1061:(NKGB). Departments of former GUGB were renamed directorates. For example, the foreign intelligence unit known as the Foreign Department (INO) became the Foreign Directorate (INU); the GUGB political police unit represented by the Secret Political Department (SPO) became the Secret Political Directorate (SPU), and so on. The former GUGB 4th Department (OO), was split into three sections. One section, which handled military counterintelligence in NKVD troops (former 11th Section of GUGB 4th Department OO) became the 3rd NKVD Department, or OKR (Otdel KontrRazvedki). The chief of OKR NKVD was Aleksander Belyanov.
323:
474:
40:
662:
1456:
2209:
657:
1284:
652:
1870:
3134:
667:
1314:. Evidence standards were very low: a tip-off by an anonymous informer was considered sufficient grounds for arrest. Use of "physical means of persuasion" (torture) was sanctioned by a special decree of the state, which opened the door to numerous abuses, documented in recollections of victims and members of the NKVD themselves. Hundreds of
1318:
resulting from such operations were later discovered throughout the country. Evidence exists that the NKVD committed mass extrajudicial executions, guided by secret "plans." Those plans established the number and proportion of victims (officially "public enemies") in a given region (e.g., the quotas
1934:
halted NKVD purges. From the 1950s to the 1980s, thousands of victims were legally "rehabilitated," i.e., acquitted with their rights restored. Many of the victims and their relatives refused to apply for rehabilitation, either out of fear or a lack of documents. The rehabilitation was not complete;
1048:
reached its height. In the years 1937 and 1938 alone, at least 1.3 million were arrested and 681,692 were executed for 'crimes against the state'. The Gulag population swelled by 685,201 under Yezhov, nearly tripling in size in just two years, with at least 140,000 of these prisoners (and likely
1040:
with a purge of the regional political police in the autumn of 1936 and formalized by a May 1939 directive of the All-Union NKVD by which all appointments to the local political police were controlled from the center, there was frequent tension between centralized control of local units and the
1938:
Very few NKVD agents were ever officially convicted of a particular violation of anyone's rights. Legally, those agents executed in the 1930s were also "purged" without legitimate a criminal investigation or court decision. In the 1990s and 2000s, a small number of ex-NKVD agents in the
2251:, internment camps set up at the end of World War II in eastern Germany (often in former Nazi POW or concentration camps) and other areas under Soviet domination, to imprison those suspected of collaboration with the Nazis, or others deemed to be troublesome to Soviet ambitions.
552:
25 September] 1917), turned into NKVD (People's
Commissariat of Internal Affairs) under a People's Commissar. However, the NKVD apparatus was overwhelmed by duties inherited from MVD, such as the supervision of the local governments and firefighting, and the
1745:, no evidence that which suggests that the Soviets specifically targeted German and Austrian Communists or others who perceived themselves as "anti-fascists" for deportations to Nazi Germany. Furthermore, many NKVD units later fought the Wehrmacht, for example the
2099:. The scientists were not prisoners, but the project was supervised by the NKVD because of its great importance and the corresponding requirement for absolute security and secrecy. The project also used information obtained by the NKVD from the United States.
1072:, or UOO NKVD USSR. The NKVMF, however, did not return to the NKVD until January 11, 1942. It returned to NKVD control on January 11, 1942, as UOO 9th Department controlled by P. Gladkov. In April 1943, Directorate of Special Departments was transformed into
1052:
On 3 February 1941, the 4th
Department (Special Section, OO) of the GUGB NKVD security service responsible for the Soviet Armed Forces military counterintelligence, consisting of 12 sections and one investigation unit, was separated from the GUGB NKVD USSR.
4189:
4375:
4390:
4380:
1840:
by Stalin's NKVD. The declaration stated that archival material "not only unveils the scale of his horrific tragedy but also provides evidence that the Katyn crime was committed on direct orders from Stalin and other Soviet leaders."
2606:: Many of the Americans asking to return home were communists who had voluntarily moved to the Soviet Union, while others moved to Soviet Union as skilled auto workers at the recently constructed GAZ automobile factory built by the
4194:
3909:
1068:(June 1941), the NKGB USSR was abolished, and on July 20, 1941, the units that formed the NKGB became part of the NKVD. The military CI was also upgraded from a department to a directorate and put in the NKVD organization as the
4149:
4269:
4204:
4054:
3984:
2911:"Eine "Morgengabe" Stalins an den Paktfreund Hitler? Die Auslieferung deutscher Emigranten an das NS-Regime nach Abschluß des Hitler-Stalin-Pakts – eine zwischen den Diktatoren arrangierte Preisgabe von "Antifaschisten"?"
1785:
decrees of 1941 and 1942, which aimed to raise troop morale through brutality and coercion. At the beginning of the war, the NKVD formed 15 rifle divisions, which grew by 1945 to 53 divisions and 28 brigades. Unlike the
617:(GUGB); the separate NKVD of the RSFSR was not resurrected until 1946 (as the MVD of the RSFSR). As a result, the NKVD also took over control of all detention facilities (including the forced labor camps, known as the
4224:
3899:
4385:
4179:
407:
in 1934. During the Great Purge in 1936–1938, on Stalin's orders, the NKVD conducted mass arrests, imprisonment, torture, and executions of hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens. The agency sent millions to the
4370:
3929:
1692:
government, using Soviet military aid to further Soviet influence. The NKVD established numerous secret prisons around Madrid, used to detain, torture, and kill hundreds of the NKVD's enemies, first focusing on
1764:
were used for rear area security, including preventing the retreat of Soviet army divisions. Though mainly intended for internal security, NKVD divisions were sometimes used at the front, for example during the
1553:; in the 1930s, he was responsible for funding anti-communist movements inside the USSR with the support of European governments. Kidnapped in Paris and brought to Moscow, where he was interrogated and executed.
403:, the ministry was tasked with regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. It was disbanded in 1930, and its functions dispersed among other agencies before being reinstated as a
4517:
4334:
4234:
1056:
The official liquidation of OO GUGB within NKVD was announced on 12 February by joint order No. 00151/003 of NKVD and NKGB USSR. The rest of GUGB was abolished, and staff were moved to the newly created
4522:
3999:
3969:
3989:
1481:
were established in nearly every major
Western country, including the United States. The NKVD recruited agents for its espionage efforts from all walks of life, from unemployed intellectuals such as
1396:
to leave the USSR (their original U.S. passports had been taken for 'registration' purposes years before), none were issued. Instead, the NKVD promptly arrested the
Americans, who were all taken to
4512:
4430:
4410:
3850:
4244:
4049:
4124:
2180:
Note: In the first half of 1941 Vsevolod
Merkulov transformed his agency into separate commissariat (ministry), but it was merged back to the people's commissariat of Interior soon after the
4600:
1735:
to coordinate the pacification of Poland. The Soviet Union allegedly deported hundreds of German and
Austrian Communists to Nazi territories as unwanted foreigners. According to the work of
4279:
4144:
3949:
904:
324:
4254:
4024:
1076:
and transferred to the People's
Defense and Commissariates. At the same time, the NKVD was reduced in size and duties again by converting the GUGB to an independent unit named the NKGB.
4440:
4314:
4094:
2197:
Andrei Zhukov singlehandedly identified every single NKVD officer involved in 1930s arrests and killings by researching a Moscow archive. There are just over 40,000 names on the list.
4264:
1935:
in most cases, the formulation was "due to lack of evidence of the case of crime." Only a limited number of persons were rehabilitated with the formulation "cleared of all charges.".
4470:
4354:
1473:
During the 1930s, the NKVD was responsible for political murders of those Stalin believed opposed him. Espionage networks headed by experienced multilingual NKVD officers such as
3994:
4319:
4184:
1419:
The NKVD also served as an arm of the
Russian Soviet communist government for lethal mass persecution and destruction of ethnic minorities and religious beliefs, such as the
4294:
4154:
3320:
3099:
2222:
4339:
4164:
1828:, which were trying to separate from the Soviet Union, among others. The NKVD also executed tens of thousands of Polish political prisoners in 1940–1941, including at the
3959:
3516:
1510:) unit organized overseas assassinations of political enemies of the USSR, such as leaders of nationalist movements, former Tsarist officials, and personal rivals of
897:
1408:
cars they had helped build, where they were tortured; nearly all were executed or died in labor camps. Many of the slain
Americans were dumped in the mass grave at
3145:
3093:
1797:, NKVD agents set fire to the Nazi headquarters and various other targets, eventually burning down much of the city center. Similar actions took place across the
1324:
1306:"), untold multitudes of people were sent to GULAG camps, and hundreds of thousands were executed by the NKVD. Formally, most of these people were convicted by
4329:
1837:
4580:
4134:
4079:
3281:
1798:
1605:, former General of the Tsarist (Imperial Russian) Army, was active in organizing anti-communist groups with the support of French and British governments.
1331:
890:
2064:. Many scientists and engineers arrested for political crimes were placed in special prisons, much more comfortable than the gulag, colloquially known as
4655:
4645:
4590:
4199:
1069:
2070:. These prisoners continued their work in these prisons and were later released. Some of them became world leaders in science and technology. Among the
3289:
3276:
4625:
3810:
2049:. Mining, construction works (roads, railways, canals, dams, and factories), logging, and other functions of the labor camps were part of the Soviet
1813:
1739:
1404:
plant, suspected by Stalin of being 'poisoned' by
Western influences, were dragged off with the others to Lubyanka by the NKVD in the very same Ford
1079:
In 1946, all Soviet commissariats were renamed "ministries." Accordingly, the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR became the
575:. It gained the right to undertake quick non-judicial trials and executions if that was deemed necessary in order to "protect the Russian socialist-
4650:
4640:
4039:
3979:
3330:
3019:
3894:
3509:
3315:
2227:
4605:
4435:
4344:
4209:
3325:
621:), as well as the regular police. At various times, the NKVD had the following Chief Directorates, abbreviated as ""ГУ"ГУ"—Главное управление,
4064:
3889:
3310:
1269:, including authorized murders of many thousands of politicians and citizens, as well as kidnappings, assassinations, and mass deportations.
2510:
4610:
4445:
3266:
695:
529:
400:
191:
4159:
4139:
4019:
3772:
3603:
1080:
1058:
849:
808:
636:
468:
448:
444:
120:
114:
3071:
4480:
4059:
3974:
3838:
3502:
2057:
1836:
issued a declaration acknowledging Stalin's responsibility for the Katyn massacre and the execution of intellectual leaders and 22,000
1727:
Before the German invasion, to accomplish its own goals, the NKVD was prepared to cooperate even with such organizations as the German
1377:
1084:
614:
253:
4615:
4475:
4309:
4239:
4174:
4114:
3954:
3939:
3623:
3608:
2248:
2185:
828:
452:
3934:
3845:
3759:
1852:, which lasted until the early 1950s. NKVD also faced strong opposition in Poland from the Polish resistance movement known as the
1710:
1323:, etc., regardless of identity). The families of the repressed, including children, were also automatically repressed according to
1278:
876:
557:
staffed by proletarians were largely inexperienced and unqualified. Realizing that it was left with no capable security force, the
4620:
4299:
3964:
3919:
3649:
1381:
417:
3144:
For evidence on Soviet espionage in the United States during the Cold War, see the full text of Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks
4635:
4595:
3880:
1681:
2107:
The agency was headed by a people's commissar (minister). His first deputy was the director of State Security Service (GUGB).
4585:
4274:
3803:
3550:
3116:
3003:
2969:
2893:
2866:
2839:
2799:
2757:
2707:
2687:
2628:
2603:
2582:
2518:
2445:
2399:
2379:
2352:
2312:
2285:
533:
4104:
4029:
3860:
3726:
1497:
1389:
4536:
1041:
collusion of those units with local and regional party elements, frequently resulting in the thwarting of Moscow's plans.
4670:
4660:
4400:
4289:
4229:
4214:
1536:
610:
2535:
4415:
4349:
4249:
4169:
4129:
4109:
4069:
4034:
4014:
4009:
3598:
3379:
1174:
1123:
781:
2734:
The Red Millionaire: A Political Biography of Willi Münzenberg, Moscow's Secret Propaganda Tsar in the West, 1917–1940
4119:
3855:
3588:
3169:
3158:
1917:
741:
691:
613:
leaders soon came to call "the leading detachment of our party"), and the OGPU was incorporated into the NKVD as the
599:
558:
424:, to remote areas of the country, resulting in millions of deaths. Hundreds of thousands of NKVD personnel served in
341:
240:
79:
1899:
4420:
4074:
3796:
3708:
3641:
2477:
1385:
2460:
1577:, a Russian revolutionary and anti-Bolshevik terrorist lured back into Russia and allegedly killed in 1924 by the
4044:
3659:
1315:
4665:
4465:
4455:
3875:
3819:
3695:
3200:
2005:
1895:
404:
1380:
of the NKVD in 1937–1938 resulted in the execution of 111,091 Poles. Whole populations of certain ethnicities
1177:
of NKVD had its own ranking system before it was merged into the Soviet military standardized ranking system.
1113:, intelligence, counterintelligence, personal protection (of the leadership), and confidential communications.
4089:
3924:
3914:
3833:
3741:
562:
549:
545:
3178:
4219:
1722:
373:
357:
4500:
4324:
3865:
3718:
3583:
3240:
2910:
2532:
2172:
2030:
1582:
1489:. Besides the gathering of intelligence, these networks provided organizational assistance for so-called
1373:
716:
587:
393:
226:
2779:
2095:
After World War II, the NKVD coordinated work on Soviet nuclear weaponry under the direction of General
4284:
3703:
3023:
2061:
1802:
1622:
1424:
3045:
1094:, the MGB merged back into the MVD. The police and security services finally split in 1954 to become:
4460:
3944:
3731:
1609:
Prominent political dissidents were also found dead under highly suspicious circumstances, including
1432:
609:
In 1934, the NKVD of the RSFSR was transformed into an all-union security force, the NKVD (which the
420:
of hundreds of thousands of Poles, Balts, and Romanians, and millions of ethnic minorities from the
4259:
4099:
2232:
1880:
1845:
1825:
1746:
1685:
1409:
1405:
333:
2749:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
447:(NKGB). In March 1946, the People's Commissariats were renamed to Ministries; the NKVD became the
4425:
4304:
2560:
2559:, "In the underground one can meet only rats") – Нью-Йорк, Издательство «Детинец», 1981, p. 403,
2237:
1884:
1757:
1689:
1420:
291:
436:," preventing retreat. The agency was responsible for foreign assassinations, including that of
4630:
2083:
2078:, head designer of the Soviet rocket program and first human space flight mission in 1961, and
1393:
498:
3150:
2959:
2883:
2829:
2573:
2521:
2302:
2277:
Russian Lawyers and the Soviet State: The Origins and Development of the Soviet Bar, 1917–1939
2275:
1648:
conspiracy and a "Fascist Trotskyite plot" to destroy the Soviet Union. Soviet Consul General
3494:
3138:
2993:
2856:
2369:
2342:
2008:
and earlier its communist party along with training activists during World War II. The first
1891:
1794:
1550:
1532:
1428:
1303:
482:
2421:
1668:
were among the 435 alleged conspirators in the plot. Xinjiang came under Soviet influence.
1384:. Foreigners living in the Soviet Union were given particular attention. When disillusioned
4675:
4084:
3904:
3788:
2422:
Dual subordination ? The political police and the party in the Urals region, 1918–1953
2243:
2181:
1766:
1750:
1564:
1521:, a personal political enemy of Stalin and his most bitter international critic, killed in
1343:
1266:
1065:
1302:
In implemention of Soviet internal policy towards perceived enemies of the Soviet state ("
8:
3560:
2214:
2009:
1967:
1817:
1793:
In enemy-held territories, the NKVD carried out numerous missions of sabotage. After the
1467:
494:
369:
349:
139:
1626:
1563:, fled to France after the Bolshevik takeover; responsible for funding and coordinating
4004:
3193:
2805:
2607:
2038:
1713:, and his colleagues were tortured and killed in an NKVD prison in Alcalá de Henares.
1698:
1502:
541:
513:
2013:
1355:
1227:
Senior Lieutenant of State Security (Junior Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)
1098:
The USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), responsible for the criminal militia and
3261:
3112:
2999:
2965:
2922:
2889:
2862:
2835:
2809:
2795:
2753:
2703:
2683:
2624:
2599:
2578:
2514:
2503:
2441:
2395:
2375:
2348:
2308:
2281:
2163:
2156:
2133:
1995:
1931:
1770:
1677:
1602:
1560:
1528:
1296:
572:
486:
473:
182:
1829:
1812:) carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions. The targets included both
3777:
2787:
2556:
2096:
2088:
2042:
1610:
1474:
1413:
1347:
1110:
306:
282:
3100:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag
2223:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag
3271:
3235:
3173:
2858:
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
2747:
2700:
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
2539:
2464:
2328:
2149:
2140:
2050:
1849:
1761:
1694:
1649:
1596:
1578:
1568:
1478:
1459:
1444:
1397:
1262:
425:
389:
353:
220:
144:
1680:, the NKVD ran Section X, coordinating the Soviet intervention on behalf of the
1455:
3256:
3230:
3225:
2119:
2112:
2079:
2075:
1731:. In March 1940, representatives of the NKVD and the Gestapo met for a week in
1574:
1556:
1546:
1482:
1351:
1288:
1091:
1037:
946:ГУПВО – пограничной и внутренней охраны, of Border and Internal Guards (GUPVO,
478:
443:
Within 1941 and from 1943 to 1946, secret police functions were split into the
433:
385:
381:
214:
208:
2791:
656:
4575:
4569:
4551:
4538:
3525:
3305:
3208:
3186:
2926:
2643:, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), p. 18: NKVD expression for a political murder
2126:
1971:
1963:
1940:
1853:
1782:
1778:
1588:
1511:
1463:
1335:
1330:
The purges were organized in a number of waves according to decisions of the
1311:
1233:
Junior Lieutenant of State Security (Sergeant of State Security, before 1942)
1211:
Lieutenant Colonel of State Security (Captain of State Security, before 1943)
661:
651:
365:
345:
134:
39:
3072:"Stalin's secret police finally named but killings still not seen as crimes"
1706:
1493:, where enemies of the USSR either disappeared or were openly liquidated.
1283:
1198:
Commissioner of State Security (Senior Major of State Security, before 1943)
3677:
3570:
3545:
3529:
3020:"Lviv museum recounts Soviet massacres | Центр досліджень визвольного руху"
2045:
were among the explicitly stated goals in the first laws concerning Soviet
1991:
1702:
1633:
1618:
1518:
1292:
746:
591:
437:
413:
377:
337:
195:
171:
154:
3166:
1974:, and other agents who provided valuable intelligence during World War II.
1214:
Major of State Security (Senior Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)
4485:
3555:
3094:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Violence and terror
1641:
1522:
1486:
1339:
1307:
1045:
537:
361:
149:
4507:
3749:
3399:
Troops in Security of Industrial Infrastructure of Specially Importance
2457:
2046:
1833:
1665:
1645:
1230:
Lieutenant of State Security (Sergeant of State Security, before 1942)
3351:
2066:
1956:
1821:
1787:
1774:
1657:
1653:
1640:
received NKVD assistance to conduct a purge coinciding with Stalin's
1614:
1540:
1376:
related to persecution of entire ethnic categories. For example, the
1224:
Captain of State Security (Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)
982:ГУЛаг– Главное управление исправительно-трудовых лагерей и колоний, (
933:
576:
548:
24 July] 1917) and Alexei Niketan (from 8 October [
525:
521:
2115:, both people's commissar of Interior and director of State Security
1869:
3631:
3371:
2736:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (2004), pp. 304–305
1844:
NKVD units were also used to repress the prolonged partisan war in
1732:
1661:
1637:
1320:
508:
429:
421:
4490:
4450:
2056:
The most unusual part of the NKVD's achievements was its role in
2034:
1728:
1440:
1363:
594:
formed, with the RSFSR as its largest member. The GPU became the
2995:
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory
2574:
Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia.
1208:
Colonel of State Security (Major of State Security, before 1943)
1049:
many more) dying of malnutrition, exhaustion and the elements.
3133:
1359:
1099:
1073:
187:
159:
3524:
2533:Газовые душегубки: сделано в СССР (Gas vans: made in the USSR)
666:
3685:
3578:
3540:
3346:
2026:
1977:
Recruitment of important UK officials as agents in the 1940s.
1514:. Among the officially confirmed victims of such plots were:
1436:
1291:(middle) inspecting construction of what was then called the
1137:
1018:
983:
931:ГУРКМ – рабоче-крестьянской милиции, of Workers and Peasants
686:
618:
567:
517:
464:
409:
259:
3818:
2001:
Disruption of several confirmed plots to assassinate Stalin.
1595:, deliberately entered Russia in 1925, trying to expose the
1443:, and other religious organizations, an operation headed by
1400:
and later shot. American factory workers at the Soviet Ford
3767:
1790:, the NKVD did not field any armored or mechanized units.
1367:
919:
602:
of the USSR. The NKVD of the RSFSR retained control of the
595:
502:
565:
7 December] 1917) a secret political police, the
268:
Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security (GUPiVO).
4601:
People's commissariats and ministries of the Soviet Union
4495:
4190:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
3667:
3613:
2555:Григоренко П.Г. В подполье можно встретить только крыс… (
1992:
Collection of detailed nuclear weapons design information
1985:
1981:
1930:
After the death of Stalin in 1953, the new Soviet leader
1809:
1592:
1401:
1106:
1014:
871:
2831:
Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence
955:ГУПО – пожарной охраны, of Firefighting Services (GUPO,
918:ГУГБ – государственной безопасности, of State Security (
340:
from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the
3146:
from the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)
2786:, Princeton University Press, p. 115, 2018-12-31,
2086:
was also imprisoned in a sharashka and based his novel
1943:
were convicted of crimes against the local population.
1024:
Glavnoye upravleniye voyennoplennikh i internirovannikh
3046:"Russia: Stalin Called Responsible for Katyn Killings"
2368:
Semukhina, Olga B.; Reynolds, Kenneth Michael (2013).
2341:
Semukhina, Olga B.; Reynolds, Kenneth Michael (2013).
1955:
Establishment of a widespread spy network through the
1186:
Commissioner General of State Security (later in 1935)
3109:
The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945
2033:
and the development of remote areas. Colonization of
1535:
leader attempting to create a separatist movement in
296:
4376:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
2621:
The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia
2596:
The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia
2204:
1334:. Some examples are the campaigns among engineers (
4391:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
3995:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
2745:
1701:, then after late 1938 increasingly anarchists and
2854:
2166:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2159:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2143:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2136:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2129:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2025:The extensive system of labor exploitation in the
1736:
1168:
1117:
940:Glavnoye upravleniye raboče-krest'yanskoi militsyi
4155:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
3594:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
2827:
2367:
2340:
1644:in 1937. Sheng and the Soviets alleged a massive
1261:The main function of the NKVD was to protect the
925:Glavnoye upravleniye gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti
4567:
4381:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
3834:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
2946:The Red Army of the Great Patriotic War, 1941–45
2881:
2752:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 151.
590:, or GPU, of the NKVD of the RSFSR. In 1922 the
561:of the RSFSR established (20 December [
485:then head of SOU OGPU and deputy head OGPU, and
416:camps and, during World War II, carried out the
307:[nɐˈrodnɨjkəmʲɪsərʲɪˈatˈvnutrʲɪnʲɪɣdʲel]
20:People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD)
3604:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)
2439:The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia
2228:Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services
964:ГУШосДор – шоссейных дорог, of Highways (GUŠD,
598:(Joint State Political Directorate), under the
2834:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 288–289.
2053:, and the NKVD had its own production plans.
1684:. NKVD agents acting in conjunction with the
1388:in the Soviet Union thronged the gates of the
1252:Junior Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)
1246:Senior Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)
1243:Master Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)
356:functions. The NKVD is known for carrying out
3804:
3510:
3194:
2915:Zeitschrift des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat
2885:Between Two Fires: Europe's Path in the 1930s
1022:
1005:
996:
987:
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
923:
898:
622:
428:divisions in defensive battles alongside the
399:First established in 1917 as the NKVD of the
315:
25:
16:Secret police of the Soviet Union (1934–1946)
4581:Law enforcement agencies of the Soviet Union
4195:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
3910:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
3396:Troops in Security of Railway Infrastructure
2654:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
1013:ГУВПИ – военнопленных и интернированных, of
776:(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
530:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
516:of 1917 saw a seizure of state power led by
3209:People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (
2723:, New York: G. P. Putnam (1945), pp. 17, 22
2698:Andrew, Christopher and Mitrokhin, Vasili,
2669:, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), pp. 232–233
2508:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis.
2280:. Princeton University Press. p. 230.
1898:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1450:
1412:, near Moscow. However, the people of the
469:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
4656:Government agencies disestablished in 1946
4646:1946 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
4591:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Russia
4330:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
4150:Installation and Special Construction Work
3811:
3797:
3517:
3503:
3201:
3187:
3167:Memorial: history of the OGPU/NKVD/MGB/KGB
2656:, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999)
2334:
1946:
1716:
973:ГУЖД – железных дорог, of Railways (GUŽD,
905:
891:
815:(People's Commissariat for State Security)
481:, then (1924) 1st deputy head of SOU OGPU
279:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
4270:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
4135:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
3750:Department of State Security (Securitate)
3599:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)
3151:NKVD.org: information site about the NKVD
2940:
2938:
2936:
2300:
1918:Learn how and when to remove this message
1416:were still the majority of NKVD victims.
1195:Commissioner of State Security, 3rd Class
1192:Commissioner of State Security, 2nd Class
1189:Commissioner of State Security, 1st Class
348:organization, and thus had a monopoly on
4626:Political repression in the Soviet Union
4486:Standards and Product Quality Management
3820:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
3632:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)
3589:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)
3106:
2957:
2269:
2267:
2184:. In 1943 Merkulov once again split his
1454:
1358:during the Great Purge in the cities of
1282:
1279:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1059:People's Commissariat for State Security
995:ГЭУ – экономическое, of Economics (GEU,
645:
634:
472:
458:
445:People's Commissariat for State Security
115:People's Commissariat for State Security
4651:Government agencies established in 1934
4641:1934 establishments in the Soviet Union
4205:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
4200:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
3985:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
2991:
2908:
2388:
2371:Understanding the Modern Russian Police
2344:Understanding the Modern Russian Police
1688:exercised substantial control over the
1660:, Mahmud Sijan, the official leader of
1272:
1249:Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)
1105:The USSR Committee for State Security (
1004:ГТУ – транспортное, of Transport (GTU,
989:Glavnoye upravleniye lagerey i kolonii
4568:
3768:Department of National Security (OZNA)
3111:(paperback). London: William Collins.
3069:
2948:, Osprey Publishing, (1989), pp. 21–22
2933:
2780:"4. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)"
2577:New York: Cambridge University Press.
2497:
2307:. Yale University Press. p. 125.
2273:
2102:
1466:(in background) and Stalin's daughter
1083:(MVD), while the NKGB was renamed the
700:(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)
532:(RSFSR). The Provisional Government's
4606:Intelligence services of World War II
4225:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
3900:Installation and Special Construction
3792:
3773:Directorate for State Security (UDBA)
3551:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
3498:
3182:
3159:MVD: 200-year history of the Ministry
3043:
2264:
2249:NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–49
1994:from the U.S. and Britain during the
1980:Penetration of British intelligence (
1859:
305:
265:Main Directorate of Militsiya (GURKM)
4386:Construction in the Southern Regions
4180:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
4040:Electrical Power and Electrification
3980:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
3727:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)
3417:Camps of Hydrotechnical Construction
1896:adding citations to reliable sources
1863:
1756:After the German invasion, the NKVD
1705:as objects of persecution. In 1937,
1671:
1265:of the Soviet Union through massive
1044:During Yezhov's time in office, the
788:(Main Directorate of State Security)
606:and various other responsibilities.
298:Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del
32:Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del
4611:Law enforcement in communist states
4371:Construction in the Eastern Regions
3930:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
3686:Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
2652:John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr,
2304:Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator
2029:made a notable contribution to the
1338:), party and military elite plots (
1066:German invasion of the Soviet Union
998:Glavnoye ekonomičeskoie upravleniye
949:GU pograničnoi i vnytrennei okhrany
751:(Joint State Political Directorate)
615:Main Directorate for State Security
611:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
287:Народный комиссариат внутренних дел
254:Main Directorate for State Security
27:Народный комиссариат внутренних дел
13:
4345:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
4210:Manufacture of Communication Media
3614:Committee for State Security (KGB)
3086:
1256:
1175:Main Directorate of State Security
1070:Directorate of Special Departments
1036:Until the reorganization begun by
1007:Glavnoye transportnoie upravleniye
14:
4687:
3890:Agricultural Products Procurement
3778:Counterintelligence Service (KOS)
3650:Committee for State Security (DS)
3584:State Political Directorate (GPU)
3126:
3070:Walker, Shaun (6 February 2017).
3044:Barry, Ellen (26 November 2010).
2182:Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union
2152:, people's commissar of Interior
2122:, people's commissar of Interior
2020:
540:(from March 1917) and then under
342:Joint State Political Directorate
80:Joint State Political Directorate
4616:Human rights in the Soviet Union
3960:Communication Equipment Industry
3709:Ministry of Internal Affairs III
3704:State Protection Authority (ÁVH)
3609:Ministry of State Security (MGB)
3579:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
3347:Camps and Places of Imprisonment
3132:
2207:
2175:, people's commissar of Interior
2082:, the famous airplane designer.
1868:
1559:, Prime Minister of independent
1332:Politburo of the Communist Party
1147:Department of Civil Registration
877:Council of Ministers of the USSR
665:
660:
655:
650:
586:was reorganized in 1922, as the
405:commissariat of the Soviet Union
38:
4335:Tool and Tool Building Industry
3063:
3037:
3012:
2985:
2951:
2902:
2875:
2848:
2821:
2772:
2739:
2726:
2713:
2692:
2672:
2659:
2646:
2633:
2613:
2588:
2565:
2561:Full text of the book (Russian)
2549:
2526:
2470:
2451:
1664:province, Huang Han-chang, and
1571:, he was assassinated in Paris.
1551:Tsarist (Imperial Russian) Army
1169:Ranking system (State Security)
1118:Main Directorates (Departments)
646:
555:Workers' and Peasants' Militias
451:(MVD), and the NKGB became the
4621:National security institutions
3975:Construction of Heavy Industry
3414:Political Propaganda of Troops
3352:Workers' and Peasants' Militia
2961:Smersh: Stalin's Secret Weapon
2484:Новая газета – Novayagazeta.ru
2431:
2414:
2405:
2361:
2321:
2294:
2240:, an NKVD case pursued in 1938
1758:evacuated and killed prisoners
881:(Committee for State Security)
857:(Ministry of Internal Affairs)
600:Council of People's Commissars
559:Council of People's Commissars
241:Council of People's Commissars
1:
4636:1934 establishments in Russia
4596:Defunct intelligence agencies
4240:Mineral Fertilizer Production
4000:Construction of Tool-Machines
3970:Construction of Fuel Industry
3372:Construction at the Far North
3362:State Filming and Cartography
2888:. W. W. Norton. p. 308.
2329:KGB: The State Within a State
2257:
1832:. On November 26, 2010, the
1816:and members of non-communist
1090:In 1953, after the arrest of
1031:
727:(State Political Directorate)
4586:Soviet intelligence agencies
3990:Construction of Power Plants
3935:Cellulose and Paper Industry
3356:Border and Internal Security
3022:. 2019-01-15. Archived from
2746:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).
2682:, St. Ermin's Press (2004),
1760:. During World War II, NKVD
1623:German Communist Party (KPD)
1131:Border and Internal Security
1081:Ministry of Internal Affairs
836:(Ministry of State Security)
534:Ministry of Internal Affairs
449:Ministry of Internal Affairs
372:and other operations on the
121:Ministry of Internal Affairs
7:
3920:Building Materials Industry
2861:. Basic Books. p. 73.
2855:Christopher Andrew (2000).
2394:Blank Pages by G.C.Malcher
2301:Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015).
2200:
2192:
2006:People's Republic of Poland
1984:) and counterintelligence (
1599:to avenge Savinkov's death.
1374:mass operations of the NKVD
1023:
1006:
997:
988:
975:
966:
957:
948:
939:
924:
623:
588:State Political Directorate
380:. The head of the NKVD was
297:
10:
4692:
4671:Imprisonment and detention
4661:Civil rights and liberties
4080:Foreign Economic Relations
3426:Railway Construction Camps
3423:Railway Construction Camps
3411:Railway Construction Camps
2828:Robert W. Pringle (2015).
2571:Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011).
2092:on his experiences there.
1814:collaborators with Germany
1720:
1276:
1219:Mid-level commanding staff
1181:Top-level commanding staff
1138:Correction and Labor camps
1128:Workers-Peasants Militsiya
1085:Ministry of State Security
462:
453:Ministry of State Security
4518:Timber and Paper Industry
4399:
4363:
4275:Power and Electrification
4050:Electrotechnical Industry
3874:
3826:
3758:
3740:
3717:
3694:
3676:
3658:
3640:
3622:
3569:
3536:
3433:
3339:
3298:
3249:
3218:
2909:Mensing, Wilhelm (2006).
2882:David Clay Large (1991).
2792:10.1515/9780691184241-005
2610:. All were U.S. citizens.
2479:Человек в кожаном фартуке
2374:. CRC Press. p. 58.
2347:. CRC Press. p. 74.
1425:Ukrainian Orthodox Church
1143:Other smaller departments
544:(from 6 August [
512:. The subsequent Russian
336:and secret police of the
316:
286:
260:Main Directorate of Camps
246:
236:
201:
177:
167:
130:
107:
89:
72:
54:
49:
37:
26:
24:
4446:Labour and Social Issues
4125:Housing and Architecture
4105:General Machine-Building
4055:Environmental Protection
3368:Measurements and Weights
2992:Sanford, George (2007).
2958:Birstein, Vadim (2013).
2486:(in Russian). 2010-08-02
2478:
2467:DocumentsTalk.com, 2008.
2233:10th NKVD Rifle Division
1826:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1747:10th NKVD Rifle Division
1723:Gestapo–NKVD conferences
1686:Communist Party of Spain
1549:, former General of the
1451:International operations
1410:Yuzhnoye Butovo District
1356:used in the Soviet Union
745:of the Sovnarkom of the
524:, who established a new
4280:Pulp and Paper Industry
4230:Medium Machine-Building
4215:Meat and Dairy Industry
4145:Industrial Construction
2964:. Biteback Publishing.
2538:August 3, 2019, at the
2274:Huskey, Eugene (2014).
2238:Hitler Youth conspiracy
1947:Intelligence activities
1717:World War II operations
1709:, the secretary of the
1485:to aristocrats such as
1421:Russian Orthodox Church
1382:were forcibly resettled
1346:), and medical staff ("
1310:("triplets") – special
1238:Junior commanding staff
1203:Senior commanding staff
1109:), responsible for the
1100:correctional facilities
785:of the NKVD of the USSR
392:from 1938 to 1946, and
4523:Transport Construction
4481:Science and Technology
4350:Transport Construction
4255:Nuclear Power Industry
4250:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
4130:Heavy Machine Building
4035:Electrical Engineering
3420:Local Anti-Air Defense
3107:Hastings, Max (2015).
2702:, Basic Books (2000),
2623:Penguin Press (2008),
2598:Penguin Press (2008),
2437:Figes, Orlando (2007)
2426:Cahiers du monde russe
2411:ispravitelno-trudovykh
2084:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1749:, which fought at the
1567:organizations and the
1470:
1390:U.S. embassy in Moscow
1299:
1295:, 1935. Behind him is
1017:and interned persons (
536:(MVD), formerly under
505:police and set up the
499:Provisional Government
490:
95:; 78 years ago
60:; 90 years ago
4666:Freedom of expression
4315:Technical Cultivation
4095:Fruits and Vegetables
3732:Security Service (SB)
3408:Military Construction
2004:Establishment of the
1591:, a British agent of
1533:Ukrainian nationalist
1458:
1429:Roman Catholic Church
1304:enemies of the people
1286:
1134:Firefighting security
483:Vyacheslav Menzhinsky
476:
459:History and structure
4513:Television and Radio
4265:Oil and Gas Industry
4045:Electronics Industry
3895:Agriculture and Food
3846:Presidential Council
3668:State Security (StB)
3434:Territorial agencies
3141:at Wikimedia Commons
2719:Barmine, Alexander,
2665:Barmine, Alexander,
2639:Barmine, Alexander,
2244:NKVD filtration camp
1892:improve this section
1818:resistance movements
1808:The NKVD (later the
1799:occupied Byelorussia
1767:Battle of Stalingrad
1751:Battle of Stalingrad
1695:Spanish Nationalists
1565:Georgian nationalist
1325:NKVD Order no. 00486
1273:Domestic repressions
1267:political repression
958:GU polaronic okhrany
637:Chronology of Soviet
624:Glavnoye upravleniye
477:Early NKVD leaders,
358:political repression
108:Superseding agencies
4552:55.7606°N 37.6281°E
4548: /
4364:Regional ministries
3561:Inner German border
3026:on January 15, 2019
2542:by Dmitry Sokolov,
2215:Soviet Union portal
2188:this time for good.
2103:People's Commissars
2010:President of Poland
1820:such as the Polish
1682:Spanish Republicans
1319:for clergy, former
967:GU šosseynykh doors
631:
495:February Revolution
489:chief of OGPU, 1924
434:blocking formations
388:from 1936 to 1938,
384:from 1934 to 1936,
370:counterintelligence
140:Intelligence agency
21:
4476:State of Emergency
4431:Defense Technology
4411:Building Materials
4355:Urban Construction
4065:Ferrous Metallurgy
3851:Federation Council
3405:Military Logistics
3286:Aleksandr Kovalyov
3282:Vasiliy Chernyshov
3172:2016-12-10 at the
3050:The New York Times
2944:Zaloga, Steven J.
2678:Orlov, Alexander,
2608:Ford Motor Company
2463:2020-10-08 at the
2428:22 (2001):423–446.
2012:after the war was
1860:Postwar operations
1632:Pro-Soviet leader
1539:; assassinated in
1503:special operations
1471:
1300:
1293:Moskva-Volga Canal
1173:In 1935–1945, the
1162:Special assignment
976:GU železnykh dorog
630:
542:Nikolai Avksentiev
514:October Revolution
493:After the Russian
491:
310:), abbreviated as
181:11-13 ulitsa Bol.
19:
4531:
4530:
4090:Forestry Industry
3925:Chemical Industry
3915:Aviation Industry
3786:
3785:
3492:
3491:
3340:Main Directorates
3262:Mikhail Frinovsky
3137:Media related to
3118:978-0-00-750374-2
3005:978-1-134-30299-4
2971:978-1-84954-689-8
2895:978-0-393-30757-3
2868:978-0-465-00312-9
2841:978-1-4422-5318-6
2801:978-0-691-18424-1
2759:978-0-521-25514-1
2708:978-0-465-00312-9
2688:978-1-903608-05-0
2680:The March of Time
2629:978-1-59420-168-4
2619:Tzouliadis, Tim,
2604:978-1-59420-168-4
2594:Tzouliadis, Tim,
2583:978-0-521-19196-8
2519:978-0-674-58749-6
2504:Timothy J. Colton
2446:978-0-8050-7461-1
2400:978-1-897984-00-0
2381:978-1-4398-0349-3
2354:978-1-4822-1887-9
2327:Yevgenia Albats,
2314:978-0-300-16694-1
2287:978-1-4008-5451-6
2164:Vsevolod Merkulov
2157:Vsevolod Merkulov
2134:Mikhail Frinovsky
1996:Manhattan Project
1932:Nikita Khrushchev
1928:
1927:
1920:
1771:Crimean offensive
1699:Spanish Catholics
1678:Spanish Civil War
1672:Spanish Civil War
1603:Alexander Kutepov
1529:Yevhen Konovalets
1392:to plead for new
1386:American citizens
1297:Nikita Khrushchev
915:
914:
673:
672:
639:security agencies
573:Felix Dzerzhinsky
487:Felix Dzerzhinsky
432:, as well as in "
418:mass deportations
334:interior ministry
295:
275:
274:
202:Agency executives
4683:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4557:55.7606; 37.6281
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4456:People's Control
4401:State Committees
4320:Textile Industry
4220:Medical Industry
4185:Machine Building
4160:Internal Affairs
4140:Higher Education
4075:Fishing Industry
4020:Defense Industry
3861:Security Council
3813:
3806:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3528:agencies in the
3519:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3299:NKVD Secretaries
3290:Vasiliy Karutsky
3277:Semyon Zhukovsky
3203:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3165:
3157:
3136:
3122:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2743:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2721:One Who Survived
2717:
2711:
2696:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2667:One Who Survived
2663:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2641:One Who Survived
2637:
2631:
2617:
2611:
2592:
2586:
2569:
2563:
2557:Petro Grigorenko
2553:
2547:
2530:
2524:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2474:
2468:
2455:
2449:
2435:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2338:
2332:
2331:. 1995, page 101
2325:
2319:
2318:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2097:Pavel Sudoplatov
2089:The First Circle
2062:arms development
2016:, an NKVD agent.
1951:These included:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1872:
1864:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1650:Garegin Apresoff
1627:Willi Münzenberg
1611:Walter Krivitsky
1508:Inostranny Otdel
1475:Pavel Sudoplatov
1414:Soviet Republics
1378:Polish Operation
1150:Financial (FINO)
1111:political police
1026:
1009:
1000:
991:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
927:
907:
900:
893:
882:
867:
858:
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4404:and commissions
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4295:Rubber Industry
4235:Merchant Marine
4060:Foreign Affairs
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3429:
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3272:Leonid Zakovsky
3245:
3236:Lavrentiy Beria
3214:
3207:
3174:Wayback Machine
3163:
3155:
3129:
3119:
3089:
3087:Further reading
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2150:Lavrentiy Beria
2141:Lavrentiy Beria
2105:
2051:planned economy
2023:
2014:Bolesław Bierut
1949:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1889:
1873:
1862:
1777:under Stalin's
1762:Internal Troops
1740:Wilhelm Mensing
1738:
1737:
1725:
1719:
1711:Trotskyist POUM
1674:
1597:Trust Operation
1579:Trust Operation
1569:August uprising
1479:Iskhak Akhmerov
1460:Lavrentiy Beria
1453:
1445:Yevgeny Tuchkov
1433:Greek Catholics
1398:Lubyanka Prison
1281:
1275:
1259:
1257:NKVD activities
1171:
1156:Human resources
1120:
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3328:
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3321:Mikhail Petrov
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3259:
3257:Nikolai Yezhov
3253:
3251:
3250:NKVD Collegium
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3241:Sergei Kruglov
3238:
3233:
3231:Nikolai Yezhov
3228:
3226:Genrikh Yagoda
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3127:External links
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2120:Nikolai Yezhov
2116:
2113:Genrikh Yagoda
2104:
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2080:Andrei Tupolev
2076:Sergey Korolev
2058:Soviet science
2031:Soviet economy
2022:
2021:Soviet economy
2019:
2018:
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2002:
1999:
1989:
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1962:Operations of
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1557:Noe Ramishvili
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1547:Yevgeny Miller
1544:
1537:Soviet Ukraine
1531:, a prominent
1526:
1483:Mark Zborowski
1452:
1449:
1394:U.S. passports
1312:courts martial
1289:Genrikh Yagoda
1274:
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1263:state security
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1092:Lavrenty Beria
1038:Nikolai Yezhov
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501:dissolved the
479:Genrikh Yagoda
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386:Nikolai Yezhov
382:Genrikh Yagoda
354:state security
314:(Russian:
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3101:
3096:
3095:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2998:. Routledge.
2997:
2996:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:(in German).
2916:
2912:
2905:
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2891:
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2878:
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2860:
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2797:
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2775:
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2755:
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2742:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:Belknap Press
2509:
2505:
2500:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2391:
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2373:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
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2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:Yakov Agranov
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:Willi Lehmann
1969:
1968:Red Orchestra
1965:
1964:Richard Sorge
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1941:Baltic states
1936:
1933:
1922:
1919:
1911:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1877:This section
1875:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1854:Armia Krajowa
1851:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1783:Order No. 227
1780:
1779:Order No. 270
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
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1679:
1669:
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1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:, and former
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:Sidney Reilly
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:Joseph Stalin
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1464:Joseph Stalin
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:Doctors' Plot
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Shakhty Trial
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
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1141:
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1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
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1062:
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1054:
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1047:
1042:
1039:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
950:
945:
941:
936:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
916:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
886:
885:
878:
874:
873:
869:
866:
862:
861:
853:
852:
848:
845:
841:
840:
832:
831:
827:
824:
820:
819:
811:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
794:
784:
783:
779:
778:
772:
771:
767:
764:
760:
756:
755:
748:
744:
743:
739:
736:
732:
731:
723:
719:
718:
714:
710:
705:
704:
697:
693:
689:
688:
684:
681:
677:
676:
668:
663:
658:
653:
649:
648:
644:
641:
640:
633:
628:
625:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
579:revolution."
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
504:
500:
497:of 1917, the
496:
488:
484:
480:
475:
470:
466:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Eastern Front
371:
368:, as well as
367:
366:Joseph Stalin
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:secret police
343:
339:
335:
328:
313:
308:
299:
293:
284:
280:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
251:
249:
245:
242:
239:
237:Parent agency
235:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:Secret police
133:
129:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
110:
106:
100:15 March 1946
93:15 March 1946
92:
88:
81:
78:
77:
75:
71:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
33:
23:
4533:
4421:Construction
4300:Shipbuilding
4260:Oil Industry
4100:Gas Industry
3965:Construction
3678:East Germany
3593:
3571:Soviet Union
3546:Iron Curtain
3530:Eastern Bloc
3476:Turkmenistan
3326:Pyotr Sharia
3210:
3164:(in Russian)
3156:(in Russian)
3108:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3076:The Guardian
3075:
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3049:
3039:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3014:
2994:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2960:
2953:
2945:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2884:
2877:
2857:
2850:
2830:
2823:
2813:, retrieved
2783:
2774:
2763:. Retrieved
2748:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2699:
2694:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2620:
2615:
2595:
2590:
2572:
2567:
2551:
2546:, 09.10.2012
2543:
2528:
2507:
2499:
2488:. Retrieved
2483:
2472:
2453:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2390:
2370:
2363:
2343:
2336:
2323:
2303:
2296:
2276:
2196:
2179:
2178:
2106:
2094:
2087:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2024:
1950:
1937:
1929:
1914:
1905:
1890:Please help
1878:
1843:
1807:
1795:fall of Kiev
1792:
1755:
1726:
1675:
1634:Sheng Shicai
1631:
1619:Ignace Reiss
1608:
1519:Leon Trotsky
1507:
1501:
1498:intelligence
1495:
1491:wet business
1490:
1472:
1418:
1372:A number of
1371:
1329:
1308:NKVD troikas
1301:
1260:
1172:
1142:
1089:
1078:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1035:
932:
870:
864:
850:
843:
829:
822:
807:
801:
797:
780:
769:
768:
762:
758:
740:
734:
724:of the RSFSR
721:
715:
708:
685:
679:
635:
608:
603:
583:
581:
566:
554:
528:regime, the
506:
492:
442:
438:Leon Trotsky
414:forced labor
401:Russian SFSR
398:
378:World War II
350:intelligence
338:Soviet Union
311:
278:
276:
196:Soviet Union
178:Headquarters
172:Soviet Union
168:Jurisdiction
155:Border guard
65:10 July 1934
58:10 July 1934
31:
4676:Internments
4555: /
4305:State Farms
3556:Berlin Wall
3311:Yakov Deich
3055:17 November
2784:Secret Wars
2047:labor camps
1988:) services.
1838:Polish POWs
1703:Trotskyists
1642:Great Purge
1523:Mexico City
1496:The NKVD's
1487:Martha Dodd
1344:Order 00447
1340:Great Purge
1316:mass graves
1287:NKVD chief
1159:Secretariat
1046:Great Purge
854:of the USSR
833:of the USSR
812:of the USSR
773:of the USSR
538:Georgy Lvov
362:Great Purge
332:), was the
223:(1938–1946)
217:(1936–1938)
211:(1934–1936)
150:Gendarmerie
44:NKVD emblem
4570:Categories
4543:37°37′41″E
4540:55°45′38″N
4508:Statistics
4471:Metallurgy
4466:Publishing
4245:Metallurgy
3876:Ministries
3760:Yugoslavia
3482:Tajikistan
3479:Uzbekistan
3473:Kyrgyzstan
3470:Kazakhstan
3455:Azerbaijan
3443:Belorussia
3267:Lev Belsky
3091:See also:
3030:2020-11-17
2815:2022-02-07
2765:2010-12-31
2490:2019-01-21
2458:GUGB NKVD.
2258:References
2171:1945–1946
2162:1941–1943
2155:1938–1941
2148:1938–1945
2132:1937–1938
2125:1936–1937
2118:1936–1938
2111:1934–1936
2067:sharashkas
2041:, and the
1834:State Duma
1775:desertions
1773:. to stem
1721:See also:
1707:Andrés Nin
1690:Republican
1666:Hoja-Niyaz
1652:, General
1646:Trotskyist
1277:See also:
1064:After the
1032:Yezhov era
522:Bolsheviks
412:system of
4451:Logistics
4030:Education
3827:All-Union
3464:Lithuania
3219:Ministers
2927:0948-9878
2810:227568935
2585:. p. 217.
2513:, 1998. Ù
2448:, p. 234.
2072:sharashka
2039:Far North
1957:Comintern
1908:July 2015
1879:does not
1822:Home Army
1788:Waffen-SS
1658:Ma Shaowu
1654:Ma Hushan
1615:Lev Sedov
1541:Rotterdam
934:Militsiya
692:Sovnarkom
604:militsiya
577:communist
571:, led by
526:Bolshevik
507:People's
396:in 1946.
292:romanized
90:Dissolved
4501:Chairmen
4290:Railways
4085:Forestry
3950:Commerce
3905:Armament
3866:Premiers
3642:Bulgaria
3467:Moldavia
3376:Archives
3365:Highways
3170:Archived
2536:Archived
2461:Archived
2201:See also
2193:Officers
2043:Far East
1848:and the
1824:and the
1769:and the
1733:Zakopane
1662:Xinjiang
1638:Xinjiang
1525:in 1940.
1468:Svetlana
1352:Gas vans
937:(GURKM,
520:and the
509:Militias
430:Red Army
422:Caucasus
360:and the
183:Lubyanka
4426:Defense
4170:Justice
4110:Geology
4070:Finance
4025:Economy
4015:Defense
4010:Culture
3742:Romania
3696:Hungary
3624:Albania
3458:Estonia
3452:Armenia
3449:Georgia
3446:Ukraine
3384:Economy
2710:, p. 75
2035:Siberia
1966:, the "
1900:removed
1885:sources
1850:Baltics
1846:Ukraine
1803:Ukraine
1729:Gestapo
1676:In the
1625:member
1581:of the
1561:Georgia
1441:Judaism
1406:Model A
1364:Ivanovo
1087:(MGB).
875:of the
865:1954–91
844:1953–54
823:1946–53
802:1943–46
763:1941–43
759:1934–41
735:1923–34
720:of the
709:1922–23
694:of the
690:of the
680:1917–22
503:Tsarist
455:(MGB).
344:(OGPU)
294::
283:Russian
262:(Gulag)
98: (
63: (
4461:Prices
4120:Health
4005:Cotton
3719:Poland
3461:Latvia
3440:Russia
3115:
3002:
2977:4 June
2968:
2925:
2921:(20).
2892:
2865:
2838:
2808:
2798:
2756:
2706:
2686:
2627:
2602:
2581:
2522:p. 286
2517:
2444:
2402:, p. 7
2398:
2378:
2351:
2311:
2284:
2186:agency
2037:, the
1427:, the
1423:, the
1366:, and
1360:Moscow
1321:nobles
1074:SMERSH
364:under
326:listen
256:(GUGB)
229:(1946)
188:Moscow
117:(NKGB)
82:(OGPU)
55:Formed
3541:Gulag
2806:S2CID
2139:1938
2074:were
2027:Gulag
1462:with
1437:Islam
1354:were
1342:with
1019:GUVPI
984:GULag
696:RSFSR
687:Cheka
619:gulag
584:Cheka
568:Cheka
518:Lenin
465:Cheka
410:Gulag
192:RSFSR
123:(MVD)
4576:NKVD
3881:list
3839:list
3390:Jail
3211:NKVD
3139:NKVD
3113:ISBN
3097:and
3057:2020
3000:ISBN
2979:2017
2966:ISBN
2923:ISSN
2890:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2060:and
1883:any
1881:cite
1801:and
1781:and
1697:and
1500:and
1477:and
1368:Omsk
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1015:POWs
920:GUGB
809:NKGB
798:1941
782:GUGB
770:NKVD
747:USSR
742:OGPU
722:NKVD
596:OGPU
592:USSR
582:The
563:O.S.
550:O.S.
546:O.S.
467:and
352:and
317:НКВД
312:NKVD
303:IPA:
277:The
131:Type
2788:doi
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1986:MI5
1982:MI6
1970:,"
1894:by
1810:KGB
1636:in
1629:.
1593:MI6
1583:GPU
1402:GAZ
1107:KGB
872:KGB
851:MVD
830:MGB
717:GPU
376:of
4572::
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