287:
259:
415:
32:
385:
397:
363:
275:
2606:
146:
435:
176:
225:. Simple fruits like oranges are formed from a single ovary which may or may not consist of multiple parts, while aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from several ovaries together. Aggregate fruits like raspberries are the ripened ovaries of one flower that form a single fruit, and multiple fruits like pineapples are formed from the ovaries of separate flowers that are close together.
343:
286:
336:; the ovary wall splits into sections called valves. There is no standard correspondence between the valves and the position of the septa; the valves may separate by splitting the septa (septicidal dehiscence), or by spitting between them (loculicidal dehiscence), or the ovary may open in other ways, as through pores or because a cap falls off.
309:
are chambers within the ovary of the flower and fruits. The locules contain the ovules (seeds), and may or may not be filled with fruit flesh. Depending on the number of locules in the ovary, fruits can be classified as uni-locular (unilocular), bi-locular, tri-locular or multi-locular. Some plants
543:
More specifically, a half-inferior ovary has nearly equal portions of ovary above and below the insertion point. Other varying degrees of inferiority can be described by other fractions. For instance, a "one-fifth inferior ovary" has approximately one fifth of its length under the insertion point.
166:
tissue that surrounds the developing zygote within the seed. Angiosperm ovaries do not always produce a fruit after the ovary has been fertilized. Problems that can arise during the developmental process of the fruit include genetic issues, harsh environmental conditions, and insufficient energy
20:
258:
184:
Fruits are important in the dispersal and protection of seeds, and variation in fruit shape or size results from an evolutionary response that aids in the dispersal of seeds in different environments. For example, the seeds of large fleshy fruits are often dispersed through
197:
There are some complications to the definition of a fruit, as not all botanical fruits can be identified as culinary fruits. A ripened ovary may be a fleshy fruit such as a grapefruit or a dry fruit such as a nut. Further complicating this,
928:
Gardocki, Mary; Zablocki, Heather; El-Keblawy, Ali; Freeman, D. (2000). "Heterocarpy in
Calendula micrantha (Asteraceae): The effects of competition and availability of water on the performance of offspring from different fruit morphs".
179:
The orange is a simple fruit called a hesperidium. It is the mature ovary of a single orange blossom. Though it seems to have sections when cut open, all of these sections together come from a single ovary that develops into different
149:
Simple fruits are derived from one ovary of a single flower, while aggregate fruits are derived from many ovaries of one flower. Differently, a multiple fruit is derived from multiple ovaries each from their own individual
384:
396:
317:
The ovules are attached to parts of the interior ovary walls called the placentae. Placental areas occur in various positions, corresponding to various parts of the carpels that make up the ovary. See
414:
189:; this means that animals consume the fleshy fruit and as a result disperse its seeds with their movement. The seeds of fruits can be dispersed by endozoochory, gravity, wind, or other means.
137:. Fruits are responsible for the dispersal and protection of seeds in angiosperms and cannot be easily characterized due to the differences in defining culinary and botanical fruits.
2436:
27:(=ovary+style+stigma), ovules, and petals. The petals and sepals are above the ovary; such a flower is said to have an inferior ovary, or the flower is said to be epigynous.
75:
or of several fused carpels (e.g. dicarpel or tricarpel), and therefore the ovary can contain part of one carpel or parts of several fused carpels. Above the ovary is the
213:
In this same way, not all "fruits" are true fruits. A true fruit only consists of the ripened ovary and its contents. Fruits can be separated into three major categories:
154:
After double fertilization and ripening, the ovary becomes the fruit, the ovules inside the ovary become the seeds of that fruit, and the egg within the ovule becomes the
2441:
342:
314:
between the carpels; the number of locules present in a gynoecium may be equal to or less than the number of carpels, depending on whether septa are present.
524:(also known as “half-superior”, “subinferior,” or “partially inferior,”) is embedded or surrounded by the receptacle. This occurs in flowers of the family
362:
2574:
296:. This means that the small sections of a pineapple are each a fruit that develop from a separate ovary, and together they make up a multiple fruit.
486:) come together and attach to the surface of the ovary. If the ovary is situated above the insertion point, it is superior; if below, inferior.
498:
is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. A superior ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as
264:
The raspberry is an aggregate fruit. Each raspberry develops from one flower, but its flower has many ovaries that become the small circular
2492:
540:. In some classifications, half-inferior ovaries are not recognized and are instead grouped with either the superior or inferior ovaries.
390:
The seeds in a tomato fruit grow from placental areas at the interior of the ovary. (This is axile placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)
2308:
950:"Angiosperm Fleshy Fruits and Seed Dispersers: A Comparative Analysis of Adaptation and Constraints in Plant-Animal Interactions"
292:
The pineapple is a multiple fruit. Each of the purple spikes in this picture are a separate flower, so the whole structure is an
274:
167:
which may be caused by competition for resources between ovaries; any of these situations may prevent maturation of the ovary.
1261:
1193:
2640:
2498:
1030:
1393:
408:
are along the margins of the fruit, where two carpels fuse. (This is parietal placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)
1832:
2313:
1763:
852:"Inflorescence Architecture: How Flower Number, Arrangement, and Phenology Affect Pollination and Fruit-Set"
2482:
2069:
1584:
87:, to fertilize one individual ovule. Some wind pollinated flowers have much reduced and modified ovaries.
2564:
2318:
560:
is a type of fleshy fruit that is often cited as an example, but close inspection of some pomes (such as
2298:
228:
Because aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from many ripened ovaries together, they are actually
2635:
2630:
2448:
711:"Fruit Set, Herbivory, Fruit Reduction, and the Fruiting Strategy of Catalpa Speciosa (Bignoniaceae)"
2586:
2431:
1481:
898:
544:
Likewise, only one quarter portion of a "three-quarters inferior ovary" is above the insertion.
232:
or groups of fruits that are arranged together in a structure. Some fruits, like the apple, are
2416:
2340:
566:) will show that it is really a half-inferior ovary. Flowers with inferior ovaries are termed
31:
2145:
2581:
626:"Some reflections on double fertilization, from its discovery to the present: Tansley review"
2303:
2200:
2155:
1827:
1386:
106:
83:
lands and germinates to grow down through the style to the ovary, and, for each individual
1803:
8:
2473:
2018:
375:
333:
237:
1209:
Moyle, Richard; Fairbairn, David J.; Ripi, Jonni; Crowe, Mark; Botella, Jose R. (2005).
585:
510:. Examples of this ovary type include the legumes (beans and peas and their relatives).
2411:
2276:
2054:
1746:
1532:
1428:
1358:
1320:
1139:
1104:
1085:
995:
987:
879:
785:
738:
325:
of each ovule. It is an outgrowth of the placenta, important in nourishing and guiding
322:
318:
206:; some culinary nuts such as the coconut and almond are another type of fruit called a
1105:"Recent advances in understanding and preventing peanut and tree nut hypersensitivity"
813:"Cone Production Reduced, Apparently by Drought, in the South-East of South Australia"
2569:
1418:
1413:
1338:
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979:
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871:
832:
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730:
691:
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669:
647:
642:
625:
63:(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the
1362:
1324:
999:
2355:
2261:
2256:
2210:
2103:
2088:
2049:
1974:
1815:
1739:
1636:
1578:
1350:
1312:
1222:
1211:"Developing pineapple fruit has a small transcriptome dominated by metallothionein"
1134:
1121:
1116:
1089:
1059:
1018:
969:
961:
863:
828:
824:
769:
722:
681:
637:
2150:
1184:
Graham, Julie; Jennings, Nikki (2009). Jain, S. Mohan; Priyadarshan, P.M. (eds.).
2609:
2591:
2453:
2282:
2232:
2220:
2182:
2118:
1945:
1913:
1874:
1847:
1676:
1671:
1562:
1498:
1379:
1064:
1047:
812:
370:
233:
218:
44:
899:"Sequential Changes of Pericarp Ultrastructure in Citrus reticulata Hesperidium"
2503:
2468:
2421:
2403:
2367:
2123:
1950:
1894:
1869:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1719:
1537:
1522:
1476:
1471:
1046:
Geiselhart, Sabine; Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin; Bublin, Merima (2018-08-01).
1022:
499:
229:
222:
76:
668:
Linkies, Ada; Graeber, Kai; Knight, Charles; Leubner-Metzger, Gerhard (2010).
2624:
2539:
2287:
2205:
2177:
2140:
2108:
2044:
2013:
1964:
1864:
1666:
1649:
1572:
1552:
1493:
1488:
1436:
1271:
1130:
1073:
983:
914:
875:
836:
781:
734:
605:
593:
589:
293:
126:
1250:
Watkins, Chris B.; Liu, Rui Hai (2011). "Pome Fruit". In Terry, Leon (ed.).
424:
fruit fall to reveal a septum that was between the two carpels of the ovary.
2534:
2524:
2426:
2135:
1644:
1611:
1236:
1148:
1081:
797:
695:
651:
529:
214:
186:
159:
134:
84:
1251:
2350:
2335:
2330:
2266:
2128:
1908:
1879:
1778:
1773:
1621:
1461:
1456:
1441:
1227:
1210:
1188:. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 233–248.
1013:
Willson, Mary (2000). Fenner, M. (ed.). "The
Ecology of Seed Dispersal".
326:
203:
117:
do not have an ovary but reproduce through fertilization of unprotected
2379:
2372:
2362:
2345:
2028:
2023:
1959:
1751:
1598:
1557:
1451:
991:
974:
949:
883:
851:
789:
757:
742:
710:
581:
562:
525:
483:
241:
199:
114:
110:
1341:; Hufford, Larry (2002). "Ovary Position Diversity in Saxifragaceae".
2487:
2384:
2113:
1918:
1899:
1810:
1734:
1654:
1606:
1547:
1527:
1466:
1045:
163:
145:
52:
1303:; Fishbein, Mark; Kuzoff, Robert K. (2003). "Evolution of Epigyny".
867:
773:
726:
2529:
2519:
2463:
2458:
2225:
2098:
2074:
1991:
1661:
1446:
1354:
1316:
1173:. USA-NPN Education and Engagement Series 2015-001. pp. 51–53.
965:
758:"The Evolution of Inflorescence Size in Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae)"
667:
479:
245:
19:
1714:
1709:
1626:
1616:
927:
576:
571:
474:
The terminology of the positions of ovaries is determined by the
434:
404:
175:
1103:
Kusari, Ayan; Han, Allison; Eichenfield, Lawrence (2018-10-30).
438:
Ovary insertion: I) superior; II) half-inferior; III) inferior.
321:. An obturator is present in the ovary of some plants, near the
2167:
2059:
1979:
1933:
1923:
1884:
1822:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1402:
353:
311:
306:
155:
80:
72:
68:
64:
56:
24:
1167:
Guertin, P.; Barnett, L.; Denny, E.G.; Schaffer, S.N. (2015).
2391:
2325:
2247:
2215:
2172:
2064:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1984:
1969:
1938:
1859:
1517:
1508:
503:
349:
265:
249:
207:
118:
102:
96:
60:
36:
51:
is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or
2242:
2237:
1889:
1729:
1704:
1699:
1683:
1542:
1166:
557:
130:
122:
170:
23:
Longitudinal section of female flower of a squash showing
2162:
1724:
1371:
1168:
236:
which can include other parts of the flower such as the
125:
that do not have a surrounding fruit, this meaning that
1208:
1015:
Seeds: The
Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities
268:
making up the raspberry. There is a seed in each drupe.
570:. Some examples of flowers with an inferior ovary are
506:, etc. A flower with this arrangement is described as
1287:
The
Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms
1299:
1253:
Health-promoting
Properties of Fruits and Vegetables
1102:
192:
556:lies below the attachment of other floral parts. A
429:
105:is the mature, ripened ovary of a flower following
1284:
1186:Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species
2622:
1183:
1387:
1337:
252:in addition to the mature and ripened ovary.
2493:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1170:USA National Phenology Network Botany Primer
755:
580:(inferior berry), banana (inferior berry),
1394:
1380:
1249:
756:Willson, Mary F.; Price, Peter W. (1977).
708:
1226:
1138:
1120:
1063:
973:
685:
641:
458:receptacle. The insertion point is where
2437:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
623:
433:
352:is made up of four carpels, and has one
174:
144:
30:
18:
1343:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1305:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1256:. Wallingford: CABI. pp. 196–217.
1012:
947:
592:of the squash, melon and gourd family,
171:Dispersal and evolutionary significance
133:"berries" are not fruits, but modified
2623:
810:
584:(inferior achene-like fruit, called a
515:
55:. Specifically, it is the part of the
1375:
1162:
1160:
1158:
849:
301:
162:in the ovule produces the nutritious
663:
661:
332:The ovary of some types of fruit is
896:
79:and the stigma, which is where the
71:. The pistil may be made up of one
13:
1155:
14:
2652:
2442:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
658:
547:
489:
193:Complications and types of fruits
16:Flowering plant reproductive part
2605:
2604:
687:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03249.x
643:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00846.x
478:, where the other floral parts (
430:Classification based on position
413:
395:
383:
361:
341:
285:
273:
257:
1331:
1293:
1278:
1243:
1202:
1177:
1096:
1039:
1006:
319:Ovule#Location within the plant
1215:Journal of Experimental Botany
1122:10.12688/f1000research.14450.1
941:
921:
890:
843:
829:10.1080/00049158.1960.10675890
804:
749:
709:Stephenson, Andrew G. (1980).
702:
617:
158:. Double fertilization of the
140:
1:
1285:Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001),
931:Evolutionary Ecology Research
611:
348:The syncarpous ovary of this
280:Section of a raspberry flower
2483:History of plant systematics
2070:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1289:, Cambridge University Press
1065:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.011
811:Pawsey, C. K. (1960-01-01).
7:
624:Raghavan, V. (2003-07-25).
599:
374:, the ovary of a fruit has
10:
2657:
2299:Alternation of generations
1401:
1023:10.1079/9780851994321.0085
856:American Journal of Botany
532:. Such flowers are termed
94:
2641:Plant reproductive system
2600:
2548:
2512:
2449:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2412:Biological classification
2402:
2275:
2191:
2087:
2037:
1762:
1692:
1635:
1597:
1571:
1507:
1427:
1409:
90:
2309:Evolutionary development
1017:(2nd ed.): 85–110.
670:"The evolution of seeds"
1960:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
954:The American Naturalist
948:Jordano, Pedro (1995).
2575:by author abbreviation
2499:Plant taxonomy systems
2417:Botanical nomenclature
850:Wyatt, Robert (1982).
471:
181:
151:
40:
28:
2582:Botanical expeditions
528:, which includes the
437:
178:
148:
121:, they produce naked
34:
22:
2314:Evolutionary history
2304:Double fertilization
2156:Cellular respiration
1052:Molecular Immunology
1048:"Tree nut allergens"
897:Kim, In-Sun (2003).
574:(inferior capsule),
107:double fertilization
1533:Non-vascular plants
817:Australian Forestry
522:half-inferior ovary
516:Half-inferior ovary
35:Cross section of a
2038:Surface structures
1833:Flower development
1339:Soltis, Douglas E.
1301:Soltis, Douglas E.
1228:10.1093/jxb/eri015
903:Applied Microscopy
472:
329:to the micropyle.
302:Parts of the ovary
182:
152:
41:
29:
2618:
2617:
2257:Herbaceous plants
2083:
2082:
1311:(S5): S251–S264.
1263:978-1-84593-529-0
1195:978-0-387-71203-1
402:The placentae in
2648:
2636:Plant morphology
2631:Organs (anatomy)
2608:
2607:
2587:Individual trees
2262:Secondary growth
2233:Succulent plants
2221:Prostrate shrubs
2104:Apical dominance
2089:Plant physiology
2050:Epicuticular wax
1595:
1594:
1588:
1579:Plant morphology
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1328:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1221:(409): 101–112.
1206:
1200:
1199:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1142:
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1100:
1094:
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689:
665:
656:
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645:
621:
417:
399:
387:
365:
345:
289:
277:
261:
234:accessory fruits
219:aggregate fruits
59:which holds the
45:flowering plants
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2596:
2565:Botanical terms
2558:
2544:
2508:
2454:Citrus taxonomy
2432:Author citation
2398:
2292:
2271:
2193:
2187:
2183:Turgor pressure
2091:
2079:
2033:
1848:Floral symmetry
1766:
1758:
1688:
1677:Vascular bundle
1672:Vascular tissue
1631:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1567:
1538:Vascular plants
1503:
1499:Plant pathology
1423:
1405:
1400:
1370:
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1332:
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1007:
946:
942:
926:
922:
895:
891:
868:10.2307/2443068
848:
844:
809:
805:
774:10.2307/2407517
754:
750:
727:10.2307/1937155
707:
703:
674:New Phytologist
666:
659:
630:New Phytologist
622:
618:
614:
602:
550:
518:
492:
476:insertion point
432:
425:
418:
409:
400:
391:
388:
379:
371:Peganum harmala
366:
357:
346:
304:
297:
290:
281:
278:
269:
262:
230:infructescences
223:multiple fruits
202:are not always
195:
173:
143:
99:
93:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2654:
2644:
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2556:
2555:Related topics
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2514:
2510:
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2504:Taxonomic rank
2501:
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2422:Botanical name
2414:
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2404:Plant taxonomy
2400:
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2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
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2380:Megasporangium
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2368:Microsporangia
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2206:Cushion plants
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2159:
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2143:
2141:Plant hormones
2138:
2133:
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2124:Photosynthesis
2121:
2116:
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1941:
1936:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:Floral formula
1840:
1838:Floral diagram
1835:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1767:(incl. Flower)
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1667:Storage organs
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:Spermatophytes
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:Archaeplastida
1520:
1514:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1477:Phytogeography
1474:
1472:Phytochemistry
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1429:Subdisciplines
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1355:10.1086/324528
1349:(2): 277–293.
1330:
1317:10.1086/376876
1292:
1277:
1262:
1242:
1201:
1194:
1176:
1154:
1095:
1038:
1031:
1005:
966:10.1086/285735
960:(2): 163–191.
940:
920:
889:
862:(4): 585–594.
842:
803:
768:(3): 495–511.
748:
701:
680:(4): 817–831.
657:
636:(3): 565–583.
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
601:
598:
554:inferior ovary
549:
548:Inferior ovary
546:
538:half-epigynous
517:
514:
496:superior ovary
491:
490:Superior ovary
488:
431:
428:
427:
426:
420:The valves of
419:
412:
410:
401:
394:
392:
389:
382:
380:
367:
360:
358:
347:
340:
303:
300:
299:
298:
291:
284:
282:
279:
272:
270:
263:
256:
204:botanical nuts
194:
191:
172:
169:
142:
139:
95:Main article:
92:
89:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2653:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2540:Phytochemical
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Transpiration
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:Inflorescence
1963:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:Ground tissue
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:Plant anatomy
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Plant ecology
1492:
1490:
1489:Plant anatomy
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Archaeobotany
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:F1000Research
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1032:9780851994321
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
936:
932:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
697:
693:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
653:
649:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
616:
607:
606:Fruit anatomy
604:
603:
597:
595:
594:Cucurbitaceae
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
555:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
530:crape myrtles
527:
523:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
487:
485:
481:
477:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
423:
416:
411:
407:
406:
398:
393:
386:
381:
377:
373:
372:
364:
359:
355:
351:
344:
339:
338:
337:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
308:
295:
294:inflorescence
288:
283:
276:
271:
267:
260:
255:
254:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
215:simple fruits
211:
209:
205:
201:
200:culinary nuts
190:
188:
177:
168:
165:
161:
157:
147:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
98:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
33:
26:
21:
2535:Horticulture
2525:Floriculture
2427:Correct name
2277:Reproduction
2267:Woody plants
2192:Plant growth
2151:Gas Exchange
2136:Phytomelanin
2014:Plant embryo
1928:
1764:Reproductive
1612:Phragmoplast
1346:
1342:
1333:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1252:
1245:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1185:
1179:
1169:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1014:
1008:
957:
953:
943:
934:
930:
923:
909:(1): 79–92.
906:
902:
892:
859:
855:
845:
823:(1): 74–75.
820:
816:
806:
765:
761:
751:
721:(1): 57–64.
718:
714:
704:
677:
673:
633:
629:
619:
575:
567:
561:
553:
551:
542:
537:
533:
521:
519:
512:
507:
500:true berries
495:
493:
475:
473:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
421:
403:
378:into valves.
369:
331:
327:pollen tubes
316:
305:
227:
212:
196:
187:endozoochory
183:
160:central cell
153:
100:
85:pollen grain
48:
42:
2351:Pollen tube
2346:Pollinators
2336:Pollination
2331:Germination
2146:Respiration
2129:Chlorophyll
1975:Pedicellate
1909:Gametophyte
1828:Aestivation
1779:Antheridium
1774:Archegonium
1622:Plasmodesma
1599:Plant cells
1462:Paleobotany
1457:Ethnobotany
1442:Astrobotany
975:10261/42645
442:androecium
141:Development
115:gymnosperms
2625:Categories
2373:Microspore
2363:Sporangium
2341:Artificial
2029:Sporophyte
2024:Sporophyll
2019:Receptacle
1914:Gynandrium
1784:Androecium
1693:Vegetative
1563:Angiosperm
1558:Gymnosperm
1452:Dendrology
937:: 701–718.
612:References
588:) and the
582:Asteraceae
563:Pyracantha
534:perigynous
526:Lythraceae
508:hypogynous
484:androecium
446:gynoecium
242:hypanthium
238:receptacle
113:. Because
111:angiosperm
2570:Botanists
2488:Herbarium
2385:Megaspore
2283:Evolution
2226:Subshrubs
2194:and habit
2119:Nutrition
2114:Cellulose
2109:Bulk flow
2092:Materials
2055:Epidermis
1919:Gynoecium
1900:Endosperm
1895:Dispersal
1811:Staminode
1747:Sessility
1735:Cataphyll
1655:Mesophyll
1607:Cell wall
1548:Lycophyte
1528:Bryophyte
1482:Geobotany
1467:Phycology
1272:758335853
1131:2046-1402
1074:0161-5890
1058:: 71–81.
984:0003-0147
915:2287-5123
876:0002-9122
837:0004-9158
782:0014-3820
762:Evolution
735:0012-9658
568:epigynous
470:converge.
334:dehiscent
323:micropyle
164:endosperm
53:gynoecium
2610:Category
2530:Forestry
2520:Agronomy
2513:Practice
2464:Cultivar
2459:Cultigen
2319:timeline
2211:Rosettes
2099:Aleurone
2075:Trichome
1992:Perianth
1804:Filament
1662:Meristem
1585:glossary
1447:Bryology
1363:85947971
1325:83871403
1237:15520025
1149:30467518
1115:: 1716.
1082:29680588
1000:86615972
798:28563471
696:20406407
652:33873607
600:See also
480:perianth
368:In this
246:perianth
150:flowers.
2288:Ecology
2045:Cuticle
1875:Capsule
1865:Anatomy
1816:Tapetum
1740:Petiole
1715:Rhizome
1710:Rhizoid
1637:Tissues
1627:Vacuole
1617:Plastid
1419:Outline
1414:History
1140:6208566
1090:5069722
992:2463122
884:2443068
790:2407517
743:1937155
715:Ecology
586:cypsela
577:Fuchsia
572:orchids
454:sepals
450:petals
422:Lunaria
405:Lunaria
307:Locules
180:layers.
127:juniper
43:In the
2592:Plants
2495:(IAPT)
2248:Lianas
2216:Shrubs
2168:Starch
2060:Nectar
1980:Raceme
1946:Stigma
1934:Locule
1924:Carpel
1885:Pyrena
1823:Flower
1799:Anther
1794:Stamen
1789:Pollen
1511:groups
1403:Botany
1361:
1323:
1270:
1260:
1235:
1192:
1147:
1137:
1129:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1029:
998:
990:
982:
913:
882:
874:
835:
796:
788:
780:
741:
733:
694:
650:
504:drupes
466:, and
354:locule
266:drupes
221:, and
156:zygote
119:ovules
109:in an
91:Fruits
81:pollen
73:carpel
69:sepals
65:petals
57:pistil
25:pistil
2552:Lists
2469:Group
2392:Spore
2326:Flora
2243:Vines
2238:Trees
2201:Habit
2173:Sugar
2065:Stoma
2007:Sepal
2002:Petal
1997:Tepal
1985:Umbel
1970:Bract
1951:Style
1939:Ovule
1929:Ovary
1870:Berry
1860:Fruit
1853:Whorl
1720:Shoot
1518:Algae
1509:Plant
1359:S2CID
1321:S2CID
1086:S2CID
996:S2CID
988:JSTOR
880:JSTOR
786:JSTOR
739:JSTOR
376:split
350:melon
312:septa
310:have
250:calyx
248:, or
208:drupe
135:cones
123:seeds
103:fruit
97:Fruit
77:style
61:ovule
49:ovary
47:, an
39:ovary
37:tulip
2474:Grex
2356:Self
1890:Seed
1752:Stem
1730:Leaf
1705:Root
1700:Bulb
1684:Wood
1645:Cork
1543:Fern
1268:OCLC
1258:ISBN
1233:PMID
1190:ISBN
1145:PMID
1127:ISSN
1078:PMID
1070:ISSN
1027:ISBN
980:ISSN
911:ISSN
872:ISSN
833:ISSN
794:PMID
778:ISSN
731:ISSN
692:PMID
648:PMID
590:pepo
558:pome
482:and
129:and
67:and
2163:Sap
1880:Nut
1725:Bud
1351:doi
1347:163
1313:doi
1309:164
1223:doi
1135:PMC
1117:doi
1060:doi
1056:100
1019:doi
970:hdl
962:doi
958:145
864:doi
825:doi
770:doi
723:doi
682:doi
678:186
638:doi
634:159
552:An
536:or
131:yew
2627::
1357:.
1345:.
1319:.
1307:.
1266:.
1231:.
1219:56
1217:.
1213:.
1157:^
1143:.
1133:.
1125:.
1111:.
1107:.
1084:.
1076:.
1068:.
1054:.
1050:.
1025:.
994:.
986:.
978:.
968:.
956:.
952:.
933:.
907:33
905:.
901:.
878:.
870:.
860:69
858:.
854:.
831:.
821:24
819:.
815:.
792:.
784:.
776:.
766:31
764:.
760:.
737:.
729:.
719:61
717:.
713:.
690:.
676:.
672:.
660:^
646:.
632:.
628:.
596:.
520:A
502:,
494:A
462:,
244:,
240:,
217:,
210:.
101:A
1587:)
1583:(
1395:e
1388:t
1381:v
1365:.
1353::
1327:.
1315::
1274:.
1239:.
1225::
1198:.
1151:.
1119::
1113:7
1092:.
1062::
1035:.
1021::
1002:.
972::
964::
935:2
917:.
886:.
866::
839:.
827::
800:.
772::
745:.
725::
698:.
684::
654:.
640::
468:s
464:p
460:a
456:r
452:s
448:p
444:g
440:a
356:.
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