37:
424:
157:
132:
190:
233:
170:
201:
108:
311:
119:
145:
414:
was dispatched to the
Mediterranean to eventually join forces with the defected Ottoman fleet. However, France became politically isolated when the other Great Powers backed up the Sultan, and Thiers was unprepared to bring his country into open war with Britain. France switched sides and aligned
438:
In
September 1840, the European powers eventually moved from diplomatic means to military action. When French support for Muhammad Ali failed to materialize, British and Austrian naval forces in the eastern Mediterranean moved against Syria and Alexandria.
384:. If he delayed acceptance more than 20 days, he would forfeit everything offered. The European powers agreed to use all possible means of persuasion to affect the agreement, but Muhammad Ali hesitated since he believed in support from
336:
between
Muhammad Ali and the Ottomans escalated, with the latter failing once again to wage it successfully. In June 1840, the entire Ottoman navy defected to Muhammad Ali, and the French planned to offer full support to his cause.
285:
In the preceding decades, Muhammad Ali had expanded and strengthened his hold on
Ottoman territory, beginning with Egypt, where he acted as a viceroy for the Sultan. Called upon to assist the Ottomans in the
380:
if those territories would nominally remain part of the
Ottoman Empire. If he did not accept the withdrawal of his forces within ten days, he would lose the offer in
850:
615:
845:
194:
710:
860:
489:
After the surrender of Acre, Muhammad Ali finally accepted the terms of the
Convention on 27 November 1840. He renounced his claims over
341:
200:
112:
107:
780:
Molatam, Mona
Mohamed, Ashraf Mo'nes, and Samah Abd Elrahman Mahmoud. "The Firman 'Decree' 1841 to Keep the Rule of Egypt Generally."
760:
333:
319:
299:
258:
28:
478:
206:
477:
a small landing party of
Austrian, British and Ottoman troops, which were led personally by the Austrian fleet commander,
855:
768:
Middleton, Charles R. "Cabinet
Decision Making at the Accession of Queen Victoria: The Crisis of the East 1839–1840,"
752:
819:
36:
497:
and agreed to downsize his naval forces and his standing army to 18,000 men if he and his descendants would enjoy
423:
521:
was issued by the sultan and confirmed
Muhammad Ali's rule over Egypt and the Sudan. Muhammad Ali withdrew from
792:
Rodkey, Frederick Stanley. "4. Colonel Campbell's Report on Egypt in 1840, with Lord Palmerston's Comments1."
785:
610:
759:
Malm, Andreas. "The Destruction of Palestine Is the Destruction of the Earth". (Verso Books, 8 April 2024)
369:
81:
840:
411:
404:
340:
On the verge of total collapse and defeat to Muhammad Ali, an alliance of European powers comprising
324:
In 1839, the Ottoman Empire attempted to retake Syria from Muhammad Ali but was defeated by his son,
287:
747:
Mahmoud, Muhammad. "The international position on the Egyptian control of the Levant 1813–1840 AD."
605:
397:
835:
325:
243:
648:
806:
474:
470:
454:
270:
237:
85:
801:
Soliman, Ali A., and M. Mabrouk Kotb. "Egypt’s Finances and Foreign Campaigns, 1810–1840."
373:
8:
553:
549:
593:
565:
561:
427:
137:
585:
573:
541:
217:
556:
of any country in the 19th century, and the decisive bombardments by coal-powered
310:
581:
569:
517:
408:
345:
329:
222:
189:
124:
357:
537:
525:, the Hijaz, the Holy Land, Adana and Crete and handed back the Ottoman fleet.
509:
400:
377:
353:
162:
150:
829:
522:
494:
385:
381:
295:
291:
262:
232:
212:
169:
481:, took the citadel after Muhammad Ali's Egyptian garrison in Acre had fled.
675:
Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923
662:
Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923
636:
Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923
577:
529:
446:
274:
174:
70:
715:
592:, which through the 20th and 21st century have been intertwined with the
589:
545:
533:
773:
557:
501:
498:
458:
450:
442:
62:
699:, (Princeton, New Jersey: Center for International Studies, 1960), 11.
302:
against his Ottoman masters and easily took most of the Syrian lands.
686:
H. Wood Jarvis, Pharaoh to Farouk, (London: John Murray, 1956), 134.
572:. Malm argues that this aftermath laid the groundwork for the later
407:. Supporting Muhammad Ali's thus-successful revolt seemed suitable.
532:
marked the intervention as the pivotal event in the history of the
294:
to be transferred to his personal rule. When the war ended and the
403:, sought to increase French influence in North Africa after their
568:, whose interests coincided with the foreign policy interests of
512:
349:
266:
469:
on 11 September 1840. British and Austrian forces then attacked
372:, signed on 15 July 1840, the Great Powers offered Muhammad Ali
548:
use across the world. In addition, the intervention left Egypt
466:
66:
711:"The Destruction of Palestine Is the Destruction of the Earth"
584:" that would forward the political and economic interests of
505:
490:
462:
89:
740:
Houghton, John. "The Egyptian Navy of Muhammad Ali Pasha."
473:. Following the bombardment of the city and the port on
782:
Minia Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research MJTHR
697:
Military Elite and Social Change: Egypt Since Napoleon
816:
The Pasha: How Mehemet Ali Defied the West, 1839–1841
356:decided to intervene on behalf of the young Sultan
827:
616:History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
396:The French, under the newly-formed cabinet of
803:Global Dimensions of African Economic History
376:permanent control over Egypt, Sudan, and the
41:The bombardment and capture of St Jean d'Acre
290:, Muhammad Ali in return demanded parts of
638:, (Harvard University Press, 2001), 36–37.
273:'s aims to establish a personal empire in
35:
540:, suggesting that the British ability to
298:failed to keep its promise, Muhammad Ali
128:
422:
309:
677:, (Harvard University Press, 2001), 37.
664:, (Harvard University Press, 2001), 38.
363:
828:
415:against Muhammad Ali in October 1840.
846:Diplomatic crises of the 19th century
314:Extent of Muhammad Ali's rule in 1840
708:
649:The Development of International Law
576:and began the first conception of a
484:
461:coastline, they moved east to shell
418:
647:Geoffrey G. Butler, Simon Maccoby,
16:Episode in the Egyptian–Ottoman War
13:
734:
391:
14:
872:
445:was the port where the defecting
265:, triggered by the self-declared
851:Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)
564:emboldened British and American
434:in the bombardment of Acre, 1840
320:Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)
231:
199:
188:
168:
155:
143:
130:
117:
106:
29:Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)
84:enforced by allied powers, and
861:Egypt–United Kingdom relations
709:Malm, Andreas (8 April 2024).
702:
689:
680:
667:
654:
641:
628:
552:, undergoing the most extreme
508:, an unheard-of status for an
1:
621:
611:History of the Ottoman Empire
560:and reports of desolation in
305:
280:
794:Cambridge Historical Journal
772:(1979) 51#2 pp. D1085–D1117
300:launched a military campaign
7:
673:Efraim Karsh, Inari Karsh,
660:Efraim Karsh, Inari Karsh,
634:Efraim Karsh, Inari Karsh,
599:
10:
877:
412:Julien Pierre Anne Lalande
317:
770:Journal of Modern History
449:had withdrawn. After the
288:Greek War of Independence
180:
99:
45:
34:
26:
21:
606:History of Ottoman Egypt
550:economically subordinate
88:secures his position in
751:50.82 (2020): 665–698.
255:Oriental Crisis of 1840
22:Oriental Crisis of 1840
856:Egypt–France relations
784:14.1 (2022): 130–144.
744:105.2 (2019): 162–182.
435:
315:
257:was an episode in the
181:Commanders and leaders
544:led to the export of
426:
313:
796:3.1 (1929): 102–114.
742:The Mariner's Mirror
457:first blockaded the
370:Convention of London
364:Convention of London
259:Egyptian–Ottoman War
82:Convention of London
53:Summer–November 1840
814:Ufford, Letitia W.
554:deindustrialization
405:conquest of Algeria
269:of Egypt and Sudan
818:(McFarland, 2007)
594:petroleum industry
566:Christian Zionists
479:Archduke Friedrich
436:
316:
271:Muhammad Ali Pasha
238:Muhammad Ali Pasha
195:Archduke Friedrich
86:Muhammad Ali Pasha
841:Conflicts in 1840
485:Long-term results
419:Military campaign
251:
250:
95:
94:
868:
749:Adab Al-Rafidayn
728:
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723:
706:
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582:satellite colony
574:Zionist movement
236:
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218:Henry Codrington
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47:
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805:18 (2019): 19+
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735:Further reading
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707:
703:
695:Morroe Berger,
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672:
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659:
655:
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633:
629:
624:
602:
570:Lord Palmerston
504:over Egypt and
487:
475:3 November 1840
421:
409:Counter Admiral
394:
392:French position
366:
346:Austrian Empire
330:Battle of Nezib
322:
308:
283:
261:in the eastern
230:
223:Arthur Fanshawe
207:Robert Stopford
198:
197:
187:
167:
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144:
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131:
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125:Austrian Empire
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73:
40:
17:
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11:
5:
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613:
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601:
598:
538:climate system
486:
483:
420:
417:
401:Adolphe Thiers
398:Prime Minister
393:
390:
382:southern Syria
378:Eyalet of Acre
365:
362:
318:Main article:
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227:
226:
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183:
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178:
177:
165:
163:Ottoman Empire
151:Russian Empire
113:United Kingdom
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
79:
75:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
873:
862:
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839:
837:
836:1840 in Egypt
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542:project power
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531:
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519:
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511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
492:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:Austrian Navy
452:
448:
447:Ottoman fleet
444:
440:
433:
431:
425:
416:
413:
410:
406:
402:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:and his heirs
371:
361:
359:
355:
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347:
343:
338:
335:
331:
327:
326:Ibrahim Pasha
321:
312:
303:
301:
297:
293:
292:Ottoman Syria
289:
278:
276:
275:Ottoman Egypt
272:
268:
264:
263:Mediterranean
260:
256:
245:
244:Ibrahim Pasha
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
228:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:John Ommanney
211:
210:
209:
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25:
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741:
720:. Retrieved
714:
704:
696:
691:
682:
674:
669:
661:
656:
643:
635:
630:
578:Jewish state
530:Andreas Malm
527:
516:
515:. Indeed, a
488:
441:
437:
432: (1832)
429:
395:
367:
358:AbdĂĽlmecid I
339:
323:
284:
254:
252:
229:
186:
175:Egypt Eyalet
100:Belligerents
716:Verso Books
590:Middle East
546:fossil fuel
534:Middle East
830:Categories
622:References
558:steamships
528:Ecologist
499:hereditary
459:Nile delta
451:Royal Navy
443:Alexandria
332:. Thus, a
306:Syrian War
281:Background
63:Nile Delta
562:Palestine
428:HMS
774:in JSTOR
722:24 April
651:, p. 440
600:See also
586:the West
536:and the
493:and the
453:and the
205:Admiral
58:Location
27:Part of
588:in the
513:viceroy
510:Ottoman
430:Phoenix
368:By the
350:Prussia
342:Britain
334:new war
328:in the
267:Khedive
138:Prussia
820:online
807:online
786:online
761:online
753:online
580:as a "
518:firman
467:Beirut
386:France
354:Russia
344:, the
160:
148:
135:
122:
78:Result
67:Beirut
523:Syria
506:Sudan
495:Hijaz
491:Crete
463:Sidon
296:Porte
90:Egypt
724:2024
502:rule
471:Acre
465:and
352:and
253:The
71:Acre
50:Date
832::
713:.
596:.
388:.
360:.
348:,
277:.
69:,
65:,
822:.
809:.
763:.
726:.
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