7099:
different verbs, others almost never. Among the verbs that can incorporate—and some do not incorporate at all—there is a continuum of productivity. At their most productive, verbs can incorporate one of any number of nouns, in fact, some verbs can only occur together with an incorporated noun. Verbs at their most unproductive can incorporate only a single noun. Between these extremes are additional types: verbs that can incorporate only a restricted set of nouns; verb and noun combinations that are highly idiomatic—these often denote conventionalized activities (e.g., English 'he information-gathered)—so that separating the noun, though interpretable, is perceived as inappropriate.
670:
completeness. When used in the past tense, the event is described as "over and done-with." It cannot describe an event that is interrupted or incomplete. The third aspect is the stative (STAT) (also known as imperfective) refers to an event that is ongoing or incomplete or, if it occurs in the past tense, that has some bearing on the present. Finally, there is the purposive aspect (PURP), which refers to imminent action and usually implies intent or volition on the part of the subject. Active verbs can appear with any of the first three aspects. Motion verbs can appear with any of all four aspects. Stative verbs can only appear with the stative aspect.
6863:. Fusion occurs in two ways: a single morpheme may have two or more functions (or meanings) in a given word or contiguous morphemes may affect each other's shape in such a way that it is difficult to segment the word into morphemes. A language is agglutinative if the morphemes composing a word each carries its own meaning and can be easily segmented from its neighbor. Onondaga is fusional (in the second sense of that term). Fusion is especially prevalent at the boundary between prefixes and the stem. Here certain phonological processes take place which change the shapes of one or both contiguous morphemes. For example:
7289:
2191:
some unknown person. It is sometimes called the feminine-indefinite. For groups of people that contain both men and women, the masculine is used. The third is neuter (N), which is used to refer to most animals and inanimate objects. In older texts, the neuter is used to refer to human females in certain circumstances, although this usage is no longer common. See Abrams (2006: 17) for more discussion. (Abbott, 1984 also discusses two feminine genders in Oneida.) Here are some examples.
1852:
prefix depends on the identity of the following sound. This gives rise to several series of pronominal prefixes, which are labelled according to the following segment. These include the c-series (for pronominal prefixes which precede a consonant), the a-series (for pronominal prefixes which precede /a/), the e-series, ę-series, o-series, ǫ-series, and i-series. Finally, the pronominal prefixes inflect for person, number and gender. We discuss each of these in turn.
2390:
involuntary action or states are conjugated with the patient series. There are so many exceptions to this generalization, however, that one has to simply learn for each intransitive verb whether it takes the agent or the patient series. There is an additional rule for the intransitive verbs that take the agent series. When these verbs appear with stative aspect, they use the patient series rather than the agent series. This rule does not have any exceptions.
290:, or "they will get to know the language") has been engaged in language revitalization efforts since 2010. Children learn the Onondaga language at Onondaga Nation School, and classes are also available for adults. In September 2015, it was announced that fifteen adults would enter a full-time language immersion class in Onondaga, after which they would become teachers of the language. In Canada,
7098:
Noun incorporation is a highly productive process in
Onondaga. However, its productivity is an attribute of individual nouns and verbs. Every noun and every verb is lexically marked in terms of its incorporation characteristics. Some nouns incorporate frequently, that is, they can combine with many
6995:
According to
Woodbury (2003), nouns in Onondaga are categorized into two main classes. These are non-human and human. The inanimate nouns are further divided into natural and man-made. The prefix (NPRE) on the noun depends on these classes. For inanimate nouns, the prefix is either /o-/ for natural
2190:
Additionally, Onondaga distinguishes three genders, which are realized in the third person only. The first is masculine (M), which is used to refer to male humans and certain animals, either alone or in a group. The second is feminine (F). This is used to refer to female humans, certain animals, or
1571:
The dualic (DUC) does not have a specific meaning. The form of the dualic is /de-/, but changes when it appears in combination with other prepronominal prefixes. Whenever it appears with a verb stem, it changes the meaning in unpredictable ways. Usually, however, there is some notion of there being
282:
According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's
Languages in Danger, there are about 10 mother tongue Onondaga speakers in New York, and 40 native speakers on the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario, Canada. The language has come to be endangered due to the pressure to assimilate to English as the language
6901:
Languages are also classified in terms of the preeminent morphological processes they manifest. In
Onondaga the two major morphological processes are prefixing and suffixing. Prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes, that is, they are morphemes that cannot occur in isolation. Onondaga verbs must,
6851:
The constituent morphemes are separated by hyphens in the second line of the example. Each one is translated, as closely as possible, in the third line. It is important to understand that none of the component morphemes is a separate word, since they cannot be uttered, or understood, in isolation.
6206:
A reflexive action is something that you do to yourself. A reciprocal action is something people do to each other. Reciprocals must have at least two people involved. They are formed with the reflexive marker and the dualic prepronominal prefix discussed in section 3.4.1.1.2.4. Here is an example.
6045:
sentences such as "John saw himself," and "We like ourselves," and reciprocal sentences such as "We like each other." The basic form of the reflexive marker (REFL) is /atat-/ and it appears right after the pronominal prefix and before the incorporated noun, if any. The reflexive is typically found
2389:
Finally, we observe that there are two series of prefixes for intransitive verbs, the agent series (AG) and the patient series (PAT). As a general rule, verbs which involve active, purposeful movement or activity on the part of the subject are conjugated with the agent series. Verbs which involve
678:
A typical
Onondaga verb consists of several morphemes (components). The following chart outlines the order of the morphemes. Obligatory morphemes appear in boldface, and optional morphemes are in standard font. Note that some of the "optional" morphemes are obligatory with certain verb roots. The
7016:
The first example shows that the nominal root -nęh- "corn" has been incorporated into the verbal complex forming a single word. The second example shows the noun /onęhaʔ/ ('corn') as a separate word and preceded by the particle neʔ, a particle which marks a following word or phrase as a nominal.
1866:
Here, when John says we, it does not include the person he's talking to. In other words, Mary doesn't get to go to the movies. This use of we is called the first person exclusive. English does not make a distinction between inclusive and exclusive we but
Onondaga does. Consider the following two
1851:
There are three series of pronominal prefixes in
Onondaga. There is a transitive series, used with transitive verbs. Intransitive verbs use either the agent series or the patient series. The choice between the latter two is often complex, as we will see. The phonological shape of the pronominal
1323:
The repetitive morpheme adds the meaning of doing something again or repeating some-thing. The basic form of the repetitive morpheme is /s-/. Here are some examples. Example (37) has the prepronominal prefix /sa-/, which is a combination of both repetitive and factual mood. Example (38) has the
1314:
In addition to the modal prefixes, there is also a set of prefixes that express a variety of concepts, some of which do not have a clearly distinct meaning, rather their meaning varies depending on context. The list of these includes repetitive, cislocative, dualic, translocative, partitive,
294:
is a revitalization project that launched in 2017 with six new language learners. It is an adult immersion program that implements the Six
Nations Language Commission's (SNLC) framework. They are involved with translating the local radio station, putting on programs with local elementary and
6322:
First, when a person's own body part is the object of the action a semireflexive is normally used. Here is an example with and without a semireflexive. Again notice that the form with the semireflexive uses the intransitive pronominal prefix while the form without the semireflexive uses the
669:
There are four aspects in
Onondaga. The first is the habitual aspect (HAB). This aspect is used to refer to an event that takes place repeatedly or on an ongoing basis. The second is the punctual aspect (PUNC) (also known as perfective aspect). This aspect refers to an entire event in its
7013:, of patient, theme, factitive theme, location, goal, path, or instrument are eligible for incorporation. Of these, it is nouns designating semantic patients and themes that are most frequently incorporated. Semantic agents, causers, and beneficiaries are not eligible for incorporation.
1549:
The cislocative (CLOC) morpheme is used to indicate movement toward the speaker. It can also mean that a particular event is pinpointed back in time. In some cases, the meaning of the cislocative is unpredictable. Some of these are listed below. There are two forms of the cislocative.
6202:
In the non-reflexive transitive form there is a pronominal prefix, /sk-/ that indicates the subject ('you') and the object ('me'). In the reflexive form, there is only one participant in the act of kicking ('me'), so the intransitive form of the pronominal prefix is used, /k-/.
1572:
two of something or of some reciprocal activity such as trading. Also, some verb roots must appear with the dualic prepronominal prefix. In examples (41) and (42), the dualic prefix is obligatory. In example (43), the dualic prefix adds the meaning of becoming two pieces.
6319:(SRFL) appears in a variety of circumstances that are not easy to pin down. The usual form of the semireflexive is /at-/, but certain verb roots take different forms. Listed here are some of the more common situations in which the semireflexive is used.
283:
of power. Standardization also occurred in residential schools across Canada in the 1800s to 1900s. Young boys and girls at the Mohawk
Institute Indian Residential School in Brantford, Ontario were punished for using their heritage language.
735:, which expresses the degree of urgency, certainty or likelihood of the event. There are three modal prefixes in Onondaga. The modal prefixes only appear with the punctual aspect. They also appear if there is a modalizer suffix.
807:
The second is the factual modal prefix. This prefix indicates that the speaker knows the event happened for a fact. It typically has a past tense reading (since we are normally only sure about events that happened in the past).
6046:
only on transitive verbs, but because there is only one participant in the event, we use the intransitive series of pronominal prefixes. Here's an example of a reflexive and a regular (non-reflexive) transitive for comparison.
657:
Onondaga verbs can be divided into three main classes according to their aspectual properties (discussed below). These are the active verbs, motion verbs, and stative verbs. We must distinguish between tense and aspect.
7008:
is a process of compounding in which two stems, a noun and a verb stem, are combined into a new stem that is inflected with verbal morphology and that functions as a verb. Nouns occupying the semantic roles or
881:
modal prefix. This prefix expresses the idea that the event should or ought to take place. It is also used to express untrue events or events that might have taken place but have not. Here are some examples.
2000:
Three numbers are also distinguished in Onondaga: singular (for one entity, SG), dual (for two entities, DU), and plural (for three or more entities, PL). In the glosses, singular is marked with SG,
7405:
8428:
2393:
There are six classes of conjugations which depend on the initial sound of the following morpheme (i.e., the first sound of the verb root or of the incorporated noun if there is one).
5521:
The following chart lists the pronominal prefixes for stems that begin with a consonant. Note that (y) or (w) in brackets disappears when preceded by a pre-pronominal prefix.
5001:
The following chart lists the pronominal prefixes for stems that begin with a consonant. Note that (y) or (w) in brackets disappears when preceded by a pre-pronominal prefix.
4481:
The following chart lists the pronominal prefixes for stems that begin with a consonant. Note that (y) or (w) in brackets disappears when preceded by a pre-pronominal prefix.
3441:
The following chart lists the pronominal prefixes for stems that begin with a consonant. Note that (y) or (w) in brackets disappears when preceded by a pre-pronominal prefix.
2921:
The following chart lists the pronominal prefixes for stems that begin with a consonant. Note that (y) or (w) in brackets disappears when preceded by a pre-pronominal prefix.
2401:
The following chart lists the pronominal prefixes for stems that begin with a consonant. Note that (y) or (w) in brackets disappears when preceded by a pre-pronominal prefix.
6855:
A second way in which linguists classify the morphology of languages is in terms of how the morphemes of a word combine. This distinction is between languages that are
3961:
The following chart lists the pronominal prefixes for stems that begin with /ę/. Note that (y) or (w) in brackets disappears when preceded by a pre-pronominal prefix.
1867:
words. The pronominal prefix /dn-/ indicates a first person dual inclusive subject, and the pronominal prefix /agn-/ indicates a first person dual exclusive subject.
738:
The first of these is commonly called the future modal prefix. This prefix expresses events that have not yet taken place at the time the speaker is talking.
1324:
prepronominal prefix /ęs-/, which is a combination of repetitive and future. These contrast with example (39), which does not have the repetitive morpheme.
7306:
617:). Vowels can be both short and long. When vowel length derives from the now lost consonant *r, it is phonemic. Vowel length is written with a following
7414:
6996:
objects or /ka-/ for man-made objects. The noun forming suffix also depends on the noun class. It is /aʔ/ for non-human nouns and /-h/ for human nouns.
6316:
7770:
7609:
8433:
8443:
8438:
7102:
The use of noun incorporation is governed by various discourse factors. It is often used as a way of backgrounding information.
8448:
8423:
8397:
1563:
The translocative (TLOC) morpheme is used to indicate movement away from the speaker. The form of the translocative is /he-/
205:
8393:
7763:
7602:
7558:
7461:
7354:
7848:
543:
515:
195:
951:
The following chart lists forms of the three modal prepronominal prefixes and indicates when to use which form.
8328:
7531:
7896:
7113:
is typically free in Onondaga (though see question formation below). It depends on various discourse factors.
6992:
A basic noun is composed of the following three morphemes in this order: noun prefix, root, and noun suffix.
645:
language, exhibiting a great deal of inflectional and derivational morphology on the verbal forms (including
6641:
Finally, the semireflexive is used to describe events or actions that are internally caused or spontaneous.
8252:
8232:
7756:
7595:
550:
529:
181:
586:
582:
570:
566:
442:
438:
423:
418:
413:
401:
392:
376:
362:
357:
350:
8374:
8138:
7005:
492:
6815:
6731:
6633:
6527:
6420:
6307:
1784:
1712:
1632:
1471:
1395:
7798:
2001:
7288:
7737:
7482:(1975a). "Onondaga Noun Incorporation: Some Notes on the Interdependence of Syntax and Semantics".
649:). Nominal forms have less morphology. Additionally, there are particles, which are monomorphemic.
8212:
8148:
244:
64:
7906:
1859:: first (I or we), second (you) and third (he, she, it or they). The first person can be either
8380:
8359:
8095:
7672:
7647:
323:
7961:
666:
refers to the event itself, such as whether it is finished or ongoing or occurs repeatedly.
8364:
8176:
8065:
7888:
7853:
7815:
7921:
7582:
8:
8369:
8333:
8009:
7878:
7779:
7719:
7618:
732:
731:
The prepronominal prefixes express a variety of concepts and ideas. The first concept is
387:
369:
114:
6952:
Nouns must, minimally, begin in a nominal prefix and end in a noun suffix. For example:
8343:
8278:
8120:
8057:
8042:
7911:
7833:
7828:
7677:
7521:
7499:
7451:
7207:
Yes–no questions are formed by appending the question-particle to the questioned item:
7010:
6903:
1863:(EXCL), which excludes the listener, or inclusive (INCL), which includes the listener.
1856:
663:
646:
318:
267:
173:
8418:
8323:
8273:
8128:
8110:
8105:
8085:
8080:
7966:
7703:
7652:
7564:
7554:
7537:
7527:
7503:
7467:
7457:
7438:
7430:
6856:
6042:
662:
refers to when the event takes place, either in the past, the present or the future.
659:
434:
338:
328:
461:
in this case. There is considerable palatalization and affrication in the language.
201:
8318:
8308:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8207:
8202:
8192:
8158:
8100:
8047:
7994:
7956:
7901:
7863:
7823:
7793:
7687:
7491:
7254:
72:
7682:
7330:
718:
Each of the following sections outlines the shapes that these morphemes can take.
8313:
8303:
8298:
8257:
8166:
8133:
8090:
8037:
8027:
8022:
8017:
7976:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7916:
7868:
7858:
7667:
7657:
7642:
7632:
7429:. Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics. Vol. 25.
333:
241:
106:
84:
7926:
186:
8247:
8197:
8171:
8070:
7931:
7873:
7729:
7479:
618:
345:
263:
626:
8412:
8237:
7843:
7838:
7637:
7276:
6860:
1161:
971:
642:
474:
255:
54:
8338:
8242:
7999:
7121:
1118:
589:. The nasal vowels, following the Iroquoianist tradition, are spelled with
8143:
7442:
679:
obligatory morphemes, however, must appear on each and every single verb.
157:
7984:
7413:(PhD Dissertation). Buffalo: State University of New York. Archived from
578:
520:
501:
486:
469:
8075:
7281:
7110:
1555:/di-/ used with any 2nd person or 1st person inclusive, except 2.SG.AG
562:
537:
479:
7748:
7587:
7989:
1860:
509:
450:
446:
166:
150:
7495:
878:
408:
304:
248:
247:, one of the original five constituent tribes of the League of the
236:
213:
7568:
7541:
453:(the bottom row of the chart labelled 'sonorant') and are spelled
271:
209:
68:
7471:
7434:
590:
259:
240:, literally "Onondaga is our language") is the language of the
50:
6844:
FACT-change.of.state-she-self-belly-burst-at.one.point.in.time
6773:
6689:
6591:
6493:
6386:
6367:
8429:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
7355:"Six Nations of the Grand River | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
6232:
1731:
1651:
1586:
1414:
1338:
6837:-change.of.state-she-self-belly-burst-at.one.point.in.time
6535:
Second, the semireflexive is used with verbs of grooming.
295:
secondary schools, and outreach events for the community.
212:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7381:
6902:
minimally, begin in a pronominal prefix and inflect for
1207:
any 2nd person or 1st person inclusive (except 2.SG.AG)
1017:
any 2nd person or 1st person inclusive (except 2.SG.AG)
7307:"Onondaga Nation's urgent mission: Saving our language"
7091:
FACT-he-plant-PUNC nominal.particle it-corn-noun.suffix
605:). In New York, they are represented with a following
1309:
7331:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
2004:is marked with DU, and plural is marked with PL.
8410:
6521:FACT- 1.SG.AG:3.SG.F.PAT- arm- JOIN- raise- PUNC
726:
1169:default (/a-/ and /a꞉-/ are in free variation)
6036:
226:
38:
32:
7764:
7603:
7484:International Journal of American Linguistics
573:is sometimes represented orthographically as
7551:A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language
7523:Onondaga-English/English-Onondaga Dictionary
7453:A Comparative Study of Lake-Iroquoian Accent
6627:John FACT- 3.SG.M.AG- SRFL- body- wash- PUNC
593:in the scholarly literature and in Ontario (
286:The Onondaga Nation Language Center (called
6414:FACT- 1.SG.AG- SRFL- arm- JOIN- raise- PUNC
6301:FACT- DUC- 3.DU.AG- REFL- laugh- CAUS- PUNC
277:
7771:
7757:
7610:
7596:
7062:
7031:
6834:
6655:
6557:
6439:
6337:
6221:
6136:
6060:
2335:
2270:
2205:
2140:
2079:
2018:
1946:
1881:
1490:
1342:
1083:
1029:
991:
819:
721:
262:, primarily on the reservation in central
21:Iroquoian language spoken in North America
7510:
7478:
7449:
6725:FACT- 3.SG.N.PAT- SRFL- door- apply- PUNC
7553:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
7548:
7526:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
7519:
6928:
6576:
2354:
1965:
1900:
1811:
1750:
1670:
1509:
1437:
1361:
1231:
1041:
912:
838:
768:
7778:
7617:
7427:A Semantically Based Sketch of Onondaga
7300:
7298:
7191:
7164:where place here-it-house-be.lying-STAT
7066:
7035:
6936:
6924:
6754:
6716:
6670:
6618:
6572:
6512:
6470:
6466:
6454:
6405:
6352:
6292:
6186:
6163:
6151:
6109:
6075:
2373:
2350:
2308:
2285:
2243:
2224:
2220:
2174:
2113:
2052:
2033:
1984:
1919:
1830:
1807:
1769:
1746:
1697:
1666:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1528:
1505:
1456:
1433:
1380:
1357:
1315:coincident, contrastive, and negative.
1289:
1281:
1239:
1185:
1142:
1099:
1091:
1049:
995:
935:
908:
861:
834:
791:
764:
206:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8411:
7403:
1846:
235:
7752:
7591:
7424:
7304:
7272:
7270:
7232:
7116:
6999:
6987:
6970:
6966:
6932:
6881:
6877:
6847:"she blabbed, she revealed a secret"
6758:
6674:
6580:
6458:
6356:
6251:
6155:
6147:
6079:
5991:
5985:
5918:
5840:
5790:
5471:
5465:
5398:
5320:
5270:
4951:
4945:
4878:
4800:
4750:
4431:
4425:
4358:
4280:
4230:
3911:
3905:
3838:
3760:
3710:
3391:
3385:
3318:
3240:
3190:
2871:
2865:
2798:
2720:
2670:
2289:
2155:
2151:
2090:
2029:
1996:'We two (someone else and I) ate it.'
1273:
1235:
1219:
1181:
1045:
916:
893:
842:
772:
7515:(PhD Dissertation). Yale University.
7376:
7374:
7295:
6920:
6809:3.SG.N.PAT- SRFL- earth- break- STAT
6762:
6750:
6678:
6666:
6568:
6474:
6462:
6450:
6348:
6243:
6167:
6159:
6071:
2346:
2281:
2216:
1957:
1892:
1803:
1742:
1662:
1597:
1501:
1429:
1418:
1353:
1301:'It might plant me.' (ex, a monster)
1285:
1277:
1223:
1138:
1095:
1087:
1033:
904:
830:
760:
749:
652:
7305:Moses, Sarah (September 13, 2015).
7124:begin with the interrogative word:
6247:
2094:
1961:
1896:
1261:optionally replaces sequence /awa/
1227:
1071:optionally replaces sequence waʔwa
1037:
13:
7267:
6814:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
6730:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
6632:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
6526:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
6419:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
6306:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
6195:FACT- 2.SG.AG:1.SG.PAT- kick- PUNC
2255:'She ate it.' OR 'Someone ate it.'
1783:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1711:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1631:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1470:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1394:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
673:
449:voiced to and before vowels and
14:
8460:
8434:First Nations languages in Canada
7576:
7371:
7347:
6411:waʔ- k- at- nęntsh- a- getsgw- aʔ
6304:'They two made each other laugh.'
6281:
6262:
6090:
1310:Non-modal pre-pronominal prefixes
549:
542:
528:
519:
514:
500:
491:
303:This table shows the (consonant)
237:[onũdaʔɡeɡáʔniɡawẽnoʔdẽʔ]
7287:
1558:
1111:'It planted me.' (ex, a monster)
7222:
7155:
6885:
6800:
6624:John waʔ- ha- at- yaʔt- ohae- ʔ
6518:waʔ- khe- nęntsh- a- getsgw- aʔ
6298:waʔ- t- hy- atat- yǫtya- ht- ęʔ
6118:FACT- 1.SG.AG- REFL- kick- PUNC
254:This language is spoken in the
8444:Endangered Iroquoian languages
8439:Languages of the United States
7513:Noun Incorporation in Onondaga
7359:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
7323:
6323:transitive pronominal prefix.
1544:
1:
8449:Languages of New York (state)
7260:
7105:
6841:waʔ-d-yų-adet-gwęʔd-ʔnegaꞏ-aʔ
6831:waʔ-d-yų-adet-gwęʔd-ʔnegaꞏ-aʔ
5620:Intransitive, Patient-series
5100:Intransitive, Patient-series
4580:Intransitive, Patient-series
4060:Intransitive, Patient-series
3540:Intransitive, Patient-series
3020:Intransitive, Patient-series
2500:Intransitive, Patient-series
1855:Onondaga distinguishes three
1706:DUC- 3.SG.M- road- cross- HAB
1389:REP.FACT- 3.SG.M- plant- PUNC
1318:
727:Modal pre-pronominal prefixes
636:
99:increasing numbers since 2010
8424:Northern Iroquoian languages
8253:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
7407:Onondaga Pronominal Prefixes
7088:waʔ-ha-yęthw-aʔ neʔ o-nęh-aʔ
1931:'We two (you and I) ate it.'
1465:REP.FUT- 3.SG.M- plant- PUNC
1058:FACT-1.DU.INCL.AG-plant-PUNC
870:FACT- 3.SG.M.AG- plant- PUNC
307:that are found in Onondaga.
298:
7:
8375:Plains Indian Sign Language
7382:"Gawęnahwishe' Onǫda'gega'"
7248:
6037:Reflexive and semireflexive
5525:Intransitive, Agent-series
5005:Intransitive, Agent-series
4485:Intransitive, Agent-series
3965:Intransitive, Agent-series
3445:Intransitive, Agent-series
2925:Intransitive, Agent-series
2405:Intransitive, Agent-series
1251:'You and I might plant it.'
1248:OPT-1.DU.INCL.AG-plant-PUNC
944:OPT- 3.SG.M.AG- plant- PUNC
800:FUT- 3.SG.M.AG- plant- PUNC
693:reflexive or semireflexive
10:
8465:
8226:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
7425:Chafe, Wallace L. (1970).
6722:waʔ- w- at- ehnhohw- aR- k
6115:waʔ- k- atat- aehsęthw- aʔ
1993:FACT- 1.DU.EXCL- eat- PUNC
1928:FACT- 1.DU.INCL- eat- PUNC
228:Onoñdaʼgegáʼ nigaweñoʼdeñʼ
8390:
8352:
8266:
8225:
8185:
8157:
8119:
8056:
8008:
7975:
7887:
7814:
7807:
7786:
7728:
7712:
7696:
7625:
7511:Woodbury, Hanni (1975b).
7450:Michelson, Karin (1988).
7386:Gawęnahwishe' Onǫda'gega'
7055:waʔhayę́thwaʔ neʔ onę́haʔ
6812:'The earth has caved in.'
6029:
6016:
5997:
5994:
5982:
5974:
5890:
5762:
5687:
5674:
5665:
5651:
5637:
5624:
5584:
5570:
5548:
5542:
5529:
5516:
5509:
5496:
5477:
5474:
5462:
5454:
5370:
5242:
5167:
5154:
5145:
5131:
5117:
5104:
5064:
5050:
5028:
5022:
5009:
4996:
4989:
4976:
4957:
4954:
4942:
4934:
4850:
4722:
4647:
4634:
4625:
4611:
4597:
4584:
4544:
4530:
4508:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4469:
4456:
4437:
4434:
4422:
4414:
4330:
4202:
4127:
4114:
4105:
4091:
4077:
4064:
4024:
4010:
3988:
3982:
3969:
3956:
3949:
3936:
3917:
3914:
3902:
3894:
3810:
3682:
3607:
3594:
3585:
3571:
3557:
3544:
3504:
3490:
3468:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3429:
3416:
3397:
3394:
3382:
3374:
3290:
3162:
3087:
3074:
3065:
3051:
3037:
3024:
2984:
2970:
2948:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2909:
2896:
2877:
2874:
2862:
2854:
2770:
2642:
2567:
2554:
2545:
2531:
2517:
2504:
2464:
2450:
2428:
2422:
2409:
2396:
1566:
1537:FACT- 3.SG.M- plant- PUNC
1468:'He will plant it again.'
1160:
970:
292:Gawęnahwishe' Onǫda'gega'
288:Neʼ Eñhadiweñnayeñdeʼnhaʼ
192:
180:
164:
148:
143:
103:
91:
79:
60:
46:
31:
26:
8233:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
7549:Woodbury, Hanni (2018).
7520:Woodbury, Hanni (2002).
6630:'John washed (himself).'
1781:'He breaks it into two.'
1108:FACT-1.SG.PAT-plant-PUNC
685:pre-pronominal prefixes
278:Usage and revitalization
7583:Language Geek: Onondaga
7154:here-it-house-be.lying-
7094:'he planted (the) corn'
7044:FACT-he-corn-plant-PUNC
6859:and languages that are
6827:waʔdyųdetgwęʔdaʔnéꞏgaꞏʔ
6806:o- at- ųhwęjy- yaʔk- ih
6041:This section discusses
2382:FACT- 3.SG.M- eat- PUNC
2317:FACT- 3.SG.N- eat- PUNC
2252:FACT- 3.SG.F- eat- PUNC
1778:DUC- 3.SG.M- break- HAB
1298:OPT-1.SG.PAT-plant-PUNC
1061:'You and I planted it.'
722:Pre-pronominal prefixes
712:expanded aspect suffix
227:
39:
33:
8398:Canadian dictionaries
8381:Maritime Sign Language
8360:American Sign Language
7849:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
7404:Abrams, Percy (2006).
7197:wadę́ʔ ni-hs-adyéꞏ-haʔ
7161:gaę nų́ t-ga-nųhs-yę-ʔ
2320:'Something/it ate it.'
1703:de- ha- ahah- iyaʔk- s
1392:'He planted it again.'
960:Pre-pronominal Prefix
704:derivational suffixes
194:This article contains
8394:Canadian style guides
7456:. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
7203:"What are you doing?"
7167:"Where is the house?"
6980:N.AG-pail-noun.suffix
6432:waʔkhenęntshagetsgwaʔ
6330:waʔgadnęntshagetsgwaʔ
6192:waʔ- sk- aehsęthw- aʔ
2183:FACT- 2.PL- eat- PUNC
2122:FACT- 2.DU- eat- PUNC
2064:'You (sing.) ate it.'
2061:FACT- 2.SG- eat- PUNC
17:PUNC:punctual aspect
8365:Quebec Sign Language
7808:Indigenous languages
7241:you-be.asleep-STAT Q
7200:what thus-you-do-HAB
7175:wadę́ʔ nihsaꞏdyéꞏhaʔ
7131:gaę nų́ tganųhsáꞏyęʔ
6542:John waʔhadyaʔdohaeʔ
6214:waʔthyadadyǫ́dyahdęʔ
1709:'He crosses a road.'
1626:DUC- 3.SG.F- cry-HAB
1197:'He might plant it.'
947:'He might plant it.'
8334:Pennsylvania German
7780:Languages of Canada
7619:Iroquoian languages
7084:it-corn-noun.suffix
7047:'he planted corn' .
7041:waʔ-ha-nęh-yęthw-aʔ
7028:waʔ-ha-nęh-yęthw-aʔ
6945:3.SG.M.AG-plant-HAB
6524:'I raised her arm.'
6053:waʔgadadaehsę́thwaʔ
5696:
5621:
5526:
5176:
5101:
5006:
4656:
4581:
4486:
4136:
4061:
3966:
3616:
3541:
3446:
3096:
3021:
2926:
2576:
2501:
2406:
1847:Pronominal prefixes
1842:'He breaks it off.'
1154:'He will plant it.'
803:'He will plant it.'
689:pronominal prefixes
312:
311:Consonant phonemes
65:Six Nations Reserve
8370:Inuk Sign Language
8329:Newfoundland Irish
8294:Tagalog (Filipino)
8267:Minority languages
8139:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
7897:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
7787:Official languages
7238:sa-idáʔw-ih khę́h.
7117:Question formation
7011:thematic relations
7000:Noun incorporation
6988:Nominal Morphology
6894:N.AG-help.out-STAT
6728:'The door closed.'
6417:'I raised my arm.'
6121:'I kicked myself.'
5700:Patient (to right)
5695:Transitive Series
5694:
5619:
5524:
5180:Patient (to right)
5175:Transitive Series
5174:
5099:
5004:
4660:Patient (to right)
4655:Transitive Series
4654:
4579:
4484:
4140:Patient (to right)
4135:Transitive Series
4134:
4059:
3964:
3620:Patient (to right)
3615:Transitive Series
3614:
3539:
3444:
3100:Patient (to right)
3095:Transitive Series
3094:
3019:
2924:
2580:Patient (to right)
2575:Transitive Series
2574:
2499:
2404:
1839:3.SG.M- break- HAB
1623:de- yǫ- ashęthw-as
1004:FACT-he-plant-PUNC
867:waʔ- ha- yę꞉tw- aʔ
696:incorporated noun
647:noun incorporation
615:⟨oñ⟩
611:⟨eñ⟩
561:Onondaga has five
310:
8406:
8405:
8324:Doukhobor Russian
8221:
8220:
7746:
7745:
7285:(25th ed., 2022)
7244:"Are you asleep?"
7024:waʔhanęhayę́thwaʔ
6973:-pail-noun.suffix
6034:
6033:
5692:
5691:
5617:
5616:
5514:
5513:
5172:
5171:
5097:
5096:
4994:
4993:
4652:
4651:
4577:
4576:
4474:
4473:
4132:
4131:
4057:
4056:
3954:
3953:
3612:
3611:
3537:
3536:
3434:
3433:
3092:
3091:
3017:
3016:
2914:
2913:
2572:
2571:
2497:
2496:
2186:'You all ate it.'
2125:'You two ate it.'
1534:waʔ– ha– yętw– aʔ
1307:
1306:
1194:OPT-he-plant-PUNC
1151:FUT-he-plant-PUNC
716:
715:
653:Verbal morphology
631:⟨ꞏ⟩
623:⟨꞉⟩
607:⟨ñ⟩
603:⟨ų⟩
599:⟨ǫ⟩
595:⟨ę⟩
575:⟨ä⟩
559:
558:
459:⟨g⟩
455:⟨d⟩
431:
430:
251:(Haudenosaunee).
223:Onondaga language
220:
219:
202:rendering support
198:phonetic symbols.
8456:
8319:Hutterite German
7812:
7811:
7773:
7766:
7759:
7750:
7749:
7612:
7605:
7598:
7589:
7588:
7572:
7545:
7516:
7507:
7475:
7446:
7421:
7419:
7412:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7378:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7302:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7274:
7255:Onondaga (tribe)
7234:
7224:
7193:
7157:
7076:nominal.particle
7068:
7064:
7037:
7033:
6972:
6968:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6897:"it is helping."
6887:
6883:
6879:
6836:
6819:
6802:
6775:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6735:
6718:
6691:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6657:
6637:
6620:
6593:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6559:
6531:
6514:
6495:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6441:
6424:
6407:
6388:
6369:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6339:
6311:
6294:
6283:
6264:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6234:
6223:
6198:'You kicked me.'
6188:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6138:
6129:waʔsgaehsę́thwaʔ
6111:
6092:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6062:
5697:
5693:
5622:
5618:
5527:
5523:
5177:
5173:
5102:
5098:
5007:
5003:
4657:
4653:
4582:
4578:
4487:
4483:
4137:
4133:
4062:
4058:
3967:
3963:
3617:
3613:
3542:
3538:
3447:
3443:
3097:
3093:
3022:
3018:
2927:
2923:
2577:
2573:
2502:
2498:
2407:
2403:
2375:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2310:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2272:
2245:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2207:
2176:
2157:
2153:
2142:
2115:
2096:
2092:
2081:
2054:
2035:
2031:
2020:
1986:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1948:
1921:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1832:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1788:
1771:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1733:
1716:
1699:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1653:
1636:
1619:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1588:
1540:'He planted it.'
1530:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1492:
1475:
1462:ęs– ha– yętw– aʔ
1458:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1420:
1416:
1399:
1386:sa– ha– yętw– aʔ
1382:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1344:
1340:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1187:
1183:
1144:
1140:
1126:does not change
1105:waʔ-wak-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:waʔ-wak-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1055:weʔ-dni-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:weʔ-dni-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1007:'He planted it.'
997:
993:
954:
953:
941:a- ha- yę꞉tw- aʔ
937:
918:
914:
910:
906:
895:
873:'He planted it.'
863:
844:
840:
836:
832:
821:
793:
774:
770:
766:
762:
751:
682:
681:
632:
624:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
588:
584:
576:
572:
568:
553:
546:
532:
523:
518:
504:
495:
464:
463:
460:
456:
444:
440:
425:
420:
415:
403:
394:
378:
364:
359:
352:
313:
309:
239:
234:
230:
176:
160:
153:
109:
42:
36:
24:
23:
8464:
8463:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8402:
8386:
8348:
8314:Canadian Gaelic
8262:
8217:
8213:Coast Tsimshian
8181:
8153:
8115:
8052:
8004:
7971:
7883:
7803:
7782:
7777:
7747:
7742:
7738:Proto-Iroquoian
7724:
7708:
7692:
7621:
7616:
7579:
7561:
7534:
7480:Woodbury, Hanni
7464:
7417:
7410:
7400:
7399:
7390:
7388:
7380:
7379:
7372:
7363:
7361:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7339:
7337:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7315:
7313:
7303:
7296:
7286:
7275:
7268:
7263:
7251:
7246:
7236:
7226:
7215:
7214:Sędáʔwih khę́h.
7212:
7205:
7195:
7187:ni-hs-adyéꞏ-haʔ
7184:
7176:
7173:
7169:
7159:
7148:
7140:
7132:
7129:
7119:
7108:
7096:
7086:
7078:
7070:
7059:waʔ-ha-yęthw-aʔ
7056:
7053:
7049:
7039:
7034:-he-corn-plant-
7025:
7022:
7002:
6990:
6985:
6975:
6960:
6957:
6950:
6940:
6914:
6911:
6906:. For example:
6899:
6889:
6871:
6868:
6849:
6839:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6813:
6804:
6794:
6786:
6778:
6767:
6744:
6743:odųhwejiyáʔgi꞉h
6741:
6737:
6729:
6720:
6710:
6702:
6694:
6683:
6660:
6649:
6648:waʔwadehnhóhwak
6646:
6639:
6631:
6622:
6612:
6604:
6596:
6585:
6562:
6551:
6543:
6540:
6533:
6525:
6516:
6506:
6498:
6487:
6479:
6444:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6418:
6409:
6399:
6391:
6380:
6372:
6361:
6342:
6331:
6328:
6313:
6305:
6296:
6286:
6275:
6267:
6256:
6237:
6226:
6215:
6212:
6200:
6190:
6180:
6172:
6141:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6103:
6095:
6084:
6065:
6054:
6051:
6039:
5980:3.SG.FEM/INDEF
5729:3.FEM/INDEF.SG
5701:
5681:
5603:
5519:
5460:3.SG.FEM/INDEF
5209:3.FEM/INDEF.SG
5181:
5161:
5083:
4999:
4940:3.SG.FEM/INDEF
4689:3.FEM/INDEF.SG
4661:
4641:
4563:
4479:
4420:3.SG.FEM/INDEF
4169:3.FEM/INDEF.SG
4141:
4121:
4043:
3959:
3900:3.SG.FEM/INDEF
3649:3.FEM/INDEF.SG
3621:
3601:
3523:
3439:
3380:3.SG.FEM/INDEF
3129:3.FEM/INDEF.SG
3101:
3081:
3003:
2919:
2860:3.SG.FEM/INDEF
2609:3.FEM/INDEF.SG
2581:
2561:
2483:
2399:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2359:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2302:
2294:
2275:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2229:
2210:
2199:
2196:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2160:
2145:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2099:
2084:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2038:
2023:
2012:
2009:
1998:
1990:waʔ– agn– ek– Ø
1988:
1978:
1970:
1951:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1905:
1886:
1875:
1872:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1816:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1775:de- ha- yaʔk- s
1773:
1763:
1755:
1736:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1629:'She is crying'
1621:
1610:
1591:
1580:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1514:
1495:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1460:
1450:
1442:
1423:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1384:
1374:
1366:
1347:
1332:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1293:
1267:
1253:
1245:ae-dni-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1243:
1216:ae-dni-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1213:
1199:
1189:
1175:
1156:
1146:
1132:
1113:
1103:
1077:
1063:
1053:
1023:
1009:
1001:waʔ-ha-yę꞉tw-aʔ
999:
988:waʔ-ha-yę꞉tw-aʔ
985:
949:
939:
929:
921:
898:
887:
875:
865:
855:
847:
824:
813:
805:
797:ę- ha- yętw- aʔ
795:
785:
777:
754:
743:
729:
724:
676:
674:Verbal template
655:
639:
630:
622:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
574:
458:
454:
326:
301:
280:
232:
200:Without proper
172:
156:
149:
139:
110:
107:Language family
105:
98:
94:
93:Native speakers
85:Onondaga people
22:
19:
12:
11:
5:
8462:
8452:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8404:
8403:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8356:
8354:
8353:Sign languages
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8270:
8268:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8248:Chinook Jargon
8245:
8240:
8235:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8163:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8151:
8149:Nuu-chah-nulth
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8125:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8062:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8014:
8012:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7981:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7893:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7820:
7818:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7776:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7753:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7730:Proto-language
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7622:
7615:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7578:
7577:External links
7575:
7574:
7573:
7559:
7546:
7532:
7517:
7508:
7496:10.1086/465334
7476:
7462:
7447:
7422:
7420:on 2024-02-04.
7398:
7397:
7370:
7346:
7335:www.unesco.org
7322:
7294:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7250:
7247:
7227:
7221:you-be.asleep-
7216:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7185:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7151:t-ga-nųhs-yę-ʔ
7149:
7141:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7118:
7115:
7107:
7104:
7079:
7071:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7001:
6998:
6989:
6986:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6795:
6787:
6779:
6768:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6711:
6703:
6695:
6684:
6661:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6613:
6605:
6597:
6586:
6563:
6552:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6507:
6499:
6488:
6480:
6445:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6400:
6392:
6381:
6373:
6362:
6343:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6287:
6276:
6268:
6257:
6238:
6227:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6181:
6173:
6142:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6104:
6096:
6085:
6066:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5702:Agent (below)
5690:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5182:Agent (below)
5170:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4662:Agent (below)
4650:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4142:Agent (below)
4130:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:Agent (below)
3610:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:Agent (below)
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:Agent (below)
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2398:
2395:
2368:
2360:
2341:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2303:
2295:
2276:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2230:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2180:weʔ– sw– ek– Ø
2169:
2161:
2146:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2119:weʔ– sn– ek– Ø
2108:
2100:
2085:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2047:
2039:
2024:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1979:
1971:
1952:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1925:weʔ– dn– ek– Ø
1914:
1906:
1887:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1848:
1845:
1825:
1817:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1764:
1756:
1737:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1657:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1611:
1592:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1546:
1543:
1523:
1515:
1496:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1451:
1443:
1424:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1375:
1367:
1348:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1295:a-wak-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1270:a-wak-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1024:
1022:weʔdniyę́꞉twaʔ
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
986:
983:
982:
980:
977:
974:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
930:
922:
899:
888:
885:
884:
856:
848:
825:
814:
811:
810:
786:
778:
755:
744:
741:
740:
728:
725:
723:
720:
714:
713:
710:
705:
702:
697:
694:
691:
686:
675:
672:
654:
651:
641:Onondaga is a
638:
635:
557:
556:
554:
547:
540:
534:
533:
526:
524:
512:
506:
505:
498:
496:
489:
483:
482:
477:
472:
467:
447:allophonically
429:
428:
426:
421:
416:
411:
405:
404:
399:
397:
395:
390:
384:
383:
381:
379:
374:
372:
366:
365:
360:
355:
353:
348:
342:
341:
336:
331:
321:
316:
300:
297:
279:
276:
264:New York State
218:
217:
204:, you may see
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
170:
162:
161:
154:
146:
145:
144:Language codes
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
122:Lake Iroquoian
113:
111:
104:
101:
100:
97:40 (2007)
95:
92:
89:
88:
81:
77:
76:
71:, and central
62:
58:
57:
48:
47:Native to
44:
43:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8461:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8265:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8238:Broken Slavey
8236:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8184:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7774:
7769:
7767:
7762:
7760:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7695:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7673:Susquehannock
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7648:Neutral Huron
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7613:
7608:
7606:
7601:
7599:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7560:9781487502829
7556:
7552:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7518:
7514:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7463:1-55608-054-9
7459:
7455:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7423:
7416:
7409:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7312:
7308:
7301:
7299:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7271:
7266:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7219:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7183:
7180:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7152:
7147:
7144:
7139:
7136:
7125:
7123:
7114:
7112:
7103:
7100:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7077:
7074:
7069:
7060:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7029:
7018:
7014:
7012:
7007:
7006:incorporation
6997:
6993:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6974:
6964:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6918:
6907:
6905:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6888:
6875:
6864:
6862:
6861:agglutinative
6858:
6853:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6820:
6817:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6790:
6785:
6782:
6777:
6771:
6766:
6748:
6736:
6733:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6706:
6701:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6682:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6608:
6603:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6584:
6566:
6561:
6555:
6550:
6547:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6486:
6483:
6478:
6448:
6443:
6437:
6425:
6422:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6379:
6376:
6371:
6365:
6360:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6324:
6320:
6318:
6317:semireflexive
6312:
6309:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6274:
6271:
6266:
6260:
6255:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6176:
6171:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6083:
6069:
6064:
6058:
6047:
6044:
6027:
6024:
6022:3.DU.PL.MASC
6021:
6020:
6017:((y)a)godiy-
6014:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5988:
5979:
5978:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5735:3.MASC.DU/PL
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5522:
5507:
5504:
5502:3.DU.PL.MASC
5501:
5500:
5497:((y)a)godiy-
5494:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5215:3.MASC.DU/PL
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5002:
4987:
4984:
4982:3.DU.PL.MASC
4981:
4980:
4977:((y)a)godiy-
4974:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4695:3.MASC.DU/PL
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4467:
4464:
4462:3.DU.PL.MASC
4461:
4460:
4457:((y)a)godiy-
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4175:3.MASC.DU/PL
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3947:
3944:
3942:3.DU/PL.MASC
3941:
3940:
3937:((y)a)godiy-
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:3.MASC.DU/PL
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3427:
3424:
3422:3.DU.PL.MASC
3421:
3420:
3417:((y)a)godiy-
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:3.MASC.DU/PL
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2907:
2904:
2902:3.DU.PL.MASC
2901:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:3.MASC.DU/PL
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:waʔ- he- k- Ø
2376:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:waʔ- we- k- Ø
2311:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:waʔ– s– ek– Ø
2055:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1801:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1717:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1644:dehahahíyaʔks
1637:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1579:deyǫshę́thwas
1573:
1564:
1559:Translocative
1556:
1551:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1483:waʔhayę́꞉twaʔ
1476:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1325:
1316:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1217:
1212:aedniyę́꞉twaʔ
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:a-ha-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1188:
1179:
1178:a-ha-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:ę-ha-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1145:
1136:
1135:ę-ha-yę꞉tw-aʔ
1128:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
989:
984:waʔhayę́꞉twaʔ
981:
978:
975:
973:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
955:
952:
948:
945:
942:
938:
933:
928:
925:
920:
902:
897:
891:
883:
880:
877:The third is
874:
871:
868:
864:
859:
854:
851:
846:
828:
823:
817:
812:waʔhayę́꞉twaʔ
809:
804:
801:
798:
794:
789:
784:
781:
776:
758:
753:
747:
739:
736:
734:
719:
711:
709:
708:aspect suffix
706:
703:
701:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
684:
683:
680:
671:
667:
665:
661:
650:
648:
644:
643:polysynthetic
634:
629:(half colon)
628:
620:
592:
580:
564:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
527:
525:
522:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
499:
497:
494:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
465:
462:
452:
448:
436:
427:
422:
417:
412:
410:
407:
406:
400:
398:
396:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
380:
375:
373:
371:
368:
367:
361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:
308:
306:
296:
293:
289:
284:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:United States
252:
250:
246:
243:
238:
229:
224:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
197:
191:
188:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
152:
147:
142:
130:
127:
126:
124:
123:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
112:
108:
102:
96:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
55:United States
52:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
25:
18:
8392:
8379:
8339:Plautdietsch
8032:
8000:Inuvialuktun
7713:Unclassified
7662:
7550:
7522:
7512:
7490:(1): 10–20.
7487:
7483:
7452:
7426:
7415:the original
7406:
7389:. Retrieved
7385:
7362:. Retrieved
7358:
7349:
7338:. Retrieved
7334:
7325:
7314:. Retrieved
7311:Syracuse.com
7310:
7280:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7231:
7228:
7220:
7217:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7190:thus-you-do-
7189:
7186:
7181:
7178:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7153:
7150:
7145:
7142:
7137:
7134:
7122:Wh-questions
7120:
7109:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7075:
7072:
7061:
7058:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7030:
7027:
7015:
7003:
6994:
6991:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6965:
6962:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6942:ha-yę́thw-as
6941:
6919:
6917:ha-yę́thw-as
6916:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6876:
6873:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6833:
6830:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6799:
6796:
6791:
6788:
6783:
6780:
6772:
6769:
6749:
6746:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6707:
6704:
6699:
6696:
6688:
6685:
6665:
6662:
6654:
6651:
6640:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6617:
6614:
6609:
6606:
6601:
6598:
6590:
6587:
6567:
6564:
6556:
6553:
6548:
6545:
6534:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6511:
6508:
6503:
6500:
6492:
6489:
6484:
6481:
6449:
6446:
6438:
6435:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6396:
6393:
6385:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6366:
6363:
6347:
6344:
6336:
6333:
6321:
6314:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6280:
6277:
6272:
6269:
6261:
6258:
6242:
6239:
6231:
6228:
6220:
6217:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6185:
6182:
6177:
6174:
6146:
6143:
6135:
6132:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6100:
6097:
6089:
6086:
6070:
6067:
6059:
6056:
6040:
6012:3.DU/PL.FEM
5732:3.FEM.DU/PL
5520:
5492:3.DU/PL.FEM
5212:3.FEM.DU/PL
5000:
4972:3.DU/PL.FEM
4692:3.FEM.DU/PL
4480:
4452:3.DU/PL.FEM
4172:3.FEM.DU/PL
3960:
3932:3.DU/PL.FEM
3652:3.FEM.DU/PL
3440:
3412:3.DU/PL.FEM
3132:3.FEM.DU/PL
2920:
2897:((y)a)godi-
2892:3.DU/PL.FEM
2612:3.FEM.DU/PL
2400:
2392:
2388:
2385:'He ate it.'
2384:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2345:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2280:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2254:
2251:
2249:waʔ- e- k- Ø
2248:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2215:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2150:
2147:
2139:
2136:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2089:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2028:
2025:
2017:
2014:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1891:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1802:
1799:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1741:
1738:
1730:
1727:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1661:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1596:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1570:
1562:
1553:/t-/ default
1552:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1500:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1428:
1425:
1413:
1410:
1407:ęshayę́꞉twaʔ
1391:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1352:
1349:
1337:
1334:
1331:sahayę́꞉twaʔ
1322:
1313:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1272:
1269:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1218:
1215:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1137:
1134:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1082:
1079:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1028:
1025:
1006:
1003:
1000:
990:
987:
950:
946:
943:
940:
934:
931:
926:
923:
903:
900:
892:
889:
876:
872:
869:
866:
860:
857:
852:
849:
829:
826:
818:
815:
806:
802:
799:
796:
790:
787:
782:
779:
759:
756:
748:
745:
737:
730:
717:
707:
699:
688:
677:
668:
656:
640:
579:nasal vowels
560:
432:
324:Postalveolar
302:
291:
287:
285:
281:
253:
245:First Nation
222:
221:
193:
165:
128:
125:Five Nations
40:Onoñdaʼgegáʼ
16:
8177:Assiniboine
8066:Bella Coola
7985:Inuinnaqtun
7683:Wenrohronon
7218:sa-idáʔw-ih
6977:ga-naʔjy-aʔ
6963:ga-naʔjy-aʔ
6948:"he plants"
5992:(y)etchiy-
5919:(y)etchiy-
5685:((y)a)gow-
5682:indefinite
5666:3rd person
5652:2nd person
5638:1st person
5604:indefinite
5585:3rd person
5571:2nd person
5543:1st person
5472:(y)etchiy-
5399:(y)etchiy-
5165:((y)a)gow-
5162:indefinite
5146:3rd person
5132:2nd person
5118:1st person
5084:indefinite
5065:3rd person
5051:2nd person
5023:1st person
4952:(y)etchiy-
4879:(y)etchiy-
4645:((y)a)gow-
4642:indefinite
4626:3rd person
4612:2nd person
4598:1st person
4564:indefinite
4545:3rd person
4531:2nd person
4503:1st person
4432:(y)etchiy-
4359:(y)etchiy-
4125:((y)a)gow-
4122:indefinite
4106:3rd person
4092:2nd person
4078:1st person
4044:indefinite
4025:3rd person
4011:2nd person
3983:1st person
3912:(y)etchiy-
3839:(y)etchiy-
3605:((y)a)gaw-
3602:indefinite
3586:3rd person
3572:2nd person
3558:1st person
3524:indefinite
3505:3rd person
3491:2nd person
3463:1st person
3392:(y)etchiy-
3319:(y)etchiy-
3085:((y)a)gow-
3082:indefinite
3066:3rd person
3052:2nd person
3038:1st person
3004:indefinite
2985:3rd person
2971:2nd person
2943:1st person
2562:indefinite
2546:3rd person
2532:2nd person
2518:1st person
2484:indefinite
2465:3rd person
2451:2nd person
2423:1st person
1836:ha- yaʔk- s
1545:Cislocative
1266:aǫgyę́꞉twaʔ
1174:ahayę́꞉twaʔ
1131:ęhayę́꞉twaʔ
886:ahayę́꞉twaʔ
742:ęhayę́꞉twaʔ
577:), and two
563:oral vowels
208:instead of
34:Onǫdaʼgegáʼ
8413:Categories
8076:Halkomelem
7889:Athabaskan
7879:Potawatomi
7816:Algonquian
7720:Laurentian
7569:2019297966
7542:2003279006
7533:080203733X
7391:2020-12-08
7364:2020-12-08
7340:2020-12-08
7316:2015-10-03
7282:Ethnologue
7261:References
7111:Word order
7106:Word order
7065:-he-plant-
6913:hayę́thwas
6891:ga-idęꞏ-ih
6884:-help.out-
6874:ga-idęꞏ-ih
5986:(y)ǫkhiy-
5949:3.SG.MASC
5846:1.PL.INCL
5821:1.DU.INCL
5796:1.PL.EXCL
5791:(y)akhiy-
5768:1.DU.EXCL
5726:3.SG.MASC
5669:masculine
5588:masculine
5560:inclusive
5546:exclusive
5466:(y)ǫkhiy-
5429:3.SG.MASC
5326:1.PL.INCL
5301:1.DU.INCL
5276:1.PL.EXCL
5271:(y)akhiy-
5248:1.DU.EXCL
5206:3.SG.MASC
5149:masculine
5068:masculine
5040:inclusive
5026:exclusive
4946:(y)ǫkhiy-
4909:3.SG.MASC
4806:1.PL.INCL
4801:(y)ethiy-
4781:1.DU.INCL
4756:1.PL.EXCL
4751:(y)akhiy-
4728:1.DU.EXCL
4686:3.SG.MASC
4629:masculine
4548:masculine
4520:inclusive
4506:exclusive
4426:(y)ǫkhiy-
4389:3.SG.MASC
4286:1.PL.INCL
4261:1.DU.INCL
4236:1.PL.EXCL
4231:(y)akhiy-
4208:1.DU.EXCL
4166:3.SG.MASC
4109:masculine
4028:masculine
4000:inclusive
3986:exclusive
3906:(y)ǫkhiy-
3869:3.SG.MASC
3766:1.PL.INCL
3741:1.DU.INCL
3716:1.PL.EXCL
3711:(y)akhiy-
3688:1.DU.EXCL
3646:3.SG.MASC
3589:masculine
3508:masculine
3480:inclusive
3466:exclusive
3386:(y)ǫkhiy-
3349:3.SG.MASC
3246:1.PL.INCL
3221:1.DU.INCL
3196:1.PL.EXCL
3191:(y)akhiy-
3168:1.DU.EXCL
3126:3.SG.MASC
3069:masculine
2988:masculine
2960:inclusive
2946:exclusive
2872:(y)etchi-
2829:3.SG.MASC
2799:(y)etchi-
2726:1.PL.INCL
2701:1.DU.INCL
2676:1.PL.EXCL
2671:(y)akhni-
2648:1.DU.EXCL
2606:3.SG.MASC
2565:((y)a)go-
2549:masculine
2468:masculine
2440:inclusive
2426:exclusive
1724:dehá꞉yaʔks
1613:ashęthw-as
1319:Repetitive
1184:-he-plant-
1141:-he-plant-
1076:ǫgyę́꞉twaʔ
994:-he-plant-
963:When used
637:Morphology
627:raised dot
8344:Ukrainian
8279:Cantonese
8144:Kwakʼwala
8043:Tuscarora
8010:Iroquoian
7990:Inuktitut
7962:Tsuutʼina
7912:Chipewyan
7907:Chilcotin
7834:Blackfoot
7829:Algonquin
7678:Tuscarora
7504:145717488
6959:ganáʔjyaʔ
6175:aehsęthw-
6098:aehsęthw-
6043:reflexive
6030:shagodi-
6007:hǫwadiy-
6001:(y)ǫdad-
5967:(s)hesw-
5964:(s)hejy-
5841:(y)ethy-
5680:feminine/
5627:singular
5602:feminine/
5532:singular
5510:shagodi-
5487:hǫwadiy-
5481:(y)ǫdad-
5447:(s)hesw-
5444:(s)hejy-
5321:(y)ethy-
5160:feminine/
5107:singular
5082:feminine/
5012:singular
4990:shagodi-
4967:hǫwadiy-
4961:(y)ǫdad-
4927:(s)hejy-
4924:(s)hesn-
4640:feminine/
4587:singular
4562:feminine/
4492:singular
4470:shagodi-
4447:hǫwadiy-
4441:(y)ǫdad-
4407:(s)hesw-
4404:(s)hejy-
4281:(y)ethy-
4120:feminine/
4067:singular
4047:yǫw/yag-
4042:feminine/
3972:singular
3950:shagodi-
3927:hǫwadiy-
3921:(y)ǫdad-
3887:(s)hesw-
3884:(s)hesn-
3761:(y)ethy-
3600:feminine/
3547:singular
3527:yagǫ(y)-
3522:feminine/
3452:singular
3430:shagodi-
3407:hǫwadiy-
3401:(y)ǫdad-
3367:(s)hesw-
3364:(s)hejy-
3241:(y)ethy-
3080:feminine/
3027:singular
3002:feminine/
2932:singular
2910:shagodi-
2881:(y)ǫdat-
2866:(y)ǫkhi-
2721:(y)ethi-
2560:feminine/
2527:(y)ǫgwa-
2524:(y)ǫgni-
2507:singular
2482:feminine/
2435:(y)agwa-
2432:(y)agni-
2412:singular
1861:exclusive
700:verb root
451:resonants
388:Fricative
370:Affricate
299:Phonology
268:Brantford
266:and near
167:Glottolog
151:ISO 639-3
115:Iroquoian
80:Ethnicity
8419:Onondaga
8274:Mandarin
8129:Ditidaht
8121:Wakashan
8111:Thompson
8106:Squamish
8096:shíshálh
8086:Okanagan
8081:Lillooet
8058:Salishan
8033:Onondaga
7967:Tutchone
7922:Gwichʼin
7704:Cherokee
7697:Southern
7663:Onondaga
7653:Nottoway
7626:Northern
7472:87-32340
7435:73635849
7277:Onondaga
7249:See also
7081:o-nęh-aʔ
6857:fusional
6697:ehnhohw-
5975:shagow-
5863:shedwa-
5647:(y)ǫgw-
5644:(y)ǫgy-
5555:(y)agw-
5552:(y)agy-
5455:shagow-
5343:shedwa-
5127:(y)ǫgw-
5124:(y)ǫgy-
5035:(y)agw-
5032:(y)agy-
4607:(y)ǫgw-
4604:(y)ǫgy-
4515:(y)agw-
4512:(y)agy-
4415:shagow-
4303:shedwa-
4087:(y)ǫgw-
4084:(y)ǫgy-
3995:(y)agw-
3992:(y)agy-
3895:shagaw-
3783:shedwa-
3567:(y)ǫgw-
3564:(y)ǫgn-
3475:(y)agw-
3472:(y)agn-
3375:shagow-
3263:shedwa-
3047:(y)ǫgw-
3044:(y)ǫgy-
2955:(y)agw-
2952:(y)agy-
2887:hǫwadi-
2884:gǫwadi-
2869:(y)esa-
2847:sheswa-
2844:shesni-
2838:shǫgwa-
2835:shǫgni-
2824:sheswa-
2796:shesni-
2743:shedwa-
2718:shedni-
2696:shagwa-
2668:shagni-
2568:(y)odi-
1939:waʔagnek
1796:há꞉yaʔks
1162:optative
979:default
966:Example
879:optative
733:modality
435:plosives
433:The two
409:Sonorant
319:Alveolar
305:phonemes
249:Iroquois
242:Onondaga
214:Help:IPA
187:Onondaga
174:onon1246
129:Onondaga
119:Northern
73:New York
27:Onondaga
8309:Italian
8289:Spanish
8284:Punjabi
8208:Tlingit
8203:Kutenai
8193:Beothuk
8101:Shuswap
8091:Saanich
8048:Wyandot
7995:Inupiaq
7957:Tahltan
7902:Carrier
7864:Naskapi
7854:Miꞌkmaq
7824:Abenaki
7794:English
7688:Wyandot
6935:-plant-
6870:gędéꞏih
6781:ųhwęjy-
6501:getsgw-
6482:nęntsh-
6394:getsgw-
6375:nęntsh-
6004:gǫwan-
5989:(y)es-
5983:(y)ǫg-
5958:shǫgw-
5955:shǫgy-
5944:shesw-
5916:shejy-
5838:shedy-
5816:shagw-
5788:shagy-
5723:3.NEUT
5688:(y)on-
5641:(w)ag-
5633:plural
5538:plural
5484:gǫwan-
5469:(y)es-
5463:(y)ǫg-
5438:shǫgw-
5435:shǫgy-
5424:shesw-
5396:shejy-
5318:shedy-
5296:shagw-
5268:shagy-
5203:3.NEUT
5168:(y)on-
5121:(w)ag-
5113:plural
5018:plural
4964:gǫwan-
4949:(y)es-
4943:(y)ǫg-
4935:shaga-
4918:shǫgy-
4915:shǫgn-
4904:shejy-
4876:shesn-
4823:shedy-
4798:shedn-
4776:shagy-
4748:shagn-
4683:3.NEUT
4648:(y)on-
4601:(w)ag-
4593:plural
4498:plural
4444:gǫwan-
4429:(y)es-
4423:(y)ǫg-
4398:shǫgw-
4395:shǫgy-
4384:shesw-
4356:shejy-
4278:shedy-
4256:shagw-
4228:shagy-
4163:3.NEUT
4128:(y)on-
4081:(w)ag-
4073:plural
3978:plural
3924:gǫwan-
3909:(y)es-
3903:(y)ǫg-
3878:shǫgw-
3875:shǫgn-
3864:shesw-
3836:shejy-
3758:shedn-
3736:shagw-
3708:shagn-
3643:3.NEUT
3608:(y)on-
3561:(w)ag-
3553:plural
3458:plural
3404:gǫwan-
3389:(y)es-
3383:(y)ǫg-
3358:shǫgw-
3355:shǫgy-
3344:shesw-
3316:shejy-
3238:shedy-
3216:shagw-
3188:shagy-
3123:3.NEUT
3088:(y)on-
3041:(w)ag-
3033:plural
2938:plural
2863:(y)ǫk-
2855:shago-
2603:3.NEUT
2521:(w)ak-
2513:plural
2418:plural
2133:weʔswek
2072:weʔsnek
1874:weʔdnek
1857:persons
1288:-plant-
1238:-plant-
1166:a / a꞉
1098:-plant-
1048:-plant-
972:factual
591:ogoneks
567:/ieoæa/
475:Central
346:Plosive
339:Glottal
329:Palatal
272:Ontario
210:Unicode
69:Ontario
8304:German
8299:Arabic
8258:Michif
8243:Bungee
8167:Stoney
8159:Siouan
8134:Haisla
8038:Seneca
8028:Oneida
8023:Mohawk
8018:Cayuga
7952:Tagish
7947:Slavey
7942:Sekani
7937:Nicola
7917:Dogrib
7874:Ottawa
7869:Ojibwe
7859:Munsee
7799:French
7668:Seneca
7658:Oneida
7643:Mohawk
7633:Cayuga
7567:
7557:
7540:
7530:
7502:
7470:
7460:
7443:154558
7441:
7433:
7229:khę́h.
7179:wadę́ʔ
6983:"pail"
6904:aspect
6792:break-
6784:earth-
6708:apply-
6504:raise-
6397:raise-
6273:laugh-
6270:yǫtya-
5891:shey-
5763:khey-
5591:hǫhR-
5574:(h)s-
5517:I-Stem
5371:shey-
5243:khey-
5071:hǫhR-
5054:(h)s-
4997:Ǫ-Stem
4921:hyay-
4851:shey-
4723:khey-
4551:hǫhR-
4534:(h)s-
4477:O-Stem
4331:shey-
4203:khey-
4031:hǫhR-
4014:(h)s-
3957:Ę-Stem
3811:shey-
3683:khey-
3494:(h)s-
3437:E-Stem
3291:shey-
3163:khey-
2991:hǫhR-
2974:(h)s-
2917:A-Stem
2878:hǫwa-
2875:gǫwa-
2852:hǫwa-
2813:sgwa-
2810:sgwa-
2807:sgwa-
2785:sgwa-
2782:sgni-
2779:sgni-
2757:sgwa-
2754:sgni-
2555:hodi-
2493:gǫdi-
2487:(y)e-
2477:hadi-
2397:C-Stem
2328:waʔhek
2263:waʔwek
2011:waʔsek
1822:break-
1761:break-
1689:cross-
1686:iyaʔk-
1567:Dualic
1520:plant-
1448:plant-
1372:plant-
1119:future
927:plant-
924:yę꞉tw-
853:plant-
850:yę꞉tw-
783:plant-
664:Aspect
260:Canada
87:(2007)
83:1,600
61:Region
51:Canada
8198:Haida
8186:other
8172:Sioux
8071:Comox
7977:Inuit
7932:Kaska
7500:S2CID
7418:(PDF)
7411:(PDF)
7146:place
7138:where
7004:Noun
6789:yaʔk-
6700:door-
6610:wash-
6607:ohae-
6602:body-
6599:yaʔt-
6259:atat-
6178:kick-
6101:kick-
6087:atat-
6025:hǫg-
5998:hǫw-
5995:gǫw-
5972:hǫw-
5952:hag-
5933:sgw-
5930:sgw-
5927:sgw-
5924:2.PL
5905:sgw-
5902:sgy-
5899:sgy-
5896:2.DU
5888:hes-
5877:sgw-
5874:sgy-
5868:2.SG
5760:hey-
5749:gǫy-
5740:1.SG
5720:2.PL
5717:2.DU
5714:2.SG
5711:1.PL
5708:1.DU
5705:1.SG
5675:hon-
5672:how-
5630:dual
5613:gǫw-
5607:yǫw-
5597:hǫw-
5535:dual
5505:hǫg-
5478:hǫw-
5475:gǫw-
5452:hǫw-
5432:hag-
5413:sgw-
5410:sgw-
5407:sgw-
5404:2.PL
5385:sgw-
5382:sgy-
5379:sgy-
5376:2.DU
5368:hes-
5357:sgw-
5354:sgy-
5348:2.SG
5240:hey-
5229:gǫy-
5220:1.SG
5200:2.PL
5197:2.DU
5194:2.SG
5191:1.PL
5188:1.DU
5185:1.SG
5155:hon-
5152:how-
5110:dual
5093:gǫw-
5087:yǫw-
5077:hǫw-
5015:dual
4985:hǫg-
4958:hǫw-
4955:gǫw-
4932:hǫy-
4912:hag-
4893:sgy-
4890:sgy-
4887:sgy-
4884:2.PL
4865:sgy-
4862:sgn-
4859:sgn-
4856:2.DU
4848:hes-
4837:sgy-
4834:sgn-
4828:2.SG
4720:hey-
4709:gǫy-
4700:1.SG
4680:2.PL
4677:2.DU
4674:2.SG
4671:1.PL
4668:1.DU
4665:1.SG
4635:hon-
4632:how-
4590:dual
4573:gǫw-
4567:yǫw-
4557:hǫw-
4495:dual
4465:hǫg-
4438:hǫw-
4435:gǫw-
4412:hǫw-
4392:hag-
4373:sgw-
4370:sgw-
4367:sgw-
4364:2.PL
4345:sgw-
4342:sgy-
4339:sgy-
4336:2.DU
4328:hes-
4317:sgw-
4314:sgy-
4308:2.SG
4200:hey-
4189:gǫy-
4180:1.SG
4160:2.PL
4157:2.DU
4154:2.SG
4151:1.PL
4148:1.DU
4145:1.SG
4115:hon-
4112:how-
4070:dual
4053:gǫn-
4037:hǫw-
3975:dual
3945:hǫg-
3918:hǫw-
3915:gǫw-
3892:hǫw-
3872:hag-
3853:sgw-
3850:sgw-
3847:sgw-
3844:2.PL
3825:sgw-
3822:sgn-
3819:sgn-
3816:2.DU
3808:hes-
3797:sgw-
3794:sgn-
3788:2.SG
3680:hey-
3669:gǫy-
3660:1.SG
3640:2.PL
3637:2.DU
3634:2.SG
3631:1.PL
3628:1.DU
3625:1.SG
3595:hon-
3592:haw-
3550:dual
3533:gǫn-
3517:hęn-
3455:dual
3425:hǫg-
3398:hǫw-
3395:gǫw-
3372:hǫw-
3352:hag-
3333:sgw-
3330:sgw-
3327:sgw-
3324:2.PL
3305:sgw-
3302:sgy-
3299:sgy-
3296:2.DU
3288:hes-
3277:sgw-
3274:sgy-
3268:2.SG
3160:hey-
3149:gǫy-
3140:1.SG
3120:2.PL
3117:2.DU
3114:2.SG
3111:1.PL
3108:1.DU
3105:1.SG
3075:hon-
3072:how-
3030:dual
3013:gǫw-
3007:yǫw-
2997:hǫw-
2935:dual
2905:hǫk-
2841:hya-
2832:hak-
2804:2.PL
2776:2.DU
2771:she-
2768:hes-
2748:2.SG
2691:gwa-
2688:gwa-
2685:gwa-
2663:gwa-
2660:gni-
2657:gni-
2643:khe-
2635:gwa-
2632:gni-
2620:1.SG
2600:2.PL
2597:2.DU
2594:2.SG
2591:1.PL
2588:1.DU
2585:1.SG
2541:swa-
2538:sni-
2510:dual
2490:gni-
2474:hni-
2460:swa-
2457:sni-
2446:dwa-
2443:dni-
2415:dual
2198:waʔek
1819:yaʔk-
1758:yaʔk-
1681:road-
1678:ahah-
1517:yętw–
1445:yętw–
1369:yętw–
957:Mood
780:yętw-
660:Tense
619:colon
487:Close
470:Front
334:Velar
75:state
7844:Innu
7839:Cree
7638:Erie
7565:LCCN
7555:ISBN
7538:LCCN
7528:ISBN
7468:LCCN
7458:ISBN
7439:OCLC
7431:LCCN
7223:STAT
7182:what
7156:STAT
7067:PUNC
7063:FACT
7036:PUNC
7032:FACT
6886:STAT
6835:FACT
6816:help
6801:STAT
6774:SRFL
6732:help
6717:PUNC
6690:SRFL
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6652:waʔ-
6634:help
6619:PUNC
6592:SRFL
6558:FACT
6554:waʔ-
6549:John
6546:John
6528:help
6513:PUNC
6494:JOIN
6485:arm-
6447:khe-
6440:FACT
6436:waʔ-
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6406:PUNC
6387:JOIN
6378:arm-
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6334:waʔ-
6315:The
6308:help
6293:PUNC
6282:CAUS
6263:REFL
6222:FACT
6218:waʔ-
6187:PUNC
6137:FACT
6133:waʔ-
6110:PUNC
6091:REFL
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6057:waʔ-
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5811:gw-
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2002:dual
1985:PUNC
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1966:EXCL
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1947:FACT
1943:waʔ–
1920:PUNC
1911:eat-
1901:INCL
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