2812:. In a shock outcome, Le Pen outperformed Jospin (by 0.7%) in the 1st round, placing second and advancing to the runoff. This resulted in the first presidential run-off since 1969 without a leftist candidate and the first ever with a candidate from the far-right. To Le Pen's advantage, the election campaign had increasingly focused on law-and-order issues, helped by media attention on a number of violent incidents. Jospin had also been weakened due to the competition between an exceptional number of leftist parties. Nevertheless, Chirac did not even have to campaign in the second round, as widespread anti-Le Pen protests from the media and public opinion culminated on
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concerning her loan requests. Since
November 2014, she insists that if a French bank agrees to give her a loan, she would break her contract with the FCBR, but she has not received any other counter-propositions. Le Pen accused the banks of collusion with the government. In April 2015, a Russian hacker group published texts and emails between Timur Prokopenko, a member of Putin's administration, and Konstantin Rykov, a former Duma deputy with ties to France, discussing Russian financial support to the National Front in exchange for its support of
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it saw a drop to around 5% in some late 2000s elections. Since 2010, the party's support seems to have increased towards its former heights. The party managed to advance to the final round of the 2002 French presidential election, although it failed to attract much more support after the initial first round vote. In the late 2000s the party suffered decline in elections. Under Marine Le Pen's presidency the party has increased its vote share significantly. The
National Front came first in a national election for the first time during the
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2353:(National Front of Youth; FNJ). The rhetoric used in the campaign stressed old, far-right themes and was largely uninspiring to the electorate at the time. Otherwise, its official program at this point was relatively moderate, differing little from the mainstream right's. Le Pen sought the "total fusion" of the currents in the party, and warned against "crude activism." The FNJ were banned from the party later that year. The move towards the mainstream cost it many leading members and much of its militant base.
63:
2539:, the FN won 11% of the vote and ten seats, in a contest that was considered to have a low level of importance by the public, which played to the party's advantage. The FN, notably, made inroads in both right-wing and left-wing constituencies, and finished 2nd in a number of towns. While many Socialists had arguably exploited the party in order to divide the right, Mitterrand later conceded that he had underestimated Le Pen. By July, 17% of opinion poll respondents held a positive opinion of the FN.
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5052:. As the party gained growing support from the economically vulnerable, it converted towards politics of social welfare and economic protectionism. This was part of its shift away from its former claim of being the "social, popular, and national right" to its claim of being "neither right nor left – French!" Increasingly, the party's program became an amalgam of free market and welfarist policies. By the 2010s, some political commentators described its economic policies as left-wing.
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2069:" of the party by softening its image and trying to frame the party as being neither right nor left. She endeavoured to extract it from its far-right roots, as well as censuring controversial members like her father, who was suspended and then expelled from the party in 2015. Following her election as the leader of the party in 2011, the popularity of the FN grew. By 2015, the FN had established itself as a major political party in France. Sources traditionally label the party as
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2718:. Le Pen then declared that his party would implement its "national preference" policy, with the risk of provoking the central government and being at odds with the laws of the Republic. The FN's elected representatives pursued interventionist policies with regards to the new cultural complexion of their towns by directly influencing artistic events, cinema schedules, and library holdings, as well as cutting or halting subsidies for multicultural associations. The party won
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3098:, the FN received 13.02% of the vote, a little lower than the 13.07% of the 2012 elections. The party appeared to have suffered from a demobilisation of its voters from the previous vote. Nonetheless, eight deputies (six FN and two affiliated) were elected, the best number for the FN in a parliamentary election using a majoritarian electoral system since its creation. Marine Le Pen was elected to the National Assembly for the first time, while
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3230:, the party received 18.68% of the votes in the first round and won 89 seats in the second round, a significant increase from the previous total of 8 seats. The 89 seats enabled the National Rally to form a parliamentary group, for which at least 15 deputies are required, for the first time since 1986, when the national assembly was elected by proportional voting. The result made the party the 3rd largest party in the assembly and the largest
5299:. The National Front denounces anti-Russian feelings in Eastern Europe and the submission of Western Europe to "Washington's" interests in the region. Marine Le Pen is very critical against the threats of sanctions directed by the international community against Russia: "European countries should seek a solution through diplomacy rather than making threats that could lead to an escalation." She argues that the United States is leading a
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2773:, favoured tactical cooperation with a weakened centre-right following the left's victory, Le Pen rejected any such "compromise." In the tenth FN national congress in 1997, Mégret stepped up his position in the party as its rising star and a potential leader following Le Pen. Le Pen however refused to designate Mégret as his successor-elect, and instead made his wife Jany the leader of the FN list for the upcoming European election.
2575:, who had joined the party after its 1984 success. The RPR won a majority with smaller, centre-right parties, and thus avoided the need to deal with the FN. Although FN was unable to exercise any real political influence, the party could project an image of political legitimacy. Several of its legislative proposals were controversial and had a socially reactionary and xenophobic character, among them attempts to restore the
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3042:. While some of these cities were in southern France (like Fréjus) which traditionally votes more for right-wing parties than the rest of the country, others were located in northern France, where Socialist Party had been strong until the 2010s. Following these elections, the National Front had, in cities of over 1,000 inhabitants, 1,546 and 459 councilors at two different levels of local government.
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5357:, but not heavy weapons that would make France a "co-belligerent" in the conflict. Similarly, Bardella has expressed support for defense equipment, ammunition and logistical assistance to Ukraine, but maintains opposition to giving long-range missiles to Ukraine or deploying French soldiers there. He is also opposed to Ukrainian NATO membership, suggesting it could escalate the war.
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appearance in a monthly poll of political popularity, in which 9% of respondents held a "positive opinion" of the FN and some support for Le Pen personally. The next month, Le Pen was, for the first time, invited on a prime-time television interview programme, which he himself later deemed "the hour that changed everything".
16427:"News: Morawiecki inviting Orbán's Fidesz and Le Pen's National Rally to join Law and Justice's group in European Parliament. The common goal is "to save Europe" and "the ECR will most likely accept everyone who agrees against the dominant liberal and left-wing groups that are on course to destroy Europe," says Morawiecki"
2784:, with a vision of building bridges to the parliamentary right. Many had also been particularly influential in intellectualising the FN's policies on immigration, identity, and "national preference". Following the split, Le Pen denounced them as "extremist" and "racist". Support for the two parties was almost equal in the
3167:". Bannon advised the party members to "Let them call you racist, let them call you xenophobes, let them call you nativists. Wear it like a badge of honor. Because every day, we get stronger and they get weaker. ... History is on our side and will bring us victory." Bannon's remarks brought the members to their feet.
2612:. With his entourage, Le Pen traversed France for the entire period and, helped by Mégret, employed an American-style campaign. Le Pen's presidential campaign was highly successful; no candidates came close to rival his ability to excite audiences at rallies and boost ratings at television appearances. Using a
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about the fact that some of her
European senior colleagues had formed alliances with, and visited, some Israeli settlers and groups, Marine Le Pen said: "The shared concern about radical Islam explains the relationship ... but it is possible that behind it is also the need of the visitors from Europe
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said that the
Russian government considered the National Front "capable of seizing power in France and changing the course of European history in Moscow's favour." According to the French media, party leaders had frequent contact with Russian ambassador Alexander Orlov and Marine Le Pen made multiple
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centre-right. In the 2010s, the party attempted to "de-demonise" its image and changed its name to
National Rally. A 2022 Kanar survey found that 46% of French voters saw Marine Le Pen as "representing a patriotic Right attached to traditional values", although 50% saw her as "a danger to democracy".
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was critical of the FN, claiming that the FN's association with "anti-Semitism and general prejudice" made it impossible for UKIP to join Le Pen's efforts for a united right-wing populist
European Parliament group despite an invitation from PVV leader Wilders. In 2017, Marine Le Pen met with and was
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and always defended Israel's right to exist". She has opposed the emigration of French Jews to Israel in response to radical Islam, explaining: "The Jews of France are
Frenchmen, they're at home here, and they must stay here and not emigrate. The country is obligated to provide solutions against the
4878:
The FN has changed considerably since its foundation, pursuing the principles of modernisation and pragmatism, and adapting to the changing political climate. Its message increasingly influenced mainstream political parties, and some commentators described it as right-wing, moving closer towards the
2531:
Le Pen protested the "media boycott" against his party by sending letters to
President Mitterrand in mid-1982. Following an exchange of letters with Le Pen, Mitterrand instructed the heads of the main television channels to give equitable coverage to the FN. In January 1984, the party made its first
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to national power for the first time in the Fifth
Republic; Mitterrand immediately dissolved the National Assembly and called a snap legislative election. With only three weeks to prepare its campaign, the FN fielded only a limited number of candidates and won only 0.2% of the national vote. The PFN
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The
National Front was a marginal party in 1973, the first election it participated in, but the party made its breakthrough in the 1984 European Parliament election, where it won 11% of the vote and ten MEPs. Following this election, the party's support mostly ranged from around 10 to 15%, although
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The party's stance on NATO has varied throughout the years. Under Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership, the party advocated a complete withdrawal from the organization, while under Marine Le Pen's leadership, the party has softened its stance to instead advocate leaving NATO's integrated military command
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Jean-Marie Le Pen announced in September 2008 that he would retire as FN president in 2010. Le Pen's daughter Marine Le Pen and FN executive vice-president Bruno Gollnisch campaigned to succeed Le Pen, with Marine's candidacy backed by her father. On 15 January 2011, it was announced that Marine Le
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from the Russian government but a loan from a private Russian bank because no other bank would give her a loan. This loan is meant to prepare future electoral campaigns and to be repaid progressively. Marine Le Pen has publicly disclosed all the rejection letters that French banks have sent to her
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in a demonstration of 1.5 million participants across France. Chirac also refused to debate with Le Pen, and the traditional televised debate was cancelled. In the end, Chirac won the presidential run-off with an unprecedented 82.2% of the vote, with 71% of his votes—according to polls—cast simply
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Lechevalier said that most National Front politicians, and most of its leaders, held similar views as the GI. But they had to hide them from voters, she said. "We need the greatest number of people to come to our side to obtain the highest vote, in order to win,' she said. 'Then we can do what we
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Under Jordan Bardella, the RN has adopted some more pro-market policies, including lower taxes, and simplification of industrial norms. Bardella advocated an audit of public finances as a precursor to determining the 2025 budget. Bardella has sought to use these policies to court business support
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Le Pen's campaign for the presidential election unofficially began in the months following the 1986 election. To promote his statesmanship credentials, he made trips to South East Asia, the United States, and Africa. The management of the formal campaign, launched in April 1987, was entrusted to
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In France, parties have to secure support from a specific number of elected officials, from a specific number of departments, in order to be eligible to run for election. In 1976, the number of required elected officials was increased fivefold from the 1974 presidential cycle, and the number of
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in the late 1980s, some valuable FN politicians left the party. Soon, other quarrels left the party without its remaining member of the National Assembly. In November 1988, general secretary Jean-Pierre Stirbois, who, together with his wife Marie-France, had been instrumental in the FN's early
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in October 1983, the FN won 17% of the vote. With the choice of defeat to the political left or dealing with the FN, the local RPR and UDF agreed to form an alliance with the FN, causing a national sensation; together, they won the second round with 55% of the vote. The events in Dreux were a
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was its founder and leader until his resignation in 2011. While its influence was marginal until 1984, the party's role as a nationalist electoral force has grown considerably. It has put forward a candidate at every presidential election but one since 1974. In the 2002 presidential election,
2498:
While the French party system had been dominated by polarisation and competition between the clear-cut ideological alternatives of two political blocs in the 1970s, the two blocs had largely moved towards the centre by the mid-1980s. This led many voters to perceive the blocs as more or less
4957:(immigrants minus emigrants) of 10,000 in France per year. Since 2017, that yearly net immigration rate was around 182,000 if one takes into account only people born abroad from non-French parents, but was around 44,000 if one includes also the departures and returns of French expatriates.
2956:, opinion polls showed Marine Le Pen as a serious challenger, with a few polls even suggesting that she could win the first round of the election. In the event, Le Pen came 3rd in the first round, scoring 17.9% – the best showing ever in a presidential election for the FN at that time.
2440:, the PFN became part of an attempt to build a "Euro-Right" alliance of the continent's far-right parties, and was in the end the only one of the two that contested the election. It fielded Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour as its primary candidate, while Le Pen called for voter abstention.
5909:
after he compared her to Le Pen, while Le Pen criticised Meloni's illegal immigration policies. However, in early 2024, Le Pen and Meloni made overtures to one another, declining to rule out future cooperation between their parties. In July 2024, Meloni praised Le Pen's alliance with
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2314:(MSI), which at the time appeared to establish a broad coalition of the Italian hard right. The FN adopted a French version of the MSI tricolour flame as its logo. ON wanted to unite the various French far-right currents, and brought together "nationals" of Le Pen's group and
13520:
Le Pen said she and Wilders differ in their approach to Islam. 'I am against the visibility of Islam in society. We have a tradition of a strict division between church and state so I think religious symbolism has no place in the street. But I have nothing against Islam per
2037:
was elected to succeed him as party leader in 2012. She temporarily stepped down in 2017 in order to concentrate on her presidential candidacy; she resumed her leadership after the election. She headed the party until 2021, when she temporarily resigned again. A year later,
2447:, both Le Pen and Pascal Gauchon of the PFN declared their intentions to run. However, an increased requirement regarding obtaining signatures of support from elected officials had been introduced for the election, which left both Le Pen and Gauchon unable to participate.
2934:
Pen had received the two-thirds vote needed to become the new leader of the FN. She embarked on a project to transform the FN into a "mainstream party" by softening its xenophobic image. Opinion polls showed the party's popularity increase under Marine Le Pen, and in the
4960:
In 2022, Marine Le Pen proposed an end to “family reunification” rights for foreigners with residency permits and the end to the right to automatic citizenship for children born in France to foreigners living there. She also supported a referendum on immigration policy.
2542:
By the early 1980s, the FN featured a mosaic of ideological tendencies and attracted figures who were previously resistant to the party. The party managed to draw supporters from the mainstream right, including some high-profile defectors from the RPR, the UDF, and the
5726:
parties. Having failed to cooperate in the European Parliament, Le Pen sought in the mid-1990s to initiate contacts with other far-right parties, including from non-EU countries. The FN drew most support in Central and Eastern Europe, and Le Pen visited the Turkish
3066:, finishing first with 24.86% of the vote and 24 of France's 74 seats. This was said to be "the first time the anti-immigrant, anti-EU party had won a nationwide election in its four-decade history." The party's success came as a "shock" in France and the EU.
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for "fighting radical Islam", stating that Egypt's "ability to separate extremist Islam from the religion sets an example to the rest of the world, including France, of how to deal with poisonous ideologies". The party has also favourably contrasted the
12621:
5462:. The leader of the party, Marine Le Pen, distanced herself for a time from the party machine in protest at her father's comments. In response to her father's remarks, Marine Le Pen referred to the Holocaust as the "abomination of abominations".
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8931:
2372:." Despite being the only nationalist candidate, he failed to gain the support of the whole of the far-right, as the various groups either rallied behind other candidates or called for voter abstention. The campaign further lost ground when the
2788:, as the FN polled its lowest national score since 1984 with just 5.7%, and the MNR won 3.3%. The effects of the split, and competition from more moderate nationalists, resulted in their combined support being lower than the FN result of 1984.
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13657:
4942:
After the 1999 split, the FN cultivated a more moderate image on immigration and Islam, no longer calling for the systematic repatriation of legal immigrants but still supporting the deportation of illegal, criminal or unemployed immigrants.
4906:
Marine Le Pen rescinded the party's traditional support for the death penalty with her 2017 campaign launch, instead announcing support for imprisonment "in perpetuity" for the "worst crimes" in February 2017. In 2022, she proposed to hold a
2594:
held on the same day, FN won 137 seats, and gained representation in 21 of the 22 French regional councils. The RPR depended on FN support to win presidencies in some regional councils, and the FN won vice-presidential posts in four regions.
2559:
were also accepted in the party, as Le Pen urged the need for "reconciliation", arguing that forty years after the war the only important question was whether or not "they wish to serve their country". The FN won 8.7% overall support in the
2507:) of 1983, in turn inducing them to seek out to new political alternatives. By October 1982, Le Pen supported the prospect of deals with the mainstream right, provided that the FN did not have to soften its position on "key issues." In the
3152:. However, the name change faced opposition from an already-existing party named "Rassemblement national", whose president, Igor Kurek, described it as "Gaullist and republican right": the party had previously registered its name with the
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against Russia. She sees no other solution for peace in Ukraine than to organise a kind of federation that would allow each region to have a large degree of autonomy. She thinks Ukraine should be sovereign and free as any other nation.
2765:. The result showed that the party had become established enough to compete without its leader, who had decided not to run, in order to focus on the 2002 presidential election. Although it won only one seat in the National Assembly, in
2523:, where Le Pen was elected to the local council with 11% of the vote. |Subsequent by-elections kept media attention on the party, which was for the first time able to pose as a viable component of the broader right. In a by-election in
5543:, a far-right group. In secretly taped conversations, RN leaders endorsed goals of Generation Identity and discussed plans to "remigrate" immigrants, effectively sending them back to their countries of origin, if the RN came to power.
2849:, in part in an attempt to reduce the FN's influence in regional councils. The FN won 15.1% of the vote in metropolitan France, almost the same as in 1998, but its number of councillors was almost halved due to the new system. For the
2342:, Algerian War veterans, and some monarchists, among others. Le Pen was chosen to be the first president of the party, as he was untainted with the militant public image of the ON and was a relatively moderate figure in the far-right.
12236:
9287:
Lebourg, Nicolas; Preda, Jonathan (15 May 2013). "Ordre Nouveau, fin des illusions droitières et matrice activiste du premier Front national" [New Order, end of illusions and the activist matrix of the first National Front].
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shared his views, prompting a rebuke by President Macron. Chikli later described his relations with the RN, stating it was "natural that conservative leaders will have good relations with conservative leaders all across the globe".
5232:, criticising Macron's attempts to deepen ties with Algeria. In January 2023, the National Rally was one of only four parties in the European Parliament that voted against a resolution condemning Morocco's treatment of journalist
2579:, expel foreigners who "proportionally committed more crimes than the French", restrict naturalisation, introduce a "national preference" for employment, impose taxes on the hiring of foreigners by French companies, and privatise
2737:
allowance for babies born to at least one parent of French (or EU) nationality. The measure was ruled illegal by a court, whicn also sentenced her to a suspended prison sentence, a fine, and a two-year ban from public office.
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In November 2014, Marine Le Pen confirmed that the party had received a €9 million loan from the First Czech Russian Bank (FCRB) in Moscow to the National Front. Senior FN officials from the party's political bureau informed
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programme which included lower taxes, reducing state intervention, reducing the size of the public sector, privatisation, and scaling back government bureaucracy. Some scholars have characterised the FN's 1978 programme as
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2364:, were shared by most of the mainstream right. Other FN issues included calls for increased French birth rates, immigration reduction (although this was downplayed), establishment of a professional army, abrogation of the
2127:
in a landslide with 31.4% of the votes. This caused Macron to announce a snap election to try to garner more support for his party, Ensemble. Later that month, an RN-led right-wing coalition topped the first round of the
2571:, the FN took advantage of the new, proportional representation system and won 9.8% of the vote and 35 seats in the National Assembly. Many of these seats were filled by a new wave of "respectable" political operatives,
15216:
15126:
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5458:, but historians could discuss the number of deaths. As to the existence of gas chambers, it is up to historians to determine." Jean-Marie Le Pen was fined for these remarks, but Gollnisch was found not guilty by the
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on energy and essential products. The party has supported public services, protectionism, and economic intervention, and opposed the increase in the fuel tax in 2018, and the increase in the retirement age in 2023.
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11852:
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le mouvement lepéniste peut être à juste titre considéré comme le modèle prototypique de la « nouvelle » droite radicale populiste paneuropéenne, variante contemporaine de l'extrême droite traditionnelle
2683:. Following that success, surveys found that French public opinion was largely negative towards Islam. In a 1989 legislative by-election in Dreux, FN candidate Marie-France Stirbois, campaigning mostly on an anti-
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5905:(FdI) from 2013 onwards, the relationship between the RN and FdI became strained in 2022, after Meloni publicly declined to support Le Pen's 2022 presidential bid. In 2023, Meloni complained to French President
5421:
The party advocates referendums on key issues such as the death penalty, immigration policy, and constitutional change. In 2022, Marine Le Pen stated: "I want the referendum to become a classic operating tool."
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5088:, but has stated that climate change is "not the priority" of the party. The party is against measures to tackle climate change and protecting the environment. The National Rally has proposed abolition of the
4938:
Since its early years, the party has called for immigration to be reduced. The theme of exclusion of non-European immigrants was brought into the party in 1978 and became increasingly important in the 1980s.
2073:. However, some media outlets have started to refer to the party as "right-wing populist" or "nationalist right" instead, arguing that it has substantially moderated from its years under Jean-Marie Le Pen.
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during the 2024 French legislative election, congratulated the RN on its success in the first round of the election, and expressed preference for the right-wing alliance in the second round of the election.
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had 19.6%. Women voters in France were traditionally more attracted to mainstream conservative parties than the radical right until the 2000s. The proportion of women in the party has risen to 39% by 2017.
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Based on their first round performance, the RN will receive around €15 million per year in government subsidies for the next five years: each vote in the first round was worth €1.61 per year to the party.
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that the German occupation of France "was not particularly inhumane, even if there were a few blunders, inevitable in a country of 640,000 square kilometres (250,000 sq. mi.)" and in 1987 referred to the
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2872:, reached the runoff -where she was defeated by the Socialist incumbent. These electoral defeats partly accounted for the party's financial problems. Le Pen announced the sale of the FN headquarters in
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parties on a platform of refusing military aid to Ukraine, anti-immigration, and pro-"traditional family" values. The group, the third largest in the parliament, also includes members from the Flemish
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3308:. Together, these parties secured the largest share of the vote in the first round with 33.15% of the vote. More voters who reported struggling financially voted for the RN than for any other party.
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5980:. The delegation was not sanctioned by the European Parliament, and consisted mostly of right-wing populist politicians including MEPs from Vox, AfD, the Northern League, Vlaams Belang, the British
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12000:
3084:, Marine Le Pen announced that she would temporarily step down as the party's leader in an attempt to "unite voters." In the second round of voting, Le Pen was defeated 66.1% to 33.9% by her rival
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9452:
12178:
16635:
8798:
Williams, Michelle Hale (January 2011). "A new era for French far right politics? Comparing the FN under two Le Pens and The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties in West European Democracies".
5768:(EAF). The EAF is a pan-European sovereigntist platform founded late 2010 that is recognised by the European Parliament. The EAF has individual members linked to the Austrian Freedom Party of
2880:, and of his personal armoured car. In 2008, a French court handed Le Pen a three-month suspended sentence and a €10,000 fine for remarks he made in 2005 that contravened France's law against
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During Jean-Marie Le Pen's presidency, the party has also been active in establishing extra-parliamentary confederations. During the FN's 1997 national congress, the FN established the loose
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stated, "It's remarkable that a political party from the motherland of freedom can be funded by Putin's sphere—the largest European enemy of freedom." Marine Le Pen argued that it was not a
4871:) interpretations of the "people", they claim to defend the "average Frenchman" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites". The party has been also described as
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platform, returned a symbolic FN presence to the National Assembly. By the early 1990s, some mainstream politicians began also employing anti-immigration rhetoric. In the first round of the
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made public a report of Le Pen's alleged involvement in torture during his time in Algeria. In his first participation in a presidential election, Le Pen won only 0.8% of the national vote.
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Sa "mémoire" se structure autour de deux motifs: la violence de masse, et l'intégration de l'extrême droite au jeu politique avec la création par Ordre Nouveau du Front National en 1972.
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Since their entry into the European Parliament in 1979, the National Rally has promoted a message of being pro-Europe, but anti-EU. However, in 2019, the proposal that France leave the
2420:. Following the death of Duprat in a bomb attack in 1978, the revolutionary nationalists left the party, while Stirbois became Le Pen's deputy as his solidarists effectively ousted the
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3208:, political commentators noted an increased moderation in the FN's platform that aimed to attract conservative voters, as well as a new image being promoted by the party as a force of
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and the EU was removed from the party's manifesto, which has since called for "reform from within" of the union. The party advocates that EU legislation should be initiated by the
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13387:'Immigration: Le FN précise ses objectifs chiffrés (et ça change beaucoup)' ('FN defines more precisely its numerical immigration objectives (and that makes a great difference))'
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2132:
with a record 33.2% of the votes. On 7 July, the RN also won the popular vote (37.06%) in the second round of the snap election, but only won the third highest number of seats.
15118:
19497:
16462:
14856:
14474:
8379:
4931:
19078:
16168:
14439:
9726:
5764:, announced deeper cooperation between their parties. Pursuing her de-demonisation policy, in October 2011, Marine Le Pen, as new president of the National Front, joined the
2938:
the party won 15% of the overall vote (up from 4.5% in 2008). However, due to the French electoral system, the party only won 2 of the 2,026 seats that were up for election.
2769:, it advanced to the second round in 132 constituencies. The FN was arguably more influential at that time than it had been in 1986 with its 35 seats. While Bruno Mégret and
16253:
15902:
15794:
14413:
13473:
13035:
12434:
11790:
8885:
14621:
13326:
11569:
9029:
14907:
14276:
11848:
11704:
8906:
16810:
6459:
the party advanced to the second round of the election for the second time, and doubled the percentage it received in the 2002 presidential election, earning 34%. In the
6273:
Jordan Bardella became acting president of the party after Marine Le Pen launched her presidential campaign in September 2021. He was elected president in November 2022.
19649:
17481:
9790:
2635:. In the election, the party retained its 9.8% support from the previous legislative election, but was reduced to a single seat in the National Assembly. Following some
14603:
12333:
9337:
16993:
15763:
13914:
12023:
11284:
16843:
15376:
12310:
11105:
3251:
was elected president of the RN on 5 November 2022, ending Marine Le Pen's period as president of the party. Le Pen remained president of RN's parliamentary group.
15313:
13443:
11754:
9504:
3316:
15466:
13937:
13235:
13004:
8822:
5890:
initially considered forming a joint group in the next European Parliament, but ultimately once again declined. In 2024, Farage, in his capacity as the leader of
5048:. During the 1980s, Jean-Marie Le Pen complained about the rising number of "social parasites", and called for deregulation, tax cuts, and the phasing-out of the
1993:. The party advocates a "more balanced" and "independent" French foreign policy, opposing French military intervention in Africa while supporting France leaving
19699:
17045:
17015:
16985:
16955:
16925:
15952:
14585:
11488:
4969:
The National Rally has sought to restrict Islamic practice in France. In 2011, Marine Le Pen warned that wearing full face veils are "the tip of the iceberg" of
14497:
10449:
3219:, Le Pen again reached the 2nd round with 23.15% of the votes, though she was defeated by incumbent Macron, after receiving 41.45% of the votes in the run-off.
2853:, too, a new system less favourable to the FN had been introduced. The party regained some of its strength from 1999, earning 9.8% of the vote and seven seats.
17474:
15288:
14796:
14348:
13066:
9823:
8956:
5478:
to change their image in their countries ... As far as their partners in Israel are concerned, I myself don't understand the idea of continuing to develop the
18957:
13089:
12733:
11677:
16444:
16347:
15184:
12110:
11970:
8401:
5977:
3149:
14553:
13981:
13835:
13188:
12195:
2723:
2556:
15740:
15245:
14946:
12755:
12408:
368:
16271:
16150:
15074:
13420:
12542:
11992:
8445:
2825:, in which it got 11.3% of the vote. It nevertheless outpolled Mégret's MNR, which had fielded the same number of candidates but won a mere 1.1% support.
15153:
13261:
12048:
4903:. In its 2001 programme, the party linked the breakdown of law and order to immigration, deeming immigration a "mortal threat to civil peace in France."
2388:(PFN), founded by FN dissidents (largely from the ON). Their competition weakened both parties throughout the 1970s. Along with the growing influence of
16297:
12622:"Résultats des législatives 2022 : le Rassemblement national arrive troisième avec 18,68% des voix au premier tour, selon les résultats définitifs"
12153:
12079:
5145:
treaties as foundations for "a supranational entity spelling the end of France." In 2004, the party criticised the EU as "the last stage on the road to
17798:
16516:
16325:
15020:
12175:
9060:
3243:
3153:
16627:
2780:(MNR), effectively splitting the FN in half at most levels. Many of those who joined the new MNR had joined the FN in the mid-1980s, in part from the
12803:
18371:
16379:
16231:
16013:
15346:
8481:
2463:
was even worse off, and the election marked the effective end of competition from the party. The Socialists attained their best ever result with an
2294:
had competed in some local elections since 1970, at its second congress, in June 1972, it decided to establish a new political party to contest the
19518:
17461:
13725:
13217:
11727:
9372:
8839:
5332:
4784:
4056:
3259:
In the 2024 European parliamentary elections, the RN won the most delegates of any single party (30). On 8 July, Bardella became president of the
1897:
1169:
16132:
14373:"€40m of Russian cash will allow Marine Le Pen's Front National to take advantage of rivals' woes in upcoming regional and presidential elections"
13386:
13154:
12862:
12565:
19634:
18330:
17324:
15409:
12259:
8340:
8183:
7837:
5612:
15874:
14740:
14098:
12460:
9431:
5854:(PVV) in November 2013, after years of the PVV rejecting collaboration with the FN. Similarly, in December 2013, the FN formed an alliance with
5547:, a RN Member of the European Parliament (MEP), said that many RN leaders held similar opinions as the GI, but sought to hide them from voters.
5059:, which it calls "economic patriotism", and it has advocated populist policies, such as tax cuts for people under 30 years old, and cuts in the
19694:
19639:
15970:
13611:
12380:
9652:
5524:
3948:
1061:
16903:
14236:
Les responsables du Front national érigent volontiers les Émirats en contre-exemple du Qatar, accusé de financer le fondamentalisme islamiste.
14166:
5247:
and called for cooperation with Israel, the United States, Russia, Iran and Saudi Arabia to support the economic recovery of Lebanon from the
15645:
14976:
14770:
13586:
12356:
11823:
11546:
8973:
3998:
2644:
electoral successes, died in a car accident, leaving Bruno Mégret as the unrivalled, de facto FN deputy leader. The party only got 5% in the
1111:
15674:
14695:
19629:
18446:
16717:
16498:
15934:
15842:
14395:
14312:
14125:
13362:
9599:
5162:
4326:
2544:
2310:. In order to create a broad movement, ON sought to model the new party (as it earlier had sought to model itself) on the more established
1439:
14888:
14530:
13567:
11900:
10742:
9853:
9476:
8860:
4950:(2011) rebellions in several countries, Marine Le Pen campaigned for a halt to the migration of Tunisian and Libyan immigrants to Europe.
2349:, receiving 0.5% of the national vote, although Le Pen won 5% in his Paris constituency. In 1973, the party created a youth movement, the
18491:
16542:
15551:
12512:
11228:
9105:
7983:
7945:
7907:
7879:
7844:
7811:
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7743:
7710:
6460:
6452:
6020:
5954:
3063:
2850:
2785:
2652:
2536:
2437:
273:
17224:
Beauzamy, Brigitte (2013). "Explaining the Rise of the Front National to Electoral Prominence: Multi-Faceted or Contradictory Models?".
16204:
15582:
13782:
11875:"2014 municipal elections: the National Front won 12 cities, elected in 1546 and 459 councilors elected in intercommunal! 31 March 2014"
9191:
8998:
2547:(CNIP). In the 1984 European elections, eleven of the 81 FN candidates came from these parties, while the party's list also included an
18607:
17456:
16747:
15888:
15699:
9563:
2215:
Espousing France's Catholic and monarchist traditions, one of the primary progenitors of the ideology generally promoted by FN was the
340:
18366:
12773:
12647:
5342:
The RN remains divided on relations with Russia, with Bardella stating that he believed Russia was a threat to French security, while
4270:
1383:
17573:
16777:
14076:
8457:
5652:
5158:
15042:
14852:
14466:
8371:
2045:
The party has seen an increase in its popularity and acceptance in French society in recent years. It has been accused of promoting
18616:
17987:
17923:
15786:
14928:
14443:
11993:"French Municipal Elections: Far-Right National Front Scores Impressive Gains, But Hopes For Real Political Power Remain A Fantasy"
8118:
8098:
8078:
8058:
6439:
3075:
2905:
2891:
the FN appeared to have re-emerged on the political scene after surprisingly winning almost 12% of the overall vote and 118 seats.
2860:, Le Pen and Mégret agreed to join forces. Le Pen came 4th in the election with 11% of the vote, and the party won no seats in the
1962:
15524:
13116:
13027:
11786:
8877:
5157:, while it returned to supporting a common European currency to rival the United States dollar. Further, it rejected the possible
2084:, the National Rally changed policies in 2019, deciding to campaign for a reform of the EU rather than leaving it and to keep the
19138:
17303:
16586:
16052:
12834:
12673:
9679:
9019:
5740:
5563:, were ordered to stand trial after they were charged with a scheme which involved paying National Rally party officials through
5248:
2942:
2373:
17:
14911:
14188:
13548:
11700:
10099:
8902:
19689:
19679:
19669:
19664:
17791:
17763:
16807:
16687:
16657:
5927:
4802:
4028:
3834:
1141:
947:
197:
18335:
15444:
13533:
11645:
6015:. Both PiS and Fidesz had previously rejected cooperation with Le Pen in 2019. Orbán subsequently supported Le Pen during the
2691:, the FN soared to 12.7% of the overall vote, but did not win a single seat due to the nature of the electoral system. In the
19654:
18967:
17488:
17339:
17254:
17233:
17206:
17181:
17158:
17137:
16092:
13760:
12021:
11612:
11222:
10432:
9979:
9185:
9099:
8435:
4726:
3286:
The RN success in the European elections led to the dissolution of the French lower house by Emmanuel Macron on 9 June 2024.
1839:
187:
16411:
15755:
14209:
9547:
8317:
19659:
17880:
16835:
16034:
14295:"Leader of France's Rightist Party, Marine Le Pen, in a Sharp Turn After Attack by Hamas, Voices Strong Support for Israel"
13999:
13491:
7679:
6026:
Relations with the AfD deteriorated in early 2024, following Le Pen's disagreements with the AfD members' discussions over
4777:
4188:
1890:
1301:
12293:
11101:
19684:
17908:
17808:
8150:
5965:
5939:
5483:
5150:
4486:
4153:
3764:
2631:, the FN was hurt by the return two-ballot majority voting, by the limited campaign period, and by the departure of many
1599:
1266:
877:
425:
19163:
18962:
18709:
17394:
13126:
13000:
8818:
8788:
8745:
8592:
5465:
During the 2012 presidential election, Marine Le Pen sought the support of Jewish people in France. Interviewed by the
5454:". He has repeated the latter claim several times. In 2004, Bruno Gollnisch said: "I do not question the existence of
5317:
3185:
During a 2021 debate, Marine Le Pen was called "soft" on Islam by the Minister of the Interior in Macron's government,
2188:. Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, the French far-right consisted mainly of small, extreme movements such as
19027:
15553:
Transnational Networks of Extreme Right Parties in East Central Europe: Stimuli and Limits of Cross-Border Cooperation
13549:"Islamophobia is the driving force of the French election – as a Muslim hijabi, neither Macron or Le Pen appeal to me"
11478:
3137:
18183:
18171:
18159:
18147:
18135:
18123:
18111:
18099:
17784:
17118:
17049:
17019:
16989:
16959:
16929:
11672:
8764:
8639:
8563:
7260:
7222:
7190:
7163:
7125:
7098:
7066:
7054:
7022:
6456:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6016:
5883:
5708:
5692:
5592:
5350:
4859:
republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions. Aiming at a unity of the political (the
4368:
3335:
alliance who were expected to win 140-160 seats. Finally, the RN won only 142 seats, ranking third in the election.
3216:
3145:
3081:
2974:
In two polls about presidential favourites, conducted in April and May 2013, Marine le Pen polled ahead of president
2953:
2857:
2817:"to block Le Pen". Following the presidential election, the main centre-right parties merged to form the broad-based
2805:
2692:
2648:, while the RPR announced it would reject any alliance with the FN, a rejections that now included the local level.
2621:
2444:
2357:
2181:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1481:
18765:
16187:"France, Meloni's compliments to Le Pen: The barriers between the alternative forces to the left have been overcome"
15619:
15278:
14800:
13058:
11667:
8948:
5418:, cosigned a letter asking President Emmanuel Macron to implement proportional representation for future elections.
5129:
to turning against it. In 2002, Jean-Marie Le Pen campaigned on pulling France out of the EU and re-introducing the
19624:
19032:
17857:
12102:
11962:
8187:
6935:
6899:
6863:
6822:
6789:
6753:
6717:
6681:
6645:
6609:
6576:
6543:
6505:
6038:
5935:
5796:
5616:
5482:. I consider it a political mistake and would like to make it clear in this context that we must have the right to
5101:
5069:
4047:
3305:
3295:
3223:
3095:
2960:
2861:
2822:
2758:
2688:
2628:
2568:
2468:
2433:
2393:
2346:
2295:
2129:
1160:
15176:
5739:
sought to distance himself from Le Pen, and later attempted to build a separate group. In 2009, the FN joined the
5663:. It was formerly known as the Europe of Nations and Freedom group, during which time it also included the Polish
5192:(along with Spain, Greece and Portugal) – although that policy was dropped in 2019. She also wants to reintroduce
19007:
18323:
13180:
5808:
5272:
4855:. National populists combine the social values of the left and the political values of the right, and advocate a
4770:
4451:
3347:
3163:, former advisor to Donald Trump before and after his 2016 election, gave what has been described as a "populist
3156:
in 2013. On 1 June, Le Pen announced that the name change was approved by party adherents with 80.81% in favour.
2991:
2722:, its fourth town, in a 1997 by-election, where similar policies were subsequently pursued. Vitrolles' new mayor
2703:
2658:
In the wake of FN's electoral success, the immigration debate, growing concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, and
2508:
1883:
1564:
460:
38:
31:
18819:
18544:
13648:"European elections 2014: Marine Le Pen's Front National victory in France is based on anguish, rage and denial"
13410:
6331:
In March 2018, the position of vice-president replaced that of General Secretary. It became a duo in June 2019:
2360:, Le Pen failed to find a mobilising theme for his campaign, since many of its platform's major issues, such as
18600:
15817:"Steve Bannon to address far-right event in France where Marine Le Pen will reveal new name for National Front"
12538:
12227:""Rassemblement national", trop proche de "Rassemblement national populaire", ancien parti collaborationniste?"
9702:"Sénatoriales : le Conseil d'État juge que l'étiquette «extrême droite» doit s'appliquer aux candidats RN"
8620:
8179:
8175:
7769:
7736:
7623:
7573:
7533:
7488:
7448:
7400:
7347:
5679:(formerly the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom) since 2014, which additionally includes Slovakia's
5604:
5584:
5073:
3784:
3205:
2935:
2926:
2888:
2846:
2659:
2645:
2591:
2561:
897:
15149:
14248:
12071:
12040:
9623:"Rise of the French far right: Front National party could make sweeping gains at this month's local elections"
8924:"Rise of the French far right: Front National party could make sweeping gains at this month's local elections"
3132:(National Rally) while keeping the flame as its logo. The new name was put to a vote among all party members.
2733:, who ran in place of her husband Bruno, went further in one significant measure, introducing a special 5,000-
2719:
18759:
18453:
12134:
10736:"Entre 1986 et 1988, les députés FN voulaient rétablir la peine de mort et instaurer la préférence nationale"
8191:
7938:
6431:
6034:. In May 2024, the RN announced it would end its alliance with the AfD in the next European Parliament term.
5800:
5765:
5370:
3729:
3671:
3128:
At the conclusion of the 11 March 2018 party congress in Lille, Marine Le Pen proposed renaming the party to
2946:
2552:
2474:
The "socialist takeover" led to a radicalisation in centre-right, anti-communist, and anti-socialist voters.
842:
784:
382:
16481:"Parlement européen : le RN rompt avec ses alliés allemands de l'AfD après des déclarations sur les SS"
16315:
15010:
13956:"French elections: Why is the rejection of environmentalism a driving force behind France's far-right vote?"
13474:"'What is the headscarf doing in politics?' Muslim headscarves become issue in French presidential campaign"
9056:
4851:'s analysis, include the party in an old French tradition of "national populism" that can be traced back to
19419:
19143:
19133:
18972:
18678:
17980:
17885:
17561:
5840:
5676:
5672:
5644:
5336:
5229:
5212:
in Mali against Islamist militants in the country, because it was at the request of the Malian government.
5201:
5113:
4912:
4900:
4541:
4413:
3849:
3406:
3141:
3047:
3027:
2818:
2777:
2520:
2185:
1654:
1526:
962:
519:
215:
14331:"Israël: "Je souhaite que nous puissions nous y rendre dans les prochains temps", affirme Jordan Bardella"
8700:
8670:
Messina, Anthony (2015). "The political and policy impacts of extreme right parties in time and context".
3323:, However, 2-3 days before the second round, the RN were predicted to win around 170-220 seats. After the
19103:
18006:
12487:"Régionales en Paca : à Marseille, "les LR historiques voteront Thierry Mariani", le candidat du RN"
5459:
5403:
5391:
4548:
4363:
3814:
3704:
3634:
2616:
tone, he presented himself as the representative of the people against the "gang of four" (RPR, UDF, PS,
2053:. While her father was nicknamed the "Devil of the Republic" by mainstream media and sparked outrage for
1661:
1476:
927:
817:
747:
172:
19224:
4038:
3300:
In June 2024, the party joined with the micro-party "To the right! Friends of Eric Ciotti", forming the
1151:
19644:
18952:
18477:
17903:
14719:
7390:
6472:
6435:
6233:
6182:
6008:
5032:. This occurred within the framework of a changed international environment, from a battle between the
4977:(which covers the head but not the face) in public. Le Pen also proposed to ban the production of both
4351:
4235:
4086:
3958:
3227:
2516:
1966:
1464:
1348:
1199:
1071:
298:
17345:
16463:"Mayotte: Marine Le Pen «fâchée» contre l'AfD qui s'interroge sur l'appartenance de l'île à la France"
13673:
9402:
5287:
as a "defender of the Christian heritage of European civilisation." The National Front considers that
4138:
1251:
19113:
19093:
18987:
18772:
18655:
18593:
18520:
18428:
18348:
16070:
7305:
5743:; it left the alliance since. Along with some other European parties, the FN in 2010 visited Japan's
5664:
5608:
5596:
5268:
5256:
4472:
4443:
4408:
4316:
2617:
1982:
1585:
1556:
1521:
1429:
354:
253:
18799:
16609:"Présidentielle 2022 : Marine Le Pen cède la tête du RN à Jordan Bardella et lance sa campagne"
14263:"Vote results: Resolution on the situation of journalists in Morocco, notably the case of Omar Radi"
12229:["National Rally", too close to "National People's Rally", former collaborationist party?].
9656:
8649:
Mayer, Nonna (January 2013). "From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: Electoral Change on the Far Right".
5514:
said the loans "take Moscow's attempt to influence the internal politics of the EU to a new level."
5508:
that this was the first instalment of a €40 million loan, although Marine Le Pen has disputed this.
5390:
later added that the RN would not advocate withdrawing France from the integrated command while the
4707:
4163:
3212:, i.e. the popular right, the social right. The party, nonetheless, fared badly in these elections.
1820:
1276:
19674:
18864:
18635:
17913:
17862:
17829:
17725:
17656:
17537:
16899:
15525:"Patriots for Europe becomes EU parliament's 3rd-largest group, picks Jordan Bardella as president"
14156:
13810:"Comment Marine Le Pen a abandonné le libéralisme pour un programme « social-populiste »"
13511:
7616:
7526:
5732:
5680:
5660:
5628:
5455:
5109:
4888:
4852:
4810:
4697:
4341:
3938:
3491:
3268:
3231:
2949:. In October 2013, Bruno Gollnisch and Jean-Marie Le Pen resigned from their position in the AENM.
2808:, opinion polls had predicted a run-off between incumbent President Chirac and Socialist candidate
2675:
2500:
2455:
2425:
2184:, Le Pen unsuccessfully attempted to consolidate the right-wing vote around presidential candidate
2120:
2014:
2002:
1810:
1454:
1051:
604:
261:
15641:
14882:"Economic Voting and the national Front: Towards a Subregional Understanding of the Extreme-Right"
14707:
14414:"UKRAINE. De Mélenchon à Le Pen, qu'en disent les politiques français ?- 5 mars 2014 – L'Obs"
13896:
13878:
9883:
9338:"Marine Le Pen temporarily steps down as Front National leader to concentrate on presidential bid"
4848:
4255:
3864:
1368:
977:
19344:
18052:
17996:
17973:
17621:
14639:
Lorimer, Marta (2020). "Europe as ideological resource: the case of the Rassemblement National".
14133:
8260:
The system had been designed by Mitterand's party to soften its predicted weakening in the polls.
6300:
5769:
5761:
5704:
5640:
5588:
5108:
was among the few parties to come close to meeting the law, with 49% female candidates; Jospin's
5105:
5085:
5037:
4536:
4383:
4066:
3978:
3869:
3567:
2311:
1649:
1496:
1179:
1091:
982:
680:
19477:
18977:
17442:
16725:
15667:
13358:
11849:"Un an après la présidentielle, Marine Le Pen devancerait François Hollande- 3 mai 2013 – L'Obs"
6284:
The party had five vice presidents between July 2012 and March 2018 (against three previously).
3754:
3430:
2864:. The party's 4.3% support was the lowest score since the 1981 election and only one candidate,
2199:
2096:, citing "an attachment to the European spirit", but to reserve free movement to nationals of a
867:
543:
19602:
19588:
19153:
18754:
17847:
17597:
14881:
14197:
Le Pen says she supported the intervention in Mali, because the Malians asked France to step in
11818:
10735:
8195:
8155:
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5973:
5624:
5544:
5487:
5244:
4919:
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4398:
4321:
4076:
3546:
3355:
3301:
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2512:
2097:
2050:
1578:
1511:
1434:
1189:
659:
468:
446:
19309:
18992:
18394:
18234:
18068:
16534:
15564:
14929:"Far-right leader Bardella backpedals on taking France out of NATO strategic military command"
14277:"'A Historic Moment': How French Politicians Reacted to France's New Stance on Western Sahara"
11210:
9083:
6403:
6306:
4602:
3365:
2728:
2451:
2401:
2029:
Jean-Marie Le Pen advanced to the second round but finished a distant second in the runoff to
1715:
478:
19173:
19002:
18683:
17895:
17633:
17364:
Shields, James (2013). "Marine Le Pen and the 'New' FN: A Change of Style or of Substance?".
17169:
16426:
16352:
15715:"Rep. Joe Walsh continues to fan the flames of Islamophobia—and it's accomplishing his goals"
15379:[Financing of the National Front: Russian hackers unveil contacts with the Kremlin].
15079:
15047:
14502:
12381:"Steve Bannon told a French far-right party to wear the 'racist' label 'as a badge of honor'"
10422:
9171:
5950:
5923:
5870:
5789:
5773:
5668:
5435:
There has been a difference between Marine Le Pen's and her father's opinions concerning the
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4896:
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4403:
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3148:
had been managed by Jean-Marie Le Pen. The name had also been used by the FN previously, for
3114:
2519:(UDF) formed alliances with the FN in a number of towns. The most notable result came in the
2432:" with Le Pen being a "puppet of the Jews." The far right was marginalised altogether in the
2331:
2207:
2123:, from 7 to 89 seats. In June 2024, the party, led by its president Jordan Bardella, won the
2021:
1800:
1516:
1333:
1022:
757:
715:
696:
609:
160:
19017:
16755:
8341:"Renowned Nazi hunter in France advises Jews to choose far right over far left in elections"
5953:
in Spain. In 2024, Vox had Le Pen address its conference, despite Vox being a member of the
5894:, distanced himself from the RN, describing its economic agenda as a "disaster" for France.
5515:
4973:
of French culture. In 2021, and again in 2022, Le Pen again proposed banning the wearing of
4934:
2005 FN political poster reading: "Immigrants are going to vote... and you're abstaining?!!"
4581:
3189:. Marine Le Pen called for a "national-unity government" that would include persons such as
3045:
The international media described the results as "historic", and "impressive", although the
1694:
19409:
18942:
18714:
18202:
17952:
17150:
Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front
16089:"Meloni a "Il Corriere della Sera": "In Francia il voto della paura è stato contro Le Pen""
14066:
9136:
8737:
8701:"The French secular hypocrisy: the extreme right, the Republic and the battle for hegemony"
8279:
6379:
5882:
by Farage, who praised Le Pen and expressed support for her presidential bid. Prior to the
5221:
5216:
5056:
5041:
4595:
4096:
3988:
3809:
3681:
3558:
3385:
3332:
3054:
2921:
2580:
2397:
1708:
1209:
1101:
922:
794:
671:
498:
19249:
16785:
13254:"Projet de lutte contre la prostitution : la morale féministe dépourvue d'efficacité"
9653:"France – Poll gives France's far-right National Front party boost ahead of regional vote"
9564:"Jean-Marie Le Pen, exclu du Front national, fera "bien évidemment" un recours en justice"
5486:– just as we are allowed to criticise any sovereign country – without it being considered
5271:. Bardella has expressed opposition to recognition of Palestinian statehood following the
4275:
3639:
3031:
2975:
2327:
1388:
752:
8:
19578:
19414:
19394:
19319:
19123:
19012:
18997:
18889:
18849:
18748:
18734:
18720:
18380:
17956:
17852:
17701:
17509:
15847:
15052:
13331:
13221:
12435:"Marine le Pen "molle": Les propos de Gérald Darmanin sèment l'embarras au sein de LaREM"
12409:"Ex-Sarkozy minister jumps conservative ship to join French far-right - Channel NewsAsia"
11759:
11574:
11541:
11289:
9397:
8009:
7673:
6348:
6095:
5958:
5696:
5648:
5611:, it chose to distance itself from the FN. From 1999 to 2001, the FN was a member of the
5580:
5568:
5540:
5374:
5354:
5142:
5089:
4746:
4378:
4373:
4205:
4148:
3666:
3572:
3411:
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3051:
suggested that "hopes for real political power remain a fantasy" for the National Front.
3019:
2910:
2762:
2413:
2385:
2191:
2080:(National Rally), and this was confirmed by a ballot of party members. Formerly strongly
1990:
1954:
1859:
1491:
1486:
1318:
1261:
779:
685:
524:
430:
326:
278:
228:
104:
19204:
19058:
18672:
16001:
14622:"Leader of French far-right in EP stands against condemning Orbán's "peace initiatives""
13938:"Présidentielle : les principaux points du programme diplomatique de Marine Le Pen"
9140:
4588:
4436:
4230:
3058:
Demonstration against the National Front in Paris after the results of the 2014 election
2679:
was the first major test of the relations between the values of the French Republic and
2218:
1701:
1549:
1343:
19551:
19511:
19088:
18640:
17948:
17430:
17281:
16320:
15734:
15560:
14674:
14071:
13616:
13415:
12140:
10454:
9152:
8720:
8687:
8507:"French far-right leader seeks to reintroduce death penalty after Charlie Hebdo attack"
6050:
6000:
5804:
5479:
5441:
5322:
5252:
5134:
5104:, the first under the new gender parity provision in the French Constitution, Le Pen's
4954:
4692:
4640:
4616:
4520:
4458:
4116:
4106:
4018:
3894:
3804:
3799:
3654:
3649:
3380:
3226:, for which polling had indicated that FN would win only between 15 to 45 seats in the
3039:
2796:
2070:
1958:
1950:
1805:
1753:
1729:
1633:
1571:
1229:
1219:
1131:
1007:
917:
912:
767:
762:
493:
420:
409:
243:
238:
223:
19384:
19349:
19284:
19083:
18899:
18844:
18650:
18296:
18269:
17307:
16570:
15467:"French far-right leader Marine Le Pen to stand trial over alleged misuse of EU funds"
15119:"" Détail de l'histoire " : Marine le Pen en " désaccord profond " avec son père"
12838:
12734:"Le Pen, Orban and the 'Patriots for Europe': Is the EU being undermined from within?"
11787:"2012 French legislative elections: Gard's 2nd constituency (first round and run-off)"
9220:
6189:. He later served as honorary president of the party from January 2011 to August 2015
5915:
5411:
5208:, she opposed the French military involvements. However, the party supported the 2013
5072:
campaign. During this time, Bardella also rescinded the prior RN pledge to repeal the
4225:
4210:
4008:
3789:
3186:
2968:
2389:
2066:
1338:
1323:
1121:
902:
19523:
19389:
19369:
19324:
19234:
18809:
18794:
18645:
18500:
18143:
18131:
18119:
18107:
18095:
18060:
18017:
17816:
17609:
17390:
17335:
17285:
17250:
17229:
17202:
17177:
17154:
17133:
17114:
16578:
15693:
14678:
14666:
13726:"The European far right: actually right? Or left? Or something altogether different?"
13587:"Le Pen is bad, but many French Muslims like me don't want to vote for Macron either"
13239:
13122:
12302:
12145:
11218:
10428:
10091:
10083:
9975:
9181:
9156:
9095:
9084:"A new course for the French radical right? The Front National and "de-demonisation""
8784:
8760:
8741:
8724:
8691:
8635:
8616:
8588:
8559:
8431:
7715:
7352:
7071:
7027:
6510:
6312:
6144:
6103:
5964:
In 2019, RN MEPs participated in the first international delegation to visit India's
5902:
5851:
5560:
5536:
5447:
5410:
disenfranchises voters. In early 2021, Marine Le Pen, along with centrist politician
5138:
4702:
4661:
4240:
4178:
4168:
3844:
3709:
3541:
3328:
3320:
3276:
3198:
3175:
3110:
2699:
2670:
2491:
2464:
2396:", the FN gained several new groups of supporters in the late 1970s and early 1980s:
2157:
2119:, the National Rally achieved a significant increase in the number of its MPs in the
2092:
for some collectivities). In 2021, Le Pen announced that she wanted to remain in the
2025:
1986:
1815:
1774:
1353:
1291:
1281:
957:
822:
654:
128:
19532:
19279:
19042:
19037:
18854:
18789:
18526:
17824:
16695:
16665:
16272:"Marine le Pen felicita a Vox por su resultado en Andalucía antes de que se conozca"
4647:
3829:
3714:
3011:
2424:
tendency in the party leadership. A radical group split off in 1980 and founded the
1760:
942:
827:
19545:
19424:
19274:
19269:
19098:
18879:
18869:
18573:
17776:
17751:
17373:
17273:
16517:"Diaspora Affairs Minister Chikli Stands by Praise for France's Le Pen – Exclusive"
15903:"Lega, il salto di Salvini. Dai Comunisti padani all'amicizia con l'estrema destra"
14656:
14648:
13752:
12756:"Législatives : le financement politique des partis, l'autre enjeu du scrutin"
12395:
12390:
11637:
11604:
9228:
9144:
8712:
8679:
8658:
8423:
6099:
5946:
5832:
5785:
5777:
5607:
group, while the MSI left due to the Germans' arrival. As the MSI evolved into the
5451:
5407:
5209:
5197:
5146:
4654:
4393:
4306:
4250:
4245:
3874:
3794:
3724:
3719:
3179:
2881:
2715:
2058:
1767:
1506:
1419:
1363:
1358:
987:
907:
837:
832:
19359:
16088:
14652:
14228:"En quête de finances pour 2017, le FN fait les yeux doux aux Émirats arabes unis"
14210:"French far-right leader praises 'model' state Egypt for 'fighting radical Islam'"
13836:"Le Pen's opposition to pension reform, focus on public order 'pays off' in polls"
12924:
8716:
8683:
8418:
Jens Rydgren (2008). "France: The Front National, Ethnonationalism and Populism".
6079:
5931:
4200:
3622:
3069:
2365:
2258:
1313:
735:
19465:
19304:
19299:
19294:
19239:
19229:
19209:
19168:
19148:
19108:
19022:
18884:
18689:
18630:
18387:
18277:
18218:
17676:
17446:
17277:
17244:
17192:
17148:
17106:
17102:
16814:
14586:"French far-right party divided over Putin's non-invitation to D-Day anniversary"
14558:
14401:
14377:
13652:
13393:
12871:
12595:
12387:
12363:
12264:
12182:
12027:
9969:
9539:
9342:
9024:
8446:"'The nation state is back': Front National's Marine Le Pen rides on global mood"
8332:
8313:
8269:
if the election had used proportional representation, it would have won 64 seats.
8145:
7950:
6940:
6391:
6324:
6254:
6087:
6063:
6004:
5985:
5906:
5750:
5510:
5469:
5387:
5343:
5335:, attended an event in Donetsk marking the "independence" of the self-proclaimed
5300:
5260:
5092:, highlighting key policies it opposes such as the 2035 ban on fossil fuel cars.
5060:
5001:
4985:
meat. Le Pen says she is "against the visibility of Islam" but not Islam per se.
4839:
4822:
4818:
4511:
4502:
4479:
4301:
4260:
4195:
4143:
3968:
3904:
3859:
3824:
3749:
3739:
3522:
3392:
3331:
were predicted to win around 150-190 seats, slightly ahead of president Macron's
3248:
3171:
3099:
3085:
3023:
2995:
2994:, lists officially supported by the National Front won mayoralties in 12 cities:
2979:
2964:
2770:
2548:
2417:
2405:
2335:
2319:
2315:
2174:, including Le Pen, were part of an inner circle of returned servicemen known as
2108:
2039:
1941:
1923:
1624:
1615:
1592:
1414:
1373:
1308:
1256:
1081:
1017:
972:
937:
862:
852:
635:
505:
312:
132:
81:
19434:
19354:
14067:"A consistent opponent of immigration: Le Pen based appeal on fears about crime"
13995:
12596:"French election result: Macron defeats Le Pen and vows to unite divided France"
6216:
Marine Le Pen took over as the president of the party in 2011 and contested the
5996:
4712:
4280:
2750:
2605:
1825:
1393:
19573:
19379:
19289:
19219:
19194:
19118:
18924:
18914:
18904:
18859:
18829:
18585:
18402:
18304:
17556:
17264:
Hainsworth, Paul (2012). "The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen".
15916:
15377:"Financement du FN : des hackers russes dévoilent des échanges au Kremlin"
15314:"Prêt russe au FN : Marine Le Pen publie les refus des banques françaises"
15283:
14823:"Asselineau, le Pen, Dupont-Aignan, Mélenchon… quatre nuances de souverainisme"
6340:
6288:
6198:
6083:
6075:
6042:
5898:
5855:
5684:
5284:
5237:
5178:
5154:
5133:
as the country's national currency. In the early 2000s the party denounced the
5126:
5005:
4892:
4681:
4388:
4265:
4215:
3914:
3819:
3774:
3744:
3676:
3531:
3486:
3421:
2666:
2624:, Le Pen won an unprecedented 14.4% of the vote, and double the votes of 1984.
2587:
2487:
2459:
2409:
2361:
2232:
2165:
2153:
2030:
2010:
1998:
1794:
1501:
1378:
1328:
1027:
932:
887:
857:
789:
644:
599:
534:
99:
19557:
18839:
18834:
16133:"Insight: Meloni, Le Pen rift mars far right's prospects of wielding EU power"
16115:"The far-right rift between France's Marine Le Pen and Italy's Giorgia Meloni"
15011:"Jean-Marie Le Pen renvoyé devant la justice pour ses propos sur l'Occupation"
14349:"France's far-right leader 'unfavourable to recognition of Palestinian state'"
13897:"French businesses court Marine Le Pen after taking fright at left's policies"
9261:
6249:
6012:
5736:
5430:
4173:
4158:
3769:
1286:
1271:
882:
62:
19618:
19504:
19329:
19254:
18947:
18919:
18814:
18567:
18562:
18242:
18179:
18167:
18155:
18076:
18025:
17549:
17404:
16582:
16380:"À Bruxelles, Le Pen loue le "bienfaisant courage" de la Pologne face à l'UE"
15975:
15241:
15211:
14670:
12858:
12461:"Marine le Pen promet un " gouvernement d'union nationale " si elle est élue"
12306:
12149:
11932:"Far-Right Front National makes historic gains in French municipal elections"
10095:
8427:
8026:
7912:
7578:
7195:
6827:
6409:
6318:
6203:
6067:
5969:
5863:
5824:
5781:
5757:
5728:
5636:
5556:
5292:
5166:
5049:
5045:
5029:
5025:
5018:
4826:
4797:
4758:
4574:
4346:
4311:
4183:
3899:
3779:
3759:
3595:
3536:
3272:
3103:
2914:
2869:
2865:
2809:
2636:
2620:), while the central theme of his campaign was "national preference". In the
2590:
reinstated the two-round system of majority voting for the next election. In
2576:
2100:
country, excluding residents of and visitors from another Schengen country.
2093:
2034:
2006:
1871:
1687:
1459:
1424:
1296:
1012:
892:
872:
708:
649:
117:
19158:
17936:
16821:
16445:"Le Pen questions EU-level alliance with AfD, spelling trouble for ID unity"
14440:"Marine Le Pen: Ukraine s association with EU – best option| Ukrinform"
13861:"As Bardella becomes more like Macron, his party becomes more like Meloni's"
13218:"Marine Le Pen: I would hold a referendum on reinstating the death penalty."
9760:"Marine Le Pen annonce que le Front national devient Rassemblement national"
9221:"Le Front national français dans l'espace des droites radicales européennes"
6139:
5619:
group. Between the mentioned groups, the party sat among the non-affiliated
5439:
and Jews. In 2005, Jean-Marie Le Pen wrote in the far-right weekly magazine
4922:, on the grounds that it would negatively affect the safety of sex workers.
4336:
1449:
19598:
19593:
19471:
19458:
19399:
19364:
19334:
19264:
19259:
19073:
18982:
18909:
18874:
18824:
18804:
18696:
16348:"22 of 27 EU parliamentarians visiting Kashmir are from Right-wing parties"
16298:"Meloni, Orbán, Le Pen back Spanish far right in 'battle against Brussels'"
16151:"Le Pen praises Salvini's previous anti-migration efforts, tackling Meloni"
13090:"Europeans favoring right-wing populist parties are more positive on Putin"
12367:
9596:"Local elections confirm a quarter of French voters support Front National"
9373:"France's far right replaces Le Pen with Jordan Bardella – DW – 11/05/2022"
9088:
Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?
9057:"Quelle doit être la couleur du Front national sur les cartes électorales?"
7871:
7803:
5981:
5887:
5874:
5862:, which had previously eschewed cooperation with the FN when it was led by
5844:
5836:
5816:
5712:
5620:
5415:
5312:
5307:
5193:
5125:
From the 1980s to the 1990s, the party's policy shifted from favouring the
5009:
4989:
4970:
4529:
3919:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3854:
3839:
3686:
3588:
3454:
3194:
3160:
2734:
2267:
2115:, she lost to Macron in the run-off, receiving 41.45% of the votes. In the
2062:
1642:
1032:
1002:
997:
992:
967:
952:
799:
701:
567:
16053:"Nigel Farage: Marine Le Pen's economics would be 'a disaster' for France"
15609:
14249:"Le parti de Marine le Pen s'attaque à l'Algérie et fait l'éloge du Maroc"
12335:
Wear 'racist' like a badge of honour, Bannon tells French far-right summit
9232:
9127:
Forchtner, Bernhard (September 2019). "Climate change and the far right".
3734:
3461:
2586:
The party's time in the National Assembly effectively came to an end when
2384:
Following the 1974 election, the FN was obscured by the appearance of the
847:
574:
19451:
19429:
19404:
19374:
19339:
19214:
19199:
19189:
18894:
18250:
18226:
18044:
17839:
17694:
17604:
17497:
15787:"Marine Le Pen rencontre un élu américain connu pour ses propos racistes"
15318:
14161:
12701:"Bardella heads Patriots for Europe, EU Parliament's third-largest group"
12176:
Les Patriotes: How Le Pen's ex-protégé hopes to win over French far right
9824:"Après l'euro et le Frexit, nouveau revirement européen de Marine Le Pen"
6415:
6397:
6335:
6294:
6091:
6071:
6027:
5911:
5715:
and most former ID members, with Bardella ultimately chairing the group.
5688:
5656:
5600:
5014:
4947:
4830:
4814:
4719:
3629:
3515:
3447:
3442:
3416:
2873:
2421:
2369:
2149:
2081:
2054:
1832:
742:
628:
560:
555:
529:
266:
94:
17377:
16169:"Le Pen draws closer to Meloni and distances herself from Germany's AfD"
15843:"French MPs demand inquiry into Steve Bannon's links with Marine Le Pen"
15246:"Far-right Front National's Russian loan: '31 mln euros more to follow'"
14741:"Le Rassemblement national abandonne définitivement la sortie de l'euro"
14661:
14099:"Le Rassemblement national abandonne définitivement la sortie de l'euro"
13444:"Marine Le Pen revendique la « brutalité » contre l'islamisme"
12804:"French elections: Here's who voted for the different political parties"
9791:"Le Pen's Rassemblement National revises stance towards EU and the euro"
9680:"How Marine Le Pen turned respectable (and why you shouldn't be fooled)"
9173:
The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse and Communication
8662:
6045:
expressed support for Le Pen and the National Rally, and suggested that
3117:, on the grounds that the FN had "softened" its position on leaving the
2746:
19582:
18727:
17457:
Has Marine Le Pen made France's Front National respectable? RFI English
16254:"Putin's allies in the European Parliament rally around Le Pen's party"
15614:
14498:"Poutine et le FN : révélations sur les réseaux russes des Le Pen"
14313:"Marine Le Pen courts French Jews as far left refuses to condemn Hamas"
13236:"Le Pen is willing to hold death penalty referendum if she is elected."
9086:. In Akkerman, Tjitske; de Lange, Sarah L.; Rooduijn, Matthijs (eds.).
5938:
since 2021. The RN was critical of the decision to allow the Bulgarian
5828:
5723:
5264:
5224:'s opposition to Islamism with the more pro-Islamist position taken by
5033:
4908:
4856:
4809:
The party's ideology has been broadly described by scholars, including
3577:
3551:
3324:
3089:
2845:
A new electoral system of two-round voting had been introduced for the
2339:
2046:
690:
664:
182:
19539:
14262:
13155:"Who is Marine Le Pen and what are her French election 2022 policies?"
12539:"Elections régionales : En Aveyron, le RN veut séduire la droite"
9020:"France – A Guide to Europe's Right-Wing Parties and Extremist Groups"
8541:
Abridged list of reliable sources that refer to the National Rally as
5353:, Le Pen supported sending non-lethal defensive aid to Ukraine in the
4630:
3035:
2436:, although the PFN came out better off. In the first election for the
2076:
At the FN congress of 2018, Marine Le Pen proposed renaming the party
1743:
19314:
19244:
18210:
17304:"From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: Electoral Change on the Far Right"
17198:
16412:"Marine Le Pen and Eric Zemmour face off in rival rallies – POLITICO"
15889:"Le Pen plans for far-right Parliament group fall foul of Bossi move"
15250:
14947:"Proportionnelle: Bayrou, Bayou, le Pen et Lagarde écrivent à Macron"
14720:"EU vote may shift power in main euro zone states, stall integration"
14554:"Marine Le Pen's Closest Advisor Comes Out of the Shadows in Donetsk"
13534:"Marine Le Pen, Islamophobia, and the polarization of French society"
13327:"Marine Le Pen planning Italy trip to condemn North African refugees"
12835:"From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: Electoral Change on the Far Right"
11570:"Far-Right National Front performs well in French regional elections"
9177:
9091:
6385:
5891:
5859:
5632:
5505:
5436:
5233:
5024:
The party's economic policy shifted from the 1980s to the 1990s from
4834:
4609:
3503:
3468:
3319:, the National Rally were expected to get 230-270 seats, close to an
2929:, with regions where the National Front gained the most votes in grey
2884:. Twenty permanent employees of the FN were also dismissed in 2008.
2838:
2711:
2223:, founded at the end of the 19th century, and its descendants in the
2141:
2089:
1722:
616:
581:
18469:
17424:
16035:"Farage, Polish populists dash far-right hopes of grand EU alliance"
13121:. Princeton, New Jersey, US: Princeton University Press. p. 2.
13059:"Le Pen Family Drama Splits France's Far Right National Front Party"
12566:"Le Pen's far-right party suffers blow in French regional elections"
12196:"Marine Le Pen propose de rebaptiser le FN "Rassemblement national""
9854:"Marine Le Pen n'envisage plus de suspendre les accords de Schengen"
9727:"Marine Le Pen propose de renommer le FN " Rassemblement national ""
9477:"Jean-Marie Le Pen fined again for dismissing Holocaust as 'detail'"
9148:
8949:"Le Pen Family Drama Splits France's Far Right National Front Party"
5756:
At a conference in 2011, the two new leaders of the FN and the FPÖ,
5165:. In other issues, Le Pen opposed the invasions of Iraq, led by the
3003:
2833:
402:
18703:
17872:
17628:
17616:
17452:
Nations Presse Info, an information Website near the National Front
16836:"Jordan Bardella promu 2e vice-président du Rassemblement national"
16499:"France's Macron slams Israeli minister's backing of Marine Le Pen"
16384:
15410:"France's National Rally links to violent far-right group revealed"
15381:
15015:
13982:"French elections: Far-right's proposals go against the Green Deal"
13496:
13114:
12231:
10337:
8251:
The 1984 European election used proportional representation system.
5820:
5745:
5700:
5550:
5519:
5366:
5236:. It praised the 2024 recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the
5174:
5170:
5161:. The FN was also one of several parties that backed France's 2005
4992:
by many. The party has connected immigration to Islamic terrorism.
4844:
4623:
3659:
3437:
3401:
3264:
3164:
2941:
At the end of 2011, the National Front withdrew from the far-right
2776:
Mégret and his faction left the FN in January 1999 and founded the
2684:
2613:
2228:
2145:
2024:
to be the legitimate political vehicle for the far-right movement.
1736:
772:
550:
514:
17170:"France: The National Front As Prototype of the New Radical Right"
12648:"France: Marine Le Pen's National Rally estimated to win 89 seats"
12294:"'Let Them Call You Racists': Bannon's Pep Talk to National Front"
12041:"Far-right National Front stuns French elite with EU 'earthquake'"
11963:"France's National Front Scores Historic Win in European Election"
9453:"Marine Le Pen National Front leader | Who is Marine Le Pen?"
6360:
The position of General Secretary was held between 1972 and 2018:
5827:. In February 2017, two more conservative Republican Congressmen,
5795:
During her 2012 visit to the United States, Marine Le Pen met two
1969:
since 2022. Its candidate was defeated in the second round in the
17965:
17651:
17568:
17544:
17532:
17451:
13915:"Bardella goes back on promise to repeal Macron's pension reform"
13293:
13291:
13118:
Political Entrepreneurs: The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe
8585:
Political Entrepreneurs: The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe
6031:
5719:
5491:
5473:
5288:
5182:
4930:
3510:
3007:
2999:
2813:
2429:
623:
16316:"India Finally Lets Lawmakers into Kashmir: Far-Right Europeans"
16014:"Brexit party in talks to join far-right group in EU parliament"
15207:"Europe is trying to keep Russia from influencing its elections"
13026:
Erlanger, Steven; de Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (17 December 2016).
11814:"Anti-Euro Le Pen Party Wins First Parliament Seats in 15 Years"
11285:"French far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen sets retirement date"
10474:
9315:
8876:
Erlanger, Steven; de Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (17 December 2016).
8615:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. pp. 91–120.
5539:
uncovered links between high-ranking National Rally figures and
5153:." It also proposed breaking all institutional ties back to the
18741:
17580:
17462:
Marine Le Pen's Protectionist Economics and Social Conservatism
17387:
The French National Front: The Extremist Challenge To Democracy
17075:
13783:"Macron-Le Pen face-off: EU supporter vs. economic nationalist"
11483:
9505:"Jean-Marie Le Pen condamné pour incitation à la haine raciale"
8974:"The ruthlessly effective rebranding of Europe's new far right"
8781:
The French National Front: The Extremist Challenge To Democracy
8482:"Depuis 2011, le FN est devenu "protectionniste au sens large""
8291:
The proportional representation was used in the 1986 elections.
6463:
the rebranded National Rally retained its spot as first party.
5992:
5466:
5328:
5000:
At the end of the 1970s, Jean-Marie Le Pen broke away from the
4982:
3327:
on 7th July, that figure was reduced to 120-170 seats, and the
3070:
Presidential and parliamentary election, rebranding (2017–2022)
3015:
2766:
2707:
2161:
2156:
and on right-wing dismay over the decision by French President
17466:
14771:"Retreating Eurosceptics now settle for 'reforms from within'"
13879:"France's far-right chief pledges to clean up public finances"
13612:"Marine Le Pen's Anti-Islam Message Gains Influence in France"
13492:"France's Marine Le Pen says she's not waging a religious war"
13288:
12879:
12357:"Steve Bannon tells French far-right 'history is on our side'"
11510:
10557:
8278:
It had won a mayorship only once before, in the small town of
6309:, in charge of elections and electoral litigations (2012–2018)
5240:
and suggested the French government should have acted sooner.
2655:, the FN held on to its ten seats, winning 11.7% of the vote.
19128:
19068:
19063:
17592:
15953:"Geert Wilders invites Nigel Farage to join anti-EU alliance"
13512:"Marine Le Pen backs European election alliance with Wilders"
12774:"Publication des candidatures et des résultats aux élections"
12513:"Le parti de Marine le Pen engrange les ralliements à droite"
12069:
10051:
8224:
8212:
6046:
5812:
5275:, on the grounds that this would be "recognising terrorism".
5225:
5130:
4978:
4974:
4568:
2680:
2524:
1681:
175:
15971:"Inevitably, Nigel Farage and Marine Le Pen are now buddies"
15935:"Le Pen's National Front fail to woo Britain's Eurosceptics"
14973:"Le Pen repeats slur that Nazi gas chambers were a 'detail'"
14014:
13568:"The French culture war over Islam shows no sign of abating"
11755:"Marion Le Pen becomes youngest French MP in modern history"
10039:
6019:. Morawiecki later expressed openness to the RN joining the
5835:, also met with Le Pen in Paris. The party also has ties to
5595:. Following the 1989 election, it teamed up with the German
2821:(UMP). The FN failed to hold on to Le Pen's support for the
2107:, receiving 33.9% of the votes in the run-off and losing to
19079:
Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain
17246:
The National Front in France: Ideology, Discourse and Power
17174:
The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis
17130:
The National Front in France: Ideology, Discourse and Power
15043:"Bruno Gollnisch condamné pour ses propos sur l'Holocauste"
14126:"France's Le Pen wants France, Greece, Spain to ditch euro"
13396:. 20minutes.fr, 5 November 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
13276:
12260:"Marine Le Pen sparks row over new name for Front National"
11407:
11173:
10954:
10906:
10390:
10325:
10313:
10301:
10233:
10027:
8613:
The radical right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis
8314:"Vive la difference – has France's Front National changed?"
8218:
6321:, in charge of local executives and supervision (2014–2018)
5431:
Opinions on the holocaust, and relations with Jewish groups
5189:
3237:
3122:
2761:, the FN polled its best-ever result with 15.3% support in
2753:
and his faction broke out from the FN to form the MNR party
2741:
2085:
1994:
16875:
16873:
16871:
16869:
16867:
16865:
16863:
16861:
14531:"France's cash-strapped far right turns to Russian lender"
14045:
14043:
14041:
13696:
13694:
13692:
13690:
13308:
13306:
12959:
12957:
11479:"Après le "Paquebot", Le Pen vend sa 605 blindée sur eBay"
11460:
11458:
11385:
11383:
11358:
11356:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11314:
11312:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11036:
11034:
11032:
10995:
10993:
10833:
10831:
10289:
9988:
8861:"France's cash-strapped far right turns to Russian lender"
8632:
The Radical Right in Western Europe A Comparative Analysis
8537:
8535:
3106:
became the youngest ever member of the French parliament.
2298:. The party was launched on 5 October 1972 under the name
17440:
FNinfos, the official website of National Front activists
15279:"Is the Kremlin financing Europe's right-wing populists?"
14026:
13028:"E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms"
13025:
11638:"France's National Front picks Marine Le Pen as new head"
11419:
11368:
11255:
11161:
11120:
11017:
11005:
10930:
10872:
10870:
10843:
10782:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10702:
10700:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10653:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10535:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10497:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10489:
10380:
10378:
10376:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10223:
10221:
10219:
10194:
10192:
10017:
10015:
8878:"E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms"
8875:
8757:
France: The Front National, Ethnonationalism and Populism
8734:
The Far Right Today and The ideology of the extreme right
8230:
5879:
5377:, and that French laws should have primacy over EU laws.
4953:
In November 2015, the party stated as its goal to have a
4918:
The party opposed the 2016 criminalisation of the use of
3136:
had already been used as the name of a French party, the
1989:, protection of French identity, and stricter control of
15610:"Austrian far-right in fresh push for EU respectability"
14189:"French Military Operations in Africa Unpopular at Home"
13932:
13930:
13928:
12185:. France 24, 18 December 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
10966:
10717:
10715:
10685:
10512:
10510:
10402:
10361:
10277:
10267:
10265:
10204:
10177:
10165:
10155:
10153:
9949:
9937:
9925:
9913:
8458:"Marine Le Pen says sanctions on Russia are not working"
6406:(2010–2011; interim period during the internal campaign)
6161:
party in 1972 and contested the Presidency of France in
16858:
15875:"Le Pen and Wilders unite to form eurosceptic alliance"
15505:
15493:
15481:
15099:
14991:
14604:"Bardella: No troops or long-range missiles to Ukraine"
14038:
13706:
13687:
13303:
13001:"Victory for France's conservatives in local elections"
12981:
12969:
12954:
12942:
12135:"Why Macron Won: Luck, Skill and France's Dark History"
11605:"Marine Le Pen 'chosen to lead Frances National Front'"
11537:"La Peugeot de Le Pen à nouveau mise en vente sur ebay"
11455:
11443:
11431:
11395:
11380:
11353:
11341:
11324:
11309:
11243:
11185:
11149:
11132:
11082:
11070:
11058:
11046:
11029:
10990:
10978:
10918:
10894:
10882:
10828:
10114:
10000:
9901:
9721:
9719:
9242:
8819:"Victory for France's conservatives in local elections"
8532:
6236:
since 2017. Under her leadership the party was renamed
5564:
4895:, harsher sentencing, increased prison capacity, and a
3254:
3118:
2368:, and generally the creation of a "French and European
15150:"The National Front and the quest for the Jewish vote"
14910:. Enquete&Debat. 23 September 2014. Archived from
10942:
10867:
10855:
10816:
10804:
10769:
10757:
10697:
10650:
10629:
10617:
10605:
10522:
10486:
10373:
10245:
10216:
10189:
10138:
10126:
10012:
9884:"Left-wing surge thwarts far right in French election"
9754:
9752:
9303:
6297:, in charge of training and demonstrations (2011–2018)
5530:
1997:'s integrated command. It also supports reform of the
17439:
17226:
Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse
16205:"Geert Wilders voit Marine le Pen présidente en 2017"
16002:
https://x.com/EuropeElects/status/1129133778717282309
15051:(in French). Reuters. 18 January 2007. Archived from
14908:"Marine Le Pen, entre souverainisme et identitarisme"
14467:"We should beware Russia's links with Europe's right"
13925:
13411:"Marine Le Pen, France's (Kinder, Gentler) Extremist"
10792:
10712:
10673:
10593:
10581:
10569:
10545:
10507:
10349:
10262:
10150:
10063:
9430:. Policy-network.net. 22 January 2015. Archived from
6315:, in charge of strategy and communication (2012–2017)
5587:
after the 1984 election, which also consisted of the
3080:
On 24 April 2017, a day after the first round of the
2482:
37:"Front National" redirects here. For other uses, see
17806:
17325:"France: The historic victory of the Front National"
15917:"Warfare between Eurosceptic camps: Le Pen v Farage"
15445:"France's Marine Le Pen to Face Trial Over Spending"
13718:
13057:
Meichtry, Stacy; Bisserbe, Noemie (19 August 2015).
11728:"New poll shows far right could squeeze out Sarkozy"
10424:
Political parties and the collapse of the old orders
9716:
9540:"France National Front: Jean-Marie Le Pen suspended"
8947:
Meichtry, Stacy; Bisserbe, Noemie (19 August 2015).
8840:"New poll shows far right could squeeze out Sarkozy"
6232:
from 2004 to 2017 and has served as a deputy of the
5495:
development of radical Islam in problematic areas".
5346:suggested it was not a threat to France or Europe.
3263:, originally founded by Viktor Orbán with the Czech
2412:(1984) and his Catholic fundamentalists, as well as
2140:
The party's ideological roots can be traced to both
17295:
Nationalistes et Conservateurs en France, 1885–1902
13003:. Deutsche Welle. AP, AFP, Reuters. 30 March 2015.
11701:"Far-right's Marine Le Pen leads in shock new poll"
9749:
8903:"Far-right's Marine Le Pen leads in shock new poll"
8821:. Deutsche Welle. AP, AFP, Reuters. 30 March 2015.
8604:
Nationalistes et Conservateurs en France, 1885–1902
5397:
5185:in 1990, and subsequently considered him a friend.
5163:
rejection of the Treaty for a European Constitution
3062:The National Front received 4,712,461 votes in the
2338:'s Justice and Liberty movement; as well as former
19650:Member parties of the Identity and Democracy Party
17194:The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen
15583:"Japanese and European far right gathers in Tokyo"
15075:"Bruno Gollnisch blanchi par la Cour de cassation"
12292:
12133:
9598:. openeurope.org.uk. 23 March 2015. Archived from
8999:"Japanese and European far right gathers in Tokyo"
8583:Hobolt, Sara; De Vries, Catherine (16 June 2020).
2985:
2088:as the main currency of France (together with the
17228:. London/New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 177–190.
16718:"Marie-Christine Arnautu: Functions in the party"
16628:"F. Philippot becomes a vice president of the FN"
13181:"Marine Le Pen's plan to make France great again"
13178:
9428:"The French National Front: On its way to power?"
5823:, whom Le Pen complimented for his stance on the
5583:. The first group it helped co-establish was the
4847:. Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, following
2477:
19616:
18615:
17330:. In De Sio L.; Emanuele V.; Maggini N. (eds.).
15739:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
13753:"French National Front: Far right or hard left?"
13056:
12331:
11789:(in French). Minister of the Interior (France).
8946:
8363:
5722:group, which consisted of a variety of European
5551:Alleged payment of party officials with EU funds
5490:. After all, the National Front has always been
2992:municipal elections held on 23 and 30 March 2014
2899:
2702:(and thus the mayorship) in three cities in the
2528:monumental turning point in the rise of the FN.
2494:, leader of the National Front from 1972 to 2011
2284:Logo of the National Front between 1972 and 2007
17168:Kitschelt, Herbert; McGann, Anthony J. (1997).
17167:
16424:
15308:
15306:
13297:
12072:"The National Front's victory: France in shock"
10563:
10480:
10057:
9129:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
8629:
8610:
6430:As of February 2023, the National Rally has 88
6228:French presidential elections. She served as a
5267:policies over time, particularly following the
2001:(EU) and its related organisations as well as
19700:Political parties of the French Fifth Republic
16029:
16027:
14853:"Ce que Marine le Pen propose pour la défense"
13674:"What does France's National Front stand for?"
13645:
13115:Catherine E. De Vries; Sara B. Hobolt (2020).
12103:"France Shaken by National Front 'Earthquake'"
11843:
11841:
11208:
9620:
8582:
8207:Other customary colours include the following:
5978:revoke the special status of Jammu and Kashmir
5922:In addition, the party has had relations with
5579:The FN has been part of several groups in the
4327:National Centre of Independents & Peasants
3949:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
3244:National Rally–The Republicans alliance crisis
2791:
2318:'s Party of French Unity; "nationalists" from
2020:The party was founded in 1972, created by the
1440:National Centre of Independents & Peasants
1062:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
18601:
18485:
17981:
17792:
17482:
17076:"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle 2017"
16748:"Jean-François Jalkh: Functions in the party"
15756:"Marine Le Pen's awkward day on Capitol Hill"
14366:
14364:
14362:
14123:
12070:Charlemagne European politics (26 May 2014).
9262:"22 MESURES POUR 2022 (22 measures for 2022)"
9055:Garnier, Christophe-Cécil (7 December 2015).
6455:, when it gained 24% of the vote. During the
6181:. He served several terms as a deputy of the
5811:, who is known for his strong stance against
4778:
3999:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3197:on the left, such as former economy minister
3150:its parliamentary group between 1986 and 1988
2894:
2695:, votes for Le Pen rose to 15% of the total.
2639:comments made by Le Pen and the FN newspaper
2379:
1891:
1112:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
18447:Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom
17101:
15721:. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017
15369:
15347:"Marine Le Pen justifie le prêt russe du FN"
15303:
15236:
15234:
14442:. Ukrinform.ua. 26 June 2013. Archived from
14020:
13750:
12885:
12853:
12766:
12749:
12747:
11901:"The French Right Scores a Historic Victory"
10331:
10307:
9286:
8971:
8630:McGann, Anthony; Kitschelt, Herbert (1997).
8611:Kitschelt, Herbert; McGann, Anthony (1995).
8572:
8417:
8036:
7213:
7181:
7116:
7089:
7045:
5591:(MSI), its early inspiration, and the Greek
5450:as "a point of detail of the history of the
4717:
4546:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4500:
4484:
4470:
4456:
4434:
3620:
3593:
3556:
3520:
3501:
3452:
3428:
3390:
3289:
2925:Results by region at the first round of the
2800:Logo for Le Pen's 2002 presidential campaign
2598:
2545:National Centre of Independents and Peasants
2216:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2175:
2169:
2160:to abandon his promise of holding on to the
1830:
1659:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1597:
1583:
1569:
1547:
733:
706:
669:
633:
614:
565:
541:
503:
18958:Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
17176:. University of Michigan. pp. 91–120.
16778:"Florian Philippot: Functions in the party"
16024:
15035:
11838:
8554:Azéma, Jean-Pierre; Winock, Michel (1994).
8553:
6021:European Conservatives and Reformists Group
5957:; after the election, Vox joined the RN in
5955:European Conservatives and Reformists Group
5498:
5484:criticise the policy of the State of Israel
5188:Marine Le Pen advocated France leaving the
4887:In 2002, Jean-Marie Le Pen campaigned on a
2555:- although in unwinnable positions. Former
18608:
18594:
18492:
18478:
17988:
17974:
17799:
17785:
17489:
17475:
17429:
17263:
14975:. France 24. 27 March 2009. Archived from
14708:"European elections 2019 – as it happened"
14359:
13566:Esposti, Emanuelle Degli; Chaplin, Chris.
13565:
6425:
6030:and the AfD questioning French control of
5945:Since 2018, the RN has had relations with
5878:interviewed for the British radio station
5615:. In 2007, it was part of the short-lived
5574:
5402:The National Rally has advocated for full
5283:Marine Le Pen described Russian President
5084:Le Pen does not plan to withdraw from the
5055:Under Marine Le Pen, the RN has supported
4785:
4771:
2499:indistinguishable, particularly after the
1898:
1884:
408:
17332:The European Parliament Elections of 2014
15270:
15231:
14660:
14545:
14522:
14489:
14458:
14416:. Tempsreel.nouvelobs.com. 5 March 2014.
14370:
14060:
14058:
13468:
13466:
13464:
13050:
13019:
12744:
12674:"The makeover of France's National Rally"
12284:
11668:"Résultats des élections Cantonales 2011"
11215:The concise Oxford dictionary of politics
11209:McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009).
9169:
9126:
8921:
8372:"The rise and rise of France's far right"
8311:
6303:, in charge of social affairs (2011–2018)
3154:National Institute of Industrial Property
2248:
17223:
17046:"Résultat des élections Régionales 2021"
17016:"Résultat des élections Régionales 2015"
16986:"Résultat des élections Régionales 2010"
16956:"Résultat des élections Régionales 2004"
16926:"Résultat des élections Régionales 1998"
15784:
15607:
15148:Boitiaux, Charlotte (14 December 2011).
15147:
14148:
13609:
13584:
13546:
13441:
13404:
13402:
12993:
12753:
12698:
12563:
12290:
12257:
12224:
12131:
12100:
11960:
11746:
11632:
11630:
11599:
11597:
11278:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11270:
9788:
9290:Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea
8797:
7058:
5815:, which Domenic Powell argues, rises to
5386:structure, which France joined in 2009.
5320:were a "pro-Russian bloc." In 2014, the
4964:
4929:
4796:
3238:Jordan Bardella's leadership (from 2022)
3076:2017 Marine Le Pen presidential campaign
3053:
2920:
2909:
2906:2012 Marine Le Pen presidential campaign
2832:
2795:
2745:
2742:Turmoil and split of the MNR (1997–2002)
2486:
19139:National Council of European Resistance
17384:
17363:
17190:
17146:
16894:
16892:
16890:
16888:
16879:
16568:
15753:
15580:
15511:
15499:
15487:
15105:
14997:
14638:
14495:
14464:
14124:Georgiopoulos, George (20 March 2011).
14049:
14032:
13712:
13700:
13324:
13312:
13282:
12987:
12975:
12963:
12948:
12827:
11851:. Tempsreel.nouvelobs.com. 3 May 2013.
11811:
11464:
11449:
11437:
11425:
11413:
11401:
11389:
11374:
11362:
11347:
11335:
11318:
11261:
11249:
11196:
11179:
11167:
11155:
11143:
11126:
11088:
11076:
11064:
11052:
11040:
11023:
11011:
10999:
10984:
10972:
10960:
10948:
10936:
10924:
10912:
10900:
10888:
10876:
10861:
10849:
10837:
10822:
10810:
10798:
10786:
10763:
10721:
10706:
10691:
10679:
10667:
10644:
10623:
10611:
10599:
10587:
10575:
10551:
10539:
10516:
10501:
10450:"The Many Lives of François Mitterrand"
10408:
10396:
10384:
10367:
10355:
10343:
10319:
10295:
10283:
10271:
10256:
10239:
10227:
10210:
10198:
10183:
10171:
10159:
10144:
10132:
10120:
10081:
10069:
10045:
10033:
10021:
10006:
9994:
9974:. University of Michigan. p. 193.
9955:
9943:
9931:
9919:
9677:
9332:
9330:
9321:
9309:
9054:
8996:
8778:
8773:
8754:
8669:
8577:
8422:. Link.springer.com. pp. 166–180.
8402:"Le RN affirmé avoir 100,000 adhérents"
5741:Alliance of European National Movements
5555:In December 2023, 28 people, including
2943:Alliance of European National Movements
2345:The National Front fared poorly in the
2103:Le Pen reached the second round of the
445: The RN is considered part of the
14:
19635:Anti-Islam political parties in Europe
19617:
17409:Histoire de l'extrême droite en France
17403:
17242:
17127:
16638:from the original on 26 September 2013
16564:
16562:
16560:
15712:
15698:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
15442:
15344:
15240:
15174:
14894:from the original on 24 September 2015
14696:"European far right hails Brexit vote"
14528:
14055:
13833:
13807:
13660:from the original on 25 September 2015
13461:
13408:
13212:
13210:
13208:
13206:
13152:
13148:
13146:
13144:
13087:
12864:Histoire de l'extrême droite en France
11929:
11752:
11698:
11567:
11534:
11282:
11231:from the original on 27 September 2021
9907:
9678:Vinocur, Nicholas (12 February 2024).
9633:from the original on 25 September 2015
9248:
9218:
9194:from the original on 27 September 2021
9108:from the original on 26 September 2021
9081:
8934:from the original on 25 September 2015
8900:
8858:
8698:
8556:Histoire de l'extrême droite en France
8504:
8492:from the original on 27 September 2015
8338:
8312:Gatehouse, Gabriel (5 December 2015).
7667:
6355:
5897:Though the FN had close contacts with
5819:and three-time presidential candidate
5735:(FPÖ) refused to join the efforts, as
5653:Conservative People's Party of Estonia
5215:Le Pen has praised Egyptian President
4803:Department for Protection and Security
4447:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)
2917:, National Front president (2011–2022)
2828:
1560:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)
198:Department for Protection and Security
19695:Political parties established in 1972
19640:Far-right political parties in France
18968:French and European Nationalist Party
18589:
18499:
18473:
17969:
17780:
17470:
17322:
17301:
16906:from the original on 24 February 2017
16808:Marine Le Pen rempile à la tête du FN
16688:"Louis Aliot: Functions in the party"
16658:"Alain Jamet: Functions in the party"
16328:from the original on 24 December 2019
16071:"Nigel Farage turns on Marine Le Pen"
15785:Levenson, Claire (14 February 2017).
15648:from the original on 10 November 2017
15589:from the original on 15 February 2011
15549:
15420:from the original on 2 September 2019
15291:from the original on 16 February 2015
15276:
15156:from the original on 30 December 2011
14859:from the original on 13 November 2013
14541:from the original on 29 January 2015.
14529:Dodman, Benjamin (23 November 2014).
14510:from the original on 29 November 2014
14496:Jauvert, Vincent (27 November 2014).
14420:from the original on 17 December 2014
14064:
14002:from the original on 12 February 2003
13536:. The ILR School, Cornell University.
13399:
13179:Vinocur, Nicholas (4 February 2017).
12832:
12718:"Bardella se récupère à Strasbourg".
12313:from the original on 15 February 2021
11725:
11627:
11594:
11476:
11267:
11202:
11108:from the original on 28 December 2014
10745:from the original on 12 December 2016
10733:
10447:
10420:
9864:from the original on 19 February 2021
9834:from the original on 21 February 2021
9818:
9816:
9801:from the original on 25 February 2021
9699:
9535:Jean-Marie suspension and expulsion:
9515:from the original on 25 February 2021
9367:
9365:
9350:from the original on 6 September 2017
9032:from the original on 27 February 2016
9005:from the original on 15 February 2011
8871:from the original on 29 January 2015.
8859:Dodman, Benjamin (23 November 2014).
8837:
8731:
8648:
8369:
5847:, and addressed an RN event in 2018.
5278:
5263:. The party has shifted towards more
5004:heritage of Poujadism and espoused a
4727:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau
3170:In January 2019, ex-Sarkozy minister
2862:legislative election of the same year
2428:, dismissing the FN as becoming "too
2304:Front national pour l'unité française
2231:group that supports the claim of the
2065:, Marine Le Pen pursued a policy of "
1940:
1922:
1840:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau
369:Presidencies of Departmental Councils
188:Rassemblement national de la jeunesse
17768:Foundation of Identity and Democracy
17292:
17056:from the original on 7 November 2021
17026:from the original on 7 November 2021
16966:from the original on 7 November 2021
16936:from the original on 29 October 2021
16885:
16392:from the original on 25 October 2021
16229:
15622:from the original on 7 November 2021
15581:Tourret, Nathalie (14 August 2010).
15563:. pp. 11–13, 24. Archived from
15407:
15258:from the original on 14 January 2016
15187:from the original on 11 January 2011
15087:from the original on 7 November 2021
14751:from the original on 20 January 2020
14551:
14477:from the original on 1 December 2016
14371:Lichfield, John (27 November 2014).
14154:
14105:from the original on 20 January 2020
13442:Johannès, Franck (30 January 2021).
13359:"Net migration – France | Data"
13191:from the original on 5 February 2017
12272:from the original on 15 October 2018
12239:from the original on 15 October 2018
12038:
12003:from the original on 13 January 2015
9574:from the original on 8 December 2015
9459:from the original on 23 January 2015
9450:
9327:
8997:Tourret, Nathalie (14 August 2010).
8601:
7680:Elections to the European Parliament
7299:
6466:
6011:leader and Slovenian Prime Minister
5995:leader and Hungarian Prime Minister
5331:. In May 2015, one of her advisers,
5196:and has campaigned against allowing
3255:2024 European parliamentary election
3182:(LR) and joined the National Rally.
2963:, the National Front won two seats:
19630:Anti-immigration politics in France
17909:Union of Democrats and Independents
16846:from the original on 31 August 2019
16833:
16625:
16589:from the original on 31 August 2019
16571:"Organigramme du Front National FN"
16557:
16425:Law and Justice (7 February 2024).
16360:from the original on 2 January 2020
15754:Keating, Joshua (3 November 2011).
15277:Pabst, Sabrina (29 November 2014).
13728:. Theconversation.com. 3 May 2012.
13624:from the original on 4 October 2016
13610:Nossiter, Adam (17 November 2015).
13423:from the original on 6 January 2017
13203:
13141:
13096:from the original on 4 January 2019
12699:Malingre, Virginie (10 July 2024).
12415:from the original on 9 January 2019
12113:from the original on 23 August 2014
11535:Sulzer, Alexandre (30 April 2008).
11297:from the original on 3 January 2011
11283:Samuel, Henry (11 September 2008).
10102:from the original on 31 August 2019
9967:
9017:
8174:The party was formerly part of the
8151:The Radical Right in Western Europe
6445:
5675:. The RN has also been part of the
5535:A 2019 undercover investigation by
5531:Links with banned neo-fascist group
5243:Le Pen supports the restoration of
5149:", likening it to a "puppet of the
4487:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire
3028:the 7th arrondissement of Marseille
2279:Logo of the Italian Social Movement
1600:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire
24:
19164:Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms
18963:Federation of Nationalist Students
18710:French National-Collectivist Party
17995:
17217:
16996:from the original on 20 March 2012
16278:from the original on 4 August 2020
16211:from the original on 18 April 2020
15983:from the original on 15 March 2017
15823:from the original on 14 April 2020
15797:from the original on 29 April 2017
15713:Powell, Domenic (14 August 2012).
15357:from the original on 26 March 2015
15326:from the original on 17 March 2015
15219:from the original on 13 April 2017
14777:from the original on 23 April 2021
13732:from the original on 28 March 2019
13339:from the original on 11 March 2011
13069:from the original on 4 August 2020
12905:from the original on 7 August 2016
12467:from the original on 16 March 2021
12332:McNicholl, Tracy (11 March 2018),
12225:Herreros, Romain (11 March 2018).
11734:from the original on 27 April 2011
11707:from the original on 10 March 2011
11648:from the original on 24 April 2019
11615:from the original on 16 March 2011
11582:from the original on 18 March 2010
11217:. Oxford University. p. 356.
10462:from the original on 23 March 2017
10084:"Chronologie du Front National FN"
9813:
9789:Barbière, Cécile (16 April 2019).
9737:from the original on 11 March 2018
9700:Cohen, Dinah (22 September 2023).
9671:
9487:from the original on 23 March 2021
9451:Craw, Victoria (23 January 2015).
9390:
9362:
8959:from the original on 4 August 2020
8909:from the original on 10 March 2011
8846:from the original on 27 April 2011
6291:, first vice president (2011–2014)
6279:
6049:leader and Israeli Prime Minister
5928:IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement
5776:, and other movements such as the
5699:group with Fidesz, Vox, the Czech
4048:"The Future of the Intelligentsia"
3140:, led by the radical-right lawyer
2841:for Le Pen's 2007 presidential bid
2564:, netting over 30% in some areas.
2483:Electoral breakthrough (1982–1988)
2177:Le cercle national des combattants
1161:"The Future of the Intelligentsia"
25:
19711:
18545:Mémoires : fils de la nation
17643:Other parliamentary group members
17416:
16545:from the original on 16 June 2019
15766:from the original on 27 July 2014
15389:from the original on 4 April 2015
15345:Mestre, Abel (23 November 2014).
15023:from the original on 20 July 2006
14641:Journal of European Public Policy
14465:Harding, Luke (8 December 2014).
14169:from the original on 30 July 2011
14155:Rohr, Mathieu von (7 July 2011).
13789:from the original on 10 July 2021
13763:from the original on 5 April 2015
13585:Khan-Ruf, Safya (22 April 2022).
13547:Belgacem, Assia (22 April 2022).
13409:Shorto, Russell (29 April 2011).
13038:from the original on 2 March 2017
13007:from the original on 1 March 2017
12925:"Parties and Elections in Europe"
12784:from the original on 30 June 2024
12576:from the original on 28 June 2021
12441:from the original on 4 April 2021
12206:from the original on 7 March 2019
12082:from the original on 2 April 2015
12051:from the original on 11 June 2019
11942:from the original on 2 April 2015
11911:from the original on 7 April 2014
11855:from the original on 2 April 2015
11793:from the original on 12 July 2012
11767:from the original on 22 June 2018
11680:from the original on 14 July 2011
9550:from the original on 20 July 2018
9063:from the original on 14 June 2018
8888:from the original on 2 March 2017
8825:from the original on 1 March 2017
8320:from the original on 17 July 2018
6230:Member of the European Parliament
6187:Member of the European Parliament
6017:2022 French presidential election
5991:In October 2021, Le Pen met with
5884:2019 European Parliament election
5693:2024 European Parliament election
5671:and a former member of Romania's
5527:, though this has not coalesced.
5360:
5351:2022 French presidential election
5228:. The party has advocated closer
5120:
4988:The National Rally is considered
4369:French Agrarian and Peasant Party
3217:2022 French presidential election
3174:and former conservative lawmaker
3102:was re-elected. FN's 23-year-old
3096:following parliamentary elections
3064:2014 European Parliament election
2458:(PS), a results that brought the
1985:, advocating significant cuts to
1482:French Agrarian and Peasant Party
341:Presidencies of Regional Councils
19033:Revolutionary Nationalist Groups
17650:
17627:
17615:
17603:
17591:
17579:
17567:
17555:
17543:
17531:
17334:. Rome: CISE. pp. 181–188.
17297:(in French). Les Indes Savantes.
17266:Modern & Contemporary France
17068:
17038:
17008:
16978:
16948:
16918:
16827:
16800:
16770:
16740:
16710:
16680:
16650:
16619:
16613:ici, par France Bleu et France 3
16601:
16527:
16509:
16491:
16473:
16455:
16437:
16418:
16404:
16372:
16340:
16308:
16290:
16264:
16246:
16223:
16197:
16179:
16161:
16143:
16125:
16107:
16095:from the original on 24 May 2019
16081:
16063:
16045:
16006:
15995:
15963:
15945:
15927:
15909:
15895:
15881:
15867:
15855:from the original on 4 June 2020
15835:
15809:
15778:
15747:
15706:
15680:from the original on 21 May 2019
15660:
15634:
15601:
15574:
15543:
15517:
15459:
15443:Kostov, Nick (8 December 2023).
15436:
15401:
15338:
15199:
15168:
15141:
15129:from the original on 19 May 2021
15111:
15067:
15003:
14965:
14939:
14921:
14871:
14845:
14833:from the original on 19 May 2021
14815:
14789:
14763:
14733:
14685:
14632:
14614:
14596:
14578:
14566:from the original on 16 May 2015
14432:
14406:
14389:
14341:
14323:
14305:
14287:
14269:
14255:
14241:
14220:
14202:
14181:
14117:
14091:
14079:from the original on 18 May 2013
13988:
13974:
13948:
13907:
13889:
13871:
13853:
13834:Brunet, Romain (29 March 2023).
13827:
13801:
13775:
13744:
13636:
13603:
13597:
13578:
13559:
13540:
13526:
13504:
13484:
13435:
13377:
13365:from the original on 19 May 2021
13351:
13318:
13246:
13228:
13172:
13135:
13108:
13088:Taylor, Kyle (24 January 2017).
13081:
12917:
12891:
12818:
12796:
12726:
12711:
12692:
12666:
12640:
12614:
12588:
12557:
12545:from the original on 19 May 2021
12531:
12519:from the original on 19 May 2021
12505:
12493:from the original on 19 May 2021
12479:
12453:
12427:
12401:
12373:
12349:
12325:
12291:Nossiter, Adam (10 March 2018).
12251:
12218:
12188:
12168:
12125:
12094:
12063:
12032:
12015:
11985:
11973:from the original on 29 May 2014
11954:
11923:
11893:
11867:
11812:Fouquet, Helene (17 June 2012).
11805:
11779:
11719:
11692:
11660:
11561:
11528:
11503:
11491:from the original on 22 May 2011
11470:
11094:
9770:from the original on 1 June 2018
9511:. lemonde.fr. 24 February 2005.
9219:Ivaldi, Gilles (18 April 2016).
8984:from the original on 8 July 2020
8922:Lichfield, John (1 March 2015).
8634:. University of Michigan Press.
8517:from the original on 7 July 2015
8382:from the original on 8 July 2024
8351:from the original on 3 July 2024
8285:
8272:
8263:
8188:Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty
8019:
8002:
8001:
7969:
7968:
7931:
7930:
7898:
7897:
7863:
7862:
7830:
7829:
7795:
7794:
7761:
7655:
7654:
7610:
7609:
7565:
7564:
7520:
7519:
7480:
7479:
7432:
7431:
7383:
7285:
7271:
7247:
7234:
7233:
7207:
7206:
7175:
7174:
7151:
7150:
7137:
7136:
7109:
7083:
7082:
7039:
7038:
6966:
6965:
6925:
6924:
6889:
6888:
6853:
6852:
6813:
6779:
6778:
6743:
6742:
6707:
6706:
6671:
6670:
6635:
6634:
6600:
6567:
6534:
6248:
6197:
6138:
6039:2024 French legislative election
5749:("right-wing") movement and the
5695:, the National Rally joined the
5617:Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty
5425:
5398:Electoral reform and referendums
5070:2024 French legislative election
4882:
4752:
4740:
3364:
3306:2024 French legislative election
3296:2024 French legislative election
3224:2022 French legislative election
2266:
2257:
2130:snap French legislative election
1865:
1853:
477:
61:
19028:Rassemblement National Français
17496:
16615:(in French). 12 September 2021.
15608:Phillips, Leigh (9 June 2011).
15175:Primor, Adar (7 January 2011).
14953:from the original on 1 May 2021
13234:Samuel, Henry (15 April 2022).
13216:Samuel, Henry (14 April 2022).
13153:Samuel, Henry (24 April 2022).
12754:Barbarit, Simon (3 July 2024).
12379:Ganley, Elaine (10 March 2018)
12258:Willsher, Kim (12 March 2018).
12156:from the original on 9 May 2017
12101:Meichtry, Stacy (26 May 2014).
11961:Meichtry, Stacy (25 May 2014).
11930:Samuel, Henry (23 March 2014).
11726:Bamat, Joseph (23 April 2011).
11568:Samuel, Henry (15 March 2010).
11477:Riché, Pascal (29 April 2008).
10727:
10448:Birch, Jonah (19 August 2015).
10441:
10414:
10075:
9961:
9876:
9860:(in French). 12 February 2020.
9846:
9782:
9645:
9621:John Lichfield (1 March 2015).
9614:
9588:
9529:
9417:
9280:
9254:
9212:
9206:
9163:
9120:
9075:
8838:Bamat, Joseph (23 April 2011).
8505:Taylor, Adam (8 January 2015).
8254:
8245:
8235:
8201:
8184:Technical Group of Independents
6977:
6159:National Front for French Unity
6062:The executive bureau features:
5627:group, which also includes the
5613:Technical Group of Independents
5567:funds which were earmarked for
5273:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
4452:Initiative and Liberty Movement
3138:Rassemblement National Français
2986:Electoral successes (2012–2017)
2300:National Front for French Unity
1565:Initiative and Liberty Movement
32:National Rally (disambiguation)
18454:Europe of Nations and Freedom
16902:. European Election Database.
15177:"The daughter as de-demonizer"
14797:"L'OTAN vue par Marine le Pen"
14065:James, Barry (23 April 2002).
13996:"Le Pen and his feminine side"
13808:Conesa, Elsa (18 April 2022).
13646:John Lichfield (26 May 2014).
13325:Squires, Nick (8 March 2011).
13260:. 7 April 2016. Archived from
12901:. Lefigaro.fr. 13 April 2015.
12564:Willsher, Kim (27 June 2021).
12355:Willsher, Kim (10 March 2018)
11753:Samuel, Henry (17 June 2012).
10734:Fabre, Clarisse (4 May 2002).
9971:Political parties of the world
9830:(in French). 29 January 2021.
9655:. France24.com. Archived from
9082:Ivaldi, Gilles (18 May 2016).
9048:
8759:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
8732:Mudde, Cas (25 October 2019).
8587:. Princeton University Press.
8471:
8408:
8394:
8339:Corbet, Sylvie (3 July 2024).
8305:
8168:
7762:
7384:
7286:
7272:
7248:
7110:
6814:
6601:
6568:
6535:
6367:Dominique Chaboche (1973–1976)
6263:Acting since 13 September 2021
6157:Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the
5942:to join the ID Party in 2024.
5074:2023 French pension reform law
4925:
3206:2021 French regional elections
2927:2015 French regional elections
2478:Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership
2374:Revolutionary Communist League
2243:
2042:was elected as her successor.
1963:parliamentary opposition party
1953:political party, described as
449:and does not oppose democracy.
13:
1:
19690:National conservative parties
19680:Eurosceptic parties in France
19670:1972 establishments in France
19665:Right-wing populism in France
19490:Active publications and media
18760:Revolutionary Social Movement
16900:"France: Elections 1990–2010"
15550:Mareš, Miroslav (July 2006).
15244:, Marine (27 November 2014).
14653:10.1080/13501763.2020.1754885
12132:Nossiter, Adam (7 May 2017).
8717:10.1080/0031322X.2015.1069063
8684:10.1080/01419870.2015.1016071
8420:Twenty-First Century Populism
8298:
8192:Europe of Nations and Freedom
6370:Victor Barthélémy (1976–1978)
6109:
6094:(deputy regional councilor),
6057:
5850:The FN allied with the Dutch
5801:U.S. House of Representatives
5784:(Belgian Flanders), Germany (
5766:European Alliance for Freedom
5525:Russia's annexation of Crimea
5406:in France, claiming that the
5159:accession of Turkey to the EU
3146:presidential campaign in 1965
2945:and joined the more moderate
2900:Revival of the FN (2011–2012)
2351:Front national de la jeunesse
2135:
2125:European Parliament elections
1924:[ʁasɑ̃bləmɑ̃nɑsjɔnal]
19655:Right-wing parties in France
19144:National Republican Movement
18679:Antisemitic League of France
18617:Far-right politics in France
17278:10.1080/09639489.2012.691290
17113:. Harvard University Press.
17111:Far-Right Politics in Europe
14552:Vaux, Pierre (14 May 2015).
13751:Henry Astier (16 May 2014).
12929:www.parties-and-elections.eu
11997:International Business Times
11699:Frosch, Jon (7 March 2011).
10421:White, John Kenneth (1998).
10346:, pp. 179–180, 185–187.
9170:Forchtner, Bernhard (2020).
8901:Frosch, Jon (7 March 2011).
8370:Kirby, Paul (30 June 2024).
5841:White House Chief Strategist
5677:Identity and Democracy Party
5645:Freedom and Direct Democracy
4913:capital punishment in France
4414:Union for a Popular Movement
3159:During that party congress,
3142:Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour
3048:International Business Times
2947:European Alliance of Freedom
2819:Union for a Popular Movement
2778:National Republican Movement
2521:20th arrondissement of Paris
2186:Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour
2152:movement founded in 1953 by
2117:2022 parliamentary elections
1527:Union for a Popular Movement
437:
7:
19660:Right-wing populist parties
19104:Equality and Reconciliation
18766:Service d'ordre légionnaire
17809:political parties in France
17385:Simmons, Harvey G. (1996).
17147:DeClair, Edward G. (1999).
16784:(in French). Archived from
16754:(in French). Archived from
16724:(in French). Archived from
16694:(in French). Archived from
16664:(in French). Archived from
15642:"Marine Le Pen en Autriche"
15431:want when we are in power.'
15385:(in French). 3 April 2015.
15083:(in French). 24 June 2009.
15019:(in French). 13 July 2006.
13298:Kitschelt & McGann 1997
10564:Kitschelt & McGann 1997
10481:Kitschelt & McGann 1997
10058:Kitschelt & McGann 1997
9018:Van, Sonia (29 July 2011).
8779:Simmons, Harvey G. (1996).
8139:
7661:Leftist Union + Ecologists
6234:National Assembly of France
6183:National Assembly of France
5404:proportional representation
5392:Russian invasion of Ukraine
5291:has been subjugated by the
5095:
3338:
3193:, former LR officials, and
2792:Presidential run-off (2002)
2438:European Parliament in 1979
1981:presidential elections. It
1961:. It is the single largest
1935:from 1972 to 2018 (French:
10:
19716:
19685:French nationalist parties
19008:Organisation Armée Secrète
18953:European Rally for Liberty
17094:
15469:. Reuters. 8 December 2023
13243:. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
13225:. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
12722:. 10 July 2024. p. 2.
12039:John, Mark (25 May 2014).
11676:(in French). 26 May 2011.
7391:Union for French Democracy
6457:2017 presidential election
6009:Slovenian Democratic Party
5968:following the decision by
5687:, which was later renamed
5316:that the National Front's
5102:2002 legislative elections
5079:
4995:
4955:net legal immigration rate
4352:VIA, the Way of the People
4087:The Tears of the White Man
3959:The Genius of Christianity
3293:
3241:
3073:
2954:2012 presidential election
2903:
2895:Marine Le Pen's leadership
2858:2007 presidential election
2837:National advertisement in
2823:2002 legislative elections
2806:2002 presidential election
2759:1997 legislative elections
2693:1995 presidential election
2689:1993 legislative elections
2629:1988 legislative elections
2622:1988 presidential election
2569:1986 legislative elections
2517:Union for French Democracy
2445:1981 presidential election
2434:1978 legislative elections
2394:revolutionary nationalists
2380:FN–PFN rivalry (1973–1981)
2358:1974 presidential election
2347:1973 legislative elections
2296:1973 legislative elections
2238:
2182:1965 presidential election
2105:2017 presidential election
1465:VIA, the Way of the People
1200:The Tears of the White Man
1072:The Genius of Christianity
114:Parliamentary party leader
36:
29:
19566:
19489:
19443:
19182:
19051:
18933:
18782:
18664:
18623:
18555:
18536:
18521:Blue, White and Red Rally
18507:
18438:
18429:Rassemblement bleu Marine
18420:
18413:
18350:Rassemblement bleu Marine
18347:
18315:
18288:
18261:
18194:
18087:
18036:
18005:
17945:
17922:
17894:
17871:
17838:
17815:
17761:
17735:
17711:
17685:
17669:
17642:
17523:
17516:
17506:
16234:. Srpskanarodnapartija.rs
16230:Име* (12 November 2021).
12628:(in French). 12 June 2022
11511:"Encyclopedia Britannica"
11211:"National Front (France)"
9324:, pp. 46, 56 and 71.
8972:Polakow-Suransky, Sasha.
8699:Mondon, Aurelien (2015).
8672:Ethnic and Racial Studies
8037:Congress of New Caledonia
8025:Run in a joint list with
7949:
7869:
7714:
7577:
7525:
7442:
7437:
7351:
7194:
7070:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6826:
6509:
6421:Steeve Briois (2017–2018)
6376:Pierre Gérard (1980–1981)
6373:Alain Renault (1978–1980)
6345:Steeve Briois (2018–2022)
6272:
6247:
6244:
6215:
6196:
6193:
6156:
6137:
6134:
5667:, a former member of the
5665:Congress of the New Right
5337:Donetsk People's Republic
5257:Israel-Palestine conflict
4473:Nouvelle Action Royaliste
3290:2024 legislative election
3204:In the months before the
2961:2012 legislative election
2599:Consolidation (1988–1997)
2469:1981 legislative election
1586:Nouvelle Action Royaliste
416:
400:
395:
381:
367:
353:
339:
325:
311:
297:
286:
274:European Parliament group
272:
260:
254:Rassemblement bleu Marine
249:
237:
214:
203:
193:
181:
166:
156:
138:
124:
113:
87:
77:
69:
60:
48:
19444:Ideologies and movements
17830:New Anticapitalist Party
17726:Von der Leyen Commission
17050:Minister of the Interior
17020:Minister of the Interior
16990:Minister of the Interior
16960:Minister of the Interior
16930:Minister of the Interior
16232:"Српска народна партија"
15559:. Brno, Czech Republic:
14381:. London. Archived from
14021:Camus & Lebourg 2017
12886:Camus & Lebourg 2017
12854:Camus & Lebourg 2017
12824:Scholarly descriptions:
12778:Ministère de l'Intérieur
12362:15 February 2021 at the
11673:French Interior Ministry
10332:Camus & Lebourg 2017
10308:Camus & Lebourg 2017
8573:Camus & Lebourg 2017
8428:10.1057/9780230592100_11
8347:. The Associated Press.
8161:
6364:Alain Robert (1972–1973)
5999:, Polish Prime Minister
5858:, the new leader of the
5733:Freedom Party of Austria
5629:Freedom Party of Austria
5593:National Political Union
5499:Czecho-Russian bank loan
5249:Lebanese economic crisis
5230:France–Morocco relations
5202:2010–2011 Ivorian crisis
4549:Service d'Action Civique
4039:Enquête sur la monarchie
3939:Considerations on France
3492:Catholic social teaching
3346:This article is part of
3281:Lega per Salvini Premier
3232:parliamentary opposition
2704:1995 municipal elections
2509:1983 municipal elections
2450:The election was won by
2426:French Nationalist Party
2003:economic interventionism
1662:Service d'Action Civique
1152:Enquête sur la monarchie
1052:Considerations on France
605:Catholic social teaching
459:This article is part of
383:Departmental Councillors
53:
19625:National Rally (France)
18973:Front Algérie Française
18088:Presidential candidates
18053:Marie-Christine Arnautu
17738:at the European Council
17293:Joly, Bertrand (2008).
17191:Shields, James (2007).
16806:AFP (30 November 2014)
14887:. Politics.as.nyu.edu.
13092:. Pew Research Center.
13063:The Wall Street Journal
12806:. Euronews. 2 July 2024
12107:The Wall Street Journal
11967:The Wall Street Journal
9968:Day, Alan John (2002).
9447:Devil of the Republic:
9403:Encyclopædia Britannica
8953:The Wall Street Journal
8602:Joly, Bertrand (2008).
6461:2019 European elections
6453:2014 European elections
6426:Elected representatives
6301:Marie-Christine Arnautu
5770:Heinz-Christian Strache
5762:Heinz-Christian Strache
5641:Alternative for Germany
5589:Italian Social Movement
5575:International relations
5380:
5251:. The party supports a
5086:Paris Climate Agreement
4801:Members of the party's
4747:Conservatism portal
4537:Independent Republicans
4384:Independent Republicans
4067:Violence and the Sacred
3979:St Petersburg Dialogues
3113:left the FN and formed
2936:2011 cantonal elections
2889:2010 regional elections
2851:2004 European elections
2847:2004 regional elections
2653:1989 European elections
2646:1988 cantonal elections
2562:1985 cantonal elections
2537:1984 European elections
2515:(RPR) and the centrist
2312:Italian Social Movement
1860:Conservatism portal
1650:Independent Republicans
1497:Independent Republicans
1180:Violence and the Sacred
1092:St Petersburg Dialogues
239:Political position
170:114 bis rue Michel-Ange
18:National Rally (France)
19603:Algiers putsch of 1961
19589:6 February 1934 crisis
19154:Rassemblement National
19094:Carrefour de l'Horloge
18755:National Popular Rally
18270:Marion Maréchal-Le Pen
17848:French Communist Party
17712:European Commissioners
17243:Davies, Peter (1999).
17128:Davies, Peter (2012).
16782:Rassemblement National
16752:Rassemblement National
16722:Rassemblement National
16692:Rassemblement National
16662:Rassemblement National
16569:De Boissieu, Laurent.
16539:Rassemblement National
12181:9 January 2018 at the
12026:14 August 2015 at the
11819:Bloomberg Businessweek
11104:. Archives.lesoir.be.
10082:De Boissieu, Laurent.
9266:Rassemblement National
8755:Rydgren, Jens (2008).
8242:departments threefold.
8196:Identity and Democracy
8156:Radical right (Europe)
7439:Rally for the Republic
7333:Regional presidencies
6090:(regional councilor),
5974:Bharatiya Janata Party
5936:Serbian People's Party
5625:Identity and Democracy
5545:Christelle Lechevalier
5245:France-Syria relations
5112:had 36%, and Chirac's
4935:
4920:prostitution in France
4899:on re-introducing the
4806:
4718:
4547:
4528:
4519:
4510:
4501:
4485:
4471:
4457:
4444:Carrefour de l'Horloge
4435:
4399:Rally for the Republic
4322:Future with Confidence
4077:The Camp of the Saints
3621:
3594:
3557:
3521:
3502:
3453:
3429:
3391:
3357:Conservatism in France
3302:union of the far-right
3134:Rassemblement national
3130:Rassemblement national
3059:
2930:
2918:
2842:
2801:
2786:1999 European election
2754:
2592:the regional elections
2513:Rally for the Republic
2505:tournant de la rigueur
2495:
2330:'s and Alain Robert's
2249:Foundation (1972–1973)
2235:to the French throne.
2225:Restauration Nationale
2217:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2176:
2170:
2098:European Economic Area
2078:Rassemblement National
1942:[fʁɔ̃nɑsjɔnal]
1936:
1916:Rassemblement national
1915:
1831:
1660:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1598:
1584:
1570:
1557:Carrefour de l'Horloge
1548:
1512:Rally for the Republic
1435:Future with Confidence
1190:The Camp of the Saints
734:
707:
670:
634:
615:
566:
542:
504:
470:Conservatism in France
144:; 51 years ago
54:Rassemblement National
27:French political party
18684:Breton National Party
17508:Parliamentary group:
17366:Parliamentary Affairs
17323:Russo, Luana (2014).
17302:Mayer, Nonna (2013).
17078:. Elections.bfmtv.com
16353:The Telegraph (India)
15447:. Wall Street Journal
15080:Le Nouvel Observateur
14503:Le Nouvel Observateur
13518:. 14 September 2013.
13392:29 April 2017 at the
12870:6 August 2020 at the
12833:Mayer, Nonna (2013).
12386:4 August 2020 at the
10048:, pp. 31, 36–37.
9233:10.3917/pouv.157.0115
8738:John Wiley & Sons
8705:Patterns of Prejudice
8651:Parliamentary Affairs
8606:. Les Indes Savantes.
8558:. Éditions du Seuil.
5924:Krasimir Karakachanov
5871:UK Independence Party
5790:Slovak National Party
5774:UK Independence Party
5669:UK Independence Party
5661:Danish People's Party
5623:. It was part of the
5414:and green politician
5297:Revolution of Dignity
5269:2023 Israel–Hamas war
5206:2011 Libyan civil war
4965:Islam and immigration
4933:
4915:if she were elected.
4873:national conservative
4849:Pierre-André Taguieff
4800:
4708:Immigrant criminality
4688:Clerical philosophers
4404:Republican Federation
4057:The Reign of Quantity
3730:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet
3645:Thermidorian Reaction
3603:Traditional authority
3407:Political Catholicism
3191:Nicolas Dupont-Aignan
3082:presidential election
3057:
2924:
2913:
2836:
2799:
2749:
2490:
1821:Immigrant criminality
1801:Clerical philosophers
1517:Republican Federation
1170:The Reign of Quantity
843:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet
758:Thermidorian Reaction
716:Traditional authority
520:Political Catholicism
403:rassemblementnational
19478:Révolution nationale
18978:Groupe Union Défense
18943:Charles Martel Group
18773:Solidarité Française
18715:French Popular Party
18203:Jean-Pierre Stirbois
17953:Miscellaneous centre
16834:AFP (16 June 2019).
16626:AFP (12 July 2012).
16207:. 29 November 2014.
16157:. 18 September 2023.
16121:. 23 September 2022.
15055:on 30 September 2007
14385:on 11 February 2015.
11549:on 27 September 2011
10427:. SUNY. p. 38.
10399:, pp. 182, 198.
10322:, pp. 181, 184.
10242:, pp. 177, 185.
10036:, pp. 159, 169.
9059:(in French). Slate.
8452:. 18 September 2016.
8280:Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
6440:National Rally group
6380:Jean-Pierre Stirbois
5803:associated with the
5222:United Arab Emirates
5217:Abdel Fattah El-Sisi
5057:economic nationalism
4698:French–German enmity
4097:The Tyranny of Guilt
3989:Democracy in America
3682:Second French Empire
3431:Révolution nationale
2581:Agence France-Presse
2503:' "austerity turn" (
2398:Jean-Pierre Stirbois
2334:; the anti-Gaullist
2200:Groupe Union Défense
1811:French–German enmity
1210:The Tyranny of Guilt
1102:Democracy in America
795:Second French Empire
544:Révolution nationale
355:Regional Councillors
262:European affiliation
250:National affiliation
30:For other uses, see
19579:Franco-Prussian War
19325:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
19134:League of the South
19124:Generation Identity
19013:Party of New Forces
18993:Nouvelle Résistance
18749:Mouvement Franciste
18735:Ligue des Patriotes
18721:Jeunesses Patriotes
18395:Paul-Marie Coûteaux
18381:Miscellaneous right
18316:Leadership election
18262:Chamber of Deputies
18235:Jean-François Jalkh
18195:General Secretaries
18069:Jean-François Jalkh
17957:Miscellaneous right
17886:Democratic Movement
17853:La France Insoumise
17736:Heads of government
17702:European Parliament
17686:European Parliament
17510:Patriots for Europe
17153:. Duke University.
16788:on 11 November 2013
16758:on 11 November 2013
16698:on 10 November 2013
16668:on 11 November 2013
16388:. 22 October 2021.
16356:. 28 October 2019.
16324:. 29 October 2019.
16274:. 2 December 2018.
15959:. 13 November 2013.
15905:. 15 December 2013.
15877:. 13 November 2013.
15322:. 8 December 2014.
14979:on 3 September 2013
14949:. 4 February 2021.
14773:. 6 November 2019.
14747:. 16 January 2019.
14400:6 July 2015 at the
14234:. 25 October 2016.
14216:. 15 December 2020.
14101:. 16 January 2019.
13285:, pp. 177–185.
11760:The Daily Telegraph
11644:. 16 January 2011.
11611:. 15 January 2011.
11416:, pp. 291–293.
11182:, pp. 277–279.
10963:, pp. 247–249.
10915:, pp. 235–237.
9997:, pp. 163–164.
9602:on 19 November 2015
9434:on 15 February 2018
9141:2019WIRCC..10E.604F
8511:The Washington Post
7683:
7674:European Parliament
7668:European Parliament
7308:
7060:did not participate
6475:
6404:Jean-François Jalkh
6356:General Secretaries
6307:Jean-François Jalkh
6041:, Israeli minister
6023:in February 2024.
5959:Patriots for Europe
5697:Patriots for Europe
5649:Dutch Freedom Party
5581:European Parliament
5569:European Parliament
5541:Generation Identity
5456:concentration camps
5375:European Commission
5355:Russo-Ukrainian War
5169:, both in the 1991
5090:European Green Deal
4603:La Nation française
4379:Movement for France
4374:French Social Party
4189:Political positions
4179:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
3785:Fustel de Coulanges
3672:Bourbon Restoration
3667:Second White Terror
3412:Christian democracy
3261:Patriots for Europe
3210:la droite populaire
3121:and abandoning the
2829:Decline (2003–2010)
2763:metropolitan France
2511:, the centre-right
2452:François Mitterrand
2414:Jean-Yves Le Gallou
2386:Party of New Forces
1991:illegal immigration
1983:opposes immigration
1955:right-wing populist
1716:La Nation française
1492:Movement for France
1487:French Social Party
1302:Political positions
1292:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
898:Fustel de Coulanges
785:Bourbon Restoration
780:Second White Terror
525:Christian democracy
327:European Parliament
279:Patriots for Europe
229:Right-wing populism
142:5 October 1972
120:(National Assembly)
19498:Boulevard Voltaire
19018:Phalange Française
17949:Miscellaneous left
17445:7 May 2017 at the
17389:. Westview Press.
17351:on 27 October 2014
16813:9 May 2015 at the
16728:on 14 October 2014
16451:. 26 January 2024.
16414:. 5 February 2022.
16321:The New York Times
16175:. 2 February 2024.
15644:. Front National.
15570:on 18 August 2011.
15561:Masaryk University
14337:. 5 November 2023.
14319:. 22 October 2023.
14281:Morocco World News
14265:. 19 January 2023.
14251:. 17 October 2023.
14072:The New York Times
13617:The New York Times
13416:The New York Times
13032:The New York Times
12720:Le Canard Enchaîné
12299:The New York Times
12174:Louise Nordstorm,
12141:The New York Times
10298:, p. 180–184.
9570:. 20 August 2015.
9472:Holocaust denial:
8882:The New York Times
8783:. Westview Press.
7672:
7304:
6471:
6438:as members of the
6434:. They sit in the
6078:(vice-president),
6074:(vice-president),
6070:(vice-president),
6051:Benjamin Netanyahu
6001:Mateusz Morawiecki
5805:Tea Party movement
5731:. The significant
5683:and the Bulgarian
5673:Conservative Party
5516:Reinhard Bütikofer
5460:Court of Cassation
5323:Nouvel Observateur
5279:Russia and Ukraine
5253:two-state solution
5200:. During both the
4936:
4867:) and social (the
4807:
4693:European New Right
4617:Le Figaro Magazine
4582:Famille chrétienne
4459:La Manif pour tous
4107:The French Suicide
3705:Barbey d'Aurevilly
3655:Companions of Jehu
3650:First White Terror
3497:Counter-revolution
3381:French nationalism
3279:, and the Italian
3060:
3040:Camaret-sur-Aigues
2931:
2919:
2843:
2802:
2755:
2676:affaire du foulard
2671:Ayatollah Khomeini
2496:
1806:European New Right
1730:Le Figaro Magazine
1695:Famille chrétienne
1572:La Manif pour tous
1220:The French Suicide
818:Barbey d'Aurevilly
768:Companions of Jehu
763:First White Terror
610:Counter-revolution
494:French nationalism
421:Politics of France
224:French nationalism
19645:Jean-Marie Le Pen
19612:
19611:
19420:Tixier-Vignancour
18988:L'Œuvre Française
18865:Drieu La Rochelle
18583:
18582:
18501:Jean-Marie Le Pen
18467:
18466:
18463:
18462:
18061:Florian Philippot
18018:Jean-Marie Le Pen
17963:
17962:
17774:
17773:
17665:
17664:
17378:10.1093/pa/gss076
17341:978-88-98012-15-2
17256:978-0-415-15866-4
17235:978-1-78093-343-6
17208:978-0-415-37200-8
17183:978-0-472-08441-8
17160:978-0-8223-2139-2
17139:978-1-134-72530-4
16535:"Bureau Exécutif"
16523:. 7 October 2024.
15979:. 14 March 2017.
15408:Harrison, David.
15215:. 12 April 2017.
14829:. 14 March 2017.
14301:. 8 October 2023.
14035:, pp. 282 f.
13785:. 23 April 2017.
13264:on 28 August 2017
13240:Irish Independent
12899:"Jean-Yves Camus"
12888:, pp. 12–13.
12680:. 16 October 2022
12463:. 12 March 2021.
12202:. 11 March 2018.
11999:. 31 March 2014.
11907:. 31 March 2014.
11428:, pp. 292 f.
11377:, pp. 288 f.
11264:, pp. 280 f.
11224:978-0-19-920516-5
11170:, pp. 271 f.
11129:, pp. 264 f.
11026:, pp. 262 f.
11014:, pp. 260 f.
10939:, pp. 236 f.
10852:, pp. 223 f.
10694:, pp. 64–66.
10483:, pp. 95–98.
10434:978-0-7914-4067-4
10186:, pp. 174 f.
10174:, pp. 173 f.
9981:978-0-9536278-7-5
9958:, pp. 13–17.
9946:, pp. 27–31.
9934:, pp. 25–27.
9922:, pp. 21–24.
9910:, pp. 31–35.
9733:. 11 March 2018.
9423:Softening image:
9251:, pp. 46–55.
9187:978-1-351-10402-9
9101:978-1-317-41978-5
8663:10.1093/pa/gss071
8488:. 21 April 2014.
8437:978-1-349-28476-4
8182:(1989–1994), the
8178:(1984–1989), the
8137:
8136:
8015:
8014:
7716:Jean-Marie Le Pen
7665:
7664:
7353:Jean-Marie Le Pen
7306:Regional councils
7300:Regional councils
7297:
7296:
7072:Jean-Marie Le Pen
7028:Jean-Marie Le Pen
6975:
6974:
6511:Jean-Marie Le Pen
6473:National Assembly
6467:National Assembly
6436:National Assembly
6313:Florian Philippot
6277:
6276:
6264:
6145:Jean-Marie Le Pen
6104:Jean-Paul Garraud
6086:(spokesperson),
6007:(PiS) party, and
5966:Jammu and Kashmir
5903:Brothers of Italy
5852:Party for Freedom
5788:), and Slovakia (
5703:, the Portuguese
5643:(AfD), the Czech
5609:National Alliance
5448:Nazi gas chambers
5371:Council of the EU
5259:and welcomed the
5040:, to one between
4795:
4794:
4759:France portal
4703:French Revolution
4662:Valeurs actuelles
4164:de La Tour du Pin
4019:What Is a Nation?
3640:War in the Vendée
3329:New Popular Front
3321:absolute majority
3267:and the Austrian
3228:National Assembly
3199:Arnaud Montebourg
3176:Jean-Paul Garraud
3111:Florian Philippot
3032:Villers-Cotterêts
2976:François Hollande
2700:absolute majority
2608:, one of the new
2492:Jean-Marie Le Pen
2465:absolute majority
2328:François Brigneau
2158:Charles de Gaulle
2148:, small business
2121:National Assembly
2026:Jean-Marie Le Pen
1987:legal immigration
1967:National Assembly
1908:
1907:
1872:France portal
1816:French Revolution
1775:Valeurs actuelles
1277:de La Tour du Pin
1132:What Is a Nation?
753:War in the Vendée
454:
453:
426:Political parties
299:National Assembly
210:100,000 (claimed)
129:Jean-Marie Le Pen
16:(Redirected from
19707:
19546:Radio Courtoisie
19527:
19183:Post-1945 people
19114:The Nationalists
19099:Debout la France
19059:Action Française
18936:post-1945 groups
18673:Action Française
18610:
18603:
18596:
18587:
18586:
18576:(wife 1960–1987)
18574:Pierrette Le Pen
18494:
18487:
18480:
18471:
18470:
18456:
18449:
18431:
18418:
18417:
18406:
18398:
18390:
18383:
18376:
18375:
18362:
18351:
18340:
18339:
18326:
18308:
18300:
18281:
18273:
18254:
18246:
18238:
18230:
18222:
18214:
18206:
18187:
18175:
18163:
18151:
18139:
18127:
18115:
18103:
18080:
18072:
18064:
18056:
18048:
18029:
18021:
18009:
17999:
17990:
17983:
17976:
17967:
17966:
17801:
17794:
17787:
17778:
17777:
17752:European Council
17688:Group Presidents
17655:
17654:
17632:
17631:
17620:
17619:
17608:
17607:
17596:
17595:
17584:
17583:
17572:
17571:
17560:
17559:
17548:
17547:
17536:
17535:
17521:
17520:
17500:
17491:
17484:
17477:
17468:
17467:
17436:
17433:
17428:
17427:
17425:Official website
17412:
17400:
17381:
17360:
17358:
17356:
17350:
17344:. Archived from
17329:
17319:
17317:
17315:
17306:. Archived from
17298:
17289:
17260:
17239:
17212:
17187:
17164:
17143:
17124:
17107:Lebourg, Nicolas
17103:Camus, Jean-Yves
17088:
17087:
17085:
17083:
17072:
17066:
17065:
17063:
17061:
17042:
17036:
17035:
17033:
17031:
17012:
17006:
17005:
17003:
17001:
16982:
16976:
16975:
16973:
16971:
16952:
16946:
16945:
16943:
16941:
16922:
16916:
16915:
16913:
16911:
16896:
16883:
16877:
16856:
16855:
16853:
16851:
16831:
16825:
16819:
16804:
16798:
16797:
16795:
16793:
16774:
16768:
16767:
16765:
16763:
16744:
16738:
16737:
16735:
16733:
16714:
16708:
16707:
16705:
16703:
16684:
16678:
16677:
16675:
16673:
16654:
16648:
16647:
16645:
16643:
16623:
16617:
16616:
16605:
16599:
16598:
16596:
16594:
16575:France Politique
16566:
16555:
16554:
16552:
16550:
16531:
16525:
16524:
16513:
16507:
16506:
16495:
16489:
16488:
16477:
16471:
16470:
16469:. 20 April 2024.
16459:
16453:
16452:
16441:
16435:
16434:
16422:
16416:
16415:
16408:
16402:
16401:
16399:
16397:
16376:
16370:
16369:
16367:
16365:
16344:
16338:
16337:
16335:
16333:
16312:
16306:
16305:
16294:
16288:
16287:
16285:
16283:
16268:
16262:
16261:
16250:
16244:
16243:
16241:
16239:
16227:
16221:
16220:
16218:
16216:
16201:
16195:
16194:
16183:
16177:
16176:
16165:
16159:
16158:
16147:
16141:
16140:
16129:
16123:
16122:
16111:
16105:
16104:
16102:
16100:
16085:
16079:
16078:
16067:
16061:
16060:
16049:
16043:
16042:
16031:
16022:
16021:
16010:
16004:
15999:
15993:
15992:
15990:
15988:
15967:
15961:
15960:
15949:
15943:
15942:
15941:. 19 April 2014.
15931:
15925:
15924:
15913:
15907:
15906:
15899:
15893:
15892:
15885:
15879:
15878:
15871:
15865:
15864:
15862:
15860:
15839:
15833:
15832:
15830:
15828:
15819:. 9 March 2018.
15813:
15807:
15806:
15804:
15802:
15782:
15776:
15775:
15773:
15771:
15751:
15745:
15744:
15738:
15730:
15728:
15726:
15710:
15704:
15703:
15697:
15689:
15687:
15685:
15679:
15672:
15664:
15658:
15657:
15655:
15653:
15638:
15632:
15631:
15629:
15627:
15605:
15599:
15598:
15596:
15594:
15578:
15572:
15571:
15569:
15558:
15547:
15541:
15540:
15538:
15536:
15521:
15515:
15509:
15503:
15497:
15491:
15485:
15479:
15478:
15476:
15474:
15463:
15457:
15456:
15454:
15452:
15440:
15434:
15433:
15427:
15425:
15405:
15399:
15398:
15396:
15394:
15373:
15367:
15366:
15364:
15362:
15342:
15336:
15335:
15333:
15331:
15310:
15301:
15300:
15298:
15296:
15274:
15268:
15267:
15265:
15263:
15238:
15229:
15228:
15226:
15224:
15203:
15197:
15196:
15194:
15192:
15172:
15166:
15165:
15163:
15161:
15145:
15139:
15138:
15136:
15134:
15125:. 3 April 2015.
15115:
15109:
15103:
15097:
15096:
15094:
15092:
15071:
15065:
15064:
15062:
15060:
15039:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15028:
15007:
15001:
14995:
14989:
14988:
14986:
14984:
14969:
14963:
14962:
14960:
14958:
14943:
14937:
14936:
14925:
14919:
14915:
14914:on 7 March 2016.
14903:
14901:
14899:
14893:
14886:
14875:
14869:
14868:
14866:
14864:
14849:
14843:
14842:
14840:
14838:
14819:
14813:
14812:
14810:
14808:
14799:. Archived from
14793:
14787:
14786:
14784:
14782:
14767:
14761:
14760:
14758:
14756:
14737:
14731:
14727:
14715:
14703:
14689:
14683:
14682:
14664:
14647:(9): 1388–1405.
14636:
14630:
14629:
14618:
14612:
14611:
14600:
14594:
14593:
14582:
14576:
14575:
14573:
14571:
14549:
14543:
14542:
14526:
14520:
14519:
14517:
14515:
14493:
14487:
14486:
14484:
14482:
14462:
14456:
14455:
14453:
14451:
14436:
14430:
14429:
14427:
14425:
14410:
14404:
14393:
14387:
14386:
14368:
14357:
14356:
14345:
14339:
14338:
14327:
14321:
14320:
14309:
14303:
14302:
14291:
14285:
14284:
14273:
14267:
14266:
14259:
14253:
14252:
14245:
14239:
14238:
14224:
14218:
14217:
14206:
14200:
14199:
14193:Voice of America
14185:
14179:
14178:
14176:
14174:
14152:
14146:
14145:
14143:
14141:
14136:on 24 March 2011
14132:. Archived from
14121:
14115:
14114:
14112:
14110:
14095:
14089:
14088:
14086:
14084:
14062:
14053:
14047:
14036:
14030:
14024:
14018:
14012:
14011:
14009:
14007:
13992:
13986:
13985:
13978:
13972:
13971:
13969:
13967:
13952:
13946:
13945:
13944:. 14 April 2022.
13934:
13923:
13922:
13911:
13905:
13904:
13893:
13887:
13886:
13875:
13869:
13868:
13857:
13851:
13850:
13848:
13846:
13831:
13825:
13824:
13822:
13820:
13805:
13799:
13798:
13796:
13794:
13779:
13773:
13772:
13770:
13768:
13748:
13742:
13741:
13739:
13737:
13722:
13716:
13710:
13704:
13698:
13685:
13681:
13669:
13667:
13665:
13640:
13634:
13633:
13631:
13629:
13607:
13601:
13595:
13594:
13582:
13576:
13575:
13563:
13557:
13556:
13544:
13538:
13537:
13530:
13524:
13523:
13508:
13502:
13501:
13488:
13482:
13481:
13480:. 15 April 2022.
13470:
13459:
13458:
13456:
13454:
13439:
13433:
13432:
13430:
13428:
13406:
13397:
13385:
13381:
13375:
13374:
13372:
13370:
13355:
13349:
13348:
13346:
13344:
13322:
13316:
13310:
13301:
13295:
13286:
13280:
13274:
13273:
13271:
13269:
13250:
13244:
13232:
13226:
13214:
13201:
13200:
13198:
13196:
13176:
13170:
13169:
13167:
13165:
13150:
13139:
13133:
13132:
13112:
13106:
13105:
13103:
13101:
13085:
13079:
13078:
13076:
13074:
13054:
13048:
13047:
13045:
13043:
13023:
13017:
13016:
13014:
13012:
12997:
12991:
12985:
12979:
12973:
12967:
12961:
12952:
12946:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12935:
12921:
12915:
12914:
12912:
12910:
12895:
12889:
12883:
12877:
12850:
12848:
12846:
12837:. Archived from
12822:
12816:
12815:
12813:
12811:
12800:
12794:
12793:
12791:
12789:
12770:
12764:
12763:
12751:
12742:
12741:
12730:
12724:
12723:
12715:
12709:
12708:
12696:
12690:
12689:
12687:
12685:
12670:
12664:
12663:
12661:
12659:
12644:
12638:
12637:
12635:
12633:
12618:
12612:
12611:
12609:
12607:
12592:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12581:
12561:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12550:
12535:
12529:
12528:
12526:
12524:
12509:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12483:
12477:
12476:
12474:
12472:
12457:
12451:
12450:
12448:
12446:
12431:
12425:
12424:
12422:
12420:
12405:
12399:
12396:Business Insider
12391:Associated Press
12377:
12371:
12353:
12347:
12346:
12345:
12343:
12329:
12323:
12322:
12320:
12318:
12296:
12288:
12282:
12281:
12279:
12277:
12255:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12244:
12222:
12216:
12215:
12213:
12211:
12192:
12186:
12172:
12166:
12165:
12163:
12161:
12137:
12129:
12123:
12122:
12120:
12118:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12087:
12067:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12036:
12030:
12019:
12013:
12012:
12010:
12008:
11989:
11983:
11982:
11980:
11978:
11958:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11947:
11927:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11897:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11886:
11877:. Archived from
11871:
11865:
11864:
11862:
11860:
11845:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11831:
11822:. Archived from
11809:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11798:
11783:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11772:
11750:
11744:
11743:
11741:
11739:
11723:
11717:
11716:
11714:
11712:
11696:
11690:
11689:
11687:
11685:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11634:
11625:
11624:
11622:
11620:
11601:
11592:
11591:
11589:
11587:
11565:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11545:. Archived from
11532:
11526:
11525:
11523:
11521:
11507:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11496:
11474:
11468:
11462:
11453:
11447:
11441:
11435:
11429:
11423:
11417:
11411:
11405:
11399:
11393:
11387:
11378:
11372:
11366:
11360:
11351:
11345:
11339:
11333:
11322:
11316:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11280:
11265:
11259:
11253:
11247:
11241:
11240:
11238:
11236:
11206:
11200:
11194:
11183:
11177:
11171:
11165:
11159:
11153:
11147:
11141:
11130:
11124:
11118:
11117:
11115:
11113:
11098:
11092:
11086:
11080:
11074:
11068:
11062:
11056:
11050:
11044:
11038:
11027:
11021:
11015:
11009:
11003:
10997:
10988:
10982:
10976:
10975:, pp. 94 f.
10970:
10964:
10958:
10952:
10946:
10940:
10934:
10928:
10922:
10916:
10910:
10904:
10898:
10892:
10886:
10880:
10874:
10865:
10859:
10853:
10847:
10841:
10835:
10826:
10820:
10814:
10808:
10802:
10796:
10790:
10784:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10740:
10731:
10725:
10719:
10710:
10704:
10695:
10689:
10683:
10677:
10671:
10665:
10648:
10642:
10627:
10621:
10615:
10609:
10603:
10597:
10591:
10585:
10579:
10573:
10567:
10561:
10555:
10549:
10543:
10537:
10520:
10514:
10505:
10499:
10484:
10478:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10445:
10439:
10438:
10418:
10412:
10411:, p. 182 f.
10406:
10400:
10394:
10388:
10382:
10371:
10370:, p. 181 f.
10365:
10359:
10353:
10347:
10341:
10335:
10329:
10323:
10317:
10311:
10305:
10299:
10293:
10287:
10286:, p. 178 f.
10281:
10275:
10269:
10260:
10254:
10243:
10237:
10231:
10225:
10214:
10213:, p. 176 f.
10208:
10202:
10196:
10187:
10181:
10175:
10169:
10163:
10157:
10148:
10142:
10136:
10130:
10124:
10123:, pp. 38 f.
10118:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10088:France Politique
10079:
10073:
10067:
10061:
10055:
10049:
10043:
10037:
10031:
10025:
10019:
10010:
10009:, pp. 36 f.
10004:
9998:
9992:
9986:
9985:
9965:
9959:
9953:
9947:
9941:
9935:
9929:
9923:
9917:
9911:
9905:
9899:
9898:
9896:
9894:
9880:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9820:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9756:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9723:
9714:
9709:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9675:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9649:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9638:
9618:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9592:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9533:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9483:. 6 April 2016.
9468:
9466:
9464:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9421:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9398:"National Rally"
9394:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9383:
9369:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9334:
9325:
9319:
9313:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9258:
9252:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9227:(157): 115–126.
9216:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9124:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9052:
9046:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9014:
9012:
9010:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8968:
8966:
8964:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8872:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8807:
8794:
8770:
8751:
8728:
8695:
8678:(8): 1355–1361.
8666:
8645:
8626:
8607:
8598:
8569:
8539:
8530:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8475:
8469:
8465:
8453:
8441:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8356:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8309:
8292:
8289:
8283:
8276:
8270:
8267:
8261:
8258:
8252:
8249:
8243:
8239:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8194:(2015–2019) and
8172:
8132:
8112:
8092:
8072:
8041:
8040:
8030:
8023:
8005:
8004:
7997:
7972:
7971:
7964:
7934:
7933:
7926:
7901:
7900:
7893:
7866:
7865:
7858:
7833:
7832:
7825:
7798:
7797:
7790:
7765:
7764:
7757:
7729:
7684:
7671:
7658:
7657:
7650:
7643:
7613:
7612:
7605:
7598:
7568:
7567:
7560:
7553:
7523:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7483:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7435:
7434:
7427:
7420:
7387:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7324:2nd round votes
7318:1st round votes
7309:
7303:
7289:
7288:
7275:
7274:
7251:
7250:
7237:
7236:
7210:
7209:
7178:
7177:
7154:
7153:
7140:
7139:
7113:
7112:
7086:
7085:
7042:
7041:
6982:
6981:
6969:
6968:
6960:
6928:
6927:
6919:
6892:
6891:
6883:
6856:
6855:
6847:
6817:
6816:
6809:
6782:
6781:
6773:
6746:
6745:
6737:
6710:
6709:
6701:
6674:
6673:
6665:
6638:
6637:
6629:
6604:
6603:
6596:
6571:
6570:
6563:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6491:2nd round votes
6485:1st round votes
6476:
6470:
6446:Election results
6262:
6252:
6211:5 November 2022
6208:15 January 2011
6201:
6152:15 January 2011
6142:
6130:
6125:
6114:
6113:
6100:Philippe Olivier
5947:Santiago Abascal
5843:under President
5839:, who served as
5833:Dana Rohrabacher
5778:Sweden Democrats
5599:and the Belgian
5452:Second World War
5408:two-round system
5373:rather than the
5210:Operation Serval
5198:dual citizenship
5147:world government
4787:
4780:
4773:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4723:
4655:Radio Courtoisie
4636:
4552:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4506:
4490:
4476:
4462:
4448:
4440:
4437:Action Française
4409:Resistance Party
4394:Rally for France
4317:The Nationalists
4307:Debout la France
4154:de Chateaubriand
4122:
4112:
4102:
4092:
4082:
4072:
4062:
4052:
4044:
4034:
4024:
4014:
4009:The Ancient City
4004:
3994:
3984:
3974:
3964:
3954:
3944:
3765:de Chateaubriand
3626:
3599:
3584:Social hierarchy
3562:
3526:
3507:
3458:
3434:
3396:
3368:
3358:
3343:
3342:
3180:Les Republicains
2882:Holocaust denial
2732:
2724:Catherine Mégret
2400:(1977) and his "
2270:
2261:
2222:
2219:Action Française
2211:
2203:
2195:
2179:
2173:
2111:. Again in the
2059:Holocaust denial
2013:for breaches of
1944:
1931:), known as the
1926:
1921:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1836:
1768:Radio Courtoisie
1749:
1665:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1603:
1589:
1575:
1561:
1553:
1550:Action Française
1522:Resistance Party
1507:Rally for France
1430:The Nationalists
1420:Debout la France
1267:de Chateaubriand
1235:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1122:The Ancient City
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
878:de Chateaubriand
739:
712:
697:Social hierarchy
675:
639:
620:
571:
547:
509:
481:
471:
456:
455:
440:
412:
407:
404:
390:
376:
362:
348:
334:
320:
306:
292:
207:
157:Preceded by
152:
150:
145:
65:
46:
45:
21:
19715:
19714:
19710:
19709:
19708:
19706:
19705:
19704:
19675:Euronat members
19615:
19614:
19613:
19608:
19562:
19521:
19485:
19466:Nouvelle Droite
19439:
19330:Le Pen (Marine)
19178:
19169:Terre et Peuple
19149:Party of France
19109:Europe-Jeunesse
19084:Cité catholique
19047:
19023:Radical Network
18935:
18929:
18783:Pre-1945 people
18778:
18690:Camelots du Roi
18665:Pre-1945 groups
18660:
18619:
18614:
18584:
18579:
18551:
18532:
18503:
18498:
18468:
18459:
18452:
18445:
18434:
18427:
18409:
18401:
18393:
18388:Gilbert Collard
18386:
18379:
18369:
18365:
18358:
18349:
18343:
18333:
18329:
18322:
18311:
18303:
18297:Stéphane Ravier
18295:
18284:
18278:Gilbert Collard
18276:
18268:
18257:
18249:
18241:
18233:
18225:
18219:Bruno Gollnisch
18217:
18209:
18201:
18190:
18178:
18166:
18154:
18142:
18130:
18118:
18106:
18094:
18083:
18075:
18067:
18059:
18051:
18043:
18037:Vice-Presidents
18032:
18024:
18016:
18007:
18001:
17997:
17994:
17964:
17959:
17941:
17918:
17914:The Republicans
17890:
17867:
17863:Socialist Party
17834:
17811:
17805:
17775:
17770:
17757:
17737:
17731:
17707:
17687:
17681:
17677:Gerolf Annemans
17670:Party President
17661:
17649:
17638:
17626:
17614:
17602:
17590:
17578:
17566:
17554:
17542:
17530:
17512:
17502:
17498:
17495:
17447:Wayback Machine
17434:
17423:
17422:
17419:
17397:
17354:
17352:
17348:
17342:
17327:
17313:
17311:
17310:on 26 June 2015
17257:
17236:
17220:
17218:Further reading
17215:
17209:
17184:
17161:
17140:
17121:
17097:
17092:
17091:
17081:
17079:
17074:
17073:
17069:
17059:
17057:
17044:
17043:
17039:
17029:
17027:
17014:
17013:
17009:
16999:
16997:
16984:
16983:
16979:
16969:
16967:
16954:
16953:
16949:
16939:
16937:
16924:
16923:
16919:
16909:
16907:
16898:
16897:
16886:
16878:
16859:
16849:
16847:
16832:
16828:
16817:
16815:Wayback Machine
16805:
16801:
16791:
16789:
16776:
16775:
16771:
16761:
16759:
16746:
16745:
16741:
16731:
16729:
16716:
16715:
16711:
16701:
16699:
16686:
16685:
16681:
16671:
16669:
16656:
16655:
16651:
16641:
16639:
16624:
16620:
16607:
16606:
16602:
16592:
16590:
16567:
16558:
16548:
16546:
16533:
16532:
16528:
16515:
16514:
16510:
16505:. 10 July 2024.
16497:
16496:
16492:
16479:
16478:
16474:
16461:
16460:
16456:
16443:
16442:
16438:
16423:
16419:
16410:
16409:
16405:
16395:
16393:
16378:
16377:
16373:
16363:
16361:
16346:
16345:
16341:
16331:
16329:
16314:
16313:
16309:
16296:
16295:
16291:
16281:
16279:
16270:
16269:
16265:
16260:. 1 March 2024.
16252:
16251:
16247:
16237:
16235:
16228:
16224:
16214:
16212:
16203:
16202:
16198:
16185:
16184:
16180:
16167:
16166:
16162:
16149:
16148:
16144:
16139:. 1 April 2024.
16131:
16130:
16126:
16113:
16112:
16108:
16098:
16096:
16087:
16086:
16082:
16069:
16068:
16064:
16051:
16050:
16046:
16033:
16032:
16025:
16012:
16011:
16007:
16000:
15996:
15986:
15984:
15969:
15968:
15964:
15951:
15950:
15946:
15933:
15932:
15928:
15915:
15914:
15910:
15901:
15900:
15896:
15891:. 28 July 2004.
15887:
15886:
15882:
15873:
15872:
15868:
15858:
15856:
15851:. 12 May 2019.
15841:
15840:
15836:
15826:
15824:
15815:
15814:
15810:
15800:
15798:
15783:
15779:
15769:
15767:
15752:
15748:
15732:
15731:
15724:
15722:
15711:
15707:
15691:
15690:
15683:
15681:
15677:
15670:
15668:"Archived copy"
15666:
15665:
15661:
15651:
15649:
15640:
15639:
15635:
15625:
15623:
15606:
15602:
15592:
15590:
15579:
15575:
15567:
15556:
15548:
15544:
15534:
15532:
15529:Politico Europe
15523:
15522:
15518:
15510:
15506:
15498:
15494:
15486:
15482:
15472:
15470:
15465:
15464:
15460:
15450:
15448:
15441:
15437:
15423:
15421:
15406:
15402:
15392:
15390:
15375:
15374:
15370:
15360:
15358:
15343:
15339:
15329:
15327:
15312:
15311:
15304:
15294:
15292:
15275:
15271:
15261:
15259:
15239:
15232:
15222:
15220:
15205:
15204:
15200:
15190:
15188:
15173:
15169:
15159:
15157:
15146:
15142:
15132:
15130:
15117:
15116:
15112:
15104:
15100:
15090:
15088:
15073:
15072:
15068:
15058:
15056:
15041:
15040:
15036:
15026:
15024:
15009:
15008:
15004:
14996:
14992:
14982:
14980:
14971:
14970:
14966:
14956:
14954:
14945:
14944:
14940:
14935:. 19 June 2024.
14927:
14926:
14922:
14918:
14906:
14897:
14895:
14891:
14884:
14880:
14876:
14872:
14862:
14860:
14851:
14850:
14846:
14836:
14834:
14821:
14820:
14816:
14806:
14804:
14795:
14794:
14790:
14780:
14778:
14769:
14768:
14764:
14754:
14752:
14739:
14738:
14734:
14730:
14718:
14712:Financial Times
14706:
14702:. 24 June 2016.
14694:
14690:
14686:
14637:
14633:
14628:. 17 July 2024.
14620:
14619:
14615:
14610:. 19 June 2024.
14602:
14601:
14597:
14584:
14583:
14579:
14569:
14567:
14559:The Daily Beast
14550:
14546:
14527:
14523:
14513:
14511:
14494:
14490:
14480:
14478:
14463:
14459:
14449:
14447:
14446:on 8 March 2014
14438:
14437:
14433:
14423:
14421:
14412:
14411:
14407:
14402:Wayback Machine
14394:
14390:
14378:The Independent
14369:
14360:
14355:. 24 June 2024.
14353:Middle East Eye
14347:
14346:
14342:
14329:
14328:
14324:
14311:
14310:
14306:
14293:
14292:
14288:
14283:. 31 July 2024.
14275:
14274:
14270:
14261:
14260:
14256:
14247:
14246:
14242:
14226:
14225:
14221:
14208:
14207:
14203:
14187:
14186:
14182:
14172:
14170:
14153:
14149:
14139:
14137:
14122:
14118:
14108:
14106:
14097:
14096:
14092:
14082:
14080:
14063:
14056:
14048:
14039:
14031:
14027:
14019:
14015:
14005:
14003:
13998:. 28 May 2002.
13994:
13993:
13989:
13984:. 26 June 2024.
13980:
13979:
13975:
13965:
13963:
13954:
13953:
13949:
13936:
13935:
13926:
13921:. 12 June 2024.
13913:
13912:
13908:
13903:. 18 June 2024.
13901:Financial Times
13895:
13894:
13890:
13885:. 24 June 2024.
13883:Financial Times
13877:
13876:
13872:
13867:. 27 June 2024.
13859:
13858:
13854:
13844:
13842:
13832:
13828:
13818:
13816:
13806:
13802:
13792:
13790:
13781:
13780:
13776:
13766:
13764:
13749:
13745:
13735:
13733:
13724:
13723:
13719:
13711:
13707:
13699:
13688:
13684:
13672:
13663:
13661:
13653:The Independent
13641:
13637:
13627:
13625:
13608:
13604:
13598:
13583:
13579:
13564:
13560:
13553:The Independent
13545:
13541:
13532:
13531:
13527:
13510:
13509:
13505:
13500:. 5 March 2017.
13490:
13489:
13485:
13472:
13471:
13462:
13452:
13450:
13440:
13436:
13426:
13424:
13407:
13400:
13394:Wayback Machine
13383:
13382:
13378:
13368:
13366:
13357:
13356:
13352:
13342:
13340:
13323:
13319:
13311:
13304:
13296:
13289:
13281:
13277:
13267:
13265:
13252:
13251:
13247:
13233:
13229:
13215:
13204:
13194:
13192:
13185:Politico Europe
13177:
13173:
13163:
13161:
13151:
13142:
13136:
13129:
13113:
13109:
13099:
13097:
13086:
13082:
13072:
13070:
13055:
13051:
13041:
13039:
13024:
13020:
13010:
13008:
12999:
12998:
12994:
12986:
12982:
12974:
12970:
12962:
12955:
12947:
12943:
12933:
12931:
12923:
12922:
12918:
12908:
12906:
12897:
12896:
12892:
12884:
12880:
12872:Wayback Machine
12844:
12842:
12841:on 26 June 2015
12823:
12819:
12809:
12807:
12802:
12801:
12797:
12787:
12785:
12772:
12771:
12767:
12752:
12745:
12732:
12731:
12727:
12717:
12716:
12712:
12697:
12693:
12683:
12681:
12672:
12671:
12667:
12657:
12655:
12646:
12645:
12641:
12631:
12629:
12620:
12619:
12615:
12605:
12603:
12602:. 24 April 2022
12594:
12593:
12589:
12579:
12577:
12562:
12558:
12548:
12546:
12537:
12536:
12532:
12522:
12520:
12515:. 11 May 2021.
12511:
12510:
12506:
12496:
12494:
12489:. 16 May 2021.
12485:
12484:
12480:
12470:
12468:
12459:
12458:
12454:
12444:
12442:
12433:
12432:
12428:
12418:
12416:
12407:
12406:
12402:
12388:Wayback Machine
12378:
12374:
12364:Wayback Machine
12354:
12350:
12341:
12339:
12330:
12326:
12316:
12314:
12289:
12285:
12275:
12273:
12265:theguardian.com
12256:
12252:
12242:
12240:
12223:
12219:
12209:
12207:
12194:
12193:
12189:
12183:Wayback Machine
12173:
12169:
12159:
12157:
12130:
12126:
12116:
12114:
12099:
12095:
12085:
12083:
12068:
12064:
12054:
12052:
12037:
12033:
12028:Wayback Machine
12020:
12016:
12006:
12004:
11991:
11990:
11986:
11976:
11974:
11959:
11955:
11945:
11943:
11928:
11924:
11914:
11912:
11899:
11898:
11894:
11884:
11882:
11873:
11872:
11868:
11858:
11856:
11847:
11846:
11839:
11829:
11827:
11826:on 21 June 2012
11810:
11806:
11796:
11794:
11785:
11784:
11780:
11770:
11768:
11751:
11747:
11737:
11735:
11724:
11720:
11710:
11708:
11697:
11693:
11683:
11681:
11666:
11665:
11661:
11651:
11649:
11636:
11635:
11628:
11618:
11616:
11603:
11602:
11595:
11585:
11583:
11566:
11562:
11552:
11550:
11533:
11529:
11519:
11517:
11509:
11508:
11504:
11494:
11492:
11475:
11471:
11463:
11456:
11448:
11444:
11436:
11432:
11424:
11420:
11412:
11408:
11400:
11396:
11388:
11381:
11373:
11369:
11361:
11354:
11346:
11342:
11334:
11325:
11317:
11310:
11300:
11298:
11281:
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11260:
11256:
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11225:
11207:
11203:
11195:
11186:
11178:
11174:
11166:
11162:
11154:
11150:
11142:
11133:
11125:
11121:
11111:
11109:
11100:
11099:
11095:
11087:
11083:
11075:
11071:
11063:
11059:
11051:
11047:
11039:
11030:
11022:
11018:
11010:
11006:
10998:
10991:
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9837:
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9814:
9804:
9802:
9787:
9783:
9773:
9771:
9766:. 1 June 2018.
9758:
9757:
9750:
9740:
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9725:
9724:
9717:
9688:
9686:
9676:
9672:
9662:
9660:
9659:on 13 June 2018
9651:
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9636:
9634:
9627:The Independent
9619:
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9460:
9455:. News.com.au.
9446:
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9381:
9379:
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9343:The Independent
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9164:
9149:10.1002/wcc.604
9125:
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9111:
9109:
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9094:. p. 225.
9080:
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9053:
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9033:
9008:
9006:
8987:
8985:
8962:
8960:
8937:
8935:
8928:The Independent
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8400:
8399:
8395:
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8364:
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8310:
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8301:
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8264:
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8236:
8227:
8221:
8215:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8146:Neo-nationalism
8142:
8133:
8130:
8113:
8110:
8093:
8090:
8073:
8070:
8039:
8034:
8033:
8024:
8020:
7998:
7995:
7965:
7962:
7951:Jordan Bardella
7927:
7924:
7894:
7891:
7859:
7856:
7826:
7823:
7791:
7788:
7758:
7755:
7730:
7727:
7676:
7670:
7651:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7617:The Republicans
7606:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7527:Socialist Party
7516:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7476:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7302:
6980:
6971:
6961:
6958:
6941:Jordan Bardella
6930:
6920:
6917:
6894:
6884:
6881:
6858:
6848:
6845:
6810:
6807:
6784:
6774:
6771:
6748:
6738:
6735:
6712:
6702:
6699:
6676:
6666:
6663:
6640:
6630:
6627:
6597:
6594:
6564:
6561:
6531:
6528:
6469:
6448:
6428:
6392:Bruno Gollnisch
6358:
6325:Jordan Bardella
6282:
6280:Vice Presidents
6260:
6259:5 November 2022
6255:Jordan Bardella
6253:
6202:
6149:5 October 1972
6143:
6128:
6123:
6112:
6088:Gilles Pennelle
6064:Jordan Bardella
6060:
6005:Law and Justice
5986:Law and Justice
5984:, and Poland's
5916:Marion Maréchal
5907:Emmanuel Macron
5799:members of the
5751:Yasukuni Shrine
5709:Voice of Reason
5633:Northern League
5577:
5559:and her father
5553:
5533:
5511:The Independent
5501:
5470:daily newspaper
5433:
5428:
5412:François Bayrou
5400:
5388:Jordan Bardella
5383:
5363:
5344:Thierry Mariani
5281:
5261:Abraham Accords
5194:customs borders
5151:New World Order
5123:
5098:
5082:
5061:value-added tax
5002:anti-capitalist
4998:
4967:
4928:
4885:
4863:), ethnic (the
4840:Nouvelle Droite
4823:Nicolas Lebourg
4819:Jean-Yves Camus
4791:
4753:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4732:
4731:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4634:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4512:Cercle Proudhon
4503:Camelots du Roi
4480:Student Cockade
4446:
4427:
4419:
4418:
4342:The Republicans
4302:Alliance Royale
4294:
4286:
4285:
4184:Le Pen (Marine)
4134:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4090:
4080:
4070:
4060:
4050:
4042:
4032:
4022:
4012:
4002:
3992:
3982:
3972:
3962:
3952:
3942:
3933:
3925:
3924:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3677:Ultra-royalists
3616:
3608:
3607:
3523:Noblesse oblige
3482:
3474:
3473:
3393:Nouvelle Droite
3376:
3356:
3341:
3298:
3292:
3257:
3249:Jordan Bardella
3246:
3240:
3187:Gérald Darmanin
3172:Thierry Mariani
3100:Gilbert Collard
3086:Emmanuel Macron
3078:
3072:
3024:Mantes-la-Ville
2988:
2980:Nicolas Sarkozy
2969:Marion Maréchal
2965:Gilbert Collard
2908:
2902:
2897:
2831:
2794:
2782:Nouvelle Droite
2771:Bruno Gollnisch
2744:
2726:
2618:Communist Party
2601:
2485:
2480:
2456:Socialist Party
2418:Nouvelle Droite
2416:(1985) and the
2406:Bruno Gollnisch
2390:François Duprat
2382:
2336:Georges Bidault
2320:Pierre Bousquet
2316:Roger Holeindre
2288:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2204:(GUD), and the
2138:
2109:Emmanuel Macron
2067:de-demonisation
2040:Jordan Bardella
2033:. His daughter
1949:), is a French
1919:
1904:
1866:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1747:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1625:Cercle Proudhon
1616:Camelots du Roi
1593:Student Cockade
1559:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1455:The Republicans
1415:Alliance Royale
1407:
1399:
1398:
1297:Le Pen (Marine)
1247:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1155:
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1125:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1046:
1038:
1037:
813:
805:
804:
790:Ultra-royalists
729:
721:
720:
636:Noblesse oblige
595:
587:
586:
506:Nouvelle Droite
489:
469:
450:
436:
435:
401:
391:
388:
377:
374:
363:
360:
349:
346:
335:
332:
321:
318:
307:
304:
290:
281:
233:
205:
171:
148:
146:
143:
133:Pierre Bousquet
109:
88:Vice Presidents
82:Jordan Bardella
56:
55:
52:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19713:
19703:
19702:
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19610:
19609:
19607:
19606:
19596:
19591:
19586:
19576:
19574:Dreyfus affair
19570:
19568:
19567:Notable events
19564:
19563:
19561:
19560:
19555:
19548:
19543:
19536:
19533:Nouvelle École
19529:
19519:National-Hebdo
19515:
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19501:
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19119:French Renewal
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19043:Unité Radicale
19040:
19038:Troisième Voie
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19030:
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18867:
18862:
18857:
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18842:
18837:
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18822:
18817:
18812:
18807:
18802:
18800:Benoist-Méchin
18797:
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18779:
18777:
18776:
18769:
18762:
18757:
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18550:
18549:
18540:
18538:
18534:
18533:
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18530:
18527:Comités Jeanne
18524:
18518:
18515:National Front
18511:
18509:
18505:
18504:
18497:
18496:
18489:
18482:
18474:
18465:
18464:
18461:
18460:
18458:
18457:
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18440:
18436:
18435:
18433:
18432:
18424:
18422:
18415:
18411:
18410:
18408:
18407:
18403:Jacques Peyrat
18399:
18391:
18384:
18377:
18363:
18360:National Front
18355:
18353:
18345:
18344:
18342:
18341:
18327:
18324:Tours Congress
18319:
18317:
18313:
18312:
18310:
18309:
18305:David Rachline
18301:
18292:
18290:
18286:
18285:
18283:
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18274:
18265:
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18223:
18215:
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18065:
18057:
18049:
18040:
18038:
18034:
18033:
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18030:
18022:
18013:
18011:
18003:
18002:
17998:National Rally
17993:
17992:
17985:
17978:
17970:
17961:
17960:
17946:
17943:
17942:
17940:
17939:
17934:
17932:National Rally
17928:
17926:
17920:
17919:
17917:
17916:
17911:
17906:
17900:
17898:
17892:
17891:
17889:
17888:
17883:
17877:
17875:
17869:
17868:
17866:
17865:
17860:
17858:The Ecologists
17855:
17850:
17844:
17842:
17836:
17835:
17833:
17832:
17827:
17825:Lutte Ouvrière
17821:
17819:
17813:
17812:
17804:
17803:
17796:
17789:
17781:
17772:
17771:
17764:Eurofoundation
17762:
17759:
17758:
17756:
17755:
17747:
17741:
17739:
17733:
17732:
17730:
17729:
17721:
17715:
17713:
17709:
17708:
17706:
17705:
17697:
17691:
17689:
17683:
17682:
17680:
17679:
17673:
17671:
17667:
17666:
17663:
17662:
17660:
17659:
17646:
17644:
17640:
17639:
17637:
17636:
17624:
17612:
17600:
17588:
17576:
17564:
17552:
17540:
17527:
17525:
17524:Member parties
17518:
17514:
17513:
17507:
17504:
17503:
17494:
17493:
17486:
17479:
17471:
17465:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17437:
17418:
17417:External links
17415:
17414:
17413:
17405:Winock, Michel
17401:
17396:978-0813389790
17395:
17382:
17372:(1): 179–196.
17361:
17340:
17320:
17299:
17290:
17261:
17255:
17240:
17234:
17219:
17216:
17214:
17213:
17207:
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17182:
17165:
17159:
17144:
17138:
17125:
17119:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17090:
17089:
17067:
17037:
17007:
16977:
16947:
16917:
16884:
16882:, p. 319.
16857:
16826:
16799:
16769:
16739:
16709:
16679:
16649:
16618:
16600:
16556:
16526:
16521:The Media Line
16508:
16490:
16487:. 21 May 2024.
16472:
16454:
16436:
16417:
16403:
16371:
16339:
16307:
16304:. 20 May 2024.
16289:
16263:
16245:
16222:
16196:
16193:. 1 July 2024.
16178:
16160:
16142:
16124:
16106:
16091:. 8 May 2017.
16080:
16077:. 1 July 2024.
16062:
16059:. 1 July 2024.
16044:
16023:
16020:. 29 May 2019.
16005:
15994:
15962:
15944:
15926:
15923:. 13 May 2014.
15908:
15894:
15880:
15866:
15834:
15808:
15777:
15760:Foreign Policy
15746:
15705:
15659:
15633:
15600:
15573:
15542:
15516:
15514:, p. 194.
15504:
15502:, p. 193.
15492:
15490:, p. 198.
15480:
15458:
15435:
15400:
15368:
15337:
15302:
15284:Deutsche Welle
15269:
15230:
15198:
15167:
15140:
15110:
15108:, p. 317.
15098:
15066:
15034:
15002:
15000:, p. 308.
14990:
14964:
14938:
14920:
14917:
14916:
14904:
14877:
14870:
14844:
14814:
14803:on 19 May 2021
14788:
14762:
14732:
14729:
14728:
14726:. 24 May 2019.
14716:
14714:. 27 May 2019.
14704:
14691:
14684:
14631:
14613:
14595:
14592:. 6 June 2024.
14577:
14544:
14521:
14488:
14457:
14431:
14405:
14388:
14358:
14340:
14322:
14304:
14286:
14268:
14254:
14240:
14219:
14201:
14180:
14147:
14116:
14090:
14054:
14052:, p. 299.
14037:
14025:
14023:, p. 202.
14013:
13987:
13973:
13962:. 20 June 2024
13947:
13924:
13906:
13888:
13870:
13852:
13826:
13800:
13774:
13743:
13717:
13715:, p. 274.
13705:
13703:, p. 272.
13686:
13683:
13682:
13680:. 28 May 2014.
13670:
13642:
13635:
13602:
13596:
13577:
13558:
13539:
13525:
13503:
13483:
13460:
13434:
13398:
13376:
13350:
13317:
13315:, p. 315.
13302:
13287:
13275:
13258:Front National
13245:
13227:
13202:
13171:
13140:
13134:
13128:978-0691194752
13127:
13107:
13080:
13049:
13018:
12992:
12990:, p. 313.
12980:
12978:, p. 312.
12968:
12966:, p. 115.
12953:
12951:, p. 309.
12941:
12916:
12890:
12878:
12876:
12875:
12859:Winock, Michel
12856:
12851:
12830:
12817:
12795:
12765:
12743:
12740:. 9 July 2024.
12725:
12710:
12691:
12665:
12654:. 19 June 2022
12639:
12613:
12587:
12556:
12530:
12504:
12478:
12452:
12426:
12400:
12372:
12348:
12324:
12283:
12250:
12217:
12187:
12167:
12124:
12093:
12062:
12031:
12014:
11984:
11953:
11922:
11905:The New Yorker
11892:
11881:on 8 July 2014
11866:
11837:
11804:
11778:
11745:
11718:
11691:
11659:
11626:
11593:
11560:
11527:
11502:
11469:
11467:, p. 300.
11454:
11452:, p. 298.
11442:
11440:, p. 297.
11430:
11418:
11406:
11404:, p. 291.
11394:
11392:, p. 289.
11379:
11367:
11365:, p. 284.
11352:
11350:, p. 283.
11340:
11338:, p. 282.
11323:
11321:, p. 281.
11308:
11266:
11254:
11252:, p. 280.
11242:
11223:
11201:
11199:, p. 279.
11184:
11172:
11160:
11158:, p. 276.
11148:
11146:, p. 275.
11131:
11119:
11093:
11091:, p. 103.
11081:
11079:, p. 104.
11069:
11067:, p. 264.
11057:
11055:, p. 101.
11045:
11043:, p. 263.
11028:
11016:
11004:
11002:, p. 261.
10989:
10987:, p. 252.
10977:
10965:
10953:
10941:
10929:
10927:, p. 237.
10917:
10905:
10903:, p. 234.
10893:
10891:, p. 233.
10881:
10866:
10864:, pp. 89.
10854:
10842:
10840:, p. 227.
10827:
10815:
10813:, p. 224.
10803:
10791:
10789:, p. 219.
10768:
10766:, p. 217.
10756:
10726:
10711:
10709:, p. 216.
10696:
10684:
10682:, pp. 66.
10672:
10670:, p. 209.
10649:
10647:, p. 197.
10628:
10626:, p. 230.
10616:
10614:, p. 194.
10604:
10592:
10580:
10568:
10566:, p. 100.
10556:
10544:
10542:, p. 196.
10521:
10506:
10504:, p. 195.
10485:
10473:
10440:
10433:
10413:
10401:
10389:
10387:, p. 182.
10372:
10360:
10348:
10336:
10334:, p. 106.
10324:
10312:
10310:, p. 121.
10300:
10288:
10276:
10261:
10259:, p. 177.
10244:
10232:
10230:, p. 183.
10215:
10203:
10201:, p. 175.
10188:
10176:
10164:
10149:
10147:, p. 171.
10137:
10135:, p. 170.
10125:
10113:
10074:
10062:
10050:
10038:
10026:
10024:, p. 169.
10011:
9999:
9987:
9980:
9960:
9948:
9936:
9924:
9912:
9900:
9875:
9845:
9812:
9781:
9748:
9715:
9713:
9712:
9711:
9710:
9670:
9644:
9613:
9587:
9585:
9584:
9560:
9546:. 4 May 2015.
9528:
9526:
9525:
9500:Islamophobia:
9498:
9497:
9470:
9469:
9445:
9444:
9416:
9389:
9361:
9326:
9314:
9312:, p. 229.
9302:
9279:
9253:
9241:
9211:
9205:
9186:
9162:
9119:
9100:
9074:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9015:
8994:
8969:
8944:
8919:
8898:
8873:
8856:
8835:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8800:Análise Social
8795:
8790:978-0813389790
8789:
8776:
8771:
8765:
8752:
8747:978-1509536856
8746:
8729:
8711:(4): 392–413.
8696:
8667:
8657:(1): 160–178.
8646:
8640:
8627:
8621:
8608:
8599:
8594:978-0691194752
8593:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8502:
8477:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8454:
8442:
8436:
8414:
8407:
8404:. 1 July 2024.
8393:
8362:
8331:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8284:
8271:
8262:
8253:
8244:
8234:
8200:
8180:European Right
8176:European Right
8166:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8141:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8129:
8127:
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8121:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8089:
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8084:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8007:
7999:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7974:
7966:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7928:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7895:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7868:
7860:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7827:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7800:
7792:
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7767:
7759:
7754:
7752:
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7734:
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7726:
7724:
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7707:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7669:
7666:
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7662:
7659:
7652:
7647:
7645:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7626:
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7614:
7607:
7602:
7600:
7595:
7593:
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7587:
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7510:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7477:
7472:
7470:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7436:
7429:
7424:
7422:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7393:
7388:
7381:
7376:
7374:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:Winning party
7337:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7115:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6985:Election year
6979:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6964:
6962:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6923:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6887:
6885:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6851:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6777:
6775:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6741:
6739:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6705:
6703:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6633:
6631:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6598:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6565:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6532:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6479:Election year
6468:
6465:
6447:
6444:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:(2022-present)
6349:Hélène Laporte
6346:
6343:
6341:David Rachline
6338:
6329:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6257:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6238:National Rally
6213:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6118:
6111:
6108:
6096:Hélène Laporte
6084:Julien Sanchez
6076:David Rachline
6059:
6056:
6043:Amichai Chikli
5976:government to
5899:Giorgia Meloni
5856:Matteo Salvini
5685:Volya Movement
5605:European Right
5585:European Right
5576:
5573:
5552:
5549:
5532:
5529:
5500:
5497:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5399:
5396:
5382:
5379:
5362:
5361:European Union
5359:
5333:Emmanuel Leroy
5295:, through the
5285:Vladimir Putin
5280:
5277:
5238:Western Sahara
5179:Saddam Hussein
5155:Treaty of Rome
5127:European Union
5122:
5121:Foreign policy
5119:
5106:National Front
5097:
5094:
5081:
5078:
5006:market liberal
4997:
4994:
4966:
4963:
4946:Following the
4927:
4924:
4893:zero tolerance
4884:
4881:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4749:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4682:Archeofuturism
4677:
4675:Related topics
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4648:Nouvelle École
4644:
4637:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4507:
4492:
4491:
4482:
4477:
4468:
4466:March for Life
4463:
4454:
4449:
4441:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4389:Party of Order
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:National Rally
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4103:
4093:
4083:
4073:
4063:
4053:
4045:
4035:
4025:
4015:
4005:
3995:
3985:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3945:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:de Tocqueville
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3549:
3544:
3542:French culture
3539:
3534:
3532:Ethnopluralism
3529:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3508:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3487:Anti-communism
3483:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3450:
3445:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3422:Ultramontanism
3419:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3388:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3351:
3340:
3337:
3294:Main article:
3291:
3288:
3256:
3253:
3242:Main article:
3239:
3236:
3195:souverainistes
3109:In late 2017,
3074:Main article:
3071:
3068:
3012:Hénin-Beaumont
2987:
2984:
2904:Main article:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2830:
2827:
2793:
2790:
2743:
2740:
2698:The FN won an
2667:Salman Rushdie
2641:National Hebdo
2600:
2597:
2588:Jacques Chirac
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2460:political left
2410:Bernard Antony
2381:
2378:
2362:anti-communism
2308:Front National
2275:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2233:Count of Paris
2180:). During the
2166:French Algeria
2154:Pierre Poujade
2137:
2134:
2031:Jacques Chirac
2011:zero tolerance
1999:European Union
1937:Front national
1933:National Front
1912:National Rally
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1795:Archeofuturism
1790:
1788:Related topics
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1761:Nouvelle École
1757:
1750:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1590:
1581:
1579:March for Life
1576:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:Party of Order
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:National Rally
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:de Tocqueville
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
776:
775:
770:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
713:
704:
699:
693:
688:
683:
678:
677:
676:
662:
657:
655:French culture
652:
647:
645:Ethnopluralism
642:
641:
640:
631:
621:
612:
607:
602:
600:Anti-communism
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
579:
578:
577:
572:
563:
558:
548:
539:
538:
537:
535:Ultramontanism
532:
527:
517:
512:
511:
510:
501:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
474:
473:
465:
464:
452:
451:
434:
433:
428:
423:
417:
414:
413:
398:
397:
393:
392:
387:
385:
379:
378:
373:
371:
365:
364:
359:
357:
351:
350:
345:
343:
337:
336:
331:
329:
323:
322:
317:
315:
309:
308:
303:
301:
295:
294:
288:
284:
283:
276:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
251:
247:
246:
241:
235:
234:
232:
231:
226:
220:
218:
212:
211:
208:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
179:
178:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
136:
135:
126:
122:
121:
115:
111:
110:
108:
107:
105:Hélène Laporte
102:
100:David Rachline
97:
91:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
58:
57:
51:National Rally
50:
49:
39:National Front
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19712:
19701:
19698:
19696:
19693:
19691:
19688:
19686:
19683:
19681:
19678:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19666:
19663:
19661:
19658:
19656:
19653:
19651:
19648:
19646:
19643:
19641:
19638:
19636:
19633:
19631:
19628:
19626:
19623:
19622:
19620:
19604:
19600:
19597:
19595:
19592:
19590:
19587:
19584:
19580:
19577:
19575:
19572:
19571:
19569:
19565:
19559:
19556:
19554:
19553:
19549:
19547:
19544:
19542:
19541:
19537:
19535:
19534:
19530:
19528:
19525:
19520:
19516:
19514:
19513:
19509:
19507:
19506:
19502:
19500:
19499:
19495:
19494:
19492:
19488:
19480:
19479:
19475:
19474:
19473:
19470:
19468:
19467:
19463:
19461:
19460:
19456:
19454:
19453:
19449:
19448:
19446:
19442:
19436:
19433:
19431:
19428:
19426:
19423:
19421:
19418:
19416:
19413:
19411:
19408:
19406:
19403:
19401:
19398:
19396:
19393:
19391:
19388:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19376:
19373:
19371:
19368:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19358:
19356:
19353:
19351:
19348:
19346:
19343:
19341:
19338:
19336:
19333:
19331:
19328:
19326:
19323:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19286:
19283:
19281:
19278:
19276:
19273:
19271:
19268:
19266:
19263:
19261:
19258:
19256:
19253:
19251:
19248:
19246:
19243:
19241:
19238:
19236:
19233:
19231:
19228:
19226:
19223:
19221:
19218:
19216:
19213:
19211:
19208:
19206:
19203:
19201:
19198:
19196:
19193:
19191:
19188:
19187:
19185:
19181:
19175:
19172:
19170:
19167:
19165:
19162:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19142:
19140:
19137:
19135:
19132:
19130:
19127:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19105:
19102:
19100:
19097:
19095:
19092:
19090:
19087:
19085:
19082:
19080:
19077:
19075:
19072:
19070:
19067:
19065:
19062:
19060:
19057:
19056:
19054:
19052:Active groups
19050:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19031:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19003:Ordre Nouveau
19001:
18999:
18996:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18984:
18981:
18979:
18976:
18974:
18971:
18969:
18966:
18964:
18961:
18959:
18956:
18954:
18951:
18949:
18948:Europe-Action
18946:
18944:
18941:
18940:
18938:
18932:
18926:
18923:
18921:
18918:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18906:
18903:
18901:
18898:
18896:
18893:
18891:
18888:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
18861:
18858:
18856:
18853:
18851:
18848:
18846:
18843:
18841:
18838:
18836:
18833:
18831:
18828:
18826:
18823:
18821:
18818:
18816:
18813:
18811:
18808:
18806:
18803:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18791:
18788:
18787:
18785:
18781:
18775:
18774:
18770:
18768:
18767:
18763:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18750:
18746:
18744:
18743:
18739:
18737:
18736:
18732:
18730:
18729:
18725:
18723:
18722:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18705:
18701:
18699:
18698:
18694:
18692:
18691:
18687:
18685:
18682:
18680:
18677:
18675:
18674:
18670:
18669:
18667:
18663:
18657:
18654:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18628:
18626:
18622:
18618:
18611:
18606:
18604:
18599:
18597:
18592:
18591:
18588:
18575:
18572:
18569:
18568:Marine Le Pen
18566:
18564:
18563:Le Pen family
18561:
18560:
18558:
18554:
18547:
18546:
18542:
18541:
18539:
18535:
18528:
18525:
18522:
18519:
18516:
18513:
18512:
18510:
18508:Organisations
18506:
18502:
18495:
18490:
18488:
18483:
18481:
18476:
18475:
18472:
18455:
18451:
18448:
18444:
18443:
18441:
18437:
18430:
18426:
18425:
18423:
18419:
18416:
18412:
18404:
18400:
18396:
18392:
18389:
18385:
18382:
18378:
18373:
18368:
18364:
18361:
18357:
18356:
18354:
18352:
18346:
18337:
18332:
18331:Lyon Congress
18328:
18325:
18321:
18320:
18318:
18314:
18306:
18302:
18298:
18294:
18293:
18291:
18287:
18279:
18275:
18271:
18267:
18266:
18264:
18260:
18252:
18248:
18244:
18243:Steeve Briois
18240:
18236:
18232:
18228:
18224:
18220:
18216:
18212:
18208:
18204:
18200:
18199:
18197:
18193:
18185:
18181:
18177:
18173:
18169:
18165:
18161:
18157:
18153:
18149:
18145:
18141:
18137:
18133:
18129:
18125:
18121:
18117:
18113:
18109:
18105:
18101:
18097:
18093:
18092:
18090:
18086:
18078:
18077:Steeve Briois
18074:
18070:
18066:
18062:
18058:
18054:
18050:
18046:
18042:
18041:
18039:
18035:
18027:
18026:Marine Le Pen
18023:
18019:
18015:
18014:
18012:
18010:
18004:
18000:
17991:
17986:
17984:
17979:
17977:
17972:
17971:
17968:
17958:
17954:
17950:
17944:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17929:
17927:
17925:
17921:
17915:
17912:
17910:
17907:
17905:
17902:
17901:
17899:
17897:
17893:
17887:
17884:
17882:
17879:
17878:
17876:
17874:
17870:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17849:
17846:
17845:
17843:
17841:
17837:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17822:
17820:
17818:
17814:
17810:
17802:
17797:
17795:
17790:
17788:
17783:
17782:
17779:
17769:
17765:
17760:
17754:
17753:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17742:
17740:
17734:
17728:
17727:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17716:
17714:
17710:
17704:
17703:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17692:
17690:
17684:
17678:
17675:
17674:
17672:
17668:
17658:
17653:
17648:
17647:
17645:
17641:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17623:
17618:
17613:
17611:
17606:
17601:
17599:
17594:
17589:
17587:
17582:
17577:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17563:
17558:
17553:
17551:
17546:
17541:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17528:
17526:
17522:
17519:
17515:
17511:
17505:
17501:
17492:
17487:
17485:
17480:
17478:
17473:
17472:
17469:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17444:
17441:
17438:
17432:
17426:
17421:
17420:
17410:
17406:
17402:
17398:
17392:
17388:
17383:
17379:
17375:
17371:
17367:
17362:
17347:
17343:
17337:
17333:
17326:
17321:
17309:
17305:
17300:
17296:
17291:
17287:
17283:
17279:
17275:
17271:
17267:
17262:
17258:
17252:
17249:. Routledge.
17248:
17247:
17241:
17237:
17231:
17227:
17222:
17221:
17210:
17204:
17200:
17196:
17195:
17189:
17185:
17179:
17175:
17171:
17166:
17162:
17156:
17152:
17151:
17145:
17141:
17135:
17132:. Routledge.
17131:
17126:
17122:
17120:9780674971530
17116:
17112:
17108:
17104:
17100:
17099:
17077:
17071:
17055:
17051:
17048:(in French).
17047:
17041:
17025:
17021:
17018:(in French).
17017:
17011:
16995:
16991:
16988:(in French).
16987:
16981:
16965:
16961:
16958:(in French).
16957:
16951:
16935:
16931:
16928:(in French).
16927:
16921:
16905:
16901:
16895:
16893:
16891:
16889:
16881:
16876:
16874:
16872:
16870:
16868:
16866:
16864:
16862:
16845:
16841:
16837:
16830:
16824:
16823:
16816:
16812:
16809:
16803:
16787:
16783:
16779:
16773:
16757:
16753:
16749:
16743:
16727:
16723:
16719:
16713:
16697:
16693:
16689:
16683:
16667:
16663:
16659:
16653:
16637:
16634:(in French).
16633:
16629:
16622:
16614:
16610:
16604:
16588:
16584:
16580:
16576:
16572:
16565:
16563:
16561:
16544:
16540:
16536:
16530:
16522:
16518:
16512:
16504:
16500:
16494:
16486:
16482:
16476:
16468:
16464:
16458:
16450:
16446:
16440:
16432:
16428:
16421:
16413:
16407:
16391:
16387:
16386:
16381:
16375:
16359:
16355:
16354:
16349:
16343:
16327:
16323:
16322:
16317:
16311:
16303:
16299:
16293:
16277:
16273:
16267:
16259:
16255:
16249:
16233:
16226:
16210:
16206:
16200:
16192:
16188:
16182:
16174:
16170:
16164:
16156:
16152:
16146:
16138:
16134:
16128:
16120:
16116:
16110:
16094:
16090:
16084:
16076:
16075:The Spectator
16072:
16066:
16058:
16054:
16048:
16041:. 5 May 2019.
16040:
16036:
16030:
16028:
16019:
16015:
16009:
16003:
15998:
15982:
15978:
15977:
15976:New Statesman
15972:
15966:
15958:
15957:The Telegraph
15954:
15948:
15940:
15936:
15930:
15922:
15918:
15912:
15904:
15898:
15890:
15884:
15876:
15870:
15854:
15850:
15849:
15848:The Telegraph
15844:
15838:
15822:
15818:
15812:
15796:
15793:(in French).
15792:
15788:
15781:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15750:
15742:
15736:
15720:
15716:
15709:
15701:
15695:
15676:
15669:
15663:
15647:
15643:
15637:
15621:
15617:
15616:
15611:
15604:
15588:
15585:. France 24.
15584:
15577:
15566:
15562:
15555:
15554:
15546:
15531:. 8 July 2024
15530:
15526:
15520:
15513:
15508:
15501:
15496:
15489:
15484:
15468:
15462:
15446:
15439:
15432:
15419:
15415:
15411:
15404:
15388:
15384:
15383:
15378:
15372:
15356:
15352:
15348:
15341:
15325:
15321:
15320:
15315:
15309:
15307:
15290:
15286:
15285:
15280:
15273:
15257:
15253:
15252:
15247:
15243:
15237:
15235:
15218:
15214:
15213:
15212:The Economist
15208:
15202:
15186:
15182:
15178:
15171:
15155:
15152:. France 24.
15151:
15144:
15128:
15124:
15120:
15114:
15107:
15102:
15086:
15082:
15081:
15076:
15070:
15054:
15050:
15049:
15044:
15038:
15022:
15018:
15017:
15012:
15006:
14999:
14994:
14978:
14974:
14968:
14952:
14948:
14942:
14934:
14930:
14924:
14913:
14909:
14905:
14890:
14883:
14879:
14878:
14874:
14858:
14854:
14848:
14832:
14828:
14824:
14818:
14802:
14798:
14792:
14776:
14772:
14766:
14750:
14746:
14742:
14736:
14725:
14721:
14717:
14713:
14709:
14705:
14701:
14697:
14693:
14692:
14688:
14680:
14676:
14672:
14668:
14663:
14658:
14654:
14650:
14646:
14642:
14635:
14627:
14623:
14617:
14609:
14605:
14599:
14591:
14587:
14581:
14565:
14561:
14560:
14555:
14548:
14540:
14536:
14532:
14525:
14509:
14505:
14504:
14499:
14492:
14476:
14472:
14468:
14461:
14445:
14441:
14435:
14419:
14415:
14409:
14403:
14399:
14396:
14392:
14384:
14380:
14379:
14374:
14367:
14365:
14363:
14354:
14350:
14344:
14336:
14332:
14326:
14318:
14314:
14308:
14300:
14296:
14290:
14282:
14278:
14272:
14264:
14258:
14250:
14244:
14237:
14233:
14229:
14223:
14215:
14211:
14205:
14198:
14194:
14190:
14184:
14168:
14164:
14163:
14158:
14157:"Madame Rage"
14151:
14135:
14131:
14127:
14120:
14104:
14100:
14094:
14078:
14074:
14073:
14068:
14061:
14059:
14051:
14046:
14044:
14042:
14034:
14029:
14022:
14017:
14001:
13997:
13991:
13983:
13977:
13961:
13957:
13951:
13943:
13939:
13933:
13931:
13929:
13920:
13916:
13910:
13902:
13898:
13892:
13884:
13880:
13874:
13866:
13862:
13856:
13841:
13837:
13830:
13815:
13811:
13804:
13788:
13784:
13778:
13762:
13758:
13754:
13747:
13731:
13727:
13721:
13714:
13709:
13702:
13697:
13695:
13693:
13691:
13679:
13675:
13671:
13659:
13655:
13654:
13649:
13644:
13643:
13639:
13623:
13619:
13618:
13613:
13606:
13600:
13592:
13588:
13581:
13573:
13569:
13562:
13554:
13550:
13543:
13535:
13529:
13522:
13517:
13513:
13507:
13499:
13498:
13493:
13487:
13479:
13475:
13469:
13467:
13465:
13449:
13445:
13438:
13422:
13418:
13417:
13412:
13405:
13403:
13395:
13391:
13388:
13380:
13364:
13360:
13354:
13338:
13334:
13333:
13332:The Telegraph
13328:
13321:
13314:
13309:
13307:
13300:, p. 95.
13299:
13294:
13292:
13284:
13279:
13263:
13259:
13255:
13249:
13242:
13241:
13237:
13231:
13224:
13223:
13222:The Telegraph
13219:
13213:
13211:
13209:
13207:
13190:
13186:
13182:
13175:
13160:
13159:The Telegraph
13156:
13149:
13147:
13145:
13138:
13130:
13124:
13120:
13119:
13111:
13095:
13091:
13084:
13068:
13064:
13060:
13053:
13037:
13033:
13029:
13022:
13006:
13002:
12996:
12989:
12984:
12977:
12972:
12965:
12960:
12958:
12950:
12945:
12930:
12926:
12920:
12904:
12900:
12894:
12887:
12882:
12873:
12869:
12866:
12865:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12840:
12836:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12825:
12821:
12805:
12799:
12783:
12779:
12775:
12769:
12761:
12757:
12750:
12748:
12739:
12735:
12729:
12721:
12714:
12706:
12702:
12695:
12679:
12675:
12669:
12653:
12649:
12643:
12627:
12623:
12617:
12601:
12597:
12591:
12575:
12571:
12567:
12560:
12544:
12540:
12534:
12518:
12514:
12508:
12492:
12488:
12482:
12466:
12462:
12456:
12440:
12436:
12430:
12414:
12410:
12404:
12398:
12397:
12392:
12389:
12385:
12382:
12376:
12370:
12369:
12365:
12361:
12358:
12352:
12337:
12336:
12328:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12295:
12287:
12271:
12267:
12266:
12261:
12254:
12238:
12235:(in French).
12234:
12233:
12228:
12221:
12205:
12201:
12197:
12191:
12184:
12180:
12177:
12171:
12155:
12151:
12147:
12143:
12142:
12136:
12128:
12112:
12108:
12104:
12097:
12081:
12077:
12076:The Economist
12073:
12066:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12035:
12029:
12025:
12022:
12018:
12002:
11998:
11994:
11988:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11957:
11941:
11937:
11936:The Telegraph
11933:
11926:
11910:
11906:
11902:
11896:
11880:
11876:
11870:
11854:
11850:
11844:
11842:
11825:
11821:
11820:
11815:
11808:
11792:
11788:
11782:
11766:
11762:
11761:
11756:
11749:
11733:
11730:. France 24.
11729:
11722:
11706:
11703:. France 24.
11702:
11695:
11679:
11675:
11674:
11669:
11663:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11633:
11631:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11600:
11598:
11581:
11577:
11576:
11575:The Telegraph
11571:
11564:
11548:
11544:
11543:
11538:
11531:
11516:
11512:
11506:
11490:
11487:(in French).
11486:
11485:
11480:
11473:
11466:
11461:
11459:
11451:
11446:
11439:
11434:
11427:
11422:
11415:
11410:
11403:
11398:
11391:
11386:
11384:
11376:
11371:
11364:
11359:
11357:
11349:
11344:
11337:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11320:
11315:
11313:
11296:
11292:
11291:
11290:The Telegraph
11286:
11279:
11277:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11263:
11258:
11251:
11246:
11230:
11226:
11220:
11216:
11212:
11205:
11198:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11181:
11176:
11169:
11164:
11157:
11152:
11145:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11128:
11123:
11107:
11103:
11097:
11090:
11085:
11078:
11073:
11066:
11061:
11054:
11049:
11042:
11037:
11035:
11033:
11025:
11020:
11013:
11008:
11001:
10996:
10994:
10986:
10981:
10974:
10969:
10962:
10957:
10951:, p. 93.
10950:
10945:
10938:
10933:
10926:
10921:
10914:
10909:
10902:
10897:
10890:
10885:
10879:, p. 90.
10878:
10873:
10871:
10863:
10858:
10851:
10846:
10839:
10834:
10832:
10825:, p. 70.
10824:
10819:
10812:
10807:
10801:, p. 68.
10800:
10795:
10788:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10765:
10760:
10744:
10737:
10730:
10724:, p. 80.
10723:
10718:
10716:
10708:
10703:
10701:
10693:
10688:
10681:
10676:
10669:
10664:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10656:
10654:
10646:
10641:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10625:
10620:
10613:
10608:
10602:, p. 63.
10601:
10596:
10590:, p. 62.
10589:
10584:
10578:, p. 76.
10577:
10572:
10565:
10560:
10554:, p. 61.
10553:
10548:
10541:
10536:
10534:
10532:
10530:
10528:
10526:
10519:, p. 60.
10518:
10513:
10511:
10503:
10498:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10490:
10482:
10477:
10461:
10457:
10456:
10451:
10444:
10436:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10417:
10410:
10405:
10398:
10393:
10386:
10381:
10379:
10377:
10369:
10364:
10358:, p. 43.
10357:
10352:
10345:
10340:
10333:
10328:
10321:
10316:
10309:
10304:
10297:
10292:
10285:
10280:
10274:, p. 41.
10273:
10268:
10266:
10258:
10253:
10251:
10249:
10241:
10236:
10229:
10224:
10222:
10220:
10212:
10207:
10200:
10195:
10193:
10185:
10180:
10173:
10168:
10162:, p. 39.
10161:
10156:
10154:
10146:
10141:
10134:
10129:
10122:
10117:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10078:
10072:, p. 13.
10071:
10066:
10060:, p. 94.
10059:
10054:
10047:
10042:
10035:
10030:
10023:
10018:
10016:
10008:
10003:
9996:
9991:
9983:
9977:
9973:
9972:
9964:
9957:
9952:
9945:
9940:
9933:
9928:
9921:
9916:
9909:
9904:
9889:
9885:
9879:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9849:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9819:
9817:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9785:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9755:
9753:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9722:
9720:
9707:
9703:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9685:
9681:
9674:
9658:
9654:
9648:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9617:
9601:
9597:
9591:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9536:
9532:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9501:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9473:
9458:
9454:
9449:
9448:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9420:
9405:
9404:
9399:
9393:
9378:
9374:
9368:
9366:
9349:
9345:
9344:
9339:
9333:
9331:
9323:
9318:
9311:
9306:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9283:
9267:
9263:
9257:
9250:
9245:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9215:
9209:
9193:
9189:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9174:
9166:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9123:
9107:
9103:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9078:
9062:
9058:
9051:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9004:
9001:. France 24.
9000:
8995:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8970:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8945:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8920:
8908:
8905:. France 24.
8904:
8899:
8887:
8883:
8879:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8857:
8845:
8842:. France 24.
8841:
8836:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8806:(1): 679–695.
8805:
8801:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8782:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8768:
8766:9781349284764
8762:
8758:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8643:
8641:9780472084418
8637:
8633:
8628:
8624:
8618:
8614:
8609:
8605:
8600:
8596:
8590:
8586:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8567:
8565:9782020232005
8561:
8557:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8538:
8536:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8503:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8463:
8462:The Economist
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8416:
8415:
8411:
8403:
8397:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8366:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8319:
8315:
8308:
8304:
8288:
8281:
8275:
8266:
8257:
8248:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8204:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8186:(1999–2001),
8185:
8181:
8177:
8171:
8167:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8128:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8108:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8068:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8028:
8022:
8018:
8011:
8008:
8000:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7967:
7960:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7929:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7913:Marine Le Pen
7911:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7896:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7861:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7828:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7801:
7793:
7786:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7768:
7760:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7675:
7660:
7653:
7646:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7608:
7601:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7579:Marine Le Pen
7575:
7572:
7571:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7440:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7292:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7196:Marine Le Pen
7192:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6994:Second round
6983:
6963:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6922:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6886:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6850:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:Marine Le Pen
6824:
6821:
6820:
6812:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6776:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6740:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6704:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6668:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6632:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6599:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6566:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6533:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6410:Steeve Briois
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6327:, (2019–2022)
6326:
6323:
6320:
6319:Steeve Briois
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6271:
6267:
6265:
6258:
6256:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6204:Marine Le Pen
6200:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6141:
6133:
6127:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6082:(treasurer),
6081:
6080:Kévin Pfeffer
6077:
6073:
6069:
6068:Steeve Briois
6066:(president),
6065:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5970:Narendra Modi
5967:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5932:Nenad Popović
5929:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5864:Umberto Bossi
5861:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5825:gold standard
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5786:Bürger in Wut
5783:
5782:Vlaams Belang
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5758:Marine Le Pen
5754:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5729:Welfare Party
5725:
5721:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5681:We Are Family
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5637:Vlaams Belang
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5557:Marine Le Pen
5548:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5488:anti-Semitism
5485:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5426:Controversies
5423:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5394:was ongoing.
5393:
5389:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5293:United States
5290:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5177:. He visited
5176:
5173:and the 2003
5172:
5168:
5167:United States
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5051:
5050:welfare state
5047:
5046:globalisation
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5030:protectionism
5027:
5026:neoliberalism
5022:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4932:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4901:death penalty
4898:
4894:
4890:
4889:law-and-order
4883:Law and order
4880:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4869:working class
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4827:Michel Winock
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4811:James Shields
4804:
4799:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4589:L'Écho du Sud
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:Organisations
4423:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Soyons libres
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:French Future
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:de La Mennais
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:Intellectuals
3696:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:Ancien Régime
3619:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:Souverainisme
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Family values
3535:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3317:opinion polls
3315:According to
3313:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:Vlaams Belang
3270:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3104:Ludovic Pajot
3101:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2915:Marine Le Pen
2912:
2907:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:Pas de Calais
2867:
2866:Marine Le Pen
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2810:Lionel Jospin
2807:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:death penalty
2574:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:collaborators
2554:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:Évian Accords
2363:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:Ordre Nouveau
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Ordre Nouveau
2283:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:Ordre Nouveau
2202:
2201:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:2022 election
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:Schengen Area
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:Marine Le Pen
2032:
2027:
2023:
2022:Ordre Nouveau
2018:
2016:
2015:law and order
2012:
2008:
2007:protectionism
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1841:
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1829:
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1817:
1814:
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1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
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1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:L'Écho du Sud
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
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1644:
1639:
1636:
1635:
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1627:
1626:
1621:
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1611:
1610:
1609:
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1601:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:Organisations
1536:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Soyons libres
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:French Future
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:de La Mennais
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
812:Intellectuals
809:
808:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:Ancien Régime
732:
731:
725:
724:
717:
714:
711:
710:
709:Souverainisme
705:
703:
700:
698:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
674:
673:
668:
667:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
650:Family values
648:
646:
643:
638:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
619:
618:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
591:
590:
583:
580:
576:
573:
570:
569:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
546:
545:
540:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
513:
508:
507:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
491:
485:
484:
480:
476:
475:
472:
467:
466:
462:
458:
457:
448:
447:radical right
444:
439:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
411:
406:
399:
394:
386:
384:
380:
372:
370:
366:
358:
356:
352:
344:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
316:
314:
310:
302:
300:
296:
289:
285:
280:
277:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:
240:
236:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
202:
199:
196:
194:Security wing
192:
189:
186:
184:
180:
177:
174:
169:
165:
162:
161:Ordre Nouveau
159:
155:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
118:Marine Le Pen
116:
112:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
47:
44:
40:
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17411:(in French).
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14471:The Guardian
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12995:
12988:Shields 2007
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12976:Shields 2007
12971:
12964:DeClair 1999
12949:Shields 2007
12944:
12932:. Retrieved
12928:
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12893:
12881:
12863:
12843:. Retrieved
12839:the original
12828:Shields 2007
12820:
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12786:. Retrieved
12777:
12768:
12762:(in French).
12760:Public Sénat
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12570:The Guardian
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10749:18 September
10747:. Retrieved
10729:
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9866:. Retrieved
9858:20minutes.fr
9857:
9848:
9836:. Retrieved
9827:
9803:. Retrieved
9795:euractiv.com
9794:
9784:
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9739:. Retrieved
9730:
9708:(in French).
9705:
9687:. Retrieved
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9673:
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8978:The Guardian
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8578:DeClair 1999
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8519:. Retrieved
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8450:The Guardian
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8384:. Retrieved
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8316:. BBC News.
8307:
8287:
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8247:
8237:
8203:
8198:(2019–2024).
8170:
8021:
7870:
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7677:
7059:
6991:First round
6978:Presidential
6449:
6429:
6359:
6330:
6283:
6261:
6237:
6158:
6061:
6036:
6025:
5997:Viktor Orbán
5990:
5982:Brexit Party
5963:
5944:
5930:in 2014 and
5921:
5896:
5888:Brexit Party
5875:Nigel Farage
5868:
5849:
5845:Donald Trump
5837:Steve Bannon
5817:Islamophobia
5794:
5755:
5744:
5717:
5713:Latvia First
5707:, the Greek
5691:. After the
5621:Non-Inscrits
5578:
5571:assistants.
5554:
5534:
5509:
5502:
5472:
5464:
5440:
5434:
5420:
5416:Julien Bayou
5401:
5384:
5364:
5348:
5341:
5321:
5313:The Guardian
5311:
5308:Luke Harding
5306:
5301:new Cold War
5282:
5242:
5214:
5187:
5124:
5099:
5083:
5066:
5054:
5023:
5010:anti-statist
4999:
4990:Islamophobic
4987:
4971:Islamisation
4968:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4917:
4905:
4891:platform of
4886:
4877:
4868:
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4653:
4646:
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4629:
4622:
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4608:
4601:
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4587:
4580:
4573:
4530:Croix-de-Feu
4494:
4493:
4429:
4357:
4356:
4331:
4296:
4256:de La Rocque
4115:
4105:
4095:
4085:
4075:
4065:
4055:
4037:
4027:
4007:
3997:
3987:
3977:
3967:
3957:
3947:
3937:
3687:Vichy France
3589:Social order
3568:Metapolitics
3559:Restauration
3455:Maurrassisme
3314:
3310:
3299:
3285:
3275:, the Dutch
3258:
3247:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3184:
3169:
3161:Steve Bannon
3158:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3115:The Patriots
3108:
3093:
3079:
3061:
3046:
3044:
2989:
2973:
2958:
2951:
2940:
2932:
2886:
2877:
2855:
2844:
2803:
2781:
2775:
2756:
2751:Bruno Mégret
2697:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2637:anti-Semitic
2632:
2627:In the snap
2626:
2609:
2606:Bruno Mégret
2602:
2585:
2572:
2566:
2541:
2535:In the June
2534:
2530:
2504:
2497:
2473:
2449:
2442:
2383:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2326:movement or
2323:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2224:
2214:
2139:
2102:
2077:
2075:
2063:Islamophobia
2057:, including
2051:antisemitism
2044:
2019:
1946:
1932:
1928:
1911:
1909:
1793:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1643:Croix-de-Feu
1607:
1606:
1542:
1470:
1469:
1444:
1409:
1369:de La Rocque
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1150:
1140:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1050:
800:Vichy France
702:Social order
681:Metapolitics
672:Restauration
568:Maurrassisme
442:
438:
282:(since 2024)
167:Headquarters
70:Abbreviation
43:
19558:TV-Libertés
19522: [
19452:Boulangisme
19345:Malliarakis
18641:de Gobineau
18517:(1972–2015)
18397:(2012-2014)
18370: [
18334: [
18272:(2012-2017)
18251:Nicolas Bay
18245:(2011-2014)
18237:(2010-2011)
18229:(2005-2010)
18227:Louis Aliot
18221:(1995-2005)
18213:(1988-1995)
18205:(1981-1988)
18045:Louis Aliot
18028:(2011–2017)
18020:(1972–2011)
17881:Renaissance
17695:Marco Zanni
17499:Patriots.eu
17435:(in French)
17082:27 February
17060:6 September
17030:19 November
17000:19 November
16970:19 November
16940:19 November
16910:6 September
16818:(in French)
16792:11 November
16762:11 November
16732:11 November
16702:11 November
16672:11 November
16642:11 November
16238:27 February
15652:27 February
15473:10 December
15451:10 December
15424:6 September
15319:Le Parisien
15160:31 December
14827:Le Monde.fr
14745:lefigaro.fr
14481:12 December
14162:Der Spiegel
13960:Le Monde.fr
13427:19 February
13384:(in French)
13100:28 February
13073:28 February
13042:28 February
13011:28 February
12338:, France 24
10739:(In French)
9908:Davies 2012
9868:11 February
9838:11 February
9828:Le HuffPost
9805:11 February
9689:12 February
9509:Le Monde.fr
9481:theguardian
9354:5 September
9296:: 205–230.
9249:Davies 2012
9135:(5): e604.
9036:23 February
8963:28 February
8892:28 February
8829:28 February
7991:31.50 (#1)
7958:23.34 (#1)
7920:24.86 (#1)
7784:10.52 (#5)
7751:11.73 (#3)
7723:10.95 (#4)
7642:252 / 1,926
7597:358 / 1,722
7552:118 / 1,749
7507:156 / 1,880
7467:275 / 1,880
7419:239 / 1,880
7371:137 / 1,880
7279:13,288,686
7241:10,638,475
6951:10,110,079
6945:10,647,914
6418:(2014–2017)
6416:Nicolas Bay
6412:(2011–2014)
6400:(2005–2010)
6398:Louis Aliot
6394:(1995–2005)
6388:(1988–1995)
6382:(1981–1988)
6336:Louis Aliot
6295:Louis Aliot
6289:Alain Jamet
6092:Edwige Diaz
6072:Louis Aliot
6037:During the
6028:remigration
6013:Janez Janša
5912:Eric Ciotti
5886:, Farage's
5737:Jörg Haider
5689:Patriots.eu
5657:Finns Party
5601:Vlaams Blok
5597:Republicans
5480:settlements
5349:During the
5068:during the
5042:nationalism
4948:Arab Spring
4926:Immigration
4857:referendary
4831:nationalist
4815:Nonna Mayer
4720:Sinistrisme
4713:Remigration
4271:de Vaublanc
4241:de Polignac
4149:Cathelineau
4133:Politicians
3810:de Jouvenel
3805:Houellebecq
3800:de Gobineau
3630:Monarchiens
3547:Imperialism
3516:Meritocracy
3443:Bonapartism
3417:Integralism
3094:During the
2978:but behind
2878:Le Paquebot
2874:Saint-Cloud
2727: [
2673:, the 1989
2422:neo-fascist
2402:solidarists
2370:renaissance
2244:Early years
2150:tax protest
2082:Eurosceptic
2055:hate speech
1959:nationalist
1833:Sinistrisme
1826:Remigration
1384:de Vaublanc
1354:de Polignac
1262:Cathelineau
1246:Politicians
923:de Jouvenel
918:Houellebecq
913:de Gobineau
743:Monarchiens
660:Imperialism
629:Meritocracy
556:Bonapartism
530:Integralism
361:242 / 1,758
267:Patriots.eu
256:(2012–2017)
204:Membership
95:Louis Aliot
19619:Categories
19583:Revanchism
19395:Saint-Loup
19295:Fredriksen
19275:de Lesquen
19270:de Benoist
19159:Reconquête
18810:Brasillach
18728:La Cagoule
18656:de Lapouge
18646:de Maistre
18624:Precursors
18570:(daughter)
18008:Presidents
17947:See also:
17937:Reconquête
17355:27 October
17272:(3): 392.
16822:Libération
16503:Al Jazeera
16485:Liberation
16396:25 October
16364:23 January
16332:23 January
16282:23 January
16215:23 January
16099:23 January
15859:23 January
15827:23 January
15615:EUobserver
15414:Al Jazeera
15295:31 January
15262:31 January
15059:18 January
14983:3 November
14863:7 November
14514:31 January
13767:9 December
13656:. London.
13572:Al Jazeera
13516:Dutch News
13195:7 February
12934:5 November
12626:Franceinfo
12419:10 January
12276:15 October
12243:15 October
12200:La Dépêche
11938:. London.
11763:. London.
11542:20 Minutes
11515:Britannica
11102:"Archives"
9888:www.ft.com
9629:. London.
9578:9 December
9382:5 November
8930:. London.
8622:0472106635
8486:Liberation
8299:References
7988:7,765,936
7955:5,286,939
7917:4,712,461
7887:6.34 (#6)
7884:1,091,691
7852:9.81 (#4)
7849:1,684,792
7819:5.70 (#8)
7816:1,005,113
7781:2,050,086
7748:2,129,668
7720:2,210,334
7634:2,908,253
7628:2,743,497
7589:6,820,147
7583:6,018,672
7544:1,943,307
7538:2,223,800
7499:3,200,194
7493:3,564,064
7453:3,270,118
7405:3,396,141
7357:2,654,390
7265:8,133,828
7227:7,678,491
7200:6,421,426
7168:3,834,530
7144:5,525,032
7130:4,804,713
7103:4,570,838
7076:4,375,894
6988:Candidate
6910:3,589,465
6904:4,248,626
6874:1,590,858
6868:2,990,454
6832:3,528,373
6794:1,116,136
6758:2,873,390
6728:1,435,186
6722:3,791,063
6692:1,168,143
6686:3,155,702
6650:2,359,528
6614:2,703,442
6268:Incumbent
6124:Term start
6120:President
6110:Presidents
6058:Leadership
5829:Steve King
5797:Republican
5724:right-wing
5659:, and the
5631:, Italian
5561:Jean Marie
5537:Al Jazeera
5265:pro-Israel
5139:Maastricht
5110:Socialists
5034:Free World
4909:referendum
4897:referendum
4853:Boulangism
4364:Feuillants
4337:Reconquête
4276:de Villèle
4251:Retailleau
4117:Submission
3932:Literature
3895:de Rivarol
3875:Peyrefitte
3870:d'Ornellas
3845:de Maistre
3755:Brunetière
3725:de Benoist
3578:Patriotism
3552:Monarchism
3481:Principles
3448:Legitimism
3375:Ideologies
3325:exit polls
3090:En Marche!
2501:Socialists
2340:Poujadists
2171:frontistes
2136:Background
2047:xenophobia
1920:pronounced
1477:Feuillants
1450:Reconquête
1389:de Villèle
1364:Retailleau
1230:Submission
1045:Literature
1008:de Rivarol
988:Peyrefitte
983:d'Ornellas
958:de Maistre
868:Brunetière
838:de Benoist
691:Patriotism
665:Monarchism
594:Principles
561:Legitimism
488:Ideologies
389:26 / 4,108
183:Youth wing
149:1972-10-05
19472:Pétainism
19390:Reynouard
19370:Philippot
19320:Le Gallou
19305:Holeindre
19300:Gollnisch
19220:Benedetti
18850:Déroulède
18795:Bainville
18636:Boulanger
18211:Carl Lang
17924:Far-right
17286:145348163
17199:Routledge
16850:31 August
16840:Le Figaro
16632:Le Figaro
16593:31 August
16583:1765-2898
16549:31 August
16467:Le Figaro
16191:Nova.news
16039:France 24
15735:cite news
15251:Mediapart
15191:7 January
15048:L'Express
14679:219020617
14671:1350-1763
14626:Ukrinform
14232:Le Figaro
13840:France 24
13678:France 24
13664:25 August
13268:28 August
12738:France 24
12652:France 24
12342:11 August
12307:0362-4331
12150:0362-4331
11578:. Paris.
11293:. Paris.
10106:31 August
10096:1765-2898
9706:Le Figaro
9568:L'Express
9409:10 August
9178:Routledge
9157:202196807
9092:Routledge
8725:146600042
8692:143522149
8549:Academic:
8543:far-right
8044:Election
7705:EP Group
7687:Election
7678:See also
7312:Election
6959:142 / 577
6386:Carl Lang
6240:in 2018.
6003:from the
5892:Reform UK
5869:In 2014,
5860:Lega Nord
5809:Joe Walsh
5603:in a new
5506:Mediapart
5492:Zionistic
5437:Holocaust
5327:trips to
5310:wrote in
5234:Omar Radi
5143:Amsterdam
5038:Communism
5015:Reaganite
4835:far-right
4635:(Defunct)
4610:Le Figaro
4169:de Gaulle
4144:de Bonald
4029:The Crowd
3865:d'Orcival
3740:de Bonald
3710:Bainville
3660:Muscadins
3635:Feuillant
3504:Dirigisme
3469:Sarkozysm
3462:Orléanism
3020:Le Pontet
2996:Beaucaire
2839:Marseille
2720:Vitrolles
2712:Marignane
2392:and his "
2142:Poujadism
2090:CFP franc
2071:far-right
1951:far-right
1914:(French:
1748:(Defunct)
1723:Le Figaro
1282:de Gaulle
1257:de Bonald
1142:The Crowd
978:d'Orcival
853:de Bonald
823:Bainville
773:Muscadins
748:Feuillant
617:Dirigisme
582:Sarkozysm
575:Orléanism
431:Elections
305:126 / 577
293:Navy blue
244:Far-right
78:President
19505:Éléments
19410:Stirbois
19380:Rachline
19350:Maréchal
19250:Brigneau
19240:Bousquet
19210:Bardella
19205:Bardèche
18998:Occident
18925:Vaugeois
18880:Maulnier
18855:Dorgères
18845:Deloncle
18820:Clémenti
18704:Faisceau
18439:European
18421:National
18180:M Le Pen
18168:M Le Pen
18156:M Le Pen
18144:J Le Pen
18132:J Le Pen
18120:J Le Pen
18108:J Le Pen
18096:J Le Pen
17904:Horizons
17817:Far-left
17443:Archived
17407:(1993).
17314:31 March
17109:(2017).
17054:Archived
17024:Archived
16994:Archived
16964:Archived
16934:Archived
16904:Archived
16844:Archived
16811:Archived
16636:Archived
16587:Archived
16543:Archived
16449:Euractiv
16390:Archived
16385:TV5Monde
16358:Archived
16326:Archived
16302:Euractiv
16276:Archived
16258:Le Monde
16209:Archived
16173:Le Monde
16155:Euractiv
16119:Le Monde
16093:Archived
15987:15 March
15981:Archived
15939:France24
15921:BBC News
15853:Archived
15821:Archived
15801:24 April
15795:Archived
15770:31 March
15764:Archived
15694:cite web
15684:24 April
15675:Archived
15646:Archived
15626:3 August
15620:Archived
15587:Archived
15418:Archived
15387:Archived
15382:Le Monde
15361:31 March
15355:Archived
15351:Le Monde
15330:31 March
15324:Archived
15289:Archived
15256:Archived
15223:14 April
15217:Archived
15185:Archived
15154:Archived
15127:Archived
15123:Le Monde
15085:Archived
15021:Archived
15016:Le Monde
14951:Archived
14898:31 March
14889:Archived
14857:Archived
14831:Archived
14781:23 April
14775:Archived
14749:Archived
14608:Politico
14590:Euractiv
14564:Archived
14539:Archived
14535:France24
14508:Archived
14475:Archived
14450:31 March
14424:31 March
14418:Archived
14398:Archived
14317:Politico
14173:1 August
14167:Archived
14140:1 August
14103:Archived
14083:2 August
14077:Archived
14000:Archived
13942:Euractiv
13919:Le Monde
13865:Le Monde
13814:Le Monde
13787:Archived
13761:Archived
13757:BBC News
13736:31 March
13730:Archived
13658:Archived
13622:Archived
13497:CBS News
13478:PBS News
13448:Le Monde
13421:Archived
13390:Archived
13363:Archived
13343:1 August
13337:Archived
13335:. Rome.
13189:Archived
13094:Archived
13067:Archived
13036:Archived
13005:Archived
12903:Archived
12868:Archived
12861:(dir.),
12845:31 March
12782:Archived
12705:Le Monde
12678:POLITICO
12600:BBC News
12574:Archived
12543:Archived
12517:Archived
12491:Archived
12465:Archived
12439:Archived
12413:Archived
12384:Archived
12360:Archived
12317:30 March
12311:Archived
12270:Archived
12237:Archived
12232:HuffPost
12210:11 March
12204:Archived
12179:Archived
12154:Archived
12117:31 March
12111:Archived
12086:31 March
12080:Archived
12055:31 March
12049:Archived
12024:Archived
12007:31 March
12001:Archived
11977:31 March
11971:Archived
11946:31 March
11940:Archived
11915:31 March
11909:Archived
11859:31 March
11853:Archived
11791:Archived
11765:Archived
11732:Archived
11705:Archived
11678:Archived
11652:15 April
11646:Archived
11642:BBC News
11619:15 April
11613:Archived
11609:BBC News
11586:15 April
11580:Archived
11489:Archived
11301:15 April
11295:Archived
11229:Archived
11112:31 March
11106:Archived
10743:Archived
10466:22 March
10460:Archived
10100:Archived
9862:Archived
9832:Archived
9799:Archived
9768:Archived
9764:Le Monde
9741:11 March
9735:Archived
9731:Le Monde
9684:POLITICO
9663:31 March
9637:31 March
9631:Archived
9572:Archived
9548:Archived
9544:BBC News
9513:Archived
9485:Archived
9463:31 March
9457:Archived
9438:31 March
9348:Archived
9225:Pouvoirs
9192:Archived
9106:Archived
9061:Archived
9030:Archived
9003:Archived
8982:Archived
8957:Archived
8938:31 March
8932:Archived
8907:Archived
8886:Archived
8869:Archived
8865:France24
8844:Archived
8823:Archived
8521:31 March
8515:Archived
8496:9 August
8490:Archived
8380:Archived
8376:BBC News
8349:Archived
8318:Archived
8282:in 1989.
8190:(2007),
8140:See also
7032:190,921
6918:89 / 577
6838:842,684
6764:393,205
6628:35 / 573
6515:108,616
6129:Term end
5821:Ron Paul
5746:Issuikai
5701:ANO 2011
5520:donation
5367:Eurozone
5204:and the
5175:Iraq War
5171:Gulf War
5135:Schengen
5096:Feminism
4845:populist
4624:Le Point
4596:La Croix
4575:Éléments
4542:Hussards
4246:Pompidou
4231:Poincaré
4221:Pécresse
4211:Maréchal
4206:MacMahon
3969:The Pope
3915:Veuillot
3830:Lemaître
3825:Lefebvre
3750:Bruckner
3573:Nativism
3438:Royalism
3402:Gaullism
3386:Integral
3348:a series
3339:Ideology
3333:Ensemble
3165:pep talk
2952:For the
2856:For the
2804:For the
2685:Islamism
2665:against
2633:notables
2614:populist
2610:notables
2573:notables
2567:For the
2443:For the
2408:(1983),
2324:Militant
2229:monarchy
2227:, a pro-
2192:Occident
2168:, (many
2146:populist
1737:Le Point
1709:La Croix
1688:Éléments
1655:Hussards
1359:Pompidou
1344:Poincaré
1334:Pécresse
1324:Maréchal
1319:MacMahon
1082:The Pope
1028:Veuillot
943:Lemaître
938:Lefebvre
863:Bruckner
686:Nativism
551:Royalism
515:Gaullism
499:Integral
461:a series
216:Ideology
125:Founders
19552:Rivarol
19540:Présent
19435:Zemmour
19365:Messiha
19235:Bouchet
19230:Bompard
19089:Civitas
18934:Defunct
18915:Rebatet
18905:Plateau
18890:Maxence
18885:Maurras
18830:Darnard
18805:Bonnard
18651:Drumont
18529:(2016–)
18523:(2015–)
18307:(2014-)
18299:(2014-)
18280:(2012-)
18253:(2014-)
18079:(2014-)
18071:(2012-)
18063:(2012-)
18055:(2011-)
18047:(2011-)
17517:Parties
17095:Sources
16431:Twitter
16137:Reuters
15725:17 July
15393:4 April
15181:Haaretz
14957:6 April
14724:Reuters
14130:Reuters
14006:24 July
13966:30 June
13845:27 June
13819:27 June
13628:17 July
13453:26 June
13164:26 June
12788:30 June
12684:14 June
12658:19 June
12632:14 June
12606:14 June
12580:28 June
12471:6 April
12445:6 April
12045:Reuters
11885:4 April
11830:30 June
11797:30 June
11771:30 June
11520:14 June
10455:Jacobin
9606:17 June
9554:21 June
9272:26 June
9137:Bibcode
8988:30 June
8378:. BBC.
8345:AP News
8324:21 June
7996:30 / 81
7963:23 / 79
7925:24 / 74
7789:11 / 87
7756:10 / 81
7728:10 / 81
7690:Leader
7315:Leader
6997:Result
6882:8 / 577
6846:2 / 577
6808:0 / 577
6800:17,107
6772:0 / 577
6736:1 / 577
6700:0 / 577
6664:1 / 577
6595:0 / 491
6581:44,414
6562:0 / 491
6548:82,743
6529:0 / 491
6482:Leader
6032:Mayotte
5988:party.
5940:Revival
5873:leader
5720:Euronat
5474:Haaretz
5467:Israeli
5442:Rivarol
5289:Ukraine
5255:to the
5183:Baghdad
5100:In the
5080:Climate
5017:before
4996:Economy
4631:Présent
4521:Civitas
4495:Defunct
4358:Defunct
4293:Parties
4281:Zemmour
4266:Schuman
4261:Sarkozy
4236:Poisson
4216:Messmer
4201:Malraux
4196:Maurras
4139:Bellamy
3885:Raspail
3860:Maurras
3840:Madiran
3835:Le Play
3790:Dumézil
3745:Boutang
3720:Barruel
3615:History
3511:Elitism
3304:in the
3234:group.
3222:In the
3215:In the
3178:, left
3036:Béziers
3008:Hayange
3000:Cogolin
2990:In the
2959:In the
2887:In the
2814:May Day
2757:In the
2651:In the
2467:in the
2454:of the
2430:Zionist
2356:In the
2239:History
1965:in the
1744:Présent
1634:Civitas
1608:Defunct
1471:Defunct
1406:Parties
1394:Zemmour
1379:Schuman
1374:Sarkozy
1349:Poisson
1329:Messmer
1314:Malraux
1309:Maurras
1252:Bellamy
998:Raspail
973:Maurras
953:Madiran
948:Le Play
903:Dumézil
858:Boutang
833:Barruel
728:History
624:Elitism
396:Website
375:0 / 101
333:30 / 81
319:3 / 348
287:Colours
147: (
139:Founded
19512:Minute
19425:Venner
19415:Susini
19385:Ravier
19360:Ménard
19355:Mégret
19340:Maribe
19285:Duprat
19265:Coston
19255:Briois
19195:Antony
18920:Vallat
18900:Pétain
18895:Ousset
18870:Guénon
18860:Doriot
18835:Daudet
18825:Coston
18815:Bucard
18790:Barrès
18742:Milice
18631:Bonald
18556:Family
18548:(2018)
18405:(2012)
18289:Senate
17873:Centre
17622:CHEGA!
17393:
17338:
17284:
17253:
17232:
17205:
17180:
17157:
17136:
17117:
16581:
16057:UnHerd
15535:8 July
15242:Turchi
15133:19 May
15091:5 July
15027:5 July
14837:19 May
14807:6 July
14677:
14669:
14570:15 May
14335:BFM TV
13793:5 July
13369:19 May
13125:
12909:5 July
12874:(1993)
12810:3 July
12549:19 May
12523:19 May
12497:19 May
12305:
12148:
11738:26 May
11711:26 May
11684:5 July
11553:5 July
11495:5 July
11484:Rue 89
11235:6 July
11221:
10431:
10094:
9978:
9893:8 July
9774:1 June
9377:dw.com
9268:. 2022
9198:6 July
9184:
9155:
9112:6 July
9098:
8913:26 May
8850:26 May
8787:
8763:
8744:
8723:
8690:
8638:
8619:
8591:
8562:
8434:
8386:8 July
8355:8 July
8228:
8222:
8216:
8210:
8131:0 / 54
8126:2.46%
8123:2,707
8111:0 / 54
8106:2.57%
8103:2,706
8091:0 / 54
8086:2.68%
8083:2,591
8071:4 / 54
8066:6.85%
8063:6,135
8053:Seats
8047:Votes
7892:3 / 74
7857:7 / 78
7824:5 / 87
7699:Seats
7693:Votes
7649:0 / 18
7637:19.1%
7631:18.7%
7604:0 / 18
7592:27.1%
7586:27.7%
7559:0 / 26
7541:11.4%
7514:0 / 26
7502:12.4%
7496:14.7%
7474:0 / 26
7456:15.3%
7426:0 / 26
7408:13.9%
7378:0 / 26
7330:Seats
7282:41.45
7268:23.15
7244:33.90
7230:21.30
7203:17.90
7171:10.44
7147:17.70
7133:16.86
7106:15.00
7079:14.39
7011:Votes
7002:Votes
6954:37.1%
6948:33.2%
6913:17.3%
6907:18.7%
6871:13.2%
6835:13.6%
6761:11.1%
6725:14.9%
6689:12.7%
6497:Seats
6185:and a
6102:, and
5993:Fidesz
5772:, the
5655:, the
5651:, the
5647:, the
5639:, the
5329:Moscow
5141:, and
5019:Reagan
4983:kosher
4865:ethnos
4843:) and
4805:, 2007
4641:Minute
4430:Active
4297:Active
4226:Pétain
4159:Ciotti
4121:(2015)
4111:(2014)
4101:(2006)
4091:(1983)
4081:(1973)
4071:(1972)
4061:(1945)
4051:(1905)
4043:(1900)
4033:(1895)
4023:(1882)
4013:(1864)
4003:(1855)
3993:(1835)
3983:(1821)
3973:(1819)
3963:(1802)
3953:(1797)
3943:(1796)
3855:Massis
3820:Le Bon
3795:Guénon
3780:Freund
3770:Daudet
3760:Carrel
3715:Barrès
3582:
3144:. His
3016:Le Luc
3004:Fréjus
2767:Toulon
2716:Orange
2714:, and
2708:Toulon
2551:and a
2306:), or
2290:While
2282:Right:
2212:(ON).
2162:colony
2009:, and
1754:Minute
1543:Active
1410:Active
1339:Pétain
1272:Ciotti
1234:(2015)
1224:(2014)
1214:(2006)
1204:(1983)
1194:(1973)
1184:(1972)
1174:(1945)
1164:(1905)
1156:(1900)
1146:(1895)
1136:(1882)
1126:(1864)
1116:(1855)
1106:(1835)
1096:(1821)
1086:(1819)
1076:(1802)
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