNe.0182.201202h.0188
5020:"Andrei Dmitriyevich Sakharov"
3730:Sakharov, A. D. (July 1965).
3659:10.3367/UFNr.0161.199105g.0051
3639:"Magnetoimplosive generators"
3603:10.3367/ufnr.0088.196604e.0725
3384:
3356:
3328:
3300:
3271:
3258:
3233:
3190:
2813:10.1080/00963402.1983.11458999
2629:Sakharov, Andrei (June 1981).
2204:10.1080/00963402.1975.11458291
1819:American Philosophical Society
1670:Star Trek: The Next Generation
1439:Russian ambassador's residence
1434:operated in Moscow until 2023.
1269:In 2004, with the approval of
1213:Sakharov's grave, January 1990
1113:In May 1984, Sakharov's wife,
1074:By 1976, the head of the KGB,
745:Particle physics and cosmology
731:underground nuclear explosions
722:in MK generators with a large
516:), which covered the topic of
444:Second Moscow State University
1:
11136:Eurasian economic integration
11116:Soviet human rights activists
10966:Recipients of the Lenin Prize
10126:Leaders & revolutionaries
8898:Intelligence cycle management
7448:League of Red Cross Societies
6974:Paul Estournelles de Constant
6251:Murray-Brown, Jeremy (1988).
6137:. Brandeis University Press.
5310:The making of Andrei Sakharov
5166:and help improve the section.
4887:(in Russian). August 18, 2023
4781:A Chronicle of Current Events
4444:Peace, Progress, Human Rights
4414:A Chronicle of Current Events
4110:Novikov, I. D. (March 1966).
4014:Многолистные модели Вселенной
3529:. In Koertge, Noretta (ed.).
3223:American Institute of Physics
3183:
2586:Sakharov, Andrei (May 1981).
1656:In the 1984 made-for-TV film
1255:has also been awarded by the
1192:Inter-Regional Deputies Group
1108:American Humanist Association
711:into a stable, self-confined
28:Eastern Slavic naming customs
10936:20th-century Russian writers
6727:The Andrei Sakharov Archives
6000:10.1016/0016-3287(79)90070-3
5924:"Andrei Sakharov, 1921–1989"
5892:The New York Review of Books
5742:10.1007/978-3-662-04455-1_30
5346:. Cornell University Press.
5100:The World Of Andrei Sakharov
4751:"For Writer's Civic Courage"
3961:Sakharov, A. D. (May 1991).
3284:(in Russian). Archived from
3014:The New York Review of Books
2974:The New York Review of Books
2920:The New York Review of Books
2888:The New York Review of Books
2871:The New York Review of Books
2758:Harvard International Review
2744:The New York Review of Books
2498:The New York Review of Books
2419:The New York Review of Books
2401:The New York Review of Books
1787:National Academy of Sciences
1229:
844:as an alternative theory of
674:Magneto-implosive generators
608:Strategic Defense Initiative
428:
410:, for which he was deemed a
21:Andrey Nikolayevich Sakharov
7:
11086:Russian political prisoners
10981:Nobel Peace Prize laureates
6574:(in Russian) (2): 608–613.
6453:Smith, Fred (Winter 1991).
6390:American Journal of Physics
6097:World Scientific Publishing
5769:10.1007/978-94-009-5341-3_9
4931:September 27, 2007, at the
3495:. Oxford University Press.
3422:The Physics of the Universe
3111:
2415:"In answer to Solzhenitsyn"
1839:Order of the Cross of Vytis
1832:Sapienza University of Rome
1505:occupied by the Soviet Army
1293:in 1993, are now housed at
1275:Glasnost Defence Foundation
1186:to the new parliament, the
860:Sakharov and Bonner in 1989
502:Russian Academy of Sciences
365:Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
10:
11152:
11121:Deaths from cardiomyopathy
11056:Soviet non-fiction writers
11036:Soviet democracy activists
10961:Heroes of Socialist Labour
10277:Artists & entertainers
8207:(United Kingdom/Australia)
8122:Center for Civil Liberties
6982:International Peace Bureau
6113:10.1142/9789814407427_0001
5959:"Moral leader of a nation"
5499:Drell, Sidney (May 2000).
4777:"No 49 : 14 May 1978"
4701:publications.parliament.uk
4294:December 29, 2015, at the
3703:Collected Scientific Works
3641:Взрывомагнитные генераторы
3587:Взрывомагнитные генераторы
3063:"Sakharov: years in exile"
2136:Sakharov, Andrei (1974).
1926:Collected scientific works
1867:. Collins: Harvill Press.
1806:Prix mondial Cino Del Duca
1082:Internal exile (1980–1986)
1033:Prix mondial Cino Del Duca
877:Soviet Academy of Sciences
677:
639:
548:Soviet atomic bomb project
527:
381:Nobel Peace Prize laureate
290:Prix mondial Cino Del Duca
164:Lebedev Physical Institute
26:In this name that follows
25:
18:
11046:20th-century male writers
10931:Soviet nuclear physicists
10733:
10579:Scientists & thinkers
10578:
10427:
10276:
10125:
9094:
9070:Lithuanian Helsinki Group
9036:
8984:
8953:
8888:
8830:
8757:
8599:
8592:
8536:
8460:
8350:
8325:
8294:
8263:
8244:
8220:
8195:
7834:
7583:
7340:
7117:
6877:
6807:
6557:(PDF, immediate download)
6519:10.1080/03064227308532261
6488:10.1080/03064227308532268
6243:10.1080/03064229008534808
6156:Andrei Sakharov and Peace
6152:Lozansky, Edward (1985).
6042:10.1080/13501678608577546
5726:The Physics of a Lifetime
5421:. Ohio State University.
4456:Gorelik, Gennady (2005).
4151:Sakharov, A. D. (1967).
3857:Sakharov, A. D. (1969).
3646:Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
3591:Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
3525:Gorelik, Gennady (2008).
3466:Sakharov, Andrei (1992).
3241:"Andrei Sakharov - Facts"
2571:10.1080/03064228008533146
2477:10.1080/03064227608532514
2446:10.1080/03064227508532405
2358:10.1080/03064227308532266
2327:10.1080/03064227308532265
2296:10.1080/03064227308532264
2265:10.1080/03064227308532263
2173:10.1080/03064227408532355
2071:Sakharov, Andrei (1968).
1965:Sakharov, Andrei (1991).
1946:Sakharov, Andrei (1990).
1924:Sakharov, Andrei (1982).
1903:Sakharov, Andrei (1978).
1882:Sakharov, Andrei (1975).
1861:Sakharov, Andrei (1974).
1667:In the television series
1386:
1257:American Physical Society
1040:Norwegian Nobel Committee
906:and the beginning of the
818:Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov
623:balance of nuclear terror
373:Андрей Дмитриевич Сахаров
372:
358:
346:
328:
318:
311:
263:
243:
172:
151:
143:
133:
125:
106:
81:
69:
60:
53:
11091:Political party founders
9065:Ukrainian Helsinki Group
7817:Médecins Sans Frontières
6677:Young, Benjamin (2012).
6597:10.1088/2058-7058/4/5/28
6566:
6536:
6068:LeVert, Suzanne (1986).
5888:"The Sakharovs in Gorky"
5871:. Smoloskyp Publishers.
4730:"Sakharov Prize Network"
4169:Sakharov, A. D. (1991).
4152:
4062:
4013:
3912:
3858:
3792:
3731:
3640:
3586:
3308:
3280:
2137:
2027:
2025:Сахаров, Андрей (1996).
1988:
1986:Сахаров, Андрей (1996).
1885:My country and the world
1854:
1754:Hero of Socialist Labour
1650:
1598:Quai Andreï Sakharov in
1537:Studio City, Los Angeles
1204:
1023:Nobel Peace Prize (1975)
910:, he actively supported
772:He tried to explain the
129:Vostryakovskoye Cemetery
61:
11096:20th-century memoirists
9269:Alexander Esenin-Volpin
9124:Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko
7304:Friends Service Council
6049:Kuptz, Kirsten (2004).
6007:Kelley, Donald (1982).
5843:: 27–30. Archived from
5799:Oxford University Press
5361:Bonner, Elena (1988) .
5308:Bailey, George (1989).
3859:Антикварки во Вселенной
3396:Moscow State University
3158:List of peace activists
2396:"How I came to dissent"
2065:Articles and interviews
2028:Воспоминания. В 2 томах
1989:Воспоминания. В 2 томах
1700:Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov
1065:prisoners of conscience
970:Jackson-Vanik Amendment
870:Partial Test Ban Treaty
478:Moscow State University
467:Russian Orthodox Church
271:Hero of Socialist Labor
159:Moscow State University
19:For the historian, see
11051:Soviet Nobel laureates
10996:People of the Cold War
10190:Martin Luther King Jr.
9939:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
9704:Valeriya Novodvorskaya
8356:Nobel Prize recipients
8296:Physiology or Medicine
7701:UN Peacekeeping Forces
7550: (declined award)
7459:Martin Luther King Jr.
6775:March 3, 2021, at the
6762:June 26, 2015, at the
6604:Weeks, Albert (1975).
6312:Human Rights Quarterly
6091:Lipkin, Harry (2013).
5279:Babyonyshev, Alexander
4714:Coleman, Fred (1997).
4512:"Humanist of the Year"
4255:Crump, Thomas (2013).
4178:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
3971:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
3668:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
3611:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
2916:"On accepting a prize"
1817:Elected member of the
1785:Elected member of the
1778:Elected member of the
1637:Sakharov-Bonner Corner
1546:, the bridge over the
1496:, was named after him.
1426:
1414:
1403:
1324:Legacy and remembrance
1224:dilated cardiomyopathy
1214:
1175:
1132:In December 1985, the
1091:
1013:
997:
982:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
902:Since 1967, after the
896:anti-ballistic missile
861:
802:
769:
633:
256:(1972–1989; his death)
185:Soviet nuclear program
117:Moscow, Russian SFSR,
10916:World War II refugees
10428:Builders & titans
10232:Franklin D. Roosevelt
9769:Alexander Piatigorsky
9744:Konstantin Paustovsky
9714:Alexander Ogorodnikov
9354:Natalya Gorbanevskaya
9319:Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
9060:Moscow Helsinki Group
9055:Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund
8652:Vyacheslav Feodoritov
8637:V'yacheslav Danilenko
7973:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
7653:Alfonso García Robles
7633:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
7605:Amnesty International
7217:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
6438:10.1353/jod.1990.0035
6325:10.1353/hrq.2008.0004
6273:on December 20, 2016.
6135:Sakharov. A Biography
6030:Soviet Jewish Affairs
5342:Bergman, Jay (2009).
4859:May 21, 2007, at the
4825:May 16, 2006, at the
4756:May 26, 2008, at the
4732:. European Parliament
3448:. Smithsonian Books.
3416:Mastin, Luke (2009).
3229:on December 31, 2015.
2901:"Of arms and reforms"
2033:Memoirs. In 2 volumes
1994:Memoirs. In 2 volumes
1632:, is named after him.
1420:
1409:
1394:
1299:Yale University Press
1253:Andrei Sakharov prize
1212:
1166:
1143:On 19 December 1986,
1089:
1009:
993:
984:came to his defence.
908:Arab-Israeli conflict
889:compromising material
866:nuclear proliferation
859:
797:
767:
753:and began working on
615:
595:J. Robert Oppenheimer
568:Sakharov's Third Idea
518:nuclear transmutation
302:Elliott Cresson Medal
235:Human rights activism
210:Muon-catalyzed fusion
200:Electromagnetic pulse
10569:Thomas J. Watson Jr.
10014:Andrei Tverdokhlebov
9789:Vladimir Pribylovsky
9604:Michail J. Makarenko
9444:Vitaliy Kalynychenko
9214:Viacheslav Chornovil
8088:World Food Programme
6425:Journal of Democracy
5441:The Montreal Gazette
5214:. Frontieres. 1991.
5117:search.amphilsoc.org
5113:"APS Member History"
4935:(sakharov-center.ru)
4763:Literaturnaya Gazeta
4620:"IHEU Awards | IHEU"
3865:(in Russian): 35–44.
3537:on February 15, 2019
3288:on November 14, 2010
3028:World Marxist Review
2867:"A reply to slander"
1845:on January 8, 2003).
1532:was named after him.
1352:improve this article
968:to approve the 1974
952:Andrei Tverdokhlebov
872:, signed in Moscow.
668:thermonuclear fusion
456:Tsarist Russian Army
11081:Writers from Moscow
10717:Ludwig Wittgenstein
10664:John Maynard Keynes
10436:Stephen Bechtel Sr.
9959:Aleksandras Štromas
9954:Vladimir Strelnikov
9949:Galina Starovoytova
9899:Alexander Shatravka
9809:Irina Ratushinskaya
9779:Alexandr Podrabinek
9759:Yekaterina Peshkova
9634:Myroslav Marynovych
9619:Nadezhda Mandelstam
9509:Zoya Krakhmalnikova
9459:Ephraim Kholmyansky
9429:Sofiya Kalistratova
8771:Manfred von Ardenne
8702:Konstantin Petrzhak
8316:Howard Martin Temin
7769:Pugwash Conferences
6744:on January 20, 2003
6641:1984BuAtS..40g...2W
6506:Index on Censorship
6475:Index on Censorship
6403:1984AmJPh..52..397S
6364:2012PhyU...55..170R
6294:1968BuAtS..24i...2R
6229:Index on Censorship
6197:1986Natur.319Q..93M
6105:2013asqs.book.....L
6013:. Greenwood Press.
5942:1990BuAtS..46b..14H
5840:Scientific American
5734:2001plfp.book.....G
5623:2016PhT....69g..61K
5598:1990PhT....43h..26D
5536:Sahkarov Remembered
5517:2000PhT....53e..37D
5465:1971BuAtS..27j...4C
5398:2005PhT....58Q..15B
5255:2012PhyU...55..176A
4947:"Sakharov Junction"
4801:on November 1, 2021
4651:on October 13, 2016
4544:on October 13, 2016
4518:on January 14, 2013
4492:on October 25, 2020
4416:. January 16, 2016.
4190:1991SvPhU..34..394S
4131:1966JETPL...3..142N
3984:1991SvPhU..34..392S
3948:1967JETPL...5...24S
3828:1967JETPL...5...27S
3771:1966JETP...22..241S
3680:1991SvPhU..34..385S
3623:1966SvPhU...9..294S
3204:. January 15, 2014.
3148:Sakharov conditions
3088:1999PhT....52g..22S
2945:1988Natur.331..671S
2805:1983BuAtS..39f...2S
2781:The Partisan Review
2730:The Partisan Review
2694:1981Natur.291..184S
2649:1981PhT....34f..25S
2604:1981Natur.291..184S
2558:Index on Censorship
2529:1978Natur.271..499S
2494:"The death penalty"
2464:Index on Censorship
2433:Index on Censorship
2345:Index on Censorship
2314:Index on Censorship
2283:Index on Censorship
2252:Index on Censorship
2214:The Saturday Review
2160:Index on Censorship
1692:The Next Generation
1499:A public square in
1421:Andrei Sakharov on
1314:Brezhnev stagnation
1291:Brandeis University
1245:European Parliament
1134:European Parliament
1069:political prisoners
1005:Soviet Constitution
751:fundamental science
580:radiation implosion
423:European Parliament
417:In his memory, the
406:and reforms in the
215:Sakharov conditions
11131:Russian scientists
10921:Russian physicists
10911:People from Moscow
10837:Emmeline Pankhurst
10756:Lady Diana Spencer
10734:Heroes & icons
10520:Charles E. Merrill
10239:Theodore Roosevelt
10069:Alexander Zinoviev
10059:Venedikt Yerofeyev
10039:Vladimir Voinovich
10019:Tatyana Velikanova
9799:Anatoly Pristavkin
9669:Yosef Mendelevitch
9549:Mikhail Leontovich
9364:Sergei Grigoryants
9334:Alexander Ginzburg
9324:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
9234:Andrey Derevyankin
9169:Alexander Bolonkin
9109:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
8737:Yevgeny Zababakhin
8617:Anatoly Alexandrov
8554:Vyacheslav Molotov
8335:Leonid Kantorovich
8040:Juan Manuel Santos
7366:George C. Marshall
7209:Carl von Ossietzky
7104:Austen Chamberlain
6970:A. M. F. Beernaert
6938:Theodore Roosevelt
6930:Bertha von Suttner
6798:on Nobelprize.org
5568:has generic name (
5074:The New York Times
4983:The New York Times
4868:character encoding
4783:. October 7, 2013.
4766:, October 31, 1990
4676:The New York Times
4329:The New York Times
4319:The New York Times
4314:Karel van het Reve
4224:The New York Times
3566:on August 28, 2014
2116:American Scientist
2099:The New York Times
1930:Marcel Dekker Inc.
1748:Honours and awards
1427:
1415:
1404:
1295:Harvard University
1279:Anna Politkovskaya
1215:
1176:
1092:
862:
770:
759:physical cosmology
572:Teller–Ulam design
570:in Russia and the
510:Doctor of Sciences
498:Physical Institute
488:, he graduated in
452:capital punishment
396:individual freedom
387:around the world.
274:(1953, 1955, 1962)
11071:Soviet socialists
11041:Soviet dissidents
11026:Soviet memoirists
10926:Soviet physicists
10888:
10887:
10816:Charles Lindbergh
10749:The American G.I.
10643:Robert H. Goddard
10629:Alexander Fleming
10253:Margaret Thatcher
10225:Eleanor Roosevelt
10183:Ruhollah Khomeini
10176:Pope John Paul II
10155:Mikhail Gorbachev
10141:Winston Churchill
10082:
10081:
10044:Michael Voslenski
9989:Alexander Tarasov
9969:Nadiya Svitlychna
9859:Shmuel Schneurson
9784:Grigory Pomerants
9699:Alexander Nekrich
9639:Grigorii Maksimov
9629:Valeriy Marchenko
9624:Anatoly Marchenko
9529:Anatoly Kuznetsov
9419:Boris Kagarlitsky
9339:Yevgenia Ginzburg
9329:Vladimir Gershuni
9254:Mustafa Dzhemilev
9219:Lydia Chukovskaya
9209:Boris Chichibabin
9194:Vladimir Bukovsky
9184:Vladimir Bougrine
9030:Soviet dissidents
8996:
8995:
8826:
8825:
8707:Isaak Pomeranchuk
8647:Nikolay Dollezhal
8559:Mikhail Pervukhin
8420:
8419:
8341:Tjalling Koopmans
8327:Economic Sciences
8279:Ben Roy Mottelson
8153:
8152:
8014:Kailash Satyarthi
7899:Mohamed ElBaradei
7717:Mikhail Gorbachev
7412:Philip Noel-Baker
7396:Lester B. Pearson
7358:Albert Schweitzer
7139:Ferdinand Buisson
7131:Gustav Stresemann
7010:Henri La Fontaine
6871:Nobel Peace Prize
6679:"Andrei Sakharov"
6662:. Andre Deutsch.
6610:. Monarch Press.
6559:on March 6, 2016.
6171:978-0-380-89819-0
6144:978-1-5846-5207-6
6122:978-981-4407-41-0
6099:. pp. 1–17.
5808:978-0-19-515620-1
5631:10.1063/PT.3.3240
5549:978-0-88318-852-1
5491:978-0-8018-1661-1
5407:10.1063/1.2169425
5353:978-0-8014-4731-0
5300:978-0-394-71004-4
5221:978-2-86332-096-9
5192:
5191:
5184:
5098:Gennady Gorelik,
5080:on March 24, 2018
5049:www.nasonline.org
5045:"Andrei Sakharov"
4951:Los Angeles Times
4843:978-0-300-10681-7
4605:978-0-8157-5553-1
4467:978-0-19-534374-8
4428:Acceptance Speech
4368:978-0-300-12937-3
4359:Joshua Rubenstein
4266:978-1-134-66922-6
3527:"Andrei Sakharov"
2988:Política Exterior
2939:(6158): 671–672.
2658:10.1063/1.2914603
2598:(5812): 184–185.
2550:(19): 4–7, 26–27.
2082:978-0-900380-03-7
2042:978-5-7712-0026-2
2003:978-5-7712-0011-8
1978:978-0-394-58797-4
1938:978-0-8247-1714-8
1916:978-0-394-50369-1
1895:978-0-394-40226-0
1874:978-0-00-262755-9
1812:Nobel Peace Prize
1799:Mikhail Gorbachev
1726:Alexander Gradsky
1706:2010: Odyssey Two
1448:, the capital of
1384:
1383:
1376:
1310:Central Committee
1145:Mikhail Gorbachev
1029:Nobel Peace Prize
787:events occurring
694:MagnetoKumulative
362:
361:
313:Scientific career
296:Nobel Peace Prize
11143:
11111:Soviet reformers
11021:Soviet inventors
10881:
10874:
10867:
10860:
10853:
10846:
10839:
10832:
10825:
10818:
10811:
10804:
10797:
10790:
10779:
10772:
10765:
10758:
10751:
10744:
10726:
10719:
10712:
10701:
10694:
10692:William Shockley
10687:
10680:
10673:
10666:
10659:
10652:
10645:
10638:
10631:
10624:
10617:
10615:Philo Farnsworth
10610:
10603:
10596:
10589:
10571:
10564:
10557:
10550:
10543:
10536:
10529:
10522:
10515:
10508:
10501:
10494:
10487:
10480:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10452:
10445:
10438:
10420:
10413:
10406:
10404:Steven Spielberg
10399:
10392:
10385:
10378:
10371:
10364:
10357:
10350:
10343:
10336:
10329:
10322:
10315:
10308:
10301:
10294:
10287:
10269:
10262:
10255:
10248:
10241:
10234:
10227:
10220:
10213:
10206:
10199:
10192:
10185:
10178:
10171:
10164:
10157:
10150:
10143:
10136:
10134:David Ben-Gurion
10109:
10102:
10095:
10086:
10085:
10064:Yevgeny Zamyatin
10049:Anatoly Yakobson
10009:Valentin Turchin
9919:Andrei Sinyavsky
9909:Yurii Shukhevych
9904:Vladimir Shelkov
9889:Avital Sharansky
9879:Igor Shafarevich
9804:Boris Pustyntsev
9689:Viktor Nekipelov
9599:Kronid Lyubarsky
9589:Levko Lukyanenko
9554:Alexander Lerner
9534:Eduard Kuznetsov
9519:Yuri Kublanovsky
9484:Anatoly Koryagin
9384:Paruyr Hayrikyan
9359:Pyotr Grigorenko
9344:Anatoly Gladilin
9314:Alexander Galich
9264:Abulfaz Elchibey
9239:David Devdariani
9154:Nikolai Berdyaev
9149:Arkadiy Belinkov
9119:Chabua Amirejibi
9023:
9016:
9009:
9000:
8999:
8954:Related Articles
8855:David Greenglass
8764:
8742:Yakov Zel'dovich
8727:Kirill Shchelkin
8712:Evsei Rabinovich
8667:German Goncharov
8642:Viktor Davidenko
8597:
8596:
8574:Pavel Sudoplatov
8523:Laboratory No. 2
8447:
8440:
8433:
8424:
8423:
8358:
8180:
8173:
8166:
8157:
8156:
8146:
8135:
8133:Narges Mohammadi
8124:
8105:
8090:
8079:
8068:
8053:
8042:
8031:
8020:
8018:Malala Yousafzai
8005:
7994:
7983:
7964:
7953:
7942:
7940:Martti Ahtisaari
7931:
7916:
7901:
7886:
7875:
7864:
7853:
7827:
7819:
7811:
7799:
7787:
7785:José Ramos-Horta
7775:
7763:
7747:
7735:
7733:Rigoberta Menchú
7727:
7725:Aung San Suu Kyi
7719:
7711:
7703:
7695:
7687:
7679:
7671:
7663:
7655:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7619:
7607:
7599:
7597:Mairead Corrigan
7576:
7568:
7556:
7541:
7540:
7534:
7523:
7512:
7501:
7490:
7489:
7481:
7480:
7472:
7461:
7450:
7438:
7430:
7428:Dag Hammarskjöld
7422:
7414:
7406:
7398:
7390:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7376:
7368:
7360:
7352:
7333:
7325:
7317:
7316:
7310:
7298:
7286:
7278:
7270:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7235:
7227:
7219:
7211:
7203:
7201:Arthur Henderson
7195:
7187:
7186:
7180:
7168:
7166:Nathan Söderblom
7160:
7158:Frank B. Kellogg
7152:
7151:
7145:
7133:
7110:
7098:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7084:
7076:
7070:Hjalmar Branting
7064:
7056:
7048:
7047:
7041:
7033:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7012:
7004:
6996:
6984:
6976:
6964:
6952:
6940:
6932:
6924:
6916:
6908:
6896:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6837:
6836:
6827:
6816:
6803:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6731:Houghton Library
6716:
6696:
6673:
6652:
6621:
6600:
6579:
6560:
6558:
6543:
6530:
6499:
6468:
6449:
6414:
6397:(397): 397–402.
6383:
6344:
6305:
6274:
6269:. Archived from
6247:
6245:
6218:
6208:
6206:10.1038/319093a0
6175:
6159:
6148:
6126:
6087:
6075:
6064:
6045:
6024:
6003:
5980:
5953:
5918:
5899:
5882:
5870:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5850:on April 5, 2016
5849:
5836:
5826:
5820:
5812:
5787:Gorelik, Gennady
5782:
5755:
5720:
5719:(1251): 274–278.
5703:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5652:
5644:
5609:
5606:10.1063/1.881252
5580:
5573:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5553:
5530:
5528:
5526:10.1063/1.883099
5495:
5476:
5445:
5430:
5411:
5409:
5376:
5357:
5338:
5323:
5304:
5288:
5274:
5235:
5225:
5207:
5187:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5167:
5162:Please read the
5158:may need cleanup
5147:
5146:
5139:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5090:
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5087:
5085:
5076:. Archived from
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
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4988:
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4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4942:
4936:
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4919:
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4894:
4892:
4877:
4871:
4851:
4845:
4835:
4829:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4797:. Archived from
4791:
4785:
4784:
4773:
4767:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4711:
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4704:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4647:. Archived from
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4590:Michael MccGwire
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4570:on March 3, 2021
4566:. Archived from
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4540:. Archived from
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4514:. Archived from
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4488:. Archived from
4478:
4472:
4471:
4453:
4447:
4440:
4431:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4406:
4400:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4372:
4350:
4333:
4332:
4331:. July 22, 1968.
4304:
4298:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4215:
4209:
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4000:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3933:
3924:
3908:
3899:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:N. N. Bogolyubov
3866:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3813:
3804:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3754:
3745:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3663:
3661:
3635:Republished as:
3634:
3606:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3562:. Archived from
3556:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3522:
3507:
3506:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3463:
3457:
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3432:
3430:
3428:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3367:. Hoover Press.
3360:
3354:
3353:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3281:Об А.Д. Сахарове
3278:Bonner, Yelena.
3275:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3225:. Archived from
3215:
3206:
3205:
3202:Voice of America
3194:
3178:Mordechai Vanunu
3142:
3140:biography portal
3137:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3107:
3096:10.1063/1.882746
3070:
3057:
3044:
3021:
3004:
2981:
2964:
2953:10.1038/331671a0
2927:
2910:
2895:
2878:
2861:
2859:
2843:10.2307/20041632
2837:(5): 1001–1016.
2826:
2816:
2785:
2774:
2751:
2734:
2723:
2705:
2703:10.1038/291184a0
2670:
2660:
2625:
2615:
2613:10.1038/291184a0
2582:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2538:10.1038/271499c0
2505:
2488:
2457:
2426:
2409:
2390:
2369:
2338:
2307:
2276:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2207:
2184:
2153:
2132:
2109:
2107:
2096:
2086:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2021:
2015:
2007:
1982:
1961:
1942:
1920:
1899:
1878:
1711:Arthur C. Clarke
1483:Saint Petersburg
1457:Sakharov Gardens
1379:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1336:
1328:
1159:Political leader
1136:established the
852:Turn to activism
774:baryon asymmetry
755:particle physics
666:for controlling
631:
542:, he researched
374:
348:Doctoral advisor
342:
113:
110:14 December 1989
91:
89:
76:Sakharov in 1989
74:
64:
51:
50:
11151:
11150:
11146:
11145:
11144:
11142:
11141:
11140:
11016:Soviet atheists
11011:Hunger strikers
10891:
10890:
10889:
10884:
10877:
10870:
10865:Andrei Sakharov
10863:
10858:Jackie Robinson
10856:
10849:
10842:
10835:
10828:
10821:
10814:
10807:
10800:
10793:
10782:
10775:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10747:
10740:
10729:
10724:Wright brothers
10722:
10715:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10683:
10676:
10669:
10662:
10655:
10648:
10641:
10634:
10627:
10620:
10613:
10608:Albert Einstein
10606:
10599:
10594:Tim Berners-Lee
10592:
10585:
10574:
10567:
10560:
10553:
10546:
10539:
10532:
10525:
10518:
10511:
10504:
10497:
10490:
10483:
10478:Amadeo Giannini
10476:
10469:
10462:
10455:
10448:
10441:
10434:
10423:
10416:
10411:Igor Stravinsky
10409:
10402:
10395:
10388:
10381:
10374:
10367:
10360:
10353:
10348:Aretha Franklin
10346:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10320:Charlie Chaplin
10318:
10311:
10304:
10297:
10290:
10285:Louis Armstrong
10283:
10272:
10265:
10258:
10251:
10246:Margaret Sanger
10244:
10237:
10230:
10223:
10216:
10209:
10202:
10195:
10188:
10181:
10174:
10167:
10160:
10153:
10146:
10139:
10132:
10121:
10113:
10083:
10078:
10034:Georgi Vladimov
9979:Vasyl Symonenko
9974:Ivan Svitlichny
9944:Pitirim Sorokin
9934:Sergei Soldatov
9924:Vladimir Slepak
9894:Natan Sharansky
9884:Varlam Shalamov
9854:Dmitri Savitski
9849:Andrei Sakharov
9819:Arseny Roginsky
9774:Leonid Plyushch
9764:Viktoras Petkus
9739:Boris Pasternak
9709:Vasile Odobescu
9694:Viktor Nekrasov
9659:Mykhailo Melnyk
9649:Zhores Medvedev
9569:Veniamin Levich
9544:Alexander Lavut
9489:Nahum Korzhavin
9449:Dina Kaminskaya
9369:Vasily Grossman
9304:Balys Gajauskas
9294:Moysey Fishbein
9289:Viktor Fainberg
9249:Yuri Druzhnikov
9199:Valery Chalidze
9144:Vasile Bătrânac
9104:Vasily Aksyonov
9099:Mikhail Agursky
9090:
9032:
9027:
8997:
8992:
8980:
8949:
8884:
8860:Ruth Greenglass
8822:
8786:Walter Herrmann
8762:(Russian Alsos)
8760:
8759:
8753:
8722:Andrei Sakharov
8692:Oleg Lavrentiev
8662:Vitaly Ginzburg
8627:Yevgeny Avrorin
8622:Lev Artsimovich
8612:Abram Alikhanov
8588:
8544:Lavrentiy Beria
8532:
8456:
8451:
8421:
8416:
8354:
8346:
8343:(United States)
8321:
8318:(United States)
8312:(United States)
8310:Renato Dulbecco
8306:(United States)
8304:David Baltimore
8290:
8287:(United States)
8285:James Rainwater
8259:
8254:Andrei Sakharov
8240:
8235:Eugenio Montale
8216:
8211:Vladimir Prelog
8191:
8184:
8154:
8149:
8144:to be announced
8138:
8127:
8114:Ales Bialiatski
8108:
8093:
8082:
8071:
8056:
8045:
8034:
8023:
8008:
7997:
7986:
7981:Tawakkol Karman
7967:
7956:
7945:
7934:
7919:
7904:
7889:
7884:Wangari Maathai
7878:
7867:
7856:
7841:
7830:
7822:
7814:
7802:
7790:
7778:
7766:
7750:
7738:
7730:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7698:
7690:
7682:
7674:
7666:
7658:
7646:
7638:
7630:
7622:
7610:
7602:
7590:
7579:
7574:Andrei Sakharov
7571:
7559:
7554:Henry Kissinger
7544:
7538:
7537:
7526:
7515:
7504:
7493:
7485:
7484:
7476:
7475:
7464:
7453:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7417:
7409:
7401:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7371:
7363:
7355:
7347:
7336:
7328:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7301:
7289:
7281:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7260:
7259:
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7246:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7230:
7222:
7214:
7206:
7198:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7178:Nicholas Butler
7171:
7163:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7136:
7127:Aristide Briand
7124:
7113:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7082:Fridtjof Nansen
7079:
7074:Christian Lange
7067:
7059:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7007:
6999:
6987:
6979:
6967:
6955:
6943:
6935:
6927:
6919:
6911:
6899:
6884:
6873:
6864:
6825:
6814:
6810:
6796:Andrei Sakharov
6787:Andrei Sakharov
6777:Wayback Machine
6764:Wayback Machine
6747:
6745:
6736:
6723:
6713:
6699:
6693:
6670:
6618:
6568:
6556:
6541:
6538:
6411:10.1119/1.13624
6351:Physics-Uspekhi
6267:
6172:
6145:
6131:Lourie, Richard
6123:
6084:
6061:
6053:. GRIN Verlag.
6021:
5879:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5834:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5791:Bouis, Antonina
5779:
5752:
5684:10.2307/3234832
5656:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5574:
5565:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5492:
5373:
5354:
5330:Partisan Review
5320:
5301:
5291:Alfred A. Knopf
5242:Physics-Uspekhi
5228:
5222:
5210:
5202:. Vol. 4.
5195:
5188:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5161:
5154:Further reading
5148:
5144:
5137:
5135:Further reading
5132:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5097:
5093:
5083:
5081:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4953:. Los Angeles.
4943:
4939:
4933:Wayback Machine
4921:
4920:
4916:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4861:Wayback Machine
4852:
4848:
4836:
4832:
4827:Wayback Machine
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4758:Wayback Machine
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4712:
4708:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4486:history.aip.org
4480:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4454:
4450:
4442:Y.B. Sakharov:
4441:
4434:
4426:Y.B. Sakharov:
4425:
4421:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4394:
4390:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4351:
4336:
4323:
4305:
4301:
4296:Wayback Machine
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4253:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4173:
4167:Translated as:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4081:
4075:Translated as:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4047:
4032:
4026:Translated as:
4024:(3): 1233–1240.
4015:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3965:
3959:Republished as
3954:
3931:
3925:Translated as:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3811:
3805:Translated as:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3752:
3746:Translated as:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3699:
3695:
3664:Translated as:
3642:
3607:Translated as:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3523:
3510:
3503:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3464:
3460:
3443:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3163:Natan Sharansky
3138:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3114:
2857:
2830:Foreign Affairs
2824:
2139:
2105:
2094:
2083:
2067:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2029:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1990:
1979:
1958:
1939:
1917:
1896:
1875:
1864:Sakharov speaks
1857:
1852:
1837:Grand Cross of
1761:Orders of Lenin
1750:
1724:Russian singer
1715:Nizhny Novgorod
1703:from the novel
1653:
1476:Nizhny Novgorod
1432:Sakharov Center
1389:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1337:
1326:
1287:
1237:
1235:Memorial prizes
1232:
1207:
1161:
1100:Nizhny Novgorod
1084:
1025:
1017:quantum effects
978:
948:Valery Chalidze
937:Nizhny Novgorod
918:who later made
854:
846:quantum gravity
842:induced gravity
747:
682:
676:
664:magnetic fields
644:
638:
632:
630:Andrei Sakharov
629:
619:third world war
536:
528:Main articles:
526:
436:
431:
404:civil liberties
340:
307:
273:
259:
239:
220:Induced gravity
168:
152:Alma mater
121:
115:
111:
102:
93:
87:
85:
77:
65:
62:
56:
55:Andrei Sakharov
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11149:
11139:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10882:
10875:
10868:
10861:
10854:
10847:
10840:
10833:
10830:Marilyn Monroe
10826:
10819:
10812:
10805:
10802:Kennedy family
10798:
10791:
10788:Tenzing Norgay
10784:Edmund Hillary
10780:
10773:
10766:
10759:
10752:
10745:
10737:
10735:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10727:
10720:
10713:
10702:
10695:
10688:
10681:
10674:
10667:
10660:
10653:
10646:
10639:
10632:
10625:
10618:
10611:
10604:
10597:
10590:
10582:
10580:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10572:
10565:
10558:
10551:
10544:
10537:
10534:Walter Reuther
10530:
10523:
10516:
10513:Louis B. Mayer
10509:
10502:
10499:William Levitt
10495:
10488:
10481:
10474:
10467:
10460:
10453:
10450:Willis Carrier
10446:
10439:
10431:
10429:
10425:
10424:
10422:
10421:
10414:
10407:
10400:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10372:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10344:
10337:
10330:
10323:
10316:
10309:
10302:
10295:
10288:
10280:
10278:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10270:
10263:
10256:
10249:
10242:
10235:
10228:
10221:
10214:
10207:
10204:Nelson Mandela
10200:
10197:Vladimir Lenin
10193:
10186:
10179:
10172:
10165:
10158:
10151:
10148:Mahatma Gandhi
10144:
10137:
10129:
10127:
10123:
10122:
10112:
10111:
10104:
10097:
10089:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10024:Tomas Venclova
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9929:Victor Sokolov
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9829:Mykola Rudenko
9826:
9824:Maria Rozanova
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9754:Zianon Pazniak
9751:
9749:Gleb Pavlovsky
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9679:Andrei Mironov
9676:
9674:Vazif Meylanov
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9594:Nikolay Lossky
9591:
9586:
9584:Pavel Litvinov
9581:
9576:
9574:Eduard Limonov
9571:
9566:
9561:
9559:Yaroslav Lesiv
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9504:Sergei Kovalev
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9469:Nikolai Klyuev
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9439:Iryna Kalynets
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9414:Grigory Isayev
9411:
9409:Mykhailo Horyn
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9349:Semyon Gluzman
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9309:Yuri Galanskov
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9229:Vadim Delaunay
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9189:Joseph Brodsky
9186:
9181:
9179:Leonid Borodin
9176:
9171:
9166:
9164:Larisa Bogoraz
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9114:Andrei Amalrik
9111:
9106:
9101:
9095:
9092:
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9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9067:
9062:
9057:
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8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8836:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8820:
8813:
8811:Peter Thiessen
8808:
8803:
8801:Nikolaus Riehl
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8767:
8765:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8697:Boris Nikolsky
8694:
8689:
8687:Igor Kurchatov
8684:
8679:
8677:Yulii Khariton
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8657:Georgii Flerov
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8607:Viktor Adamsky
8603:
8601:
8594:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8581:
8579:Boris Vannikov
8576:
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8351:
8348:
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8345:
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8337:(Soviet Union)
8331:
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8307:
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8298:
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8260:
8258:
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8256:(Soviet Union)
8250:
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8218:
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8215:
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8103:Dmitry Muratov
8091:
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8021:
8006:
7995:
7992:European Union
7984:
7965:
7954:
7943:
7932:
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7914:Muhammad Yunus
7902:
7887:
7876:
7865:
7854:
7847:United Nations
7838:
7836:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7820:
7812:
7800:
7788:
7776:
7773:Joseph Rotblat
7764:
7748:
7745:F. W. de Klerk
7741:Nelson Mandela
7736:
7728:
7720:
7712:
7704:
7696:
7688:
7680:
7672:
7664:
7656:
7644:
7636:
7628:
7620:
7617:Menachem Begin
7608:
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7593:Betty Williams
7587:
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7580:
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7569:
7557:
7542:
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7521:Norman Borlaug
7513:
7502:
7491:
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7462:
7451:
7439:
7431:
7423:
7420:Albert Luthuli
7415:
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7384:
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7119:
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7077:
7065:
7062:Léon Bourgeois
7057:
7054:Woodrow Wilson
7049:
7042:
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7005:
6997:
6985:
6977:
6965:
6958:Klas Arnoldson
6953:
6946:Ernesto Moneta
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6894:Frédéric Passy
6881:
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6722:
6721:External links
6719:
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6697:
6692:978-0275998202
6691:
6674:
6669:978-0233980508
6668:
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6617:978-0671009632
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6580:
6572:Молодой ученый
6561:
6548:(in Russian).
6531:
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6358:(2): 170–175.
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6082:
6076:. J. Messner.
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5751:978-3540675341
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5371:
5363:Alone together
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5318:
5312:. Allen Lane.
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4388:
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4161:(in Russian).
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4102:
4092:(3): 349–351.
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3765:(1): 241–249.
3740:(in Russian).
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3715:
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3674:(5): 387–391.
3648:(in Russian).
3617:(2): 294–299.
3597:(4): 725–734.
3593:(in Russian).
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3502:978-0195156201
3501:
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3126:physics portal
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1222:consequent to
1206:
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1169:U.S. President
1167:Sakharov with
1160:
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1083:
1080:
1060:Sergei Kovalev
1024:
1021:
977:
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881:Trofim Lysenko
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724:superconductor
678:Main article:
675:
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648:nuclear fusion
640:Main article:
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448:Russian Empire
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9872:
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9842:
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9792:
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9662:
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9614:Guram Mamulia
9612:
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9499:Lina Kostenko
9497:
9495:
9494:Merab Kostava
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9479:Boris Korczak
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9434:Ihor Kalynets
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9424:Romas Kalanta
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9399:Mykola Horbal
9397:
9395:
9394:Oleksa Hirnyk
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9379:Tengiz Gudava
9377:
9375:
9374:Igor Guberman
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9284:Benjamin Fain
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9274:Eliyahu Essas
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9174:Yelena Bonner
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9159:Yuri Bezmenov
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9096:
9093:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9031:
9024:
9019:
9017:
9012:
9010:
9005:
9004:
9001:
8991:
8988:
8983:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8952:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8929:
8928:Russian Alsos
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8865:Theodore Hall
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8819:
8818:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8776:Heinz Barwich
8774:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8672:Pyotr Kapitsa
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8591:
8585:
8584:Georgy Zhukov
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8569:Joseph Stalin
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8473:Novaya Zemlya
8471:
8469:
8468:Semipalatinsk
8466:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8448:
8443:
8441:
8436:
8434:
8429:
8428:
8425:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8353:
8352:
8349:
8342:
8339:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8293:
8286:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8262:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8243:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8213:(Switzerland)
8212:
8209:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8181:
8176:
8174:
8169:
8167:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8067:
8063:
8062:Denis Mukwege
8059:
8055:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7982:
7978:
7977:Leymah Gbowee
7974:
7970:
7966:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7826:
7821:
7818:
7813:
7810:
7809:David Trimble
7806:
7801:
7798:
7797:Jody Williams
7794:
7789:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7774:
7770:
7765:
7762:
7761:Yasser Arafat
7758:
7757:Yitzhak Rabin
7754:
7749:
7746:
7742:
7737:
7734:
7729:
7726:
7721:
7718:
7713:
7710:
7705:
7702:
7697:
7694:
7689:
7686:
7681:
7678:
7673:
7670:
7665:
7662:
7657:
7654:
7650:
7645:
7642:
7637:
7634:
7629:
7626:
7625:Mother Teresa
7621:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7606:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7575:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7562:Seán MacBride
7558:
7555:
7551:
7549:
7543:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7483:
7479:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7440:
7437:
7436:Linus Pauling
7432:
7429:
7424:
7421:
7416:
7413:
7408:
7405:
7400:
7397:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7375:
7370:
7367:
7362:
7359:
7354:
7351:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7327:
7324:
7323:John Boyd Orr
7319:
7312:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7285:
7280:
7277:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7234:
7229:
7226:
7221:
7218:
7213:
7210:
7205:
7202:
7197:
7194:
7193:Norman Angell
7189:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7167:
7162:
7159:
7154:
7147:
7144:
7143:Ludwig Quidde
7140:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7109:
7108:Charles Dawes
7105:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7083:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7066:
7063:
7058:
7055:
7050:
7043:
7040:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7011:
7006:
7003:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6983:
6978:
6975:
6971:
6966:
6963:
6962:Fredrik Bajer
6959:
6954:
6951:
6950:Louis Renault
6947:
6942:
6939:
6934:
6931:
6926:
6923:
6918:
6915:
6914:Randal Cremer
6910:
6907:
6906:Charles Gobat
6903:
6902:Élie Ducommun
6898:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6856:
6854:
6849:
6847:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6812:
6811:
6802:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6714:
6712:9780300106817
6708:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6585:Physics World
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6539:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6470:
6467:(4): 469–476.
6466:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6157:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5713:New Scientist
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5666:
5662:
5650:
5642:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5586:Physics Today
5582:
5578:
5571:
5566:|author=
5559:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5505:Physics Today
5502:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5444:. p. 23.
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5386:Physics Today
5383:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5183:
5175:
5165:
5164:editing guide
5159:
5155:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5101:
5095:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5025:
5021:
5015:
4999:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4972:
4961:September 14,
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4816:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4439:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4384:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4276:
4268:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4249:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4147:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4073:(3): 689–693.
4072:
4068:
4057:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4008:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3964:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3907:
3905:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3870:
3864:
3853:
3844:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3787:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3744:(1): 345–358.
3743:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3707:Marcel Dekker
3704:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3581:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3376:
3374:9780817918965
3370:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3346:9780195156201
3342:
3338:
3331:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3116:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:Physics Today
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:(12): 45–47.
2994:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:(10): 18–21.
2687:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2636:Physics Today
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:(5645): 499.
2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:Honoris Causa
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:Alexei Leonov
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1694:, physicists.
1693:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:, one of the
1672:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1662:Jason Robards
1659:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1642:
1641:Yelena Bonner
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:1979 Sakharov
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1378:
1375:
1367:
1364:December 2016
1357:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1341:This section
1339:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Yelena Bonner
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1172:Ronald Reagan
1170:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:hunger strike
1116:
1115:Yelena Bonner
1111:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1076:Yuri Andropov
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Yelena Bonner
1044:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
992:
988:
985:
983:
973:
971:
967:
962:
960:
959:Yelena Bonner
955:
953:
949:
946:, along with
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
930:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
897:
892:
891:on Sakharov.
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
858:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
813:
809:
807:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:CPT-symmetric
781:
779:
775:
766:
762:
760:
756:
752:
742:
740:
736:
735:shaped charge
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
709:eddy currents
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
681:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:reactor, the
649:
643:
626:
624:
620:
614:
611:
609:
605:
600:
599:Edward Teller
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
535:
531:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Eastern Front
479:
474:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
370:
366:
357:
354:
351:
349:
345:
338:
337:
333:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
314:
310:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:
266:
262:
255:
254:Yelena Bonner
252:
249:
248:
246:
242:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
171:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
128:
126:Resting place
124:
120:
109:
105:
101:
97:
84:
80:
73:
68:
59:
52:
49:
45:
41:
38: and the
37:
33:
29:
22:
10864:
10795:Helen Keller
10770:Billy Graham
10742:Muhammad Ali
10710:James Watson
10657:Edwin Hubble
10622:Enrico Fermi
10541:Pete Rozelle
10492:Estée Lauder
10390:Bart Simpson
10327:Le Corbusier
10292:Lucille Ball
10162:Adolf Hitler
10116:
10074:Yosyf Zisels
10054:Gleb Yakunin
10004:Lev Timofeev
9869:Victor Serge
9848:
9834:Yuly Rybakov
9814:Eliyahu Rips
9724:Raisa Orlova
9644:Roy Medvedev
9609:Vasyl Makukh
9454:Ivan Kandyba
9404:Bohdan Horyn
9139:Anna Barkova
9134:Mykola Bakay
9129:Gunārs Astra
8986:
8890:Intelligence
8870:George Koval
8840:Morris Cohen
8816:
8806:Gernot Zippe
8781:Robert Döpel
8747:
8732:Yuri Trutnev
8721:
8717:Yuri Romanov
8682:Isaak Kikoin
8632:Yuri Babayev
8528:Laboratory V
8518:Zheleznogors
8503:Laboratory B
8386:
8253:
8143:
8120: /
8116: /
8101: /
8064: /
8016: /
7979: /
7975: /
7951:Barack Obama
7927: /
7912: /
7910:Grameen Bank
7897: /
7873:Shirin Ebadi
7862:Jimmy Carter
7849: /
7835:2001–present
7825:Kim Dae-jung
7807: /
7795: /
7783: /
7771: /
7759: /
7755: /
7753:Shimon Peres
7743: /
7669:Desmond Tutu
7651: /
7615: /
7595: /
7573:
7564: /
7552: /
7546:
7532:Willy Brandt
7446: /
7404:Georges Pire
7350:Léon Jouhaux
7331:Ralph Bunche
7306: /
7294: /
7284:Cordell Hull
7225:Robert Cecil
7176: /
7141: /
7129: /
7106: /
7072: /
6994:Alfred Fried
6992: /
6990:Tobias Asser
6972: /
6960: /
6948: /
6904: /
6892: /
6890:Henry Dunant
6791:Find a Grave
6746:. Retrieved
6742:the original
6701:
6682:
6658:
6632:
6626:
6606:
6591:(5): 44–45.
6588:
6584:
6571:
6554:the original
6549:
6545:
6510:
6504:
6482:(4): 47–51.
6479:
6473:
6464:
6458:
6432:(2): 35–40.
6429:
6423:
6394:
6388:
6355:
6349:
6316:
6310:
6285:
6279:
6271:the original
6256:
6236:(3): 13–14.
6233:
6227:
6191:(6049): 93.
6188:
6184:
6155:
6134:
6092:
6071:
6050:
6036:(3): 17–28.
6033:
6029:
6009:
5994:(1): 63–68.
5991:
5985:
5971:(6): 37–38.
5968:
5962:
5933:
5927:
5917:(11): 78–79.
5914:
5908:
5895:
5891:
5866:
5852:. Retrieved
5845:the original
5838:
5794:
5760:
5725:
5716:
5712:
5675:
5669:
5614:
5589:
5585:
5535:
5511:(5): 37–41.
5508:
5504:
5481:
5459:(10): 4–56.
5456:
5450:
5439:
5417:
5389:
5385:
5362:
5343:
5334:
5328:
5309:
5289:. New York:
5284:
5246:
5240:
5230:
5211:
5197:
5178:
5169:
5157:
5120:. Retrieved
5116:
5107:
5099:
5094:
5082:. Retrieved
5078:the original
5073:
5064:
5052:. Retrieved
5048:
5039:
5027:. Retrieved
5023:
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
5000:(in Russian)
4992:
4981:
4971:
4959:. Retrieved
4950:
4940:
4922:(in Russian)
4917:
4910:Toledo Blade
4901:
4889:. Retrieved
4884:
4875:
4865:Windows-1251
4849:
4833:
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4799:the original
4789:
4780:
4771:
4761:
4746:
4736:December 10,
4734:. Retrieved
4724:
4715:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4681:December 16,
4679:. Retrieved
4675:
4665:
4653:. Retrieved
4649:the original
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4623:
4614:
4594:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4568:the original
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4542:the original
4532:
4522:November 21,
4520:. Retrieved
4516:the original
4506:
4494:. Retrieved
4490:the original
4485:
4476:
4457:
4451:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4396:
4391:
4354:
4328:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4284:
4275:
4256:
4235:. Retrieved
4223:
4213:
4181:
4177:
4162:
4156:
4146:
4122:
4119:JETP Letters
4118:
4105:
4089:
4086:JETP Letters
4085:
4070:
4067:Pi'sma ZhÉTF
4066:
4056:
4040:
4036:
4021:
4018:Pi'sma ZhÉTF
4017:
4007:
3975:
3969:
3942:(1): 24–26.
3939:
3936:JETP Letters
3935:
3920:
3917:Pi'sma ZhÉTF
3916:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3862:
3852:
3843:
3822:(1): 27–30.
3819:
3816:JETP Letters
3815:
3800:
3797:Pi'sma ZhÉTF
3796:
3786:
3762:
3756:
3741:
3737:Pi'sma ZhÉTF
3735:
3725:
3702:
3696:
3671:
3667:
3652:(5): 51–60.
3649:
3645:
3614:
3610:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3564:the original
3539:. Retrieved
3535:the original
3530:
3492:
3486:
3467:
3461:
3445:
3425:. Retrieved
3421:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3395:
3386:
3378:
3364:
3358:
3350:
3336:
3330:
3318:. Retrieved
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3286:the original
3273:
3268:(1991), p. 4
3265:
3260:
3250:November 24,
3248:. Retrieved
3244:
3235:
3227:the original
3222:
3192:
3173:Omid Kokabee
3082:(7): 22–24.
3079:
3075:
3066:
3053:
3032:
3026:
3020:(13): 25–26.
3017:
3013:
2992:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2904:
2891:
2887:
2874:
2870:
2834:
2828:
2796:
2790:
2779:
2762:
2756:
2747:
2743:
2728:
2685:
2679:
2643:(6): 25–30.
2640:
2634:
2595:
2591:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2520:
2514:
2501:
2497:
2468:
2462:
2440:(1): 73–74.
2437:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2405:
2399:
2381:(1): 47–54.
2378:
2374:
2352:(4): 29–30.
2349:
2343:
2321:(4): 25–29.
2318:
2312:
2290:(4): 19–23.
2287:
2281:
2259:(4): 13–17.
2256:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2212:
2193:
2164:
2158:
2141:
2120:
2114:
2098:
2072:
2032:
1993:
1967:
1947:
1925:
1905:
1884:
1863:
1850:Bibliography
1843:posthumously
1792:
1773:Stalin Prize
1729:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1682:Shuttlecraft
1675:
1668:
1657:
1636:
1591:A street in
1528:In Belarus,
1488:In 1979, an
1422:
1370:
1361:
1350:Please help
1345:verification
1342:
1318:apparatchiks
1303:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1250:
1238:
1216:
1196:
1177:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1112:
1104:
1093:
1073:
1045:
1037:
1026:
1014:
1010:
998:
994:
989:
986:
979:
963:
956:
941:
934:
927:
924:
901:
893:
874:
863:
826:anticollapse
825:
821:
814:
810:
803:
798:
788:
782:
778:proton decay
771:
748:
706:
693:
683:
645:
616:
612:
592:
575:
567:
559:
540:World War II
537:
513:
494:Turkmenistan
475:
464:
437:
416:
408:Soviet Union
400:human rights
389:
385:human rights
364:
363:
334:
312:
278:Stalin Prize
225:Proton decay
147:Soviet Union
119:Soviet Union
112:(1989-12-14)
100:Russian SFSR
48:
43:
35:
11001:Perestroika
10906:1989 deaths
10901:1921 births
10823:Harvey Milk
10777:Che Guevara
10699:Alan Turing
10678:Jean Piaget
10555:Juan Trippe
10527:Akio Morita
10457:Walt Disney
10443:Leo Burnett
10369:James Joyce
10341:T. S. Eliot
10313:Coco Chanel
10299:The Beatles
10267:Lech Wałęsa
10169:Ho Chi Minh
10029:Georgi Vins
9864:Iryna Senyk
9734:Lagle Parek
9654:Naum Meiman
9539:Malva Landa
9474:Lev Kopelev
9279:Efim Etkind
9259:Ivan Dziuba
9224:Yuli Daniel
9204:Lev Chernyi
9081:Helsinki-86
8935:Soviet Army
8880:Saville Sax
8845:Klaus Fuchs
8796:Ernst Rexer
8549:Pavel Fitin
8508:Tryokhgorny
8188:Nobel Prize
8099:Maria Ressa
8066:Nadia Murad
7781:Carlos Belo
7693:Óscar Arias
7685:Elie Wiesel
7661:Lech Wałęsa
7649:Alva Myrdal
7613:Anwar Sadat
7566:Eisaku Satō
7499:René Cassin
7292:Emily Balch
7174:Jane Addams
6513:(4): 5–11.
6319:(1): 1–20.
5337:(1): 35–68.
5285:On Sakharov
5004:February 3,
4805:January 17,
4629:December 2,
4165:(1): 70–71.
3923:(1): 32–35.
3803:(1): 36–39.
3570:October 10,
3470:. Vintage.
3320:November 2,
3292:November 2,
3245:Nobel Prize
1767:Lenin Prize
1741:its prequel
1467:, near the
1412:Berlin Wall
1184:was elected
1149:perestroika
966:US Congress
961:, in 1972.
904:Six Day War
544:cosmic rays
514:Doktor Nauk
284:Lenin Prize
144:Citizenship
134:Nationality
92:21 May 1921
40:family name
36:Dmitrievich
10895:Categories
10844:Rosa Parks
10763:Anne Frank
10685:Jonas Salk
10650:Kurt Gödel
10562:Sam Walton
10471:Bill Gates
10464:Henry Ford
10362:Jim Henson
10211:Mao Zedong
9984:Les Tanyuk
9964:Vasyl Stus
9719:Yuri Orlov
9684:Ion Moraru
9299:Ilya Gabay
9244:Ivan Drach
8875:Rosenbergs
8850:Harry Gold
8791:Heinz Pose
8593:Scientists
8564:Ivan Serov
8498:Novouralsk
8483:Sukhoy Nos
8222:Literature
8077:Abiy Ahmed
7962:Liu Xiaobo
7851:Kofi Annan
7548:Lê Đức Thọ
7002:Elihu Root
6288:(9): 2–7.
5392:(12): 15.
5156:" section
4574:August 10,
4309:Het Parool
4184:(5): 394.
3454:1588340074
3427:October 8,
3401:October 8,
3184:References
2799:(6): 2–3.
2784:: 480–482.
2733:: 511–513.
2471:(2): 3–9.
2244:: 271–273.
2235:: 223–233.
2226:: 160–170.
1676:Enterprise
1595:, Denmark.
1593:Copenhagen
1563:Amstelveen
1220:arrhythmia
916:refuseniks
885:Lysenkoism
834:white hole
830:black hole
806:conditions
690:explosives
621:, and the
588:Tsar Bomba
576:Third Idea
534:Tsar Bomba
462:heritage.
230:Dissidence
190:Tsar Bomba
88:1921-05-21
32:patronymic
10809:Bruce Lee
10334:Bob Dylan
9999:Enn Tarto
9579:Jüri Lina
9524:Jüri Kukk
9464:Yuliy Kim
8987:See also:
8513:Snezhinsk
8281:(Denmark)
8275:(Denmark)
8273:Aage Bohr
8197:Chemistry
8190:laureates
7805:John Hume
7584:1976–2000
7341:1951–1975
7296:John Mott
7118:1926–1950
6878:1901–1925
6867:Laureates
6748:April 17,
6527:144209226
6496:144007404
6446:154840266
6380:122401532
6341:144447151
5936:(2): 14.
5817:cite book
5700:156032782
5659:ignored (
5649:cite book
5592:(8): 26.
5558:cite book
5271:123169637
5172:July 2018
5084:March 24,
4377:cite book
4237:March 14,
4232:0362-4331
3104:0031-9228
3041:0043-8642
3035:: 21–22.
2765:(6): 50.
2712:0033-5002
2667:0031-9228
2579:159662308
2565:(6): 64.
2548:Trialogue
2485:144812636
2454:145693276
2366:220929169
2335:220932382
2304:145423521
2273:146534370
2181:220923855
2167:(3): 87.
2051:cite book
2012:cite book
1950:. Knopf.
1909:. Knopf.
1888:. Knopf.
1687:Star Trek
1660:starring
1583:Rotterdam
1579:Purmerend
1567:The Hague
1559:Amsterdam
1548:Nederrijn
1523:Nuremberg
1512:Pļavnieki
1461:Jerusalem
1430:A public
1248:rights."
1230:Influence
1123:force-fed
698:megagauss
556:Igor Tamm
506:Igor Tamm
429:Biography
412:dissident
377:physicist
353:Igor Tamm
10485:Ray Kroc
9839:Ain Saar
9389:Ivan Hel
9086:Memorial
8832:Spy ring
8493:Atomgrad
8488:Totskoye
8118:Memorial
6773:Archived
6760:Archived
6635:(7): 2.
6576:Archived
6333:20486694
6133:(2002).
5910:Quadrant
5854:April 5,
5793:(2005).
5540:Springer
5427:19583828
5281:(1982).
5122:July 15,
5054:July 15,
5029:July 15,
4955:Archived
4929:Archived
4891:July 30,
4857:Archived
4823:Archived
4754:Archived
4592:(1991).
4496:July 30,
4292:Archived
4202:Archived
4135:Archived
4094:Archived
4045:Archived
3996:Archived
3952:Archived
3832:Archived
3775:Archived
3541:July 12,
3314:Archived
3112:See also
3001:20642878
2855:Archived
2851:20041632
2771:42762207
2387:42733796
2217:: 26–27.
2129:27828445
2103:Archived
1795:glasnost
1658:Sakharov
1630:Bulgaria
1490:asteroid
1199:Karabakh
1153:glasnost
1007:(1936):
929:samizdat
838:wormhole
822:collapse
793:Big Bang
727:solenoid
716:plasmoid
713:toroidal
628:—
606:and the
44:Sakharov
10879:Bill W.
8945:Perseus
8758:Germans
8600:Soviets
8265:Physics
8237:(Italy)
7925:Al Gore
6869:of the
6831:YouTube
6820:YouTube
6729:at the
6637:Bibcode
6399:Bibcode
6360:Bibcode
6290:Bibcode
6215:4337731
6193:Bibcode
6101:Bibcode
5987:Futures
5938:Bibcode
5730:Bibcode
5692:3234832
5619:Bibcode
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5513:Bibcode
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5394:Bibcode
5251:Bibcode
5206:. 1986.
4655:July 6,
4548:July 6,
4186:Bibcode
4127:Bibcode
3980:Bibcode
3944:Bibcode
3824:Bibcode
3767:Bibcode
3676:Bibcode
3619:Bibcode
3468:Memoirs
3084:Bibcode
2961:4319051
2941:Bibcode
2801:Bibcode
2720:7231537
2690:Bibcode
2645:Bibcode
2622:7231537
2600:Bibcode
2525:Bibcode
2198:: 8–9.
2150:2326203
1948:Memoirs
1834:(1980).
1830:of the
1814:(1975).
1808:(1974).
1775:(1953).
1769:(1956).
1622:Mladost
1600:Tournai
1587:Utrecht
1501:Vilnius
1450:Armenia
1446:Yerevan
1401:Armenia
1397:Yerevan
1308:to the
1174:in 1988
1056:Vilnius
836:in the
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440:Russian
369:Russian
323:Physics
244:Spouses
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138:Russian
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1821:(1978)
1789:(1973)
1782:(1969)
1615:Kraków
1607:Warsaw
1575:Leiden
1544:Arnhem
1387:Places
920:aliyah
912:Israel
789:before
702:teslas
700:(2500
656:plasma
584:RDS-37
560:sloika
550:under
538:After
530:RDS-37
512:(lit.
504:under
379:and a
341:(1947)
339:
330:Thesis
319:Fields
304:(1985)
298:(1975)
292:(1974)
286:(1956)
280:(1953)
264:Awards
180:RDS-37
96:Moscow
30:, the
8478:Semey
8461:Sites
8387:1975
8246:Peace
8186:1975
6542:(PDF)
6523:S2CID
6492:S2CID
6442:S2CID
6376:S2CID
6337:S2CID
6329:JSTOR
6211:S2CID
5848:(PDF)
5835:(PDF)
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2825:(PDF)
2767:JSTOR
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2383:JSTOR
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2125:JSTOR
2106:(PDF)
2095:(PDF)
2031:[
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660:torus
564:Sarov
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458:with
10851:Pelé
10117:Time
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8817:more
8748:more
8412:1980
8407:1979
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8397:1977
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8226:1975
8140:2024
8129:2023
8110:2022
8095:2021
8084:2020
8073:2019
8058:2018
8047:2017
8036:2016
8025:2015
8010:2014
7999:2013
7988:2012
7969:2011
7958:2010
7947:2009
7936:2008
7921:2007
7906:2006
7891:2005
7880:2004
7869:2003
7858:2002
7843:2001
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7528:1971
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7506:1969
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