1662:
1904:
44:
502:
1700:
1642:
792:
6759:
2018:
313:
1022:
6734:
6424:
6294:
6454:
6771:
2032:
325:
7219:
1663:
1665:
1687:
563:
6444:
1812:. It facilitates more efficient drug administration, reduces side effects, and increases treatment effectiveness. Nanoencapsulation is particularly useful for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, enabling controlled and sustained drug release, and supporting the development of targeted therapies. These features collectively contribute to advancements in medical treatments and patient care.
1058:
1907:
1046:
1906:
1911:
1910:
1905:
6746:
6434:
1912:
1666:
1007:
1467:
1909:
834:
properties change versus macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal, and catalytic properties of materials. Diffusion and reactions can be different as well. Systems with fast ion transport are referred to as nanoionics. The mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in research.
1913:
1740:
estimated that over 800 manufacturer-identified nanotech products were publicly available, with new ones hitting the market at a pace of 3–4 per week. Most applications are "first generation" passive nanomaterials that includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics, surface coatings, and some food
1375:
Productive nanosystems are "systems of nanosystems" could produce atomically precise parts for other nanosystems, not necessarily using novel nanoscale-emergent properties, but well-understood fundamentals of manufacturing. Because of the discrete (i.e. atomic) nature of matter and the possibility of
905:
Such bottom-up approaches should be capable of producing devices in parallel and be much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases. Most useful structures require complex and thermodynamically unlikely arrangements
1994:
Andrew
Maynard, chief science advisor to the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, reported insufficient funding for human health and safety research, and as a result inadequate understanding of human health and safety risks. Some academics called for stricter application of
387:
effects become important in describing properties of matter. This definition of nanotechnology includes all types of research and technologies that deal with these special properties. It is common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to research and
1529:
is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis. Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to
955:
Drexler and other researchers have proposed that advanced nanotechnology ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles, namely, a manufacturing technology based on the mechanical functionality of these components (such as gears, bearings, motors, and structural members) that would
1975:
said "We know that some of them probably have the potential to cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very carefully." In the absence of specific regulation forthcoming from governments, Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of engineered nanoparticles in
530:
The emergence of nanotechnology as a field in the 1980s occurred through the convergence of
Drexler's theoretical and public work, which developed and popularized a conceptual framework, and high-visibility experimental advances that drew additional attention to the prospects. In the 1980s, two
1990:
Calls for tighter regulation of nanotechnology have accompanied a debate related to human health and safety risks. Some regulatory agencies cover some nanotechnology products and processes – by "bolting on" nanotechnology to existing regulations – leaving clear gaps. Davies proposed a road map
833:
size effect" in which the electronic properties of solids alter along with reductions in particle size. Such effects do not apply at macro or micro dimensions. However, quantum effects can become significant when nanometer scales. Additionally, physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.)
1807:
Nanoencapsulation involves the enclosure of active substances within carriers. Typically, these carriers offer advantages, such as enhanced bioavailability, controlled release, targeted delivery, and protection of the encapsulated substances. In the medical field, nanoencapsulation plays a
1752:
In the electric car industry, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) address key lithium-ion battery challenges, including energy density, charge rate, service life, and cost. SWCNTs connect electrode particles during charge/discharge process, preventing battery premature degradation. Their
742:). The upper limit is more or less arbitrary, but is around the size below which phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become apparent and can be made use of. These phenomena make nanotechnology distinct from devices that are merely miniaturized versions of an equivalent
1886:
in the US and UK carried out by the Center for
Nanotechnology in Society found that participants were more positive about nanotechnologies for energy applications than for health applications, with health applications raising moral and ethical dilemmas such as cost and availability.
1939:. Researchers found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs, which led to significant increases in biomarkers for inflammation and stress response and that nanoparticles induce skin aging through oxidative stress in hairless mice.
1664:
1908:
1878:
silver nanoparticles used in socks to reduce foot odor are released in the wash. These particles are then flushed into the wastewater stream and may destroy bacteria that are critical components of natural ecosystems, farms, and waste treatment processes.
637:
In the early 2000s, the field garnered increased scientific, political, and commercial attention that led to both controversy and progress. Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the
692:
Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up making complete, high-performance products.
1788:
may become cheaper, faster, and contain more memory thanks to nanotechnology. Also, to build structures for on chip computing with light, for example on chip optical quantum information processing, and picosecond transmission of information.
1365:
Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach that involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. This is more theoretical than the other subfields, and many of its proposed techniques are beyond current
1617:
was awarded. MBE lays down atomically precise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures. Important for research on semiconductors, MBE is also widely used to make samples and devices for the newly emerging field of
388:
applications whose common trait is scale. An earlier understanding of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabricating macroscale products, now referred to as
1890:
Experts, including director of the
Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies David Rejeski, testified that commercialization depends on adequate oversight, risk research strategy, and public engagement. As of 206
642:'s report on nanotechnology. Challenges were raised regarding the feasibility of applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, which culminated in a public debate between Drexler and Smalley in 2001 and 2003.
1251:
can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable precursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in
997:
in 1999 used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver crystal and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage.
1168:
More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful
1360:
what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda along which inquiry could progress. These often take a big-picture view, with more emphasis on societal implications than engineering details.
1372:
considers self-sufficient machines operating at the nanoscale. There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine. Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and patented methodologies have been demonstrated.
683:
By the mid-2000s scientific attention began to flourish. Nanotechnology roadmaps centered on atomically precise manipulation of matter and discussed existing and projected capabilities, goals, and applications.
924:
Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, concerns engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with
5265:
3987:
Leary SP, Liu CY, Apuzzo ML (June 2006). "Toward the emergence of nanoneurosurgery: part III--nanomedicine: targeted nanotherapy, nanosurgery, and progress toward the realization of nanoneurosurgery".
5450:
4344:
Kurtoglu ME, Longenbach T, Reddington P, Gogotsi Y (2011). "Effect of
Calcination Temperature and Environment on Photocatalytic and Mechanical Properties of Ultrathin Sol–Gel Titanium Dioxide Films".
523:, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" that would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity with atom-level control. Also in 1986, Drexler co-founded
7257:
944:
systems. The premise was that molecular-scale biological analogies of traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines were possible: biology was full of examples of sophisticated,
2002:
A Royal
Society report identified a risk of nanoparticles or nanotubes being released during disposal, destruction and recycling, and recommended that "manufacturers of products that fall under
1946:
found lab mice consuming nano-titanium dioxide showed DNA and chromosome damage to a degree "linked to all the big killers of man, namely cancer, heart disease, neurological disease and aging".
1530:
help guide self-assembling structures. By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning approach, atoms or molecules can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques.
5323:
1749:, clothing, disinfectants, and household appliances; zinc oxide in sunscreens and cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and outdoor furniture varnishes; and cerium oxide as a fuel catalyst.
5171:
Wu J, Liu W, Xue C, Zhou S, Lan F, Bi L, et al. (December 2009). "Toxicity and penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure".
1380:
proposed four states of nanotechnology that seem to parallel the technical progress of the
Industrial Revolution, progressing from passive nanostructures to active nanodevices to complex
1859:
research. For these reasons, some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated. However, regulation might stifle scientific research and the development of beneficial innovations.
3364:
Goodman RP, Schaap IA, Tardin CF, Erben CM, Berry RM, Schmidt CF, et al. (December 2005). "Rapid chiral assembly of rigid DNA building blocks for molecular nanofabrication".
1753:
exceptional ability to wrap active material particles enhanced electrical conductivity and physical properties, setting them apart multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon black.
5085:
677:
5242:
5545:
Faunce T, Murray K, Nasu H, Bowman D (2008). "Sunscreen Safety: The
Precautionary Principle, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration and Nanoparticles in Sunscreens".
1259:
Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a resist, which is then followed by an etching process to remove material in a top-down method.
3488:
Cho H, Pinkhassik E, David V, Stuart JM, Hasty KA (May 2015). "Detection of early cartilage damage using targeted nanosomes in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis mouse model".
7250:
986:
and colleagues at
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley constructed at least three molecular devices whose motion is controlled via changing voltage: a nanotube
2057:
3423:
2421:
5055:
5033:
4542:
Mayer B, Janker L, Loitsch B, Treu J, Kostenbader T, Lichtmannecker S, et al. (January 2016). "Monolithically
Integrated High-β Nanowire Lasers on Silicon".
7243:
2006:
regimes such as end-of-life regulations publish procedures outlining how these materials will be managed to minimize possible human and environmental exposure".
5275:
1565:, those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, nanoimprint lithography,
1792:
Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the doctors' offices and at homes. Cars use
1823:'s microenvironment to direct its differentiation down a suitable lineage. For example, when creating scaffolds to support bone growth, researchers may mimic
956:
enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic specification. The physics and engineering performance of exemplar designs were analyzed in Drexler's book
5438:
2895:
1864:
535:
in 1981 enabled visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in 1989. The microscope's developers
4855:
3347:
1189:
allows for bottom-up assemblies of materials, most notably semiconductor materials commonly used in chip and computing applications, stacks, gating, and
1609:, and Art C. Gossard developed and implemented MBE as a research tool in the late 1960s and 1970s. Samples made by MBE were key to the discovery of the
6399:
3251:
5331:
3188:
2953:
1855:
One concern is the effect that industrial-scale manufacturing and use of nanomaterials will have on human health and the environment, as suggested by
1335:, a nanopolymer often used for bulk-scale applications, has gained interest owing to its useful properties such as abundance, high aspect ratio, good
3700:
1585:
In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis,
1285:
seeks to develop molecules with useful electronic properties. These could be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device, such as
645:
Meanwhile, commercial products based on advancements in nanoscale technologies began emerging. These products were limited to bulk applications of
3759:
2977:
2648:
1434:
characteristics. With the decrease in dimensionality, an increase in surface-to-volume ratio is observed. This indicates that smaller dimensional
6808:
2924:
2072:
860:. This ability raises the question of extending this kind of control to the next-larger level, seeking methods to assemble single molecules into
4124:
982:
in 2003. Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machines are possible, non-biological molecular machines remained in their infancy.
753:
To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth.
4520:
3082:
Kralj S, Makovec D (October 2015). "Magnetic Assembly of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Clusters into Nanochains and Nanobundles".
1976:
food. A newspaper article reports that workers in a paint factory developed serious lung disease and nanoparticles were found in their lungs.
1838:
756:
Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which
5520:
4888:
3650:"Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength and Antibacterial Activity of Orthodontic Adhesive Containing Silver Nanoparticle, an In-Vitro Study"
5619:
4207:
3780:
Das S, Gates AJ, Abdu HA, Rose GS, Picconatto CA, Ellenbogen JC (2007). "Designs for Ultra-Tiny, Special-Purpose Nanoelectronic Circuits".
2092:
5206:
Jonaitis TS, Card JW, Magnuson B (February 2010). "Concerns regarding nano-sized titanium dioxide dermal penetration and toxicity study".
4244:
3445:
Narayan RJ, Kumta PN, Sfeir C, Lee DH, Choi D, Olton D (2004). "Nanostructured Ceramics in Medical Devices: Applications and Prospects".
5500:
5377:"The threshold length for fiber-induced acute pleural inflammation: shedding light on the early events in asbestos-induced mesothelioma"
5149:
1922:
124:
17:
852:
can prepare small molecules of almost any structure. These methods are used to manufacture a wide variety of useful chemicals such as
6490:
5250:
1317:
seeks to apply biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.
4747:"Osteogenic lineage restriction by osteoprogenitors cultured on nanometric grooved surfaces: the role of focal adhesion maturation"
4074:
1562:
355:
902:. Thus, components can be designed to be complementary and mutually attractive so that they make a more complex and useful whole.
6340:
6202:
494:
1525:
The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made.
963:
In general, assembling devices on the atomic scale requires positioning atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness.
7073:
4607:
3871:
676:, which formalized a size-based definition of nanotechnology and established research funding, and in Europe via the European
5016:
4585:
4238:
3583:
3036:
3003:
2403:
2278:
2240:
2062:
1943:
1230:
received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007 for their discovery of giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of
940:
When Drexler independently coined and popularized the term "nanotechnology", he envisioned manufacturing technology based on
3415:
2759:
6520:
6124:
5762:
2087:
1737:
1558:
1175:
tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called
228:
77:
3730:
937:
is not related to conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles.
7162:
6801:
4030:
Cavalcanti A, Shirinzadeh B, Freitas RA, Kretly LC (2007). "Medical nanorobot architecture based on nanobioelectronics".
3232:
1731:
1092:
Nanoscale materials can be used for bulk applications; most commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor.
447:
4498:
6921:
6409:
6404:
5353:
5063:
5041:
2819:
2187:
1968:
1614:
1593:
is one tool suitable for characterization of self-assembled thin films. Another variation of the bottom-up approach is
1439:
735:
673:
6610:
6447:
6389:
4927:
2177:
618:
tubes or Bucky tubes) which suggested potential applications for nanoscale electronics and devices. The discovery of
5305:
7033:
6382:
6377:
5612:
4377:
Cathode by Using Mono-Dispersed Ultra-Long Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for High-Rate Performance Li-Ion Battery"
4258:
Kafshgari MH, Voelcker NH, Harding FJ (2015). "Applications of zero-valent silicon nanostructures in biomedicine".
2003:
1590:
1253:
1074:
Many areas of science develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.
971:
argued that mechanosynthesis was impossible due to difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.
738:. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which have an approximately ,25 nm
223:
3147:
2887:
1390:
seeks to design materials whose properties can be easily, reversibly and externally controlled though a fusion of
6750:
5870:
5093:
4784:
7432:
7399:
6794:
6544:
5917:
5737:
2192:
1850:
1610:
1242:
1150:
DNA nanotechnology utilizes Watson–Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other
979:
544:
466:
and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as various
100:
3523:
Kerativitayanan P, Carrow JK, Gaharwar AK (August 2015). "Nanomaterials for Engineering Stem Cell Responses".
3316:
2197:
872:
764:. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.
462:
energy production, and consumer products. However, nanotechnology raises issues, including concerns about the
7223:
7189:
6691:
6483:
6394:
6119:
5998:
5963:
2082:
1504:
1238:
1078:
808:
532:
251:
3298:
2921:"Analysis: This is the first publicly available on-line inventory of nanotechnology-based consumer products"
967:'s view is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines.
582:. Members of the fullerene family are a major subject of research falling under the nanotechnology umbrella.
7467:
7280:
6567:
5649:
2946:
1985:
1926:
471:
348:
129:
5417:
4147:
3174:
879:
is important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to
7607:
7602:
7442:
6663:
6197:
6172:
5968:
5907:
5605:
2127:
1598:
1282:
261:
203:
3952:
Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K, Sugisaka M (February 2005). "Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications".
2564:
Buzea C, Pacheco II, Robbie K (December 2007). "Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity".
610:
was not initially described as nanotechnology; the term was used regarding subsequent work with related
7194:
7130:
6112:
6107:
5757:
3755:
3195:
2970:
2644:
2067:
1570:
1268:
Functional approaches seek to develop useful components without regard to how they might be assembled.
2920:
7177:
7137:
6678:
6530:
6525:
6515:
6507:
5812:
5802:
5700:
5680:
5524:
2172:
2112:
2045:
1547:
1526:
1515:
1508:
1293:
1207:
1038:
975:
483:
87:
82:
72:
35:
7612:
7437:
6968:
6953:
6931:
6701:
6645:
6630:
6540:
6476:
6072:
5722:
5690:
4528:
2167:
1507:(STM) are two versions of scanning probes that are used for nano-scale observation. Other types of
919:
895:
868:
603:
440:
389:
275:
175:
96:
31:
4880:
906:
of atoms. Nevertheless, many examples of self-assembly based on molecular recognition in exist in
7597:
7235:
7142:
7115:
6738:
6686:
6635:
6622:
6310:
6269:
6192:
6152:
5946:
5935:
5034:"People in the US and the UK show strong similarities in their attitudes toward nanotechnologies"
1996:
1871:
1566:
1551:
1514:
The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (positional assembly).
1500:
1471:
1422:. Dimensionality plays a major role in determining the characteristic of nanomaterials including
1219:
1215:
1176:
1172:
1081:
produced many materials that may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other
861:
843:
556:
524:
432:
341:
246:
180:
166:
55:
7571:
4168:
3210:
2845:
1834:-based nanobots capable of carrying out logic functions to target drug delivery in cockroaches.
1554:
offer top-down fabrication techniques where a bulk material is reduced to a nano-scale pattern.
949:
7346:
7152:
7147:
7120:
6187:
6167:
6162:
6147:
6087:
6082:
5941:
5887:
5852:
5797:
5787:
5779:
5752:
5717:
5705:
5695:
5644:
5639:
5375:
Schinwald A, Murphy FA, Prina-Mello A, Poland CA, Byrne F, Movia D, et al. (August 2012).
4745:
Cassidy JW, Roberts JN, Smith CA, Robertson M, White K, Biggs MJ, et al. (February 2014).
2419:
Lyon D, Hubler A (2013). "Gap size dependence of the dielectric strength in nano vacuum gaps".
2202:
1594:
1186:
934:
929:, machines that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of
796:
548:
470:. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special
5056:"Testimony of David Rejeski for U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation"
4225:
2888:"Nanotechnology Information Center: Properties, Applications, Research, and Safety Guidelines"
1511:
have much higher resolution, since they are not limited by the wavelengths of sound or light.
730:, are around 200 nm in length. By convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range
7566:
7538:
7313:
7290:
7078:
6941:
6817:
6302:
6239:
6209:
6182:
6036:
6026:
5988:
5978:
5892:
5860:
5792:
5727:
5504:
1951:
1336:
876:
822:
761:
665:
strengthening using silica nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles.
424:
408:
299:
1573:, and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block
527:
to increase public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and implications.
7500:
7125:
7088:
7068:
6562:
6427:
6335:
6330:
6264:
6259:
6234:
6224:
6177:
6097:
6051:
5927:
5865:
5742:
5710:
4957:
4811:
4551:
4183:
3906:
3454:
3373:
3331:
3266:
2776:
2683:
2520:
2394:
Elishakoff I, Dujat K, Muscolino G, Bucas S, Natsuki T, Wang CM, et al. (March 2013).
2360:
1892:
883:
654:
575:
428:
208:
119:
5157:
3893:
Trache D, Tarchoun AF, Derradji M, Hamidon TS, Masruchin N, Brosse N, et al. (2020).
2846:"Nanotechnology: Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers'"
1776:
have been infused with nanotechnology to last longer and lower temperature in the summer.
1133:
in products such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see
8:
7356:
7303:
7182:
7157:
7028:
6985:
6863:
6858:
6838:
6709:
6598:
6437:
6315:
6279:
6274:
6244:
6229:
6157:
6141:
6131:
6056:
6046:
6021:
5993:
5951:
5897:
5877:
5837:
5827:
5767:
5685:
5663:
5422:
5270:
4999:
Murray RG (1993). "A Perspective on S-Layer Research". In Beveridge TJ, Koval SF (eds.).
2822:. Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering. July 2004. p. xiii. Archived from
2509:"Self-assembled wiggling nano-structures and the principle of maximum entropy production"
2117:
2097:
1671:
1539:
1391:
1387:
1146:
The bottom-up approach seeks to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.
1030:
926:
880:
519:
284:
256:
5582:
5521:"Testimony by Dr. Andrew Maynard for the U.S. House Committee on Science and Technology"
4961:
4815:
4555:
4401:
4372:
4187:
3910:
3458:
3377:
3335:
3270:
2780:
2687:
2524:
2364:
1713:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
43:
7477:
7472:
7427:
7199:
6901:
6640:
6457:
6320:
6254:
6249:
5956:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5807:
5732:
5562:
5125:
5108:
4981:
4832:
4799:
4771:
4722:
4697:
4647:
4630:
4321:
4295:"Transferosomes - A vesicular transdermal delivery system for enhanced drug permeation"
4294:
4199:
4105:
4055:
4012:
4000:
3929:
3894:
3847:
3820:
3797:
3676:
3649:
3625:
3600:
3548:
3470:
3397:
2699:
2599:
2573:
2541:
2508:
2484:
2457:
2438:
2376:
2333:
2207:
2162:
1816:
1781:
1602:
1331:
for applications in nanotechnology, including the use of viruses and lipid assemblies.
1100:
1034:
994:
849:
669:
498:, in which he described the possibility of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms.
384:
185:
1376:
exponential growth, this stage could form the basis of another industrial revolution.
1089:. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related to nanoionics and nanoelectronics.
7510:
7447:
7333:
7000:
6896:
6878:
6775:
6453:
6102:
6008:
5983:
5912:
5902:
5747:
5672:
5439:"Nanobiotechnology Regulation: A Proposal for Self-Regulation with Limited Oversight"
5398:
5223:
5188:
5130:
5012:
4973:
4837:
4776:
4727:
4671:
4652:
4567:
4447:
4406:
4357:
4326:
4275:
4234:
4203:
4195:
4097:
4047:
4004:
3969:
3934:
3852:
3816:
3681:
3630:
3579:
3540:
3505:
3474:
3389:
3290:
3282:
3192:
California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
3099:
3042:
3032:
3009:
2999:
2891:
2740:
2591:
2546:
2489:
2399:
2325:
2304:"Digital quantum batteries: Energy and information storage in nanovacuum tube arrays"
2284:
2274:
2246:
2236:
2229:
2122:
2077:
2037:
1932:
1819:. When designing scaffolds, researchers attempt to mimic the nanoscale features of a
1785:
1557:
Another group of nano-technological techniques include those used for fabrication of
1543:
1395:
1324:
1318:
1276:
1158:
941:
826:
743:
404:
400:
329:
5566:
4985:
4615:
4224:
Lapshin RV (2011). "Feature-oriented scanning probe microscopy". In Nalwa HS (ed.).
4016:
3801:
3552:
3401:
2603:
2380:
2351:
Shinn E (2012). "Nuclear energy conversion with stacks of graphene nanocapacitors".
1518:
may be a promising way to implement these nano-scale manipulations via an automatic
1490:, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface.
1223:
1202:
These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.
501:
7409:
7376:
7298:
7167:
7083:
7043:
6719:
5973:
5882:
5554:
5481:
5388:
5215:
5180:
5120:
5004:
4965:
4917:
4827:
4819:
4766:
4758:
4717:
4709:
4642:
4559:
4465:
4437:
4396:
4388:
4353:
4316:
4306:
4267:
4191:
4139:
4109:
4089:
4059:
4039:
3996:
3961:
3924:
3914:
3879:
3842:
3832:
3789:
3712:
3671:
3661:
3620:
3612:
3571:
3532:
3497:
3462:
3381:
3339:
3274:
3126:
3091:
2857:
2784:
2767:
2730:
2703:
2691:
2626:
2583:
2536:
2528:
2479:
2469:
2430:
2368:
2337:
2315:
1522:. However, this is still a slow process because of low velocity of the microscope.
1344:
1248:
1015:
964:
930:
739:
619:
420:
294:
5485:
5472:
Bowman D, Hodge G (2006). "Nanotechnology: Mapping the Wild Regulatory Frontier".
2442:
1641:
488:
The concepts that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by physicist
27:
Field of science involving control of matter on atomic and (supra)molecular scales
7520:
7391:
7018:
6963:
6906:
6891:
6668:
6655:
6593:
6136:
5219:
5184:
4762:
4593:
4563:
4426:"High Porosity Single-Phase Silicon Negative Electrode Made with Phase-Inversion"
2792:
2788:
2268:
2132:
2052:
1972:
1956:
1883:
1646:
1406:
1357:
1190:
1180:
968:
899:
768:
747:
611:
595:
552:
540:
514:
510:
489:
455:
427:. The associated research and applications range from extensions of conventional
396:
213:
194:
152:
5008:
531:
breakthroughs sparked the growth of nanotechnology. First, the invention of the
7548:
7528:
7487:
7404:
7318:
7172:
7038:
6980:
6763:
6557:
6092:
6077:
4798:
Amir Y, Ben-Ishay E, Levner D, Ittah S, Abu-Horowitz A, Bachelet I (May 2014).
4442:
4425:
4169:"Feature-oriented scanning methodology for probe microscopy and nanotechnology"
4043:
3734:
3501:
2023:
1964:
1875:
1856:
1820:
1746:
1679:
1402:
1401:
Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term nanotechnology, the words
1211:
1108:
721:
700:(nm) is one billionth, or 10, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon–carbon
463:
412:
317:
218:
114:
5558:
4143:
3701:"The Synthesis of Curved and Linear Structures from a Minimal Set of Monomers"
3466:
3236:
2862:
2434:
1478:
with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a
371:
is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100
7591:
7457:
7308:
7204:
6973:
6926:
6848:
6577:
4922:
4490:
4451:
4093:
3965:
3919:
3793:
3648:
Eslamian L, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Karimi S, Saadat S, Badiee MR (July 2020).
3046:
3013:
2396:
Carbon Nanotubes and Nano Sensors: Vibrations, Buckling, and Ballistic Impact
2329:
2152:
2147:
2107:
1999:, slowing marketing approval, enhanced labelling and additional safety data.
1860:
1809:
1675:
1626:
1606:
1586:
1487:
1451:
1435:
1419:
1332:
1104:
816:
776:
772:
757:
746:
device; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of
662:
646:
639:
266:
237:
138:
5393:
5376:
4311:
3385:
3095:
2823:
2735:
2718:
2474:
2288:
2250:
1867:
research potential health effects stemming from exposures to nanoparticles.
1423:
990:, a molecular actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.
910:, most notably Watson–Crick basepairing and enzyme-substrate interactions.
446:
Nanotechnology may be able to create new materials and devices with diverse
7543:
7533:
7505:
7361:
7323:
7108:
7023:
6936:
6714:
6605:
6552:
6219:
5591:
5402:
5361:
5227:
5192:
5134:
4977:
4916:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. November 7, 2012.
4909:
4841:
4780:
4731:
4656:
4571:
4410:
4392:
4330:
4279:
4101:
4075:"Smart microrobots for mechanical cell characterization and cell convoying"
4051:
4008:
3973:
3938:
3856:
3716:
3685:
3634:
3544:
3536:
3509:
3393:
3294:
3235:. Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley. Archived from
3103:
2744:
2595:
2550:
2493:
2157:
2137:
1793:
1765:
1630:
1409:
have been coined in analogy to it, although these are used only informally.
1369:
1340:
1157:
Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis (Inorganic and
1151:
1134:
1130:
1096:
1065:
to nanocrystals above them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light.
1062:
804:
658:
623:
451:
436:
380:
289:
157:
109:
5109:"The significance of nanoparticles in particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis"
4823:
3575:
811:. The positions of the individual atoms composing the surface are visible.
791:
7576:
7495:
7462:
7452:
7366:
7351:
7103:
7098:
6990:
6868:
6853:
6843:
6016:
5628:
5290:
3837:
3666:
3131:
3118:
2182:
2102:
1831:
1757:
1690:
Nanowire lasers for ultrafast transmission of information in light pulses
1619:
1443:
1381:
1377:
1328:
1231:
1227:
1162:
1026:
871:
to automatically arrange themselves into a useful conformation through a
701:
650:
631:
599:
591:
536:
513:
in 1974, though it was not widely known. Inspired by Feynman's concepts,
459:
416:
6786:
6293:
4887:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 15, 2012.
4713:
4125:"International Perspective on Government Nanotechnology Funding in 2005"
2630:
1021:
867:
These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or
649:
and did not involve atomic control of matter. Some examples include the
7381:
7371:
7341:
7275:
7063:
6948:
6031:
5418:"Is Chronic Inflammation the Key to Unlocking the Mysteries of Cancer?"
4371:
Guo M, Cao Z, Liu Y, Ni Y, Chen X, Terrones M, et al. (May 2023).
3876:
Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment
3568:
Nanomaterials in tissue engineering : fabrication and applications
3151:
2760:"Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?"
2372:
2320:
2303:
1824:
1742:
1479:
1475:
1447:
1431:
1314:
1273:
1123:
1119:
1082:
983:
945:
780:
726:
587:
372:
6758:
4969:
4271:
3647:
3616:
3343:
3286:
3278:
2996:
What is nanotechnology and why does it matter?: from science to ethics
2587:
2532:
2017:
312:
7093:
6911:
6585:
6325:
5842:
4910:"Filling the Knowledge Gaps for Safe Nanotechnology in the Workplace"
4746:
2695:
1761:
1574:
1519:
1455:
1218:-based hard drives already on the market fit this description, as do
1112:
987:
887:
697:
579:
571:
147:
3317:"Surface-tension-driven nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator"
7010:
6995:
6916:
6366:
6356:
6214:
4343:
3250:
Regan BC, Aloni S, Jensen K, Ritchie RO, Zettl A (September 2005).
2820:"Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties"
1960:
1936:
1654:
1427:
1286:
1011:
1006:
709:
615:
467:
395:
Nanotechnology defined by scale includes fields of science such as
7265:
6770:
4466:"Single wall CNT cells: high energy density anodes & cathodes"
4073:
Boukallel M, Gauthier M, Dauge M, Piat E, Abadie J (August 2007).
4029:
2578:
2031:
1645:
One of the major applications of nanotechnology is in the area of
821:
Several phenomena become pronounced as system size. These include
324:
7553:
6886:
6468:
5501:"Nanotechnology Oversight: An Agenda for the Next Administration"
4856:"Technion Nano Bible, world's smallest, displayed at Smithsonian"
2142:
1931:
Inhaling airborne nanoparticles and nanofibers may contribute to
1777:
1769:
1686:
1310:
1297:
1086:
907:
857:
830:
720:'s diameter is around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest
5374:
3814:
2270:
Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation
1057:
1045:
958:
Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation
864:
consisting of many molecules arranged in a well-defined manner.
783:
have evolved to provide nanotechnology's scientific foundation.
5586:
3166:
1917:
A video on the health and safety implications of nanotechnology
1650:
1486:
beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of
891:
890:
rules are a direct result of this, as is the specificity of an
678:
Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development
562:
5597:
4800:"Universal computing by DNA origami robots in a living animal"
4373:"Preparation of Tough, Binder-Free, and Self-Supporting LiFePO
2670:
Kroto HW, Heath JR, O'Brien SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE (1985). "C
3892:
3522:
2393:
1797:
1773:
1483:
913:
837:
786:
4744:
4299:
Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research
3598:
2617:
Binnig G, Rohrer H (1986). "Scanning tunneling microscopy".
5324:"Nanoparticles used in paint could kill, research suggests"
5150:"Tiny Inhaled Particles Take Easy Route from Nose to Brain"
3895:"Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications"
2058:
Electrostatic deflection (molecular physics/nanotechnology)
1801:
1780:
are infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts faster.
1466:
1214:
are capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm.
1161:) aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g.
853:
800:
705:
4072:
3951:
3565:
2422:
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
1971:
in Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on
1657:≈10 nm in length. Here is a simulation of such a nanowire.
4948:
Lubick N (June 2008). "Silver socks have cloudy lining".
3416:"Wireless Nanocrystals Efficiently Radiate Visible Light"
2669:
717:
627:
4797:
4628:
4292:
4257:
3487:
3363:
1633:
vesicles, are approved for human use in some countries.
4698:"Nanotechnology in the Regeneration of Complex Tissues"
4233:. Vol. 14. American Scientific. pp. 105–115.
3599:
Gaharwar AK, Peppas NA, Khademhosseini A (March 2014).
3566:
Gaharwar A, Sant S, Hancock M, Hacking S, eds. (2013).
3249:
1841:
in order to increase youth interest in nanotechnology.
1837:
A nano bible (a .5mm2 silicon chip) was created by the
1438:
have higher surface area compared to 3D nanomaterials.
5544:
4629:
Kumari A, Singla R, Guliani A, Yadav SK (March 2014).
4541:
4293:
Rajan R, Jose S, Mukund VP, Vasudevan DT (July 2011).
1061:
This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of
5266:"Effects of Nanotubes May Lead to Cancer, Study Says"
5243:"Amid Nanotech's Dazzling Promise, Health Risks Grow"
3601:"Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications"
3314:
2506:
2231:
Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
1865:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1418:
Nanomaterials can be classified in 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D
1037:. Each edge of the tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNA
520:
Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
5205:
5001:
Advances in Bacterial Paracrystalline Surface Layers
4672:"Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation: A Review"
4423:
3733:. National Nanotechnology Initiative. Archived from
3444:
3148:"Nanotechnology: Developing Molecular Manufacturing"
2013:
1898:
1095:
Progress has been made in using these materials for
2882:
2880:
1206:Many technologies that descended from conventional
3698:
2923:. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. 2008.
2757:
2563:
2228:
1991:describing steps to deal with these shortcomings.
1895:was the only US city to regulate nanotechnology.
1629:, such as the highly deformable, stress-sensitive
1413:
1179:. This technique fits into the larger subfield of
5291:"Nanotechnology: The Next Challenge for Organics"
2507:Belkin A, Hubler A, Bezryadin A (February 2015).
1292:Synthetic chemical methods can be used to create
630:in 1991, for which Iijima won the inaugural 2008
7589:
4424:Jimenez NP, Balogh MP, Halalay IC (April 2021).
3779:
2877:
2645:"Press Release: the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics"
2455:
734:, following the definition used by the American
517:used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book
4669:
2993:
2915:
2913:
2814:
2812:
2719:"Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)"
2073:Ion implantation-induced nanoparticle formation
1033:nanostructure of the type made in the field of
7266:Levels of technological manipulation of matter
4495:National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network
4227:Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
4162:
4160:
3986:
3031:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 31–32.
2262:
2260:
7251:
6802:
6484:
5613:
3315:Regan BC, Aloni S, Jensen K, Zettl A (2005).
3077:
3075:
2716:
1237:Solid-state techniques can be used to create
509:The term "nano-technology" was first used by
349:
5170:
4251:
4219:
4217:
4082:IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
3081:
2910:
2838:
2809:
2616:
2093:List of software for nanostructures modeling
1741:products; Carbon allotropes used to produce
441:direct control of matter on the atomic scale
5471:
5086:"Berkeley considering need for nano safety"
4370:
4157:
3825:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3782:IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I
2963:
2947:"Productive Nanosystems Technology Roadmap"
2456:Saini R, Saini S, Sharma S (January 2010).
2257:
1538:Various techniques of lithography, such as
375:(nm). At this scale, commonly known as the
7258:
7244:
7218:
6809:
6795:
6491:
6477:
5620:
5606:
5288:
5106:
5083:
3072:
2462:Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery
2418:
1923:Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials
1796:in such ways that car parts require fewer
1041:, and each vertex is a three-arm junction.
974:This led to an exchange of letters in the
914:Molecular nanotechnology: a long-term view
838:Simple to complex: a molecular perspective
787:Larger to smaller: a materials perspective
672:into nanotechnology, such as American the
356:
342:
6816:
5392:
5240:
5124:
4921:
4902:
4831:
4770:
4721:
4646:
4441:
4400:
4320:
4310:
4214:
3928:
3918:
3846:
3836:
3675:
3665:
3624:
3357:
3130:
3053:
2939:
2861:
2734:
2577:
2540:
2483:
2473:
2319:
1670:Nanostructures provide this surface with
1625:Therapeutic products based on responsive
1384:and ultimately to productive nanosystems.
1129:Applications incorporating semiconductor
5031:
5025:
1902:
1685:
1660:
1640:
1465:
1304:
1263:
1056:
1044:
1020:
1005:
790:
590:(buckyballs) were discovered in 1985 by
561:
500:
42:
5518:
4885:NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
4695:
4346:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
4223:
4166:
3145:
3116:
2717:Adams WW, Baughman RH (December 2005).
2619:IBM Journal of Research and Development
2266:
2226:
2220:
1494:
1461:
1442:have been extensively investigated for
1279:materials such as magnetic nano chains.
1272:Magnetic assembly for the synthesis of
1141:
687:
555:and Gerber also invented the analogous
30:For the materials science journal, see
14:
7590:
7074:Differential technological development
6400:Electrical and electronics engineering
5498:
5154:University of Rochester Medical Center
4998:
4950:Environmental Science & Technology
4947:
4930:from the original on November 11, 2012
4891:from the original on September 4, 2015
4430:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
3870:Hogan CM (May 2010). Draggan S (ed.).
3692:
3026:
2751:
2610:
2301:
1321:is one example of the systems studied.
1197:
724:life forms, the bacteria of the genus
7239:
6790:
6472:
5601:
5321:
5263:
5147:
4873:
4702:Bone and Tissue Regeneration Insights
4631:"Nanoencapsulation for drug delivery"
4501:from the original on January 19, 2012
3869:
3426:from the original on 14 November 2012
2898:from the original on 26 December 2014
2458:"Nanotechnology: the future medicine"
2350:
2063:Energy applications of nanotechnology
1963:if inhaled in sufficient quantities.
6745:
6433:
5415:
5060:Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
4670:Suganya V, Anuradha V (March 2017).
4483:
4122:
3954:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
3208:
3059:
2088:List of nanotechnology organizations
1738:Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
1693:
574:, is a representative member of the
495:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
439:with dimensions on the nanoscale to
34:. For other uses of "Nanotech", see
7163:Future-oriented technology analysis
6443:
5436:
5354:"Nanofibres 'may pose health risk'"
5107:Byrne JD, Baugh JA (January 2008).
4521:"Nano in computing and electronics"
3699:Levins CG, Schafmeister CE (2006).
2971:"NASA Draft Nanotechnology Roadmap"
2647:. Nobelprize.org. 15 October 1986.
1955:study suggested that some forms of
1874:. Researchers have discovered that
1732:List of nanotechnology applications
24:
6922:High-temperature superconductivity
6498:
5346:
4491:"Nanotechnology Consumer Products"
4001:10.1227/01.NEU.0000217016.79256.16
2994:Allhoff F, Lin P, Moore D (2010).
2188:National Nanotechnology Initiative
1969:Institute of Occupational Medicine
1440:Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials
933:. Manufacturing in the context of
736:National Nanotechnology Initiative
674:National Nanotechnology Initiative
25:
7624:
5594:(A Vega/BBC/OU Video Discussion).
5576:
5453:from the original on 14 July 2011
3756:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007"
3060:Kahn J (2006). "Nanotechnology".
3029:Modern Concepts in Nanotechnology
2758:Monthioux M, Kuznetsov V (2006).
2178:Nanotechnology in water treatment
1899:Health and environmental concerns
668:Governments moved to promote and
505:Comparison of nanomaterials sizes
7217:
7034:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
6769:
6757:
6744:
6733:
6732:
6452:
6442:
6432:
6423:
6422:
6292:
5311:from the original on 2011-07-18.
4787:from the original on 2017-08-30.
4358:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04218.x
4247:from the original on 2013-09-09.
4210:from the original on 2013-09-09.
4132:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
4032:Recent Patents on Nanotechnology
3605:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
3353:from the original on 2006-05-26.
3177:from the original on 2006-04-11.
3167:"Some papers by K. Eric Drexler"
2983:from the original on 2013-01-22.
2959:from the original on 2013-09-08.
2651:from the original on 5 June 2011
2030:
2016:
2004:extended producer responsibility
1815:Nanotechnology may play role in
1698:
1591:Dual-polarization interferometry
1254:Transmission electron microscopy
1085:, and various nanoparticles and
1069:
323:
311:
224:Semiconductor device fabrication
5627:
5538:
5512:
5492:
5465:
5430:
5409:
5368:
5315:
5282:
5257:
5234:
5199:
5164:
5141:
5100:
5077:
5048:
4992:
4941:
4914:NIOSH Publications and Products
4848:
4791:
4738:
4689:
4663:
4622:
4600:
4578:
4535:
4513:
4458:
4417:
4364:
4337:
4286:
4116:
4066:
4023:
3980:
3945:
3886:
3863:
3808:
3773:
3762:from the original on 2011-08-05
3748:
3723:
3641:
3592:
3570:. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing.
3559:
3516:
3481:
3438:
3408:
3308:
3252:"Nanocrystal-powered nanomotor"
3243:
3225:
3202:
3181:
3159:
3139:
3110:
3020:
2987:
2927:from the original on 5 May 2011
2850:Chemical & Engineering News
2710:
2663:
2637:
1870:Nanoparticle products may have
1863:research agencies, such as the
1844:
1636:
1482:but on a much smaller scale. A
1414:Dimensionality in nanomaterials
980:Chemical & Engineering News
807:) surface, as visualized using
704:, or the spacing between these
7400:Microelectromechanical systems
6927:High-temperature superfluidity
5003:. Plenum Press. pp. 3–9.
4860:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
3819:, Mashaghi A (February 2013).
3211:"Cover Story – Nanotechnology"
3119:"Nanoelectronics: Single file"
2856:(48): 37–42. 1 December 2003.
2557:
2500:
2449:
2412:
2387:
2344:
2295:
2193:Self-assembly of nanoparticles
1944:UCLA's School of Public Health
1851:Implications of nanotechnology
1800:during manufacturing and less
1611:fractional quantum Hall effect
1533:
1351:
1243:microelectromechanical systems
1241:or NEMS, which are related to
1010:Graphical representation of a
545:IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
13:
1:
7190:Technology in science fiction
6692:Scanning tunneling microscope
5486:10.1016/j.futures.2006.02.017
3525:Advanced Healthcare Materials
3215:Chemical and Engineering News
2214:
2083:List of emerging technologies
1979:
1505:Scanning Tunneling Microscope
1239:nanoelectromechanical systems
1079:Interface and colloid science
809:scanning tunneling microscopy
533:scanning tunneling microscope
252:Scanning tunneling microscope
7281:Orders of magnitude (length)
5650:List of engineering branches
5360:. 2012-08-24. Archived from
5220:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.10.007
5185:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.020
4763:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.008
4696:Cassidy JW (November 2014).
4564:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03404
2789:10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.019
1986:Regulation of nanotechnology
1927:Pollution from nanomaterials
1580:
1118:Nanoscale materials such as
760:chemically by principles of
602:, who together won the 1996
472:regulation of nanotechnology
229:Semiconductor scale examples
7:
7443:Molecular scale electronics
6664:Molecular scale electronics
5449:(2). Nems Mems Works, LLC.
5443:Nanotechnology Law Business
5322:Smith R (August 19, 2009).
5084:DelVecchio R (2006-11-24).
5009:10.1007/978-1-4757-9032-0_1
3209:Baum R (December 1, 2003).
2128:Nanoelectromechanical relay
2009:
1756:Further applications allow
1736:As of August 21, 2008, the
1615:1998 Nobel Prize in Physics
1599:Bell Telephone Laboratories
1283:Molecular scale electronics
1208:solid-state silicon methods
1001:
829:effects, for example, the "
657:as an antibacterial agent,
262:Super resolution microscopy
204:Molecular scale electronics
10:
7629:
7195:Technology readiness level
7131:Technological unemployment
5298:Journal of Organic Systems
5241:Schneider A (2010-03-24).
5113:McGill Journal of Medicine
5032:Harthorn BH (2009-01-23).
4196:10.1088/0957-4484/15/9/006
4044:10.2174/187221007779814745
3502:10.1016/j.nano.2015.01.011
2068:Ethics of nanotechnologies
2043:
1983:
1920:
1848:
1804:to operate in the future.
1729:
1571:molecular vapor deposition
1294:synthetic molecular motors
917:
841:
814:
481:
477:
29:
18:Nanotechnology Engineering
7562:
7519:
7486:
7418:
7390:
7332:
7289:
7271:
7213:
7178:Technological singularity
7138:Technological convergence
7056:
7009:
6954:Multi-function structures
6877:
6831:
6824:
6728:
6700:
6679:Scanning probe microscopy
6677:
6654:
6621:
6576:
6539:
6506:
6418:
6365:
6349:
6301:
6290:
6065:
6007:
5926:
5851:
5778:
5671:
5658:
5635:
5559:10.1007/s11569-008-0041-z
5289:Paull J, Lyons K (2008).
4144:10.1007/s11051-005-3141-5
4123:Roco MC (December 2005).
3467:10.1007/s11837-004-0289-x
3189:"Carlo Montemagno, Ph.D."
2863:10.1021/cen-v081n036.p037
2674:: Buckminsterfullerene".
2435:10.1109/TDEI.2013.6571470
2398:. John Wiley & Sons.
2173:Nanotechnology in fiction
2113:Molecular design software
2046:Outline of nanotechnology
1707:This section needs to be
1589:and positional assembly.
1548:electron beam lithography
1527:Scanning probe microscopy
1516:Feature-oriented scanning
1509:scanning probe microscopy
1474:setup. A microfabricated
1296:, such as in a so-called
875:approach. The concept of
862:supramolecular assemblies
767:Areas of physics such as
622:is largely attributed to
484:History of nanotechnology
36:Nanotech (disambiguation)
7438:Molecular nanotechnology
6969:Molecular nanotechnology
6932:Linear acetylenic carbon
6702:Molecular nanotechnology
6646:Solid lipid nanoparticle
6631:Self-assembled monolayer
5519:Maynard A (2008-04-16).
5330:. London. Archived from
4923:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013101
4443:10.1149/1945-7111/abe3f1
4094:10.1109/TBME.2007.891171
3966:10.2174/1389201053167248
3920:10.3389/fchem.2020.00392
3794:10.1109/TCSI.2007.907864
3146:Phoenix C (March 2005).
2168:Nanotechnology education
1882:Public deliberations on
1768:to become more durable.
1356:These subfields seek to
920:Molecular nanotechnology
869:supramolecular chemistry
604:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
390:molecular nanotechnology
276:Molecular nanotechnology
176:Self-assembled monolayer
32:Nanotechnology (journal)
7572:Timelines of technology
7143:Technological evolution
7116:Exploratory engineering
6687:Atomic force microscope
6636:Supramolecular assembly
6623:Molecular self-assembly
6311:Bachelor of Engineering
6153:Engineering mathematics
5592:What is Nanotechnology?
4312:10.4103/2231-4040.85524
3731:"Applications/Products"
3386:10.1126/science.1120367
3324:Applied Physics Letters
3096:10.1021/acsnano.5b02328
2998:. Wiley. pp. 3–5.
2736:10.1126/science.1122120
2475:10.4103/0974-2077.63301
1997:precautionary principle
1959:could be as harmful as
1872:unintended consequences
1764:to fly straighter, and
1653:'s being made of small
1597:or MBE. Researchers at
1567:atomic layer deposition
1552:nanoimprint lithography
1546:, dip pen lithography,
1501:atomic force microscope
1220:atomic layer deposition
1216:Giant magnetoresistance
1177:dip pen nanolithography
1173:Atomic force microscope
1053:, one kind of fullerene
844:Molecular self-assembly
557:atomic force microscope
525:The Foresight Institute
433:molecular self-assembly
247:Atomic force microscopy
181:Supramolecular assembly
167:Molecular self-assembly
7347:Bering Strait crossing
7153:Technology forecasting
7148:Technological paradigm
7121:Proactionary principle
6410:Structural engineering
6405:Mechanical engineering
6148:Engineering management
5381:Toxicological Sciences
5148:Elder A (2006-08-03).
4393:10.1002/advs.202207355
3899:Frontiers in Chemistry
3821:"Lipid nanotechnology"
3815:Mashaghi S, Jadidi T,
3717:10.1002/chin.200605222
3537:10.1002/adhm.201500272
3233:"Zettl Research Group"
2203:Translational research
2198:Top-down and bottom-up
1918:
1691:
1683:
1658:
1595:molecular-beam epitaxy
1491:
1187:Molecular Beam Epitaxy
1066:
1054:
1042:
1018:
935:productive nanosystems
823:statistical mechanical
812:
583:
566:Buckminsterfullerene C
549:Nobel Prize in Physics
506:
48:
7567:History of technology
7539:Limits of computation
7314:Planetary engineering
7291:Megascale engineering
7079:Disruptive innovation
6942:Metamaterial cloaking
6818:Emerging technologies
6776:Technology portal
6390:Aerospace engineering
6303:Engineering education
5394:10.1093/toxsci/kfs171
4824:10.1038/nnano.2014.58
4804:Nature Nanotechnology
3576:10.1533/9780857097231
3123:Nature Nanotechnology
1952:Nature Nanotechnology
1916:
1689:
1669:
1644:
1469:
1337:mechanical properties
1305:Biomimetic approaches
1264:Functional approaches
1060:
1048:
1024:
1009:
884:intermolecular forces
877:molecular recognition
794:
762:molecular recognition
565:
504:
425:molecular engineering
409:semiconductor physics
330:Technology portal
300:Molecular engineering
46:
7501:Particle accelerator
7126:Technological change
7069:Collingridge dilemma
6563:Green nanotechnology
6331:Graduate certificate
5416:Stix G (July 2007).
5038:Nanotechnology Today
3838:10.3390/ijms14024242
3667:10.3390/nano10081466
3132:10.1038/nnano.2006.5
1942:A two-year study at
1893:Berkeley, California
1808:significant role in
1495:Scanning microscopes
1462:Tools and techniques
1142:Bottom-up approaches
1097:medical applications
927:molecular assemblers
900:folding of a protein
825:effects, as well as
688:Fundamental concepts
655:silver nanoparticles
570:, also known as the
209:Molecular logic gate
120:Green nanotechnology
7357:Great Wall of China
7304:Climate engineering
7183:Technology scouting
7158:Accelerating change
7029:Powered exoskeleton
6986:Programmable matter
6864:Smart manufacturing
6859:Molecular assembler
6839:3D microfabrication
6710:Molecular assembler
6316:Bachelor of Science
6158:Engineering physics
6142:Engineering drawing
5664:Interdisciplinarity
5423:Scientific American
5271:The Washington Post
4962:2008EnST...42.3910L
4816:2014NatNa...9..353A
4714:10.4137/BTRI.S12331
4608:"Nano in transport"
4556:2016NanoL..16..152M
4188:2004Nanot..15.1135L
4167:Lapshin RV (2004).
3911:2020FrCh....8..392T
3459:2004JOM....56j..38N
3378:2005Sci...310.1661G
3336:2005ApPhL..86l3119R
3271:2005NanoL...5.1730R
3062:National Geographic
2781:2006Carbo..44.1621M
2688:1985Natur.318..162K
2631:10.1147/rd.441.0279
2525:2015NatSR...5E8323B
2365:2013Cmplx..18c..24S
2267:Drexler KE (1992).
2227:Drexler KE (1986).
2118:Molecular mechanics
2098:Magnetic nanochains
1782:Video game consoles
1672:superhydrophobicity
1540:optical lithography
1392:information science
1388:Programmable matter
1198:Top-down approaches
1029:is an artificially
950:biological machines
894:targeting a single
886:. The Watson–Crick
850:synthetic chemistry
758:assemble themselves
712:, are in the range
661:-based sunscreens,
653:platform for using
285:Molecular assembler
257:Electron microscope
47:Fullerene nanogears
7608:1985 introductions
7603:1960 introductions
7478:Wet nanotechnology
7473:Wearable generator
7428:DNA nanotechnology
7200:Technology roadmap
6902:Conductive polymer
6764:Science portal
6641:DNA nanotechnology
5918:Telecommunications
5823:Naval architecture
5499:Davies JC (2008).
5208:Toxicology Letters
5173:Toxicology Letters
4751:Acta Biomaterialia
4586:"Nano in medicine"
3758:. Nobelprize.org.
3117:Rodgers P (2006).
3027:Prasad SK (2008).
2513:Scientific Reports
2373:10.1002/cplx.21427
2321:10.1002/cplx.20306
2208:Wet nanotechnology
2163:Nanoscale networks
1933:pulmonary diseases
1919:
1817:tissue engineering
1786:personal computers
1692:
1684:
1659:
1492:
1222:(ALD) techniques.
1101:tissue engineering
1067:
1055:
1049:Rotating view of C
1043:
1035:DNA nanotechnology
1019:
995:Cornell University
898:, or the specific
827:quantum mechanical
813:
614:(sometimes called
584:
507:
468:doomsday scenarios
435:, from developing
385:quantum mechanical
318:Science portal
186:DNA nanotechnology
49:
7585:
7584:
7511:Synthetic element
7448:Nanobiotechnology
7334:Macro-engineering
7233:
7232:
7052:
7051:
7001:Synthetic diamond
6897:Artificial muscle
6879:Materials science
6784:
6783:
6466:
6465:
6395:Civil engineering
6341:Licensed engineer
6336:Engineer's degree
6288:
6287:
6120:Building services
6103:Health technology
5964:Chemical reaction
5913:Signal processing
5334:on March 15, 2010
5018:978-0-306-44582-8
4970:10.1021/es0871199
4272:10.2217/nnm.15.91
4240:978-1-58883-163-7
3617:10.1002/bit.25160
3585:978-0-85709-596-1
3344:10.1063/1.1887827
3279:10.1021/nl0510659
3038:978-81-8356-296-6
3005:978-1-4051-7545-6
2892:American Elements
2588:10.1116/1.2815690
2533:10.1038/srep08323
2405:978-1-84821-345-6
2302:Hubler A (2010).
2280:978-0-471-57547-4
2242:978-0-385-19973-5
2123:Nanobiotechnology
2078:Gold nanoparticle
2038:Technology portal
1914:
1830:Researchers used
1827:resorption pits.
1728:
1727:
1667:
1544:X-ray lithography
1396:materials science
1325:Bionanotechnology
1319:Biomineralization
1277:superparamagnetic
1249:Focused ion beams
1159:organic synthesis
942:molecular machine
576:carbon structures
551:in 1986. Binnig,
405:molecular biology
401:organic chemistry
366:
365:
16:(Redirected from
7620:
7410:Photolithography
7377:Space settlement
7299:Astroengineering
7260:
7253:
7246:
7237:
7236:
7221:
7220:
7168:Horizon scanning
7084:Ephemeralization
7044:Uncrewed vehicle
6964:Carbon nanotubes
6829:
6828:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6788:
6787:
6774:
6773:
6762:
6761:
6748:
6747:
6736:
6735:
6720:Mechanosynthesis
6611:characterization
6493:
6486:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6436:
6435:
6426:
6425:
6296:
5883:Electromechanics
5669:
5668:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5571:
5570:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5523:. Archived from
5516:
5510:
5508:
5503:. Archived from
5496:
5490:
5489:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5396:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5295:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5274:. Archived from
5264:Weiss R (2008).
5261:
5255:
5254:
5249:. Archived from
5238:
5232:
5231:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5156:. Archived from
5145:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5092:. Archived from
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5062:. Archived from
5052:
5046:
5045:
5040:. Archived from
5029:
5023:
5022:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4881:"Nanotechnology"
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4774:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4614:. Archived from
4604:
4598:
4597:
4592:. Archived from
4582:
4576:
4575:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4527:. Archived from
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4387:(13): e2207355.
4381:Advanced Science
4368:
4362:
4361:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4314:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4232:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4146:. Archived from
4129:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4079:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4027:
4021:
4020:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3878:. Archived from
3867:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3669:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3422:. 12 July 2004.
3420:Photonics Online
3412:
3406:
3405:
3372:(5754): 1661–5.
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3321:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3297:. Archived from
3256:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3194:. Archived from
3185:
3179:
3178:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3150:. Archived from
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2791:. Archived from
2764:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2696:10.1038/318162a0
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2581:
2572:(4): MR17–MR71.
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2323:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2224:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2020:
1973:carbon nanotubes
1957:carbon nanotubes
1915:
1760:to last longer,
1723:
1720:
1714:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1668:
1345:biocompatibility
1210:for fabricating
1016:molecular switch
965:Carlo Montemagno
931:mechanosynthesis
740:kinetic diameter
733:
715:
634:in Nanoscience.
620:carbon nanotubes
612:carbon nanotubes
421:microfabrication
358:
351:
344:
328:
327:
316:
315:
295:Mechanosynthesis
153:Carbon nanotubes
51:
50:
21:
7628:
7627:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7613:1986 neologisms
7588:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7558:
7521:Femtotechnology
7515:
7482:
7414:
7392:Microtechnology
7386:
7328:
7285:
7267:
7264:
7234:
7229:
7209:
7048:
7005:
6907:Femtotechnology
6892:Amorphous metal
6873:
6820:
6815:
6785:
6780:
6768:
6756:
6724:
6696:
6673:
6669:Nanolithography
6656:Nanoelectronics
6650:
6617:
6572:
6535:
6526:Popular culture
6502:
6497:
6467:
6462:
6414:
6361:
6345:
6321:Master's degree
6297:
6284:
6198:Instrumentation
6061:
6003:
5969:Electrochemical
5922:
5908:Radio frequency
5847:
5774:
5738:Municipal/Urban
5662:
5660:
5654:
5631:
5626:
5579:
5574:
5543:
5539:
5530:
5528:
5517:
5513:
5497:
5493:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5435:
5431:
5414:
5410:
5373:
5369:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5320:
5316:
5308:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5262:
5258:
5239:
5235:
5204:
5200:
5169:
5165:
5146:
5142:
5105:
5101:
5082:
5078:
5069:
5067:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5030:
5026:
5019:
4997:
4993:
4946:
4942:
4933:
4931:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4894:
4892:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4796:
4792:
4743:
4739:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4668:
4664:
4627:
4623:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4540:
4536:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4502:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4422:
4418:
4376:
4369:
4365:
4342:
4338:
4291:
4287:
4266:(16): 2553–71.
4256:
4252:
4241:
4230:
4222:
4215:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4028:
4024:
3985:
3981:
3950:
3946:
3891:
3887:
3868:
3864:
3813:
3809:
3788:(11): 2528–40.
3778:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3697:
3693:
3646:
3642:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3564:
3560:
3531:(11): 1600–27.
3521:
3517:
3486:
3482:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3207:
3203:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3144:
3140:
3115:
3111:
3080:
3073:
3068:(June): 98–119.
3058:
3054:
3039:
3025:
3021:
3006:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2715:
2711:
2682:(6042): 162–3.
2673:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2615:
2611:
2562:
2558:
2505:
2501:
2454:
2450:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2392:
2388:
2349:
2345:
2300:
2296:
2281:
2265:
2258:
2243:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2133:Nanoengineering
2053:Carbon nanotube
2048:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2012:
1988:
1982:
1929:
1921:Main articles:
1903:
1901:
1884:risk perception
1853:
1847:
1734:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1661:
1647:nanoelectronics
1639:
1583:
1536:
1497:
1464:
1416:
1407:femtotechnology
1354:
1307:
1266:
1212:microprocessors
1200:
1191:nanowire lasers
1181:nanolithography
1144:
1072:
1052:
1004:
969:Richard Smalley
922:
916:
854:pharmaceuticals
846:
840:
819:
789:
769:nanoelectronics
748:microtechnology
731:
713:
690:
609:
596:Richard Smalley
569:
541:Heinrich Rohrer
515:K. Eric Drexler
511:Norio Taniguchi
490:Richard Feynman
486:
480:
456:nanoelectronics
397:surface science
362:
322:
310:
214:Nanolithography
195:Nanoelectronics
83:Popular culture
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7626:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7598:Nanotechnology
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7549:Nuclear isomer
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7529:Femtochemistry
7525:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7492:
7490:
7488:Picotechnology
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7420:Nanotechnology
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7405:Micromachinery
7402:
7396:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7319:Space elevator
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7295:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7240:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7039:Swarm robotics
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6981:Picotechnology
6978:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6959:Nanotechnology
6956:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6883:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6835:
6833:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6814:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6791:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6706:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6558:Nanotoxicology
6555:
6549:
6547:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6500:Nanotechnology
6496:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6473:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6440:
6430:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6371:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6350:Related topics
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6270:Sustainability
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6134:
6132:Geoengineering
6129:
6128:
6127:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6113:Rehabilitation
6110:
6108:Pharmaceutical
6105:
6100:
6095:
6093:Bioinformatics
6085:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6052:Semiconductors
6049:
6044:
6042:Nanotechnology
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5939:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5758:Transportation
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5666:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5625:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5589:
5583:Nanotechnology
5578:
5577:External links
5575:
5573:
5572:
5553:(3): 231–240.
5537:
5511:
5507:on 2008-11-20.
5491:
5480:(9): 1060–73.
5464:
5429:
5408:
5387:(2): 461–470.
5367:
5364:on 2012-08-25.
5345:
5314:
5281:
5278:on 2011-06-29.
5256:
5253:on 2010-03-26.
5233:
5214:(2): 268–269.
5198:
5163:
5160:on 2015-01-23.
5140:
5099:
5096:on 2010-09-02.
5076:
5047:
5044:on 2011-08-23.
5024:
5017:
4991:
4940:
4901:
4872:
4847:
4810:(5): 353–357.
4790:
4757:(2): 651–660.
4737:
4688:
4662:
4621:
4618:on 2011-10-29.
4599:
4596:on 2011-11-14.
4577:
4550:(1): 152–156.
4534:
4531:on 2011-11-14.
4512:
4482:
4457:
4416:
4374:
4363:
4336:
4305:(3): 138–143.
4285:
4250:
4239:
4213:
4182:(9): 1135–51.
4176:Nanotechnology
4156:
4153:on 2012-01-31.
4115:
4088:(8): 1536–40.
4065:
4022:
3995:(6): 1009–26.
3979:
3944:
3885:
3882:on 2013-05-13.
3862:
3831:(2): 4242–82.
3807:
3772:
3747:
3722:
3691:
3640:
3611:(3): 441–453.
3591:
3584:
3558:
3515:
3496:(4): 939–946.
3480:
3437:
3407:
3356:
3330:(12): 123119.
3307:
3304:on 2006-05-10.
3242:
3239:on 2015-10-08.
3224:
3201:
3198:on 2014-10-08.
3180:
3158:
3154:on 2020-06-01.
3138:
3109:
3090:(10): 9700–7.
3071:
3052:
3037:
3019:
3004:
2986:
2962:
2938:
2909:
2876:
2837:
2826:on 26 May 2011
2808:
2750:
2729:(5756): 1916.
2709:
2671:
2662:
2636:
2625:(4): 355–369.
2609:
2566:Biointerphases
2556:
2499:
2448:
2429:(4): 1467–71.
2411:
2404:
2386:
2343:
2294:
2279:
2256:
2241:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2044:Main article:
2042:
2041:
2027:
2024:Science portal
2011:
2008:
1984:Main article:
1981:
1978:
1965:Anthony Seaton
1900:
1897:
1876:bacteriostatic
1857:nanotoxicology
1849:Main article:
1846:
1843:
1747:food packaging
1730:Main article:
1726:
1725:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1680:inclined plane
1678:roll down the
1676:water droplets
1638:
1635:
1613:for which the
1603:John R. Arthur
1582:
1579:
1535:
1532:
1503:(AFM) and the
1496:
1493:
1488:photodetectors
1463:
1460:
1458:applications.
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1403:picotechnology
1399:
1385:
1373:
1367:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1327:is the use of
1322:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1280:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1246:
1235:
1224:Peter Grünberg
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1170:
1166:
1155:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1116:
1109:antibacterials
1093:
1090:
1071:
1068:
1050:
1014:, useful as a
1003:
1000:
993:Ho and Lee at
946:stochastically
918:Main article:
915:
912:
856:or commercial
842:Main article:
839:
836:
815:Main article:
797:reconstruction
788:
785:
689:
686:
607:
567:
482:Main article:
479:
476:
474:is warranted.
429:device physics
413:energy storage
369:Nanotechnology
364:
363:
361:
360:
353:
346:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
320:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
279:
278:
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
241:
240:
234:
233:
232:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
198:
197:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
178:
170:
169:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:
150:
142:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
115:Nanotoxicology
112:
104:
103:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
67:
66:
64:Nanotechnology
60:
59:
58:of articles on
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7625:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7458:Nanomaterials
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7309:Megastructure
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7261:
7256:
7254:
7249:
7247:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7226:
7225:
7216:
7215:
7212:
7206:
7205:Transhumanism
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6974:Nanomaterials
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6937:Metamaterials
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6849:3D publishing
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:Manufacturing
6830:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6812:
6807:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6606:Nanoparticles
6604:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6578:Nanomaterials
6575:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:Organizations
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6489:
6487:
6482:
6480:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6449:
6441:
6439:
6431:
6429:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:Manufacturing
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5803:Biomechanical
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5701:Environmental
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5681:Architectural
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5611:
5609:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5527:on 2010-12-05
5526:
5522:
5515:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5066:on 2008-04-08
5065:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4635:EXCLI Journal
4632:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4612:NanoandMe.org
4609:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4590:NanoandMe.org
4587:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4525:NanoandMe.org
4522:
4516:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4436:(4): 040507.
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4352:(4): 1101–8.
4351:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4218:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4161:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3737:on 2010-11-20
3736:
3732:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3654:Nanomaterials
3651:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3453:(10): 38–43.
3452:
3448:
3441:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:(9): 1730–3.
3264:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2955:
2948:
2942:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2798:on 2009-09-29
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:(9): 1621–3.
2774:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:. Doubleday.
2233:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Nanoneuronics
2151:
2149:
2148:Nanometrology
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Nano-thermite
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:Public health
1858:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1810:drug delivery
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:nanomaterials
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:bowling balls
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1722:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1674:, which lets
1673:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:nanomaterials
1623:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:Alfred Y. Cho
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:self-assembly
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:drug delivery
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:nanomaterials
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:nanomaterials
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:capabilities.
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Nanocellulose
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:conformation.
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:nucleic acids
1149:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1132:
1131:nanoparticles
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:drug delivery
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:Nanomaterials
1064:
1063:quantum wells
1059:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1008:
999:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
961:
959:
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
921:
911:
909:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
845:
835:
832:
828:
824:
818:
817:Nanomaterials
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
784:
782:
778:
777:nanophotonics
774:
773:nanomechanics
770:
765:
763:
759:
754:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
728:
723:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
670:fund research
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:nanomaterials
643:
641:
640:Royal Society
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
577:
573:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
526:
522:
521:
516:
512:
503:
499:
497:
496:
491:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:, such as in
449:
444:
442:
438:
437:new materials
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
339:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
319:
314:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:
277:
274:
273:
268:
267:Nanotribology
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
239:
238:Nanometrology
236:
235:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
196:
193:
192:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
165:
164:
159:
158:Nanoparticles
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:Nanomaterials
137:
136:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
102:
98:
95:
94:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
78:Organizations
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7544:Mode-locking
7534:Hafnium bomb
7506:Rydberg atom
7433:Implications
7419:
7362:Panama Canal
7324:Terraforming
7222:
7109:Robot ethics
7024:Nanorobotics
6991:Quantum dots
6958:
6749:
6737:
6715:Nanorobotics
6553:Nanomedicine
6545:applications
6499:
6374:Engineering
6220:Mechatronics
6073:Agricultural
6041:
5723:Geotechnical
5691:Construction
5550:
5546:
5540:
5529:. Retrieved
5525:the original
5514:
5505:the original
5494:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5455:. Retrieved
5446:
5442:
5432:
5421:
5411:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5362:the original
5357:
5348:
5336:. Retrieved
5332:the original
5327:
5317:
5301:
5297:
5284:
5276:the original
5269:
5259:
5251:the original
5246:
5236:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5158:the original
5153:
5143:
5119:(1): 43–50.
5116:
5112:
5102:
5094:the original
5089:
5079:
5068:. Retrieved
5064:the original
5059:
5050:
5042:the original
5037:
5027:
5000:
4994:
4956:(11): 3910.
4953:
4949:
4943:
4932:. Retrieved
4926:. 2013-101.
4913:
4904:
4893:. Retrieved
4884:
4875:
4864:. Retrieved
4862:. 2015-11-04
4859:
4850:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4679:. Retrieved
4676:ResearchGate
4675:
4665:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4616:the original
4611:
4602:
4594:the original
4589:
4580:
4547:
4544:Nano Letters
4543:
4537:
4529:the original
4524:
4515:
4505:November 23,
4503:. Retrieved
4494:
4485:
4474:. Retrieved
4469:
4460:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4384:
4380:
4366:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4263:
4260:Nanomedicine
4259:
4253:
4226:
4179:
4175:
4148:the original
4135:
4131:
4118:
4085:
4081:
4068:
4035:
4031:
4025:
3992:
3989:Neurosurgery
3988:
3982:
3960:(1): 17–33.
3957:
3953:
3947:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3880:the original
3875:
3865:
3828:
3824:
3817:Koenderink G
3810:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3764:. Retrieved
3750:
3739:. Retrieved
3735:the original
3725:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3567:
3561:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3493:
3490:Nanomedicine
3489:
3483:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3419:
3410:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3327:
3323:
3310:
3299:the original
3262:
3259:Nano Letters
3258:
3245:
3237:the original
3227:
3221:(48): 37–42.
3218:
3214:
3204:
3196:the original
3191:
3183:
3170:
3161:
3156:. crnano.org
3152:the original
3141:
3122:
3112:
3087:
3083:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3028:
3022:
2995:
2989:
2965:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2900:. Retrieved
2867:. Retrieved
2853:
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:the original
2800:. Retrieved
2793:the original
2772:
2766:
2753:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2639:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2468:(1): 32–33.
2465:
2461:
2451:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2395:
2389:
2359:(3): 24–27.
2356:
2352:
2346:
2314:(5): 48–55.
2311:
2307:
2297:
2269:
2230:
2222:
2158:Nanoparticle
2138:Nanofluidics
2001:
1993:
1989:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1930:
1889:
1881:
1869:
1854:
1845:Implications
1836:
1829:
1814:
1806:
1791:
1758:tennis balls
1755:
1751:
1745:; silver in
1735:
1716:
1708:
1637:Applications
1631:Transfersome
1624:
1584:
1556:
1537:
1524:
1513:
1498:
1417:
1382:nanomachines
1370:Nanorobotics
1355:
1341:renewability
1329:biomolecules
1267:
1201:
1163:bis-peptides
1145:
1135:quantum dots
1122:are used in
1099:, including
1073:
1039:double helix
992:
978:publication
973:
962:
957:
954:
939:
923:
904:
881:non-covalent
866:
847:
820:
766:
755:
752:
725:
714:0.12–0.15 nm
702:bond lengths
695:
691:
682:
667:
663:carbon fiber
659:nanoparticle
644:
636:
624:Sumio Iijima
585:
529:
518:
508:
493:
492:in his talk
487:
460:biomaterials
452:nanomedicine
448:applications
445:
394:
381:surface area
376:
368:
367:
290:Nanorobotics
110:Nanomedicine
101:applications
63:
40:
7577:Engineering
7496:Exotic atom
7463:Nanoreactor
7453:Nanofoundry
7367:Red Sea dam
7352:Delta Works
7173:Moore's law
7104:Neuroethics
7099:Cyberethics
6869:Utility fog
6854:Claytronics
6844:3D printing
6448:Wikiproject
6203:and Control
6193:Information
6017:Biomaterial
5947:Bioresource
5938:/Bioprocess
5936:Biochemical
5888:Electronics
5659:Specialties
5629:Engineering
5457:2 September
5437:Rollins K.
4641:: 265–286.
4138:: 707–712.
4038:(1): 1–10.
3660:(8): 1466.
2183:Nanoweapons
2103:Materiomics
1832:DNA origami
1620:spintronics
1534:Lithography
1378:Mihail Roco
1352:Speculative
1274:anisotropic
1232:spintronics
1228:Albert Fert
1124:solar cells
1120:nanopillars
1027:tetrahedron
888:basepairing
799:on a clean
744:macroscopic
732:1 to 100 nm
651:Silver Nano
632:Kavli Prize
600:Robert Curl
592:Harry Kroto
559:that year.
547:received a
537:Gerd Binnig
417:engineering
219:Moore's law
7592:Categories
7468:Regulation
7382:Suez Canal
7372:Sahara Sea
7342:Atlantropa
7276:Technology
7064:Automation
6949:Metal foam
6599:Non-carbon
6590:Nanotubes
6586:Fullerenes
6568:Regulation
6367:Glossaries
6188:Industrial
6168:Facilities
6163:Explosives
6088:Biomedical
6083:Automation
6032:Metallurgy
5942:Biological
5893:Microwaves
5853:Electrical
5798:Automotive
5780:Mechanical
5753:Structural
5718:Geological
5706:Ecological
5696:Earthquake
5547:NanoEthics
5531:2008-11-24
5179:(1): 1–8.
5070:2008-03-07
4934:2012-11-08
4895:2012-08-24
4866:2024-06-25
4681:28 October
4476:2024-07-02
4470:tuball.com
3766:2007-10-19
3741:2007-10-19
3705:ChemInform
2802:2019-07-09
2353:Complexity
2308:Complexity
2215:References
1980:Regulation
1825:osteoclast
1762:golf balls
1743:gecko tape
1601:including
1575:copolymers
1480:phonograph
1476:cantilever
1448:biomedical
1444:electronic
1432:biological
1358:anticipate
1315:biomimicry
1113:biosensors
1083:fullerenes
984:Alex Zettl
948:optimized
781:nanoionics
727:Mycoplasma
588:fullerenes
580:fullerenes
373:nanometers
148:Fullerenes
130:Regulation
7094:Bioethics
6912:Fullerene
6326:Doctorate
6240:Packaging
6210:Logistics
6183:Geomatics
6144:/graphics
6037:Molecular
6027:Corrosion
6009:Materials
5989:Petroleum
5979:Molecular
5861:Broadcast
5843:Tribology
5793:Aerospace
5728:Hydraulic
5328:Telegraph
4708:: 25–35.
4452:0013-4651
4204:250913438
3475:137324362
3047:277278905
3014:830161740
2579:0801.3280
2330:1076-2787
2273:. Wiley.
1655:nanowires
1581:Bottom-up
1563:nanowires
1559:nanotubes
1520:algorithm
1456:biosensor
1025:This DNA
988:nanomotor
896:substrate
873:bottom-up
795:Image of
698:nanometer
578:known as
572:buckyball
377:nanoscale
7019:Domotics
7011:Robotics
6996:Silicene
6917:Graphene
6739:Category
6508:Overview
6428:Category
6357:Engineer
6265:Software
6260:Security
6235:Ontology
6225:Military
6215:Robotics
6178:Forensic
6098:Clinical
6057:Surfaces
6047:Polymers
6022:Ceramics
5999:Reaction
5928:Chemical
5866:Computer
5788:Acoustic
5743:Offshore
5711:Sanitary
5567:55719697
5451:Archived
5403:22584686
5358:BBC News
5306:Archived
5304:: 3–22.
5247:AOL News
5228:19836437
5193:19501137
5135:18523535
4986:26887347
4978:18589943
4928:Archived
4889:Archived
4842:24705510
4785:Archived
4781:24252447
4732:26097381
4657:26417260
4572:26618638
4499:Archived
4497:. 2010.
4472:. OCSiAl
4411:36905241
4402:10161069
4331:22171309
4280:26295171
4245:Archived
4208:Archived
4102:17694877
4052:19076015
4017:33235348
4009:16723880
3974:15727553
3939:32435633
3857:23429269
3802:13575385
3760:Archived
3686:32727028
3635:24264728
3553:21582516
3545:26010739
3510:25680539
3430:5 August
3424:Archived
3402:13678773
3394:16339440
3348:Archived
3295:16159214
3175:Archived
3104:26394039
3084:ACS Nano
2978:Archived
2954:Archived
2925:Archived
2896:Archived
2745:16373566
2649:Archived
2604:35457219
2596:20419892
2551:25662746
2519:: 8323.
2494:20606992
2381:35742708
2289:26503231
2251:12752328
2010:See also
1961:asbestos
1937:fibrosis
1839:Technion
1778:Bandages
1770:Trousers
1719:May 2024
1470:Typical
1428:chemical
1424:physical
1287:rotaxane
1245:or MEMS.
1087:nanorods
1031:designed
1012:rotaxane
1002:Research
858:polymers
722:cellular
710:molecule
616:graphene
586:Second,
464:toxicity
56:a series
54:Part of
7554:Nucleon
6887:Aerogel
6751:Commons
6531:Outline
6516:History
6438:Commons
6280:Textile
6275:Systems
6245:Privacy
6230:Nuclear
5994:Process
5952:Genetic
5898:Optical
5878:Control
5871:outline
5838:Thermal
5828:Railway
5768:Railway
5763:Traffic
5686:Coastal
5645:Outline
5640:History
5474:Futures
5338:May 19,
5126:2322933
4958:Bibcode
4833:4012984
4812:Bibcode
4772:3907683
4723:4471123
4648:4464443
4552:Bibcode
4322:3217704
4184:Bibcode
4110:1119820
4060:9807497
3930:7218176
3907:Bibcode
3905:: 392.
3872:"Virus"
3848:3588097
3677:7466539
3626:3924876
3455:Bibcode
3374:Bibcode
3366:Science
3332:Bibcode
3287:1017464
3267:Bibcode
3171:imm.org
2777:Bibcode
2723:Science
2704:4314237
2684:Bibcode
2542:4321171
2521:Bibcode
2485:2890134
2361:Bibcode
2338:6994736
2143:NanoHUB
1967:of the
1935:, e.g.
1709:updated
1311:Bionics
1298:nanocar
908:biology
848:Modern
831:quantum
478:Origins
125:Hazards
88:Outline
73:History
7089:Ethics
7057:Topics
6825:Fields
6594:Carbon
6541:Impact
6458:Portal
6255:Survey
6250:Safety
6137:Design
5957:Tissue
5833:Sports
5818:Marine
5808:Energy
5733:Mining
5587:Curlie
5565:
5401:
5226:
5191:
5133:
5123:
5090:SFGate
5015:
4984:
4976:
4840:
4830:
4779:
4769:
4730:
4720:
4655:
4645:
4570:
4450:
4409:
4399:
4329:
4319:
4278:
4237:
4202:
4108:
4100:
4058:
4050:
4015:
4007:
3972:
3937:
3927:
3855:
3845:
3800:
3684:
3674:
3633:
3623:
3582:
3551:
3543:
3508:
3473:
3400:
3392:
3293:
3285:
3102:
3045:
3035:
3012:
3002:
2931:13 May
2902:13 May
2830:13 May
2768:Carbon
2743:
2702:
2676:Nature
2655:12 May
2602:
2594:
2549:
2539:
2492:
2482:
2443:709782
2441:
2402:
2379:
2336:
2328:
2287:
2277:
2249:
2239:
1798:metals
1651:MOSFET
1569:, and
1430:, and
1343:, and
892:enzyme
716:, and
598:, and
423:, and
97:Impact
6078:Audio
6066:Other
5984:Paper
5903:Power
5748:River
5673:Civil
5563:S2CID
5309:(PDF)
5294:(PDF)
4982:S2CID
4231:(PDF)
4200:S2CID
4172:(PDF)
4151:(PDF)
4128:(PDF)
4106:S2CID
4078:(PDF)
4056:S2CID
4013:S2CID
3798:S2CID
3711:(5).
3549:S2CID
3471:S2CID
3398:S2CID
3351:(PDF)
3320:(PDF)
3302:(PDF)
3255:(PDF)
2981:(PDF)
2974:(PDF)
2957:(PDF)
2950:(PDF)
2869:9 May
2796:(PDF)
2763:(PDF)
2700:S2CID
2600:S2CID
2574:arXiv
2439:S2CID
2377:S2CID
2334:S2CID
1774:socks
1649:with
1484:laser
708:in a
706:atoms
553:Quate
7224:List
6543:and
6173:Fire
5974:Food
5459:2010
5399:PMID
5340:2010
5224:PMID
5189:PMID
5131:PMID
5013:ISBN
4974:PMID
4838:PMID
4777:PMID
4728:PMID
4683:2023
4653:PMID
4568:PMID
4507:2011
4448:ISSN
4407:PMID
4327:PMID
4276:PMID
4235:ISBN
4098:PMID
4048:PMID
4005:PMID
3970:PMID
3935:PMID
3853:PMID
3682:PMID
3631:PMID
3580:ISBN
3541:PMID
3506:PMID
3432:2015
3390:PMID
3291:PMID
3283:OSTI
3100:PMID
3066:2006
3043:OCLC
3033:ISBN
3010:OCLC
3000:ISBN
2933:2011
2904:2011
2871:2010
2832:2011
2741:PMID
2657:2011
2592:PMID
2547:PMID
2490:PMID
2400:ISBN
2326:ISSN
2285:OCLC
2275:ISBN
2247:OCLC
2237:ISBN
1995:the
1925:and
1821:cell
1802:fuel
1784:and
1772:and
1561:and
1499:The
1454:and
1405:and
1394:and
1226:and
1111:and
801:Gold
779:and
696:One
539:and
383:and
99:and
6383:M–Z
6378:A–L
6125:MEP
5661:and
5585:at
5555:doi
5482:doi
5389:doi
5385:128
5216:doi
5212:192
5181:doi
5177:191
5121:PMC
5005:doi
4966:doi
4918:doi
4828:PMC
4820:doi
4767:PMC
4759:doi
4718:PMC
4710:doi
4643:PMC
4560:doi
4438:doi
4434:168
4397:PMC
4389:doi
4354:doi
4317:PMC
4307:doi
4268:doi
4192:doi
4140:doi
4090:doi
4040:doi
3997:doi
3962:doi
3925:PMC
3915:doi
3843:PMC
3833:doi
3790:doi
3713:doi
3672:PMC
3662:doi
3621:PMC
3613:doi
3609:111
3572:doi
3533:doi
3498:doi
3463:doi
3447:JOM
3382:doi
3370:310
3340:doi
3275:doi
3127:doi
3092:doi
2858:doi
2785:doi
2731:doi
2727:310
2692:doi
2680:318
2627:doi
2584:doi
2537:PMC
2529:doi
2480:PMC
2470:doi
2431:doi
2369:doi
2316:doi
1550:or
1472:AFM
1313:or
976:ACS
805:100
718:DNA
628:NEC
626:of
606:. C
543:at
431:to
7594::
5561:.
5549:.
5478:38
5476:.
5445:.
5441:.
5420:.
5397:.
5383:.
5379:.
5356:.
5326:.
5300:.
5296:.
5268:.
5245:.
5222:.
5210:.
5187:.
5175:.
5152:.
5129:.
5117:11
5115:.
5111:.
5088:.
5058:.
5036:.
5011:.
4980:.
4972:.
4964:.
4954:42
4952:.
4912:.
4883:.
4858:.
4836:.
4826:.
4818:.
4806:.
4802:.
4783:.
4775:.
4765:.
4755:10
4753:.
4749:.
4726:.
4716:.
4704:.
4700:.
4674:.
4651:.
4639:13
4637:.
4633:.
4610:.
4588:.
4566:.
4558:.
4548:16
4546:.
4523:.
4493:.
4468:.
4446:.
4432:.
4428:.
4405:.
4395:.
4385:10
4383:.
4379:.
4350:94
4348:.
4325:.
4315:.
4301:.
4297:.
4274:.
4264:10
4262:.
4243:.
4216:^
4206:.
4198:.
4190:.
4180:15
4178:.
4174:.
4159:^
4134:.
4130:.
4104:.
4096:.
4086:54
4084:.
4080:.
4054:.
4046:.
4034:.
4011:.
4003:.
3993:58
3991:.
3968:.
3956:.
3933:.
3923:.
3913:.
3901:.
3897:.
3874:.
3851:.
3841:.
3829:14
3827:.
3823:.
3796:.
3786:54
3784:.
3709:37
3707:.
3703:.
3680:.
3670:.
3658:10
3656:.
3652:.
3629:.
3619:.
3607:.
3603:.
3578:.
3547:.
3539:.
3527:.
3504:.
3494:11
3492:.
3469:.
3461:.
3451:56
3449:.
3418:.
3396:.
3388:.
3380:.
3368:.
3346:.
3338:.
3328:86
3326:.
3322:.
3289:.
3281:.
3273:.
3261:.
3257:.
3219:81
3217:.
3213:.
3173:.
3169:.
3125:.
3121:.
3098:.
3086:.
3074:^
3064:.
3041:.
3008:.
2976:.
2952:.
2912:^
2894:.
2890:.
2879:^
2854:81
2852:.
2848:.
2811:^
2783:.
2773:44
2771:.
2765:.
2739:.
2725:.
2721:.
2698:.
2690:.
2678:.
2672:60
2623:30
2621:.
2598:.
2590:.
2582:.
2568:.
2545:.
2535:.
2527:.
2515:.
2511:.
2488:.
2478:.
2464:.
2460:.
2437:.
2427:20
2425:.
2375:.
2367:.
2357:18
2355:.
2332:.
2324:.
2312:15
2310:.
2306:.
2283:.
2259:^
2245:.
1949:A
1622:.
1605:.
1577:.
1542:,
1450:,
1446:,
1426:,
1339:,
1165:).
1107:,
1103:,
1051:60
960:.
952:.
775:,
771:,
750:.
680:.
608:60
594:,
568:60
458:,
454:,
443:.
419:,
415:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
399:,
392:.
379:,
7259:e
7252:t
7245:v
6810:e
6803:t
6796:v
6492:e
6485:t
6478:v
5621:e
5614:t
5607:v
5569:.
5557::
5551:2
5534:.
5509:.
5488:.
5484::
5461:.
5447:6
5426:.
5405:.
5391::
5342:.
5302:3
5230:.
5218::
5195:.
5183::
5137:.
5073:.
5021:.
5007::
4988:.
4968::
4960::
4937:.
4920::
4898:.
4869:.
4844:.
4822::
4814::
4808:9
4761::
4734:.
4712::
4706:5
4685:.
4659:.
4574:.
4562::
4554::
4509:.
4479:.
4454:.
4440::
4413:.
4391::
4375:4
4360:.
4356::
4333:.
4309::
4303:2
4282:.
4270::
4194::
4186::
4142::
4136:7
4112:.
4092::
4062:.
4042::
4036:1
4019:.
3999::
3976:.
3964::
3958:6
3941:.
3917::
3909::
3903:8
3859:.
3835::
3804:.
3792::
3769:.
3744:.
3719:.
3715::
3688:.
3664::
3637:.
3615::
3588:.
3574::
3555:.
3535::
3529:4
3512:.
3500::
3477:.
3465::
3457::
3434:.
3404:.
3384::
3376::
3342::
3334::
3277::
3269::
3263:5
3135:.
3129::
3106:.
3094::
3088:9
3049:.
3016:.
2935:.
2906:.
2873:.
2860::
2834:.
2805:.
2787::
2779::
2747:.
2733::
2706:.
2694::
2686::
2659:.
2633:.
2629::
2606:.
2586::
2576::
2570:2
2553:.
2531::
2523::
2517:5
2496:.
2472::
2466:3
2445:.
2433::
2408:.
2383:.
2371::
2363::
2340:.
2318::
2291:.
2253:.
1721:)
1717:(
1711:.
1682:.
1398:.
1347:.
1300:.
1289:.
1256:.
1234:.
1193:.
1183:.
1154:.
1137:.
1126:.
1115:.
803:(
357:e
350:t
343:v
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.