581:
802:
2477:
warned on the one hand against delays and on the other hand against excessive enthusiasm for reforms, preferring compromise. He was keenly sensitive to public opinion, and indeed often shapes it through his dealings with newspaper editors. When he sensed that public demand had reached an unstoppable momentum, he would work for a watered-down reform. He routinely gave the same advice to foreign governments. Diplomats across Europe took careful note of his move from the Tories to the Whigs, and suspected him of sympathy with the reform movements which were setting off upheavals in France, Belgium and elsewhere, and which frightened the reactionary governments of the major powers Russia, Austria and Russia. In reality he drew his foreign policy ideals from
Canning. His main goals were to promote British strategic and economic interests worldwide, remain aloof from European alliances, mediate peace in Europe and use British naval power sparingly as needed. He worried most about France as an adversary, although he collaborated with them as in securing the
2455:
2447:
settle the intense and growing political unrest across
Britain. He believed that the respectable classes deserved to have their demands for greater representation met, but he refused to extend political power to the mass of the lower middle class and working class, saying that they were not ready to be trusted with it. He wanted to preserve the basic elements of the existing constitution by removing obvious abuses, thinking that this would strengthen aristocratic leadership. He persuaded the king to promise to create enough new peers to force the bill through the House of Lords. The king made the promise while also advising the peers to stop blocking the bill. The Reform Act was Grey's principal achievement; it reflects his pragmatic, moderate and conservative character, as well as his parliamentary skills of timing and persuasion. His cabinet was a coalition of diverse interests, so in 1834 when it divided over the
2550:, and the Corn Laws kept the price high. Bright was a powerful speaker, which boosted him to election to parliament in 1843. His radical program included extension of the suffrage, land reform and reduction of taxation. He opposed factory reforms, labour unions and controls on hours For workers, women and children, arguing that government intervention in economic life was always mistaken. He opposed wars and imperialism. His unremitting hostility to the Crimean war led to his defeat for reelection in 1857. He was soon reelected from Birmingham, leading a national campaign for parliamentary reform to enlarge the suffrage to reach the working man. He was intensely moralistic and distrusted the integrity of his opponents. He loathed the aristocracy that continued to rule Britain. He held a few minor cabinet positions, but his reputation rests on his organising skills and his rhetorical leadership for reform.
2335:
reforms laid the structural foundation for a new kind of State in
Britain: a State in which the electoral rights and civil rights of citizens were extended and given greater legal protection, but in which the ordinary citizen was subjected to a much greater degree of administrative interference, direction, and control from the centre. The most spectacular element in this whole process—the Reform Bill of 1832—ensured that the state should also be partially democratized at the centre. The full significance of 1832 in the history of the country is appreciated only if it is seen as the central change in this mini-sided transformation of an agricultural nation ruled by squires, parsons, and the wealthy landowners into an industrial nation dominated by the classes produced by industrial expansion and commercial enterprise.
2354:"interests" by the "misconduct" of the government. In 1838, Chartists issued the People's Charter demanding manhood suffrage, equal-sized election districts, voting by ballots, payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could serve), annual Parliaments, and abolition of property requirements. The ruling class saw the movement as dangerous. Multiple large peaceful meetings across England demanded change but the Chartists were unable to force serious constitutional debate. In July 1839, however, the House of Commons rejected, by 235 votes to 46, a motion to debate the Chartists' national petition, bearing 1.3 million signatures. Historians see Chartism as both a continuation of the 18th century fight against corruption and as a new stage in demands for democracy in an industrial society.
2195:, with only a few dozen voters under the control of a local magnate. Industrial cities gained many of the seats but were still significantly underrepresented in Parliament. The 1831–1832 battle over parliamentary reform was, "a year probably unmatched in English history for the sweep and intensity of its excitement." Every few years an incremental enlargement of the electorate was made by Parliament, reaching practically all male voters by the 1880s, and all the women by 1928. Both parties introduced paid professional organisers who supervised the mobilisation of all possible support in each constituency; about 80% of the men voted. The Tories discovered that their conservatism had an appeal to skilled workers, and also to women, hundreds of thousands of whom were organised by the
1932:, and expressed its strong hostility toward Catholics and nonconformist Protestants by restricting their political and civil rights. The Catholic started to organise in Ireland, threatening instability or even civil war, and the moderates in Parliament emancipated them. The Nonconformists were similarly freed from their restrictions. In addition to reforms at the Parliamentary level, there was a reorganisation of the governmental system in the rapidly growing cities, putting a premium on modernisation and expertise, and large electorates as opposed to small ruling cliques. A rapidly growing middle class, as well as active intellectuals, broaden the scope of reform to include humanitarian activities such as a new poor law and factory laws to protect women and children workers.
3290:
2435:, who defeated Napoleon, served as the leader of the Conservative party in the House of Lords, 1828–1846. Some writers have belittled him as a befuddled reactionary, but a consensus reached in the late 20th century depicts him as a shrewd operator who hid his cleverness behind the facade of a poorly-informed old soldier. Wellington worked to transform the Lords from unstinting support of the Crown to an active player in political manoeuvring, with a commitment to the landed aristocracy. He used his London residence as a venue for intimate dinners and private consultations, together with extensive correspondence that kept him in close touch with party leaders in the Commons and with leading figures in the Lords. He gave public rhetorical support to
1525:
2819:
482:
2996:
11910:
468:
1889:
3137:". Salisbury was "a great foreign minister, essentially negative, indeed reactionary in home affairs". Another historian's estimate is more favourable; he portrays Salisbury as a leader who "held back the popular tide for twenty years." "nto the 'progressive' strain of modern Conservatism he simply will not fit." One historian pointed to "the narrow cynicism of Salisbury". One admirer of Salisbury agrees that Salisbury found the democracy born of the 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts as "perhaps less objectionable than he had expected—succeeding, through his public persona, in mitigating some part of its nastiness."
4021:
3087:
51:
12035:
3112:, were suited to a developing capitalist society but could not respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed. Called the "Grand Old Man" later in life, he was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to British workers and the lower middle class. The deeply religious Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics with his evangelical sensibility. His moralism often angered his upper-class opponents (including Queen Victoria, who strongly favoured Disraeli), and his heavy-handed control split the Liberal party. His
1764:
3062:
political status quo by sustaining an establishment viewpoint that emphasised the greatness of monarchy, empire and tradition as they created "a facsimile world where existing values were invariably validated by events in the film and where all discord could be turned into harmony by an acceptance of the status quo." Disraeli was an especially popular film hero: "historical dramas favoured
Disraeli over Gladstone and, more substantively, promulgated an essentially deferential view of democratic leadership." Stage and screen actor
2527:, forms the cornerstone of Bentham's thought. By "happiness", he understood a predominance of "pleasure" over "pain". He is best known for his inspiration of the radical forces, helping them define those reforms that were most urgently needed and how they could be implemented. His intellectual leadership helped achieve many of the key legal, political, economic and social reforms of the 1830s and 1840s. He especially influenced the reform of education, prisons, poor laws, legal procedures and Parliamentary representation.
2319:, which now for the first time had a significant voice in Parliament. However, at this point the great majority of manual workers, clerks and farmers did not have enough property to qualify to vote. Many of them received the vote in 1867. The aristocracy continued to dominate the Church of England, the most prestigious military and naval posts, and high society, but not business, industry or finance. In terms of national governmental policy, the democratic wishes of the entire people had become decisive.
735:
507:
2578:
3006:
11257:
13479:
2026:, presented petitions assembled by the main Nonconformist pressure group, the United Committee, which represented Congregationalist, Baptists and Unitarians. Their demand was the immediate repeal of the hated laws. Wellington and Peel originally were opposed, but then tried to compromise. They finally gave, splitting the Tory party, and signaling that the once unstoppable power of the Anglican establishment was now unexpectedly fragile and vulnerable to challenge.
989:
3901:
13784:
13490:
1601:. Each operation proved a failure with the British commanding generals killed or in disgrace. The war was a stalemate without purpose. A negotiated peace was reached at the end of 1814 that restored the prewar boundaries. British Canada celebrated its deliverance from American rule, Americans celebrated victory in a "second war of independence," and Britain celebrated its defeat of Napoleon. The treaty opened up two centuries of peace and open borders.
13467:
521:
1695:
2244:
122:
801:
13500:
3609:, and the death of George III, led to the concession of Catholic emancipation in 1829, allowing Roman Catholics to sit in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Catholic emancipation was not O'Connell's real goal, which was the repeal of the act of union with Great Britain. On 1 January 1843 O'Connell confidently, but wrongly, declared that repeal would be achieved that year. When
2207:, while often discussed, was never necessary because the upper house repeatedly retreated in the face of determined House of Commons action. After defeating the first two versions of the Reform Act of 1832, the Whigs got the King to agree to appoint as many new peers as was necessary to change the outcome. He promised to do so, but convinced the Lords it would be much wiser for them to approve the law.
1722:" in 1819. They prohibited drills and military exercises; facilitated warrants for the search for weapons; outlawed public meetings of more than 50 people, including meetings to organise petitions; put heavy penalties on blasphemous and seditious publications; imposing a fourpenny stamp act on many pamphlets to cut down the flow on news and criticism. Offenders could be harshly punished including
2494:
2000:
by trade, commerce and manufacturers, gentlemen of the professions of law and physic, and agriculturalists, of that class particularly who live upon their own freehold. The virtues of temperance, frugality, prudence and integrity promoted by religious
Nonconformity... assist the temporal prosperity of these descriptions of persons, as they tend also to lift others to the same rank in society.
3251:, and partisan and constitutional struggles in Parliament. At one point it even seemed the Army might refuse orders dealing with Ireland. No solution appeared in sight when the unexpected outbreak of the Great War in 1914 put domestic issues on hold. The political party system of the Edwardian era was in delicate balance on the eve of the war in 1914. The Liberals were in power with a
3027:. He was typical of the generation of British leaders who matured in the 1830s and 1840s. He was concerned with threats to established political, social and religious values and elites; he emphasised the need for national leadership in response to radicalism, uncertainty and materialism. Disraeli was especially noted for his enthusiastic support for expanding and strengthening the
2562:, and he headed the reform agitation in 1867 which brought the industrial working class within the pale of the constitution. It was Bright who made possible the Liberal party of Gladstone, Asquith and Lloyd George, and the alliance between middle-class idealism and trade unionism, which he promoted, still lives in the present-day Labour Party.
1714:, on 16 August 1819, when a local militia unit composed of landowners charged into an orderly crowd of 60,000 which had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. The crowd panicked and eleven died and hundreds were injured. The government saw the event as an opening battle against revolutionaries. In reaction
3797:. Irish MPs would no longer vote in Westminster but would have their own separate Dublin parliament, which would control domestic issues. Foreign policy and military affairs would remain with London. Gladstone's proposals did not go as far as most Irish nationalists desired, but were still too radical for both
1755:, which gave Catholics the vote and the right to sit in Parliament. That happened in 1829 using Whig support. Passage demonstrated that the veto power long held by the ultra-Tories no longer was operational, and significant reforms were now possible across the board. The stage was set for the Age of Reform.
2231:
came in 1829, which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman
Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland. The Duke of Wellington, as Tory prime minister, decided that the surging crisis in largely Catholic Ireland necessitated some relief for the Catholics, although he had long opposed the idea.
2021:
had to reject non-Anglican applicants. At the local level, everyone who lived in the boundaries of an
Anglican church was required to pay taxes to support the parish. The Test and Corporation laws required all national and local government officials had to attend Anglican church services. In February
1999:
Throughout
England a great part of the more active members of society, who have the most intercourse with the people have the most influence over them, are Protestant Dissenters. These are manufacturers, merchants and substantial tradesman, or persons who are in the enjoyment of a competency realised
1750:
was alarmed at the strength of the
Catholic Association, warning in 1824, "We cannot tamely sit by while the danger is hourly increasing, while a power co-ordinate with that of the Government is rising by its side, nay, daily counteracting its views." The Duke of Wellington, Britain's most famous war
2684:
One nagging fear was the possible collapse of the
Ottoman Empire. It was well understood that a collapse of that country would set off a scramble for its territory and possibly plunge Britain into war. To head that off Britain sought to keep the Russians from occupying Constantinople and taking over
1914:
came at a time of intense public and elite anxiety and broke the logjam. The parliamentary system, based on a very small electorate and large numbers of seats that were tightly controlled by a small elite, was radically reformed. For the first time the growing industrial cities had representation in
1613:
progressed, society changed, becoming more urban. The postwar period saw an economic slump, and poor harvests and inflation caused widespread social unrest. British leadership was intensely conservative, ever watchful of signs of revolutionary activity of the sort that had so deeply affected France.
3916:
was badly organised. The British army suppressed it after a week of fighting but the quick executions of 15 leaders alienated nationalist opinion. Overnight there was a movement away from home rule and toward Irish independence. The Cabinet decided that the 1914 Act should be brought into operation
3116:
goal was to create a European order based on cooperation rather than conflict and mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion; the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self-interest. This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by
3061:
patrons in the 1880s and 1890s, "xenophobia and pride in empire" were reflected in the halls' most popular political heroes: all were Conservatives and Disraeli stood out above all, even decades after his death, while Gladstone was used as a villain. After 1920, historical films helped maintain the
2476:
in Tory governments for two decades, but switched over to the Whig coalition in 1830. The Tories despised him thereafter as a turncoat, and many of the more radical Whigs were distrustful of his basically conservative views that saw him fainthearted about or opposed to reform measures. He typically
2322:
Most historians emphasise the central importance of the legislation of the 1830s–60s, although there was a dissenting minority of scholars in the 1960s and 1970s who argued against deep meanings of Whiggish progress because each of the reforms was relatively minor in itself. Historian Richard Davis
2302:
their signature measure. It sharply reduced the numbers of "rotten borough" and "pocket boroughs" (where elections were controlled by powerful families), and instead redistributed seats on the basis of population. It also broadened the franchise, adding 217,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000 in
2149:
established free trade as the basic principle by which British merchants came to dominate the globe, and brought cheap food to British workers. A depoliticised civil service based on merit replaced patronage policies rewarding jobs for partisan efforts. Efficiency was a high priority in government,
2615:
The Queen played a small role in politics, but became the iconic symbol of the nation, the empire and proper, restrained behaviour. Her success as ruler was due to the power of the self-images she successively portrayed of innocent young woman, devoted wife and mother, suffering and patient widow,
2421:
in 1860; by 1837 they numbered 428; in 1901, there were 592. The number rose to 622 by 1910. Reform legislation in 1832, 1867, 1884 and 1918 weakened the aristocracy in terms of its control of the House of Commons. However, it ran the government: of the ten prime ministers under Victoria, six were
2334:
In all these ways—the organization of the new police (by Peel as Home Secretary in the 1820s), the new Poor Law, and in the new municipal councils—the pattern of government in England was changed fundamentally within a single decade. In conjunction with the removal of religious disabilities, these
4037:
Until 1927, the monarch's royal title included the words "of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". In 1927, the words "United Kingdom" were removed from the royal title so that the monarch was instead styled as "King/Queen of Great Britain, Ireland...". The words "United Kingdom" were
3839:
in 1893, which this time was passed by the Commons, but was defeated in the Conservative-dominated House of Lords. The Conservatives came to power until 1906 and home rule became a dead issue, but the subsidised sale of farm land greatly reduced the Protestant presence in Ireland south of Ulster.
1859:
Britain from the 1820s to the 1860s experienced a turbulent and exciting "age of reform". The century started with 15 years of war against France, ending in Wellington's triumph against Napoleon in 1815 at Waterloo. There followed 15 difficult years, in which the Tory Party, representing a small,
1458:
that Napoleon could draft into the French armies when they were needed. Although the Royal Navy effectively disrupted France's extra-continental trade—both by seizing and threatening French shipping and by seizing French colonial possessions—it could do nothing about France's trade with the major
2920:
a difficult fight, but their weight of numbers, superior equipment and often brutal tactics, eventually brought about a British victory. The war had been costly in human rights and was widely criticised by Liberals in Britain and worldwide. However, the United States gave London its support. The
2557:
John Bright was the greatest of all parliamentary orators. He had many political successes. Along with Richard Cobden, he conducted the campaign which led to the repeal of the Corn Laws. He did more than any other man to prevent the intervention of this country (Britain) on the side of the South
1729:
One historian would write: "Peterloo was a blunder; it was hardly a massacre." It was a serious mistake by local authorities who did not understand what was happening. Nevertheless, it had a major impact on British opinion at the time and on history ever since as a symbol of officialdom brutally
3151:
The Victorian era is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality. Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards (and usually followed them), but have debated whether the working classes followed suit. Moralists in the late 19th century such as
2801:
to ship arms to and built warships for the Confederacy at considerable profit. London ignored American complaints that it allowed the selling of arms and building of warships for the Confederacy. Both blockade runners and warships caused a major diplomatic row that was partially resolved in the
2446:
had promoted reform of Parliament since the 1790s, always to be defeated by the Ultra-Tories. The breakthrough came in his success in passage of the Reform Act of 1832. He sought this as the final step of reform, rather than a first step in a long process, emphasising the urgent need in 1832 to
2004:
The Nonconformists suffered under a series of disabilities, some of which were symbolic and others were painful, and they were all deliberately imposed to weaken the dissenting challenge to Anglican orthodoxy. The Nonconformists allied with the Whigs to demand for civil and religious equality.
2353:
was a large-scale popular protest movement that emerged in response to the failure of the 1832 Reform Bill to give the vote to the working class. It lacked middle-class support, and it failed repeatedly. Activists denounced the "betrayal" of the working classes and the "sacrificing" of their
2226:
After four decades of rule by Pittites and Tories the first breakthrough in reform came in the removal by a Tory government of restrictions on the careers of Protestant Nonconformists in the repeal in 1828 of the laws that required Anglican church membership for many academic and government
2485:. He much preferred liberal and reform-oriented nations to reactionary powers. He placed a high priority on building up British strength in India, He spoke often of pride in British nationalism, which found favour in public opinion and gave him a strong basis of support outside Parliament.
3317:
shrank 27%. The Great War saw a decline in civilian consumption, with a major reallocation to munitions. The government share of GDP soared from 8% in 1913 to 38% in 1918 (compared to 50% in 1943). The war forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from the U.S.
1733:
The Ultra-Tories peaked in strength about 1819–1822 then lost ground inside the Tory Party. They were defeated in important breakthroughs that took place in the late 1820s in terms of tolerating first dissenting Protestants. An even more decisive blow was the unexpected repeal of the many
1124:
Beginning in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Imperial government granted increasing levels of autonomy to locally elected governments in colonies where white settlers had become demographically or politically dominant, with this process eventually resulting in
3243:, based on middle-class values and virtues. He understood the overseas Empire better than any of his prime ministers and used his exceptional memory for figures and details, whether of uniforms, politics, or relations, to good effect in reaching out in conversation with his subjects.
108:
580:
109:
2327:." That is, the Reform Act of 1832 was a response to mounting popular pressure. It was "the culmination of a long historical process, and an important turning point in the emergence of a more liberal and broadly based political system… it deserves its old designation of 'Great.'"
1678:
in 1793. Historians find that the violent radical element was small and weak; there were a handful of small conspiracies involving men with few followers and careless security; they were quickly suppressed. Nevertheless, techniques of repression included the suspension of
3847:
The Conservative government also felt that the demands in Ireland could be satisfied by helping the Catholics purchase their farms from Protestant owners. A solution by money not force was called "killing home rule with kindness". Reforms passed as a result included the
3391:
alongside the Allies in 1917, and provided the needed manpower, money and supplies to keep them going. On other fronts, the British, French, New Zealanders, Australians and Japanese occupied Germany's colonies. Britain fought the Ottoman Empire, suffering defeats in the
3344:. Along the Western Front the British and French launched repeated assaults on the German trench lines in 1915–1917, which killed and wounded hundreds of thousands, but made only limited gains. By early 1916, with number of volunteers falling off, the government imposed
3439:(RFC), was about the same size of the pre-war army. The almost three million casualties were known as the "lost generation", and such numbers inevitably left society scarred; but even so, some people felt their sacrifice was little regarded in Britain, with poems like
3072:. Arliss "personified the kind of paternalistic, kindly, homely statesmanship that appealed to a significant proportion of the cinema audience… Even workers attending Labour party meetings deferred to leaders with an elevated social background who showed they cared.".
3856:. Between 1868 and 1908: spending on Ireland was generally increased, huge tracts of land were purchased from landlords and redistributed to smallholders, local government was democratised, and the franchise widely extended. Ireland remained calm until the eve of the
1950:
became wiser, better, more frugal, more honest, more respectable, more virtuous, than they ever were before." Wickedness still flourished, but the good were getting better, as frivolous habits were discarded for more serious concerns. The leading moralist of the era,
2612:. Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign saw Britain reach the zenith of its economic and political power, with the introduction of steam ships, railways, photography and the telegraph. Britain again remained mostly inactive in Continental politics.
2113:
In the 1825 to 1867 era, widespread public demonstrations, some of them violent, escalated to demand reform. The ruling Tories were dead set against anything smacking of democracy or popular rule and favoured severe punishment of demonstrators, as exemplified by the
111:
110:
1167:. The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry, trade and finance, in which Britain largely dominated the world economy. Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States. The
3624:
made worse by demand for funds for railways and food imports. The crisis prevented the expending of the loan if the pound was to remain convertible to gold and government funding was slashed in 1847 and the costs of relief transferred to local taxes in Ireland.
3054:, for as Perry notes, "When confronted with specific problems, he sought to reduce tension between town and country, landlords and farmers, capital and labour, and warring religious sects in Britain and Ireland—in other words, to create a unifying synthesis."
106:
1638:
the damage was irrevocable. The sovereign was increasingly a symbolic contradiction in his own age. Through madness, stupidity, and immorality Victoria's three predecessors lowered the stock of monarchy. Only thirty years of the narrow domestic virtues of
1473:
would end its economic hegemony. On the contrary Britain possessed the greatest industrial capacity in the world, and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade to its possessions and the United States. The
2439:
anti-reform positions, but then deftly changed positions toward the party's centre, especially when Peel needed support from the upper house. Wellington's success was based on the 44 peers elected from Scotland and Ireland, whose election he controlled.
1263:, opted-out of joining the Free State and remained part of the Union under this limited form of self-government. In light of these changes, the British state was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 12 April 1927 with the
1394:
ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized. The peace settlement was in effect only a ceasefire, and Napoleon continued to provoke the British by attempting a trade embargo on the country and by occupying the city of
2541:
to promote all varieties of humanitarian and parliamentary reform. They started with a successful campaign against the Corn Laws. These were tariffs on imported food that kept up the price of grain to placate Tory landowners. The major factor in the
1149:. Although these dominions remained part of the British Empire, in practice, dominion governments were permitted to largely manage their own internal affairs without interference from London, which was primarily responsible only for foreign policy.
3271:. The coalition lacked a long-term plan, because it was cobbled together from leftovers from the 1890s. The sociological basis was non-Anglicanism and non-English ethnicity rather than the emerging class conflict emphasised by the Labour Party.
1927:
and based in the industrial cities; they demanded cheap food. There were a series of reforms of the electoral laws, expanding the number of male voters and reducing the level of corruption. The reactionary Tory element was closely linked to the
2980:
Disraeli and Gladstone dominated the politics of the late 19th century, Britain's golden age of parliamentary government. They long were idolised, but historians in recent decades have become much more critical, especially regarding Disraeli.
1171:
was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia. The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally, while democratic institutions began to develop.
1250:
in 1922. Although the Free State was explicitly governed under dominion status and thus was not a fully independent polity, as a dominion it was no longer considered to be part of the United Kingdom and ceased to be represented in the
3840:
Having been rejected by the Conservatives, the Irish nationalist forces had little choice but to support the minority Liberal Party. New groups split off and they finally all merged in 1900 into the Irish Parliamentary Party led by
3447:
criticising the war as a human failure. The literary legacy focused on mass death, mechanised slaughter, fallacious propaganda and deep disillusionment, thereby annihilating long-standing romanticised images of the glories of war.
1629:
so that he could marry his favourite lover. Public and elite opinion strongly favoured the Queen and ridiculed the king. The fiasco helped ruin the prestige of the monarchy and it recovered a fraction of the power wielded by King
1751:
hero, told Peel, "If we cannot get rid of the Catholic Association, we must look to Civil War in Ireland sooner or later." Peel and Wellington agreed that to stop the momentum of the Catholic Association it was necessary to pass
3675:
Parnell's movement campaigned for "Home Rule", by which they meant that Ireland would govern itself as a region within the United Kingdom. Two home rule Bills (1886 and 1893) were introduced by the Liberal Prime Minister
3246:
The era was prosperous but political crises were escalating out of control. Multiple crises hit simultaneously in 1910–1914 with serious social and political instability arising from the Irish crisis, labour unrest, the
2663:
of 1851, Britain was described as the "workshop of the world". Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment, it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe and the empire, especially in
3386:
in May 1915, drowning over 100 American passengers, protests by the United States led Germany to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare. In spring 1917 it resumed the sinking of all merchant ships without warning.
1864:
that was fearful of a popular revolution along the French model, employed severe repression. In the mid-1820s, however, as popular unrest increased, the government made a series of dramatic changes. The more
3214:
became king, inaugurating the Edwardian era, which was characterised by great and ostentatious displays of wealth in contrast to the sombre Victorian Era. With the advent of the 20th century, things such as
2600:. Scholars debate whether the Victorian period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians—actually begins with the passage of the
2080:", whereby no nation would be powerful enough to threaten the conquest of Europe the way Napoleon had. Vienna ushered in a century of peace, with no great wars and few important localised ones until the
2071:
to pay 700 million livre in indemnities and lose the territory seized after 1791. He realised that harsher terms would lead to a dangerous reaction in France, and now that the conservative old-fashioned
1813:
in a few short years, mostly to Britain and to the United States. The trend of emigration would continue in Ireland for decades and Ireland's population has never recovered to its pre-famine levels. The
2295:. The government purchased all the slaves for £20,000,000 (the money went to rich plantation owners who mostly lived in England), and freed the slaves, most of whom were in the Caribbean sugar islands.
3031:, in contrast to Gladstone's negative attitude toward imperialism. Gladstone denounced Disraeli's policies of territorial aggrandisement, military pomp and imperial symbolism (such as making the Queen
1790:
in the 1850s. That war was strictly limited in terms of scope and impact. The major result was the realisation that military medical services needed urgent reform, as advocated by the nursing leader
1207:. Although not formally allied with any of these powers, by 1914 British policy had all but committed to declaring war on Germany if the latter attacked France. This was realized in August 1914 when
105:
2256:
commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords:
2092:
in 1815, but relented and broke ranks with the absolute monarchies by 1820. Britain intervened in Portugal in 1826 to defend a constitutional government there and recognising the independence of
3379:, despite the risk of war by the powerful neutral power the United States. The waters around Britain were declared a war zone where any ship, neutral or otherwise, was a target. After the liner
1946:
In the 1790–1815 period there was an improvement in morals caused by the religious efforts by evangelicals inside the Church of England, and Dissenters or Nonconformist Protestants as people:
4159:
Due to George III's inability to carry out his duties as King after 1811, his son acted as Prince Regent from then until George III's death in 1820 when he acceded to the throne as George IV.
13700:
3917:
immediately and a Government established in Dublin. Negotiations were stalemated as Ulster mobilised. London made a second attempt to implement Home Rule in 1917, with the calling of the
1782:
The era of reform came in a time of peace, guaranteed in considerable part by the overwhelming power of the Royal Navy. Britain engaged in only one serious war between 1815 and 1914, the
2869:
was useless as large-scale alliances emerged. It restored good relations with France and the United States, and ended tensions with Russia, while the confrontation with Germany became a
1674:, which controlled the government. Every untoward event seemed to point to a conspiracy on the left which necessitated more repression to head off another terror such as happened in the
1235:. The deadliest conflict in human history up to that point, the war ended in an Allied victory in November 1918 but inflicted a massive cost to British manpower, materiel and treasure.
3263:. The coalition was committed to free trade (as opposed to the high tariffs the Conservatives sought), free collective bargaining for trades unions (which Conservatives opposed), an
2153:
Foreign policy became moralistic and hostile to the reactionary powers on the continent, teaming up with the United States to block European colonialism in the New World through the
1348:
believed that agreeing to Catholic Emancipation would violate his Coronation Oath to uphold the Protestant faith, and his lack of support for the initiative led the Prime Minister,
1267:. The modern-day United Kingdom is the same state, that is to say a direct continuation of what remained after the Irish Free State's secession, as opposed to being an entirely new
2145:
and Peel, rationalised the tariff system, and culminated in the great repeal of the tariffs on imported grain in 1846, much to the dismay of grain farmers. The 1846 repeal of the
3616:
While government funds were supplemented by private individuals and charities, and aid from the United States, it was not enough to avert a major catastrophe. The government of
2472:
played the dominant role in shaping British foreign-policy as Foreign Secretary (1830–1834, 1835–1841 and 1846–1851) and as prime minister (1855–1858, 1859–1865). He served as
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
2834:, giving it self-government and responsibility for its own defence, Canada did not have an independent foreign policy until 1931. The second half of the 19th century saw a
2219:
let his ministers take full charge of government affairs. He was a deeply unpopular playboy. When he tried to get Parliament to pass a law allowing him to divorce his wife
2160:
Municipal reform was a necessity for the rapidly growing industrial cities still labouring under a hodgepodge of centuries-old laws and traditions. When Peel took over the
11224:
1841:
2849:
after 1871 posed a new challenge, for it (along with the United States), threatened to usurp Britain's place as the world's foremost industrial power. Germany acquired a
2625:
3164:. However, new research using computerised matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation then were quite low—under 5%—for the working class and the poor.
3035:), saying it did not fit a modern commercial and Christian nation. However, Gladstone himself did not turn down attractive opportunities to expand the empire in Egypt.
3972:
which by this time was operating under the remit of Dáil Éireann. In mid 1921 a truce was agreed between the British government and Sinn Féin and this resulted in the
1809:
when the potato crop failed in the 1840s. The Government did little to help the starving poor in Ireland. Along with the one million deaths, another one million would
1569:
was a minor sideshow to the British, but the American army performed very poorly, and was unable to successfully attack Canada. In 1813, the Americans took control of
650:
1577:, knocking most of the Indian tribes out of the war. When Napoleon surrendered for the first time in 1814, three separate forces were sent to attack the Americans in
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
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12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
4134:
seceded from the Union in 1922 but continued as the same country, renamed under its current name of the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" under
3996:), immediately exercised its right under the Anglo-Irish Treaty to opt out of the new state. This treaty created a division in Irish nationalism and resulted in the
1980:
3746:
in Ireland. The wider the franchise was expanded, the better anti-union parties were able to do in Ireland. Running on a platform that advocated something like the
3532:
which allowed people to move out of decrepit inner-city slums. The slums remained for several more years, with trams being electrified long before many houses. The
2454:
625:
10075:
1991:), They proclaimed a devotion to hard work, temperance, frugality and upward mobility, with which historians today largely agree. A major Unitarian magazine, the
11172:
10095:
2184:. Elections were to be based on registered voters, city finances had to be audited in a uniform fashion, and city officials were elected by the local taxpayers.
2134:. Much more controversial was the repeal of severe discrimination against Roman Catholics after the Irish Catholics organised, and threatened rebellion, forcing
763:
655:
3420:
on 11 November 1918. It was actually tantamount almost to a surrender with Germany handing over her fleet and heavy weapons, and her army retreating behind the
3227:
were coming into use. The new century was characterised by a feeling of great optimism. The social reforms of the last century continued into the 20th with the
1621:
The major constitutional changes included a reform of Parliament, and a sharp decline in the power and prestige of the monarchy. The Prince regent, on becoming
13878:
2035:
1328:
and came into effect on 1 January 1801. The Irish had been led to believe by the British that their loss of legislative independence would be compensated with
10192:
1856:, other parts of Asia, and Africa. There was little friction with other colonial powers until the 1890s. British foreign policy avoided entangling alliances.
13898:
13571:
3462:
The war had been won by Britain and its allies, but at a terrible human and financial cost, creating a sentiment that wars should never be fought again. The
6002:
107:
6546:
6413:
3925:
in April 1918 that attempted to link implementing Home Rule with extending conscription to Ireland. Irish nationalists rejected conscription and a wave of
1412:
3340:, and dismantling the overseas German Empire. The romantic notions of warfare that everyone had expected faded as the fighting in France bogged down into
13873:
6102:
2751:
2187:
By far the most important of the reforms was the democratisation of Parliament, which began in a small but highly controversial fashion in 1832 with the
8113:
4333:
13893:
11898:
11177:
9644:
1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.
2649:(1792–1815), the UK emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830).
1459:
continental economies and posed little threat to French territory in Europe. France's population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the
690:
13695:
10188:
9517:
2770:
of the Confederacy shut down 95% of Southern exports to Britain. Trade flourished with the Union and many young men crossed the Atlantic to join the
645:
144:
13848:
13843:
13657:
8092:
7537:
Carolyn, Augspurger (2017). "National identity, religion, and Irish unionism: the rhetoric of Irish Presbyterian opposition to Home Rule in 1912".
3964:
followed. London's attempted solution was the establishment of two Irish parliaments to pave the way for the Fourth Home Rule Bill, enacted as the
3280:
3130:
3038:
Disraeli drummed up support by warnings of a supposed Russian threat to India that sank deep into the Conservative mindset. His reputation as the "
2970:
685:
8737:
5242:
4240:
The Irish Pound 1797–1826: A Reprint of the Report of the Committee of 1804 of the British House of Commons on the Condition of the Irish Currency
12119:
11437:
11293:
11034:
2063:
in 1814–1815. It successfully broke Napoleon's comeback attempt in 1815. Castlereagh played a central role at Vienna, along with Austrian leader
1892:
8967:
4271:
3882:
for the duration. There was no conscription in Ireland; military service was optional. Large numbers of both Protestant and Catholic young men
3498:
2929:
in 1910; this had internal self-government, but its foreign policy was controlled by London and it was an integral part of the British Empire.
700:
1553:, seizing merchant ships suspected of trading with France, and impressing sailors (conscription) born in Britain, regardless of their claimed
13818:
12620:
12508:
10254:
3835:) won a majority. In 1890 a divorce case showed Parnell was an adulterer; he was forced from power, and died in 1891. Gladstone introduced a
1450:
remained a minimal threat to France; it maintained a standing strength of just 220,000 men at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, whereas the
635:
2100:
in 1824. British merchants and financiers and, later, railway builders, played major roles in the economies of most Latin American nations.
13637:
12730:
11351:
11206:
9079:
2954:
1017:
13602:
2122:(1788–1830) broke away on several critical issues. Nevertheless, the Whig party gets most of the credit. The middle classes, often led by
13868:
13863:
13813:
12894:
10373:
9709:
9135:
756:
680:
13888:
13642:
11220:
9089:
8327:
3348:(but was not able to do so in Ireland where nationalists of all stripes militantly opposed it) in order to keep up the strength of the
2958:
2798:
2469:
2458:
2403:
2157:
of 1823. Slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire. The Royal Navy stepped up efforts to stop international trade in slaves.
2077:
2049:
1878:
1795:
1184:, which enabled British financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America.
3309:
successfully mobilised its manpower, industry, finances, empire and diplomacy, in league with the French and Americans, to defeat the
2126:
Protestants, turned against the Tories and scored the greatest gains. For example, symbolic restrictions on nonconformists called the
1877:
took over. The Tory coalition fell apart, and it was reassembled under the banner of the Conservative Party. Numerous Tories, such as
11447:
10141:
10019:
4032:
3248:
3113:
2865:
in 1888, he discarded Bismarck, began using bellicose language, and planned to build a navy to rival Britain's. Britain realised its
2783:
2733:
2422:
peers. The seventh was the son of a duke. Two (Peel and Gladstone) emerged from the business community and only one (Disraeli) was a
2076:
were back in power, they were no longer a threat to attempt to conquer all of Europe. Indeed, Castlereagh emphasised the need for a "
1805:
It was a time of prosperity, population growth and better health, except in Ireland where over one million deaths were caused by the
720:
705:
695:
13705:
13662:
13632:
13493:
12904:
12605:
11946:
11039:
9675:
8972:
4001:
2974:
2950:
2432:
2391:
2265:
2165:
1873:"Ultra Tory" faction. The party split, key leaders switched sides, the Tories lost power, and the more liberally minded opposition
1479:
7603:
13883:
13536:
11876:
11302:
11211:
10235:
10024:
8801:
4135:
3101:
3081:
2379:
1919:
in 1846—ending the tariff on imported grain that kept prices high for the landed aristocracy. Repeal was heavily promoted by the
1715:
1365:
1264:
1094:
2884:, it had co-existed with Dutch settlers who had migrated further away from the Cape and created two republics of their own: the
12914:
11891:
10385:
10269:
9929:
3814:
3024:
2747:
2724:
with some distrust, especially as the emperor built up his navy, expanded his empire and took up a more active foreign policy.
2367:
1487:
1152:
749:
715:
710:
675:
563:
381:
334:
3057:
In the popular culture, Disraeli was a great political hero, a status that persisted for decades after his death. For British
13579:
11642:
11187:
10218:
9510:
9099:
8715:
8679:
8651:
8506:
8482:
8358:
8336:
8296:
8274:
8238:
8200:
8176:
8137:
8101:
8077:
8056:
8037:
8001:
7982:
7960:
7938:
7919:
7900:
7878:
7859:
7840:
7818:
7796:
7774:
7752:
7730:
7706:
7684:
7662:
7643:
7528:
7488:
7398:
7369:
7347:
7276:
7239:
7211:
7150:
7125:
7097:
7057:
7039:
7011:
6986:
6961:
6933:
6880:
6855:
6830:
6802:
6752:
6717:
6671:
6643:
6617:
6589:
6501:
6485:
6386:
6358:
6221:
6192:
6145:
6036:
5966:
5941:
5894:
5777:
5687:
5662:
5598:
5524:
5395:
5358:
5232:
5101:
5001:
4862:
4822:
4684:
4584:
4440:
4394:
4367:
4309:
4247:
4005:
3969:
3533:
2387:
2097:
603:
1844:
joined by iron and steel, coal mining, railroads and shipbuilding. The second British Empire, founded after the loss of the
1498:, peace appeared to have returned. Napoleon suddenly reappeared in 1815. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and
13838:
13833:
13617:
13503:
12503:
12114:
11089:
10472:
10358:
8957:
6793:
5835:
4090:
4085:
3828:
3763:
3762:. A wider franchise also changed the ideological mix among non-Irish MPs, making them more receptive to Irish demands. The
3541:
3529:
3416:
at the rate of 10,000 a day by May 1918, the Germans realised they were being overwhelmed. Germany gave up, agreeing to an
2938:
2399:
2261:
2041:
1904:
1799:
1743:
1706:
In industrial districts in 1819, factory workers demanded better wages, and demonstrated. The most important event was the
1451:
13584:
3929:
signalled growing support for the demand for total independence. The old Irish Party collapsed and a new political force,
3289:
1446:. This policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. The
13828:
12909:
11286:
10427:
10340:
10297:
7185:
C. Read. (2019). 'Taxes, tariffs and the economics of nationalism in 1840s Ireland', in D. Kanter & P. Walsh (eds.),
5411:
Phillips, John A.; Wetherell, Charles (1995). "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England".
4612:
Ditchfield, Grayson M. (1974). "The parliamentary struggle over the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1787–1790".
4038:
restored to the monarch's title in 1953 with the reference to "Ireland" replaced with a reference to "Northern Ireland".
3849:
3372:
3043:
2013:
was the only legally accepted birth documentation. The Anglican parish controlled the only religious burial grounds. The
1420:
1195:
increasingly came to be seen as an existential threat to the British Empire. In response, London began to cooperate with
13592:
13174:
12763:
12758:
11723:
11599:
11192:
10956:
10859:
10353:
10264:
10039:
9842:
9802:
9790:
9785:
9773:
9701:
9167:
9094:
8378:
5568:
4095:
3934:
3553:
3345:
1983:
and smaller groups. They were all outside the established Church of England (except in Scotland, where the established
1558:
908:
851:
846:
841:
836:
396:
12034:
4499:
Gaunt, R. A. (2003). "The fourth duke of Newcastle, the ultra-tories and the opposition to Canning's administration".
3313:. The economy grew by about 14% from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services; by contrast the
50:
13777:
13690:
12107:
11884:
11778:
11706:
11672:
10049:
9768:
3953:
3732:
3329:
3020:
2990:
2709:
2312:
2176:
modernised urban government, which previously had been controlled by closed bodies dominated by Tories. Over 200 old
1565:. The Americans felt humiliated and demanded war to restore their honour, despite their complete unpreparedness. The
965:
831:
8539:
3404:
were growing worse in 1917, as the fighting in France continued with no end in sight. With Russia collapsing in the
2720:
on the Ottoman Empire. Despite its alliance with the French in the Crimean War, Britain viewed the Second Empire of
13858:
13853:
13246:
12723:
12520:
12017:
11973:
11215:
10239:
9871:
9814:
9754:
9503:
8826:
6773:
5081:
4105:
3977:
3853:
3805:: his first home rule hill was defeated in the House of Commons following a split in his own party. Liberal leader
3786:
leader Gladstone was considering home rule, the IPP ousted the Conservatives and brought the Liberals into office.
3724:
3720:
3594:
3466:
was founded with the idea that nations could resolve their differences peacefully, but these hopes were unfounded.
1866:
1671:
1554:
1252:
1105:, in which actual hostilities were relatively limited. However, the United Kingdom did engage in extensive wars in
1010:
826:
304:
5998:
4221:
3874:
ready to fight; senior leaders of the British army indicated they would not move to suppress the Protestants (the
2818:
2236:, who suddenly reversed himself on the Catholic issue and was roundly denounced and permanently distrusted by the
1726:. In practice the laws were designed to deter troublemakers and reassure conservatives; they were not often used.
1499:
1482:
gradually pushed the French out of Spain, and in early 1814, as Napoleon was being driven back in the east by the
13241:
13186:
12851:
12515:
12012:
10852:
10479:
9925:
3836:
3658:
3349:
3046:
fell away as historians showed that Disraeli had few proposals for social legislation in 1874–1880, and that the
2276:
2216:
2173:
2006:
1874:
1524:
640:
8527:
4327:"Foreign policy considerations for the UK and Scotland in the event of Scotland becoming an independent country"
13627:
12610:
12498:
11616:
11611:
11279:
10484:
10380:
10054:
10034:
9989:
9687:
9400:
8310:
3965:
3861:
3802:
3617:
3486:
3321:
2946:
2429:
2135:
2023:
1691:
of 1817 heavily muzzled the opposition newspapers; the reformers switched to pamphlets and sold 50,000 a week.
1260:
960:
198:
6088:
12697:
12584:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
11990:
11626:
10462:
10171:
10085:
9172:
4763:
4326:
4197:
4100:
3771:
3754:, home rulers won a majority of both county and borough seats in Ireland in 1874. By 1882, leadership of the
3417:
3413:
2743:
2123:
1941:
975:
572:
3809:
led the battle against home rule in Parliament. He broke with Gladstone and in 1886 formed a new party, the
3235:, who reigned 1910–1936. Scandal-free, hard working and popular, George V was the British monarch who, with
3050:
did not reflect a vision of Conservatism for the unenfranchised working man. However, he did work to reduce
13750:
13424:
13261:
13178:
13146:
12826:
12057:
11687:
11532:
11406:
11119:
10437:
10363:
10213:
10146:
10070:
9944:
9901:
9668:
9130:
4519:
3817:
to build a base for the new party among "Orange" nonconformist Protestant elements in Britain and Ireland.
3388:
3380:
3252:
2870:
930:
13529:
13182:
12716:
12097:
11803:
11562:
11493:
10457:
9830:
9182:
9109:
8794:
8382:
3948:
did not send its elected MPs to Westminster, deciding to set up its own separatist parliament in Dublin;
3941:
3926:
3613:
hit the island in 1846, much of the rural population, especially in Catholic districts, began to starve.
3514:
3337:
3134:
2462:
2443:
2395:
2272:
2257:
2088:, tried to suppress liberalism wherever it might occur. Britain first took a Reactionary position at the
1371:
1003:
970:
912:
781:
590:
2323:
concludes that the scholarship of the 1970s represented "a vindication of the main outlines of the old "
1818:
was almost wiped out. The failure of the British government to respond to the crisis in the eyes of the
13762:
13440:
13271:
13202:
12846:
12396:
12074:
11961:
11594:
11567:
11162:
10801:
10467:
10161:
9465:
9209:
9104:
9084:
8821:
8262:
6180:
5265:
3895:
3353:
2858:
2791:
2759:
2482:
2292:
2248:
2192:
2067:. While many Europeans wanted to punish France heavily, Castlereagh insisted on a mild peace, with the
1849:
409:
57:
5975:
3540:
was achieved. Labour displaced the Liberal Party for second place and achieved major success with the
2291:
refashioned the British electoral system. In 1832 Parliament abolished slavery in the Empire with the
1155:
that began in the decades prior to the state's formation continued up until the mid-19th century. The
13432:
12899:
12861:
12855:
12791:
12753:
12661:
12069:
11983:
11432:
10869:
10725:
10445:
10259:
10181:
10166:
10151:
9999:
9934:
9896:
9886:
9876:
9736:
8962:
7888:
6605:
3961:
3759:
3654:
3478:
3408:
Germany now calculated it could finally have numerical superiority on the Western Front. The massive
3400:, while arousing the Arabs who helped expel the Turks from Mesopotamia and Palestine. Exhaustion and
2779:
2642:
2131:
1313:
1246:
almost immediately after the conclusion of World War I, which resulted in British recognition of the
1243:
856:
10887:
4263:
2995:
1215:, whose neutrality had been guaranteed by London. The ensuing First World War eventually pitted the
13823:
13165:
12865:
12493:
12488:
11914:
11793:
11459:
11394:
11114:
10244:
9858:
9242:
9114:
8748:
7694:
7672:
6577:
6261:
3716:
3665:
3576:
3181:
2916:(which certain other British territories would later employ to attain independence). This gave the
2363:
1730:
suppressing a peaceful demonstration thinking mistakenly that it was the start of an insurrection.
1609:
Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars a very different country than it had been in 1793. As the
1349:
1333:
1317:
1239:
1177:
1138:
1047:
940:
473:
211:
12989:
11906:
5388:
The price of emancipation: slave-ownership, compensation and British society at the end of slavery
4708:
3066:(1868–1946) was famous for his portrayals of Disraeli, winning the Oscar as best actor for 1929's
2659:("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914). By the time of
1915:
Parliament. This opened the way for another decade of reform that culminated in the repeal of the
1888:
13710:
13652:
13360:
13192:
12871:
12836:
12676:
12615:
11856:
11846:
11788:
11728:
11574:
11401:
11384:
11182:
11131:
10847:
10599:
10348:
10208:
10014:
9959:
9949:
9916:
9749:
9661:
9526:
7762:
7539:
7457:
3813:. It helped defeat home rule and eventually merged with the Conservative party. Chamberlain used
3775:
3677:
3669:
3557:
3432:
3409:
3284:
3264:
3097:
3091:
3039:
2966:
2150:
with the goal of low taxation. Overall, taxation was about 10%, the lowest in any modern nation.
2018:
1455:
1454:
exceeded a million men—in addition to the armies of numerous allies and several hundred thousand
1309:
1134:
950:
821:
204:
13808:
13787:
13522:
13409:
13226:
13221:
13159:
12919:
12841:
12816:
12806:
12625:
12007:
11978:
11951:
11647:
11584:
11367:
11202:
11079:
10705:
10225:
10080:
9969:
9920:
8787:
6659:
4027:, the last British king to be styled as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
3818:
3810:
3794:
3751:
3705:
3634:
3610:
3568:
3470:
2885:
2850:
2831:
2712:
in 1877 led to another European intervention, although this time at the negotiating table. The
2064:
2005:
Grievances included a 1753 law that to be legally recognised marriage had to take place in the
1899:
Constitutionally, the 1830s marks a watershed: the end of Crown control over the cabinet. King
1823:
1806:
1680:
1375:
1156:
945:
13053:
7480:
7390:
6925:
6166:
5845:
5093:
3352:. Industry turned out munitions in large quantities, with many women taking factory jobs. The
13735:
13471:
13393:
13211:
13151:
12801:
12692:
12589:
11956:
11733:
11589:
11411:
11321:
10864:
10835:
10368:
9595:
9390:
9235:
8931:
7361:
7339:
6213:
5703:
Brown, David (2001). "Compelling but not Controlling?: Palmerston and the Press, 1846–1855".
5157:
Good, Kenneth (2009). "The drive for participatory democracy in nineteenth century Britain".
4773:
3731:
of Isaac Butt. Ireland was no closer to home rule by the mid-19th century, and rebellions in
3590:
3173:
2926:
2717:
2593:
2316:
2228:
2220:
2177:
1964:
1907:
who had a majority in Parliament, and the Crown ever since has gone along with the majority.
1837:
1752:
1723:
1626:
1610:
1598:
1535:
1491:
1400:
1329:
1321:
1216:
1200:
1142:
739:
121:
6664:
Lord Salisbury on Politics. A Selection from his Articles in the Quarterly Review, 1860–1883
6161:
Parry, Jonathan Philip (2001). "The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880".
4529:
4020:
13351:
13215:
13155:
12934:
12924:
12820:
12024:
11738:
11657:
11652:
11372:
11234:
11001:
10772:
10749:
10534:
10420:
10274:
10249:
10118:
9939:
9911:
9009:
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6735:
6473:
3790:
3586:
3364:
3333:
3240:
3068:
2917:
2702:
2660:
2524:
2227:
positions. Much more intense was the long battle over the civil rights of Roman Catholics.
2014:
1920:
1791:
1735:
1574:
1495:
1475:
1424:
1268:
1065:
The United Kingdom, having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the
955:
3086:
2697:
against Russia. Despite mediocre generalship, they managed to capture the Russian port of
2040:
Three men shaped British foreign policy from 1810 to 1860, with only a few interruptions,
1463:, but it was smaller in terms of industry, finance, mercantile marine and naval strength.
19:
This article is about the United Kingdom between 1801 and 1922. For the modern state, see
8:
13755:
13730:
13597:
13401:
13281:
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11481:
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10795:
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10320:
10230:
9906:
9763:
9744:
9698:
9618:
9560:
9535:
9475:
9395:
9252:
9199:
9187:
8888:
8475:
Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain
7414:
Heyck, Thomas William (1974). "Home Rule, Radicalism, and the Liberal Party, 1886–1895".
7331:
7113:
5929:
5314:
Davis, Richard W. (1982). "The Tories, the Whigs, and Catholic Emancipation, 1827–1829".
3883:
3879:
3779:
3685:
3638:
3606:
3482:
3268:
2835:
2200:
1952:
1798:, promoted British nationalism, opposed reactionary regimes on the continent, helped the
1739:
1432:
1164:
1039:
879:
816:
547:
10936:
8463:
4640:
Machin, G. I. T. (1979). "Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1828".
3684:. The issue was a source of contention throughout Ireland, as a significant majority of
3620:
attempted to raise a loan of £8 million and intended a further loan but this provoked a
13745:
13740:
13416:
13322:
13197:
13045:
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12796:
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10892:
10579:
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9177:
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5463:
5428:
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5174:
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4891:
4657:
4629:
4300:
Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power
3973:
3867:
3806:
3783:
3680:, but neither became law, mainly due to opposition from the Conservative party and the
3602:
3582:
3537:
3506:
3436:
3405:
3393:
3360:
replaced him in December 1916 Britain gained a powerful and successful wartime leader.
3357:
3314:
3306:
3294:
3189:
3161:
3146:
2866:
2739:
2713:
2559:
2478:
2330:
David Thompson has stressed the revolutionary nature of the entire package of reforms:
2089:
2060:
2059:
The coalition that defeated Napoleon was financed by Britain, and held together at the
1984:
1882:
1870:
1776:
1503:
1470:
1443:
1325:
1305:
1299:
1188:
1086:
1051:
1043:
884:
790:
487:
368:
355:
11271:
7720:
3657:
as it had become known, was turned into a major political force under the guidance of
13720:
13715:
13647:
13315:
13207:
12666:
11838:
11823:
11699:
11667:
11621:
11167:
11097:
10817:
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10544:
10450:
10400:
10315:
10176:
10090:
9455:
9346:
9204:
8711:
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8675:
8647:
8616:
8502:
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8411:
8354:
8346:
8332:
8292:
8270:
8234:
8214:
8196:
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8133:
8097:
8073:
8067:
8052:
8033:
8027:
7997:
7978:
7956:
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7874:
7855:
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7792:
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7365:
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6982:
6957:
6929:
6876:
6851:
6826:
6798:
6748:
6713:
6667:
6639:
6636:
The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury's Domestic Statecraft, 1881–1902
6613:
6585:
6527:
6481:
6382:
6354:
6332:
6265:
6217:
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6032:
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2181:
2142:
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1845:
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1657:
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1562:
1404:
1160:
435:
95:
71:
10673:
10410:
6346:
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1763:
13377:
13077:
12997:
12064:
12000:
11833:
11713:
11508:
11442:
11389:
11331:
11026:
11006:
10827:
10782:
10156:
9837:
9819:
9706:
9624:
9578:
9539:
9450:
9316:
9308:
9293:
9225:
9192:
8902:
8771:
8596:
8284:
7516:
7423:
6551:
6515:
6418:
6312:
6061:
5814:
5739:
5712:
5623:
5455:
5446:
Davis, Richard W. (1980). "Toryism to Tamworth: The Triumph of Reform, 1827–1835".
5420:
5323:
5257:
5166:
5123:
5119:
4989:
4917:
4887:
4649:
4621:
4508:
4147:
Monarch of the separate Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 until 1800.
4131:
3989:
3985:
3918:
3875:
3728:
3650:
3621:
3525:
3502:
3457:
3032:
2892:. The British imperial vision called for control over these new countries, and the
2839:
2473:
2375:
2371:
2073:
1772:
1586:
1578:
1391:
1387:
1288:
1256:
1247:
1220:
1055:
903:
630:
514:
179:
6563:
6437:
6052:
McLean, David (1976). "Finance and "Informal Empire" before the First World War".
1618:
strongly encouraged conservative support for the political and social status quo.
1494:, Wellington invaded southern France. After Napoleon's surrender and exile to the
13725:
13369:
12651:
12052:
11966:
11813:
11808:
11476:
11336:
11316:
11126:
11054:
11049:
10879:
10757:
10684:
10325:
10009:
9984:
9470:
9359:
9321:
9063:
9004:
8880:
8492:
8224:
8087:
8011:
7948:
7227:
6705:
6374:
5985:
4959:
4430:
4384:
4225:
3997:
3767:
3747:
3626:
3598:
3428:
3376:
3105:
3047:
2905:
2881:
2857:
succeeded in achieving general peace through his balance of power strategy. When
2807:
2775:
2673:
2650:
2646:
2601:
2414:
2299:
2288:
2196:
2188:
2154:
2093:
2010:
1988:
1960:
1955:, saw everywhere "new proofs presenting themselves of the diffusion of religion".
1911:
1861:
1684:
1529:
1519:
1383:
1361:
1228:
1196:
1066:
1035:
13669:
13483:
13343:
13307:
13125:
12786:
12646:
12102:
11757:
11604:
11486:
11471:
11379:
11341:
11261:
11157:
10996:
10984:
10762:
9825:
9809:
9759:
9601:
9554:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9336:
9326:
9298:
9046:
9029:
9024:
8893:
8767:
8125:
7970:
7199:
6949:
6555:
6402:
6379:
1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: The Passing of the Second Reform Bill
6300:
6282:
6024:
5090:
English Local Government: From the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act
4964:
A world restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the problems of peace, 1812–1822
4878:
Davis, Richard W. (1990). "The Politics of the Confessional State, 1760–1832".
4293:
4168:
Continued as monarch of the United Kingdom and the Irish Free State until 1936.
4075:(1910–1922; title used until 1927 but remained monarch until his death in 1936)
4060:
4009:
3798:
3709:
3681:
3572:
3494:
3341:
3310:
3177:
3051:
3028:
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2767:
2690:
2655:
2636:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2543:
2538:
2520:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2418:
2383:
2204:
2045:
1924:
1831:
1815:
1810:
1787:
1640:
1408:
1324:
resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by
1232:
1224:
1168:
1102:
1074:
1059:
993:
898:
874:
542:
500:
430:
319:
266:
191:
20:
13093:
9364:
8600:
7160:
6519:
6422:
6316:
5743:
5170:
4653:
2794:, and any possibility of its intervention on behalf of the Confederacy ended.
2523:
as a working philosophy of action. The "greatest happiness principle", or the
2118:
in Manchester in 1819. The Tory ranks were cracking, however, especially when
1683:(allowing the government to arrest and hold suspects without cause or trial).
13802:
13609:
13561:
13545:
12551:
12530:
11750:
11745:
11416:
11326:
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5085:
4850:
4110:
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3913:
3909:
3736:
3715:
Irish demands ranged from the "repeal" of O'Connell, the "federal scheme" of
3700:") parliament in Dublin would discriminate or retaliate against them, impose
3401:
3205:
3185:
3109:
3063:
2909:
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2763:
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2609:
2572:
2423:
2308:
2253:
1768:
1550:
1483:
1460:
1439:
1337:
1208:
1204:
1192:
620:
615:
159:
146:
24:
8698:
5716:
5261:
4512:
3957:
3427:
By 1918, there were about five million people in the army and the fledgling
2832:
Britain united most of its North American colonies as the Dominion of Canada
2672:. Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule as well as an
2577:
2426:. Of the 227 cabinet members between 1832 and 1905, 139 were sons of peers.
13556:
13266:
13117:
13069:
13029:
12535:
10966:
10902:
10897:
10807:
10790:
10615:
10554:
10044:
10029:
9480:
9445:
8450:
8322:
8306:
8248:
8186:
7027:
6745:
Living in Sin: Cohabiting as Husband and Wife in Nineteenth-Century England
5819:
5806:
4298:
3841:
3510:
3236:
3157:
3153:
2755:
2721:
2436:
2324:
2284:
2237:
1819:
1688:
1667:
1653:
1614:
Historians have found very few signs, noting that social movements such as
1478:
in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent. The
1447:
1428:
1379:
1280:
1118:
598:
13021:
9495:
8571:
Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939
4324:
3930:
3501:
in Mesopotamia; the latter of which became fully independent in 1932. The
3005:
2243:
1802:
to free themselves and worked to shut down the international slave trade.
13622:
13335:
13327:
13170:
12981:
11865:
11828:
11798:
11762:
11693:
11678:
11522:
11103:
11016:
10715:
10659:
10620:
9881:
9460:
9041:
8941:
8023:
7716:
6451:
Diamond, Michael (1990). "Political Heroes of the Victorian Music Hall".
5730:
Brown, David (2006). "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865".
5110:
Finlayson, G. B. A. M. (1966). "The Politics of Municipal Reform, 1835".
4700:
4572:
3857:
3821:
3662:
3518:
3397:
3298:
2942:
2877:
2694:
2605:
2547:
2530:
2516:
2407:
2233:
2172:—who in London to this day are still called "Bobbies" in his honour. The
2161:
2119:
2081:
1853:
1783:
1747:
1566:
1515:
1284:
1173:
1098:
1090:
935:
608:
328:
313:
9369:
8626:
Recent views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1966
5031:
All the textbooks cover the main developments, and for more details see
2592:'s rule between 1837 and 1901 which signified the height of the British
13448:
13291:
13236:
13109:
13085:
13005:
12929:
12656:
12525:
12079:
11995:
11498:
11464:
11197:
10720:
10630:
10594:
10584:
10390:
9440:
9374:
8608:
8210:
7740:
6324:
6073:
5467:
5432:
4815:
Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s
4218:
4066:
4054:
4042:
3646:
3630:
3211:
3058:
3009:
2901:
2771:
2698:
2501:
1900:
1830:. The famine is remembered in Ireland to this day as oppression by the
1711:
1631:
1416:
1345:
1181:
1114:
1078:
1070:
278:
254:
230:
10841:
7435:
6504:(2013). "British Politics and Cinema's Historical Dramas, 1929–1938".
5828:
5335:
5131:
4633:
4360:
George III: The Life and Reign of Britain's Most Misunderstood Monarch
3900:
3704:, and impose tariffs on industry. While most of Ireland was primarily
3536:
gave women householders the vote, but it would not be until 1928 that
2838:
among the European powers. There was talk of war with France over the
1435:, which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars.
13299:
13101:
12708:
11513:
11229:
10950:
10734:
10589:
10564:
10539:
9964:
9354:
4048:
3755:
3697:
3693:
3193:
2893:
2146:
2127:
1972:
1916:
1734:
restrictions on Catholics, after widespread organised protest by the
1622:
1615:
1590:
1570:
1159:, exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century, led to
1130:
242:
12973:
10915:
10635:
8519:
In These Times: Living in Britain Through Napoleon's Wars, 1793–1815
7789:
The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870
6065:
5807:"Nineteenth-Century Social Reform: A Tory Interpretation of History"
5459:
5424:
3102:
prime minister four times (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894)
1694:
1081:
for the next century. For nearly a century from the final defeat of
12561:
11141:
11074:
10739:
10625:
10569:
9974:
9056:
9019:
8907:
8861:
8732:
7427:
4924:. Vol. 2: The Liberal Awakening (1815–1830). pp. 263–266.
4072:
4024:
3981:
3743:
3474:
3232:
3224:
2686:
2350:
2345:
1968:
1719:
1661:
1647:
1582:
1466:
1146:
1082:
290:
7066:
5295:
5283:
5038:
4727:
4189:
3653:, in the 1870s. After Butt's death the home rule movement, or the
1415:
failed, chiefly due to the inferiority of his navy, and in 1805 a
13037:
12957:
12556:
11059:
11044:
10943:
10730:
10710:
9684:
9653:
9036:
8897:
8846:
8587:
Parry, J. P. (1983). "The State of Victorian Political History".
8529:
A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815
8267:
A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War
8216:
Victorian people; a reassessment of persons and themes, 1851–1867
6185:
A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War
5680:
The Most English Minister: The Policies and Politics of Pamerston
4008:. The union of Great Britain with most of Ulster was renamed the
3325:
2787:
2758:. The mostly working-class British people generally favoured the
2534:
2298:
The Whigs became champions of Parliamentary reform by making the
1976:
1396:
1341:
1212:
1191:
until the early 20th century when the growing naval power of the
186:
13514:
8856:
8779:
8049:
The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire
7953:
Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization Of Victory; 1793–1815
12965:
10929:
10922:
10767:
10700:
10559:
9405:
9051:
8936:
8836:
4994:
British policy and the independence of Latin America, 1804–1828
3993:
3824:
coined the party's catchy slogan, "Home rule means Rome rule."
3689:
3597:
blocked emancipation, arguing that to grant it would break his
3490:
3269:
constitutional reform to reduce the power of the House of Lords
2810:
only for damages caused by British-built Confederate warships.
2169:
1561:
tribes in Canada that were raiding American settlements on the
1126:
1106:
138:
3742:
O'Connell's campaign was hampered by the limited scope of the
3231:
being formed in 1900. Edward died in 1910, to be succeeded by
2164:, he abolished the espionage and cruel punishments, ended the
1411:
with the United Kingdom. In May 1803, war was declared again.
12566:
10979:
10549:
8912:
8841:
8066:
Roberts, Clayton; Roberts, David F.; Bisson, Douglas (2013).
7811:
Britain Before the Reform Act: Politics and Society 1815–1832
7636:
The Home Front, 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War
6694:. Vol. X: January 1881 – June 1883. pp. cxxxix–cxl.
5934:
Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective
5496:
Chase, Malcolm (November 2013). "Recognising the Chartists".
4898:
3517:, although British troops remained stationed there until the
3421:
2897:
2493:
1121:, to extend its overseas territorial holdings and influence.
8443:
Britain's Century: A Political and Social History, 1815–1905
8311:"High Minds: The Victorians and the Birth of Modern Britain"
7604:"The King's style and titles in the UK and the Commonwealth"
6230:
4928:
2754:
was effective in defusing a war scare in late 1861 over the
2307:. The main effect of the act was to weaken the power of the
8831:
7571:
7559:
7547:
6873:
The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War
6210:
The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War
6163:
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series)
5367:
3864:
and Protestants in Ulster mobilised to oppose it by force.
3216:
2669:
1320:'s fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with
1110:
8130:
Modern England: from the eighteenth century to the present
7143:
The Great Famine in Ireland and Britain's financial crisis
5243:"Peel's Other Repeal: The Test and Corporation Acts, 1828"
5050:
5017:
Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl, eds. (2004).
3239:, established the modern pattern of exemplary conduct for
2461:
addressing the House of Commons during the debates on the
2191:. The main impact was to drastically reduce the number of
1881:, switched over to the Whig opposition, and it became the
1702:
of 1819 resulted in 18 deaths and several hundred injured.
10667:
7497:
7290:
7288:
5786:
4940:
4593:
4325:
House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee (1 May 2013).
3220:
2515:(1748–1832) was an intellectual who focused on reforming
2215:
A weak ruler as regent (1811–1820) and king (1820–1830),
1259:
in Ireland, which since 1920 were being governed under a
7583:
7167:
6242:
5185:
5019:
Britain and the Americas: culture, politics, and history
4779:
4468:
4012:
in 1927, and is known by this name to the present time.
2679:
2275:, prime minister from 1830 to 1834, and his rejuvenated
1670:
were the leaders of reaction and seemed to dominate the
11301:
10096:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
8289:
History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century
7677:
A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present
7032:
A war imagined: the First World War and English culture
3469:
Following the war, Britain gained the German colony of
3265:
active social policy that was forging the welfare state
2626:
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
2054:
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
1643:
finally retrieved the symbolic luster of the sovereign.
1176:, by far the most important overseas possession, saw a
8403:
Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785–1820
7285:
7187:
Taxation, Politics, and Protest in Ireland, 1692–2016.
6922:
With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918
6408:"Disraeli, Benjamin, earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881)"
4970:
3758:
movement had passed to Charles Stewart Parnell of the
3712:
and would be affected by any tariff barriers imposed.
3363:
The Navy continued to dominate the seas, fighting the
2036:
History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom
7521:
The Ulster crisis: resistance to home rule, 1912–1914
7312:
7300:
5866:
5634:
4831:
3878:). Suddenly war with Germany broke out and home rule
3708:, six of the counties in Ulster were the location of
3412:
of 1918 failed, and with arrival of a million of the
2168:
for most crimes, and inaugurated the first system of
1509:
1293:
1058:
in 1922 led to the remainder later being renamed the
9826:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
8768:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
8710:. Vol. 12, pt. 2: 1874–1914. Psychology Press.
8065:
7852:
A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846
7248:
6901:
6889:
6733:
Probert, Rebecca (September 2012). "Living in Sin".
5841:
5062:
4739:
4010:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
3156:
decried the slums for their supposed high levels of
3100:
was the Liberal counterpart to Disraeli, serving as
2742:(1861–1865), British leaders and elite favoured the
1549:
To defeat France, Britain put heavy pressure on the
1180:
in 1857. In overseas policy, the central policy was
1060:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
8069:
A History of England, Volume 2: 1688 to the Present
7975:
The Deluge: British Society and the First World War
7145:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 131–183.
5138:
4715:
4480:
3956:. The British government attempted to suppress the
1625:in 1820 asked Parliament to divorce his wife Queen
6406:
5533:
4751:
4410:
4297:
3968:while also attempting to defeat Sinn Féin and the
3793:was closely modelled on the self-government given
2413:The aristocracy remained dominant: there were 200
1390:claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops. When the
1095:was almost continuously at peace with Great Powers
10189:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
8230:Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800–1906
7769:(2nd revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
7269:British Democracy and Irish Nationalism 1876–1906
6471:
6117:
5410:
5080:
5016:
4456:
4332:. London: The Stationery Office. p. Ev 106.
3649:, built a new moderate nationalist movement, the
3513:since 1914, became independent in 1922 after the
3121:system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms.
3104:. His financial policies, based on the notion of
2052:(especially 1830–1865). For a complete list, see
1344:. Despite personal sympathy for Roman Catholics,
976:History of the Irish language
13800:
13701:Mathematics, science, technology and engineering
8689:Young, George M.; Handcock, W. D., eds. (1956).
8552:A history of modern Britain: 1714 to the present
6544:(2004). "Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)".
6287:The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs. Disraeli
5227:. Faber & Faber, Limited. pp. 460–465.
4006:Anti-Treaty faction of the Irish Republican Army
3770:in which the Irish Parliamentary Party held the
3375:and was increasingly short of food. It tried to
3281:History of the United Kingdom during World War I
2925:were merged with Cape Colony and Natal into the
2806:in 1872, in the Americans' favour by payment of
2693:. In 1853, Britain and France intervened in the
2553:One historian summarised Bright's achievements:
1648:Ultra Tories: Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts
1634:in his saner days. Historian Eugene Black says:
11035:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
8351:This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852
7090:This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852
6351:Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914
3944:in Ireland and in keeping with their policy of
3633:soared during what is known in Ireland as the "
3629:(or farm labourers) were largely wiped out and
3562:
3332:, and quickly assumed the role of fighting the
1893:Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
1326:legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms
1304:A brief period of limited independence for the
8670:Aspinall, A.; Smith, E. Anthony, eds. (1959).
8644:A companion to early twentieth-century Britain
7910:Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith Terrance (2003).
7358:Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist
6710:Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England
4264:"Act of Union | United Kingdom [1801]"
3827:Gladstone took the issue to the people in the
2876:Ever since Britain had wrested control of the
2084:(1853–1856). Prussia, Austria, and Russia, as
1604:
1334:civil disabilities placed upon Roman Catholics
1219:including the British Empire, France, Russia,
13879:States and territories disestablished in 1922
13530:
12724:
11892:
11287:
9669:
9625:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
9511:
8795:
8688:
8669:
8093:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918
7931:Walter Long, Ireland and the Union, 1905–1920
7456:
7387:The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832–1918
7112:
6610:The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill
5204:Baker Kenneth (2005). "George IV: a Sketch".
5203:
4677:Catholic Emancipation: A Shake to Men's Minds
4432:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815
2762:. What little cotton was available came from
2180:were abolished and replaced with 179 elected
1011:
757:
13899:1922 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
8759:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
8537:
8525:
8367:
7909:
6550:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
6417:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
6248:
6089:"The Russians Shall Not Have Constantinople"
5551:
4857:. A. & Charles Black. pp. 370–439.
3831:, but the Unionists (Conservatives plus the
2851:number of colonies in Africa and the Pacific
2203:was not on the agenda. The abolition of the
1935:
68:
13675:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
9798:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
9573:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
9525:
9258:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
8283:
6787:
6480:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14.
6138:Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875–1878
4136:The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
4130:The state did not cease to exist after the
3199:
2653:, British dominance was later described as
2264:(1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and
1852:of the 1770s, was dramatically expanded in
1758:
1163:in much of Ireland and increased calls for
1032:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
36:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
13874:States and territories established in 1801
13537:
13523:
12731:
12717:
11899:
11885:
11294:
11280:
11221:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
9676:
9662:
9518:
9504:
8968:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference
8802:
8788:
8440:
8396:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
8328:The Age of Decadence: Britain 1880 to 1914
8051:. Vol. III. Oxford University Press.
7655:British politics in the nineteenth century
7462:A History of the Irish Parliamentary party
7384:
7330:
6303:(September 2000). "Disraeli and England".
6207:
4904:
4812:
4611:
4577:Aristocracy and people: Britain, 1815–1865
3133:was a "talented leader who was an icon of
2797:British companies built and operated fast
2470:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
1502:defeated Napoleon once and for all at the
1374:(1799–1801), Britain occupied most of the
1018:
1004:
764:
750:
120:
13894:1801 establishments in the United Kingdom
8623:
8472:
8465:English thought in the nineteenth century
8461:
8409:
8223:
8010:
7595:
7474:
7271:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
7072:
6919:
6208:Merli, Frank J.; Fahey, David M. (2004).
5818:
5677:
5655:Charles, Earl Grey: Aristocratic Reformer
5109:
4958:
4238:Fetter, Frank Whitson (3 November 2005).
4033:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
3860:, when the Liberal government passed the
3750:successfully enacted in Canada under the
2734:United Kingdom and the American Civil War
2630:
2223:, public opinion strongly supported her.
12905:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543
11040:Association football in Northern Ireland
8705:
8632:
8377:
8192:From Castlereagh to Gladstone, 1815–1885
8146:
7479:. Manchester University Press. pp.
7189:London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 199–226.
6948:
6817:
6612:. Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 132.
6500:
5956:
5884:
5860:John Bright: Statesman, Orator, Agitator
5614:Davis, Richard W. (2003). "Wellington".
5585:
5567:
5480:
5373:
5289:
5056:
4988:
4849:
4745:
4705:Sir Robert Peel: From His Private Papers
4579:. Harvard University Press. p. 95.
4386:Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle 1803–1805
4292:
4019:
3899:
3367:to a draw in the only great battle, the
3288:
3210:Queen Victoria died in 1901 and her son
3085:
3004:
2994:
2937:Prime ministers of the period included:
2817:
2786:a war goal. Britain was long opposed to
2782:would be issued in 90 days, thus making
2576:
2492:
2453:
2433:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
2362:Prime ministers of the period included:
2268:(1769–1852) and the Tories on the right.
2266:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
2242:
1887:
1762:
1693:
1523:
1413:Napoleon's plans to invade Great Britain
13849:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
13844:History of the United Kingdom by period
10236:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
8641:
8455:A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918
8391:
8345:
8261:
7996:. Challenging History. Nelson Thornes.
7969:
7887:
7767:The Oxford Companion to British History
7633:
7577:
7565:
7553:
7536:
7515:
7306:
7266:
7254:
7234:. Blackstaff Press. pp. 402, 405.
7220:
7084:
7050:British Culture and the First World War
6907:
6895:
6870:
6845:
6774:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6767:
6732:
6704:
6686:
6547:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6540:
6450:
6414:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6373:
6260:
6179:
6135:
5928:
5909:
5558:, provides a short scholarly biography.
5159:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
4541:
4357:
3921:. Prime Minister Lloyd George sought a
3581:Part of the agreement which led to the
3295:Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment
3082:Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone
2716:blocked Russia from imposing the harsh
2279:enacted a series of major reforms: the
1469:expected that cutting Britain off from
1438:In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of
1366:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars
13801:
12915:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
12738:
8577:
8569:Furber, Elizabeth Chapin, ed. (1966).
8568:
8549:
8491:
8449:
8421:
8321:
8305:
8209:
8185:
8086:
8046:
7991:
7947:
7928:
7871:The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886
7868:
7849:
7761:
7739:
7699:The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon
7355:
7318:
7294:
7226:
7001:
6823:Parties and People: England, 1914–1951
6576:
6514:(2): 487–511, quotes on 488, 509–510.
6281:
6236:
6086:
6051:
6023:
5981:
5872:
5792:
5764:
5640:
5539:
5483:England in the 19th century: 1815–1914
5385:
5301:
5044:
5032:
4946:
4934:
4916:
4837:
4797:
4757:
4733:
4639:
4599:
4416:
4237:
4200:from the original on 22 September 2020
4113:, covers social & cultural history
3688:(largely but not exclusively based in
3135:traditional, aristocratic conservatism
2533:(1811–1889) built on his middle-class
16:Historical sovereign state (1801–1922)
13518:
12712:
11880:
11275:
10505:
10295:
10116:
9722:
9657:
9499:
8783:
8586:
8516:
8368:McCord, Norman; Purdue, Bill (2007).
8247:
8166:
8111:
8022:
7893:Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000
7854:. Clarendon Press. pp. 664–723.
7827:
7805:
7783:
7725:(3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
7715:
7693:
7671:
7652:
7589:
7503:
7413:
7198:
7092:. Gill & Macmillan. p. 354.
7026:
6976:
6742:
6658:
6633:
6604:
6582:Lord Salisbury: A Political Biography
6401:
6299:
6160:
6123:
5729:
5702:
5652:
5613:
5514:
5495:
5445:
5348:
5313:
5240:
5191:
5068:
4976:
4877:
4785:
4769:
4674:
4525:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4382:
4339:from the original on 18 December 2020
3889:
3692:), opposed home rule, fearing that a
3534:Representation of the People Act 1918
3167:
2727:
2680:Russia, France and the Ottoman Empire
1532:ending the war with the United States
1314:British war with revolutionary France
1097:. The most notable exception was the
13819:Modern history of the United Kingdom
8973:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly
8430:
8400:
8394:Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)
8147:Woodward, Ernest Llewellyn (1962) .
8124:
7601:
7173:
7140:
7047:
6924:. Harvard University Press. p.
6794:The Strange Death of Liberal England
6478:A critical history of British cinema
6212:. Indiana University Press. p.
6005:from the original on 15 October 2018
5857:
5842:Roberts, Roberts & Bisson (2013)
5804:
5222:
5156:
5144:
4721:
4699:
4571:
4556:
4428:
4091:Historiography of the United Kingdom
4086:Historiography of the British Empire
3912:of 1916, using arms supplied by the
2908:. Outgunned by a mighty empire, the
2588:The Victorian era was the period of
2537:heritage and his collaboration with
2287:restricted and, most important, the
2262:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
2210:
2108:
1203:and Russia, and moved closer to the
13499:
12910:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556
11303:International relations (1814–1919)
8635:A Companion to 19th-Century Britain
8029:Britain between the wars: 1918–1940
7118:The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849
6979:Lloyd George: war leader, 1916–1918
6345:
5910:Vallone, Lynne (2002). "Victoria".
4155:
4153:
4015:
3850:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898
3589:in Ireland were to be repealed and
3172:Prime ministers from 1900 to 1923:
2619:
1261:much more limited form of home rule
23:. For the geographical region, see
13:
13869:20th century in the United Kingdom
13864:19th century in the United Kingdom
12033:
10265:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
10040:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
9838:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
9683:
8693:. Vol. 12, pt. 1: 1833–1874.
8662:
8159:
7120:. Penguin Publishing. p. 31.
6029:The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism
5628:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2003.tb00607.x
4892:10.1111/j.1750-0206.1990.tb00552.x
3904:The Irish Free State (red) in 1922
3637:". A significant minority elected
3305:After a rough start Britain under
3021:prime minister in 1868 and 1874–80
2641:After the defeat of France in the
2357:
1557:. British government agents armed
1510:War of 1812 with the United States
1382:, the Netherlands having become a
1355:
1294:Union of Great Britain and Ireland
1265:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act
573:History of the United Kingdom
14:
13910:
13889:1922 disestablishments in Ireland
13544:
10050:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
8809:
8726:
8580:Reader's guide to British history
8561:
8169:Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era
7873:. New Oxford History of England.
7745:The Age of Improvement, 1783–1867
6850:(2nd ed.). Pearson/Longman.
5593:. Vol. 2. Harper & Row.
5575:(4th ed.). pp. 157–158.
4274:from the original on 21 July 2017
4002:Provisional Government of Ireland
3389:The United States entered the war
2991:Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli
2813:
2691:threatening India via Afghanistan
2029:
1403:, a German-speaking duchy of the
382:Irish Free State Constitution Act
13783:
13782:
13498:
13489:
13488:
13477:
13465:
12621:Scottish 18th-century literature
11908:
11255:
10219:Tallest buildings and structures
8958:Ireland–United Kingdom relations
8624:Schlatter, Richard, ed. (1984).
7701:. University of Oklahoma Press.
7509:
7468:
7450:
7407:
7378:
7360:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp.
7324:
7260:
7192:
7179:
7134:
7106:
7078:
7020:
6995:
6970:
6942:
6913:
6864:
6839:
6811:
6781:
6777:(January 2008 on-line ed.).
6771:(2004). "George V (1865–1936)".
6761:
6726:
6698:
6680:
6652:
6638:. Harvester Press. p. 326.
6627:
6598:
6570:
6534:
6494:
6465:
6444:
6395:
6367:
6339:
6293:
6105:from the original on 11 May 2021
6087:Golicz, Roman (September 2003).
5554:The Companion to British History
4150:
4106:Terminology of the British Isles
3927:anti-conscription demonstrations
3854:Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903
3023:, remains an iconic hero of the
2880:from the Netherlands during the
2566:
2103:
1903:in 1834 was obliged to accept a
1442:, which brought into effect the
987:
800:
733:
579:
519:
505:
480:
466:
103:
49:
12852:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
8114:"The English and their History"
7933:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
7004:Britain and the First World War
6747:. Manchester University Press.
6353:. Routledge. pp. 203–204.
6254:
6201:
6173:
6154:
6129:
6080:
6045:
6017:
5991:
5950:
5922:
5903:
5878:
5851:
5798:
5772:. Constable. pp. 146–153.
5758:
5723:
5696:
5671:
5646:
5607:
5579:
5561:
5545:
5519:. Manchester University Press.
5508:
5489:
5474:
5439:
5404:
5379:
5342:
5307:
5216:
5197:
5150:
5074:
5025:
5010:
4982:
4952:
4922:A History of the English People
4910:
4871:
4843:
4806:
4791:
4693:
4668:
4605:
4565:
4550:
4535:
4492:
4422:
4376:
4351:
4318:
3774:. They initially supported the
3752:British North America Act, 1867
3477:in Africa. Britain was granted
2774:. In September 1862, President
2519:. He was a leading promoter of
2311:, and enlarge the power of the
2232:The other main Tory leader was
2174:Municipal Corporations Act 1835
1923:, grass roots activists led by
1274:
13884:1801 establishments in Ireland
13814:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
13684:Economy, society and knowledge
12764:History of Ireland (1691–1800)
12759:History of Ireland (1536–1691)
12611:Romantic literature in English
10055:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
9401:Northern Ireland Sign Language
8538:Walpole, Spencer (1904–1908).
8526:Walpole, Spencer (1878–1886).
8468:. Methuen And Company Limited.
8219:. University of Chicago Press.
8171:. Grolier Academic Reference.
8016:Contemporary England 1914–1964
7653:Black, Eugene C., ed. (1969).
7626:
6956:. Penguin Press. p. 249.
6875:. Cambridge University Press.
6381:. Cambridge University Press.
6031:. Cambridge University Press.
5959:Navies in Modern World History
5552:Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001).
5413:The American Historical Review
5390:. Cambridge University Press.
5328:10.1093/ehr/XCVII.CCCLXXXII.89
4800:Democracy and Reform 1815–1885
4286:
4256:
4231:
4212:
4182:
4162:
4141:
4124:
4096:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
4045:(1801–1820; monarch from 1760)
3966:Government of Ireland Act 1920
3862:Government of Ireland Act 1914
3641:, who championed the Union. A
3554:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
3507:occupied by Britain since 1882
3297:following up the Germans near
2604:. The era was preceded by the
1869:among the Tories rejected the
1:
12038:Floral Badge of Great Britain
11673:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
11627:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
11617:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
10117:
8706:Handcock, W. D., ed. (1977).
8633:Williams, Chris, ed. (2007).
5961:. Reaktion Books. p. 9.
5112:The English Historical Review
4813:Bebbington, David W. (2003).
4798:Wright, David Gordon (2014).
4626:10.1093/ehr/lxxxix.ccclii.551
4175:
4101:History of the United Kingdom
3937:, united Irish nationalists.
3414:American Expeditionary Forces
2932:
2790:, itself having abolished it
2744:Confederate States of America
2616:and grandmotherly matriarch.
1942:Nonconformist (Protestantism)
1539:
1500:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher
1332:, that is, by the removal of
1308:came to an end following the
13696:Economy, industry, and trade
13147:Dublin Castle administration
11974:Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
11533:Second Industrial Revolution
11407:League of the Three Emperors
11120:Northern Ireland flags issue
10296:
10071:List of conflicts in Ireland
9815:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
8708:English Historical Documents
8691:English Historical Documents
8672:English Historical Documents
8642:Wrigley, Chris, ed. (2008).
8541:History of Twenty-Five Years
8473:Steinbach, Susie L. (2012).
8150:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870
8047:Porter, Andrew, ed. (1998).
7869:Hoppen, K. Theodore (2000).
7336:The Nonconformist Conscience
7267:Biagini, Eugenio F. (2010).
6712:. Vol. I. p. 387.
6564:UK public library membership
6438:UK public library membership
5885:Arnstein, Walter L. (2003).
5304:, pp. 195–200, 232–233.
5124:10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXXI.673
5047:, pp. 256–343, 489–523.
4736:, pp. 384–391, 668–671.
3870:began to arm themselves and
3782:, but when news leaked that
3563:Campaign for Irish Home Rule
3356:proved ineffective but when
3274:
3129:Conservative Prime Minister
3124:
3075:
2676:based on the British pound.
2488:
1993:Christian Monthly Repository
1794:. British diplomats, led by
1312:, which occurred during the
1217:Allied and Associated Powers
1042:that was established by the
7:
13839:History of Northern Ireland
13834:Former monarchies of Europe
11928:Constitutional development
11563:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
10506:
10091:Gaelic clothing and fashion
9723:
8674:. Vol. 11: 1783–1832.
8578:Loades, David, ed. (2003).
8410:Paul, Herbert (1904–1906).
8269:. Random House Publishing.
8167:Adams, James, ed. (2004) .
7994:Britain in the 19th Century
7895:. Oxford University Press.
7813:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
6846:Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007).
6187:. Random House Publishing.
5999:"The Workshop of the World"
5957:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2004).
5591:Wellington: Pillar of state
5035:, pp. 372–436, 493–558
4079:
3605:. A campaign by the lawyer
3515:Egyptian Revolution of 1919
3140:
2984:
2444:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
2339:
2258:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
2048:(especially 1807–1829) and
1605:Postwar reaction: 1815–1822
1597:to a massive defeat at the
1372:War of the Second Coalition
1054:. The establishment of the
641:Post-war period (political)
10:
13915:
13829:Former kingdoms in Ireland
12847:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
11612:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
8441:Rubinstein, W. D. (1998).
8424:The Irish Famine 1845–1852
8370:British History: 1815–1914
7833:The Crimean War: A History
7634:Beckett, Ian F.W. (2006).
7477:Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921
7416:Journal of British Studies
7356:Crosby, Travis L. (2011).
7002:Turner, John, ed. (1988).
6797:. Transaction Publishers.
6249:Judd & Surridge (2003)
5889:. Macmillan Education UK.
5678:Southgate, Donald (1966).
5292:, pp. 76–77, 342–345.
5241:Gaunt, Richard A. (2014).
4030:
3935:force to achieve its goals
3896:Irish revolutionary period
3893:
3566:
3551:
3547:
3485:, which was turned into a
3479:League of Nations mandates
3455:
3451:
3377:fight back with submarines
3278:
3249:women's suffrage movements
3203:
3144:
3079:
2988:
2792:some three decades earlier
2731:
2634:
2623:
2584:reigned from 1837 to 1901.
2570:
2483:Kingdom of the Netherlands
2343:
2293:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
2249:The House of Commons, 1833
2033:
1959:Nonconformists, including
1939:
1850:American Revolutionary War
1822:would lead to a growth in
1718:'s government passed the "
1651:
1513:
1380:Dutch overseas possessions
1359:
1297:
1278:
651:Modern history (political)
126:The United Kingdom in 1914
18:
13773:
13683:
13658:The Marquess of Salisbury
13570:
13552:
13472:British Empire portal
13460:
13280:
13137:
12948:
12900:Crown of Ireland Act 1542
12885:
12792:Tudor conquest of Ireland
12772:
12754:Timeline of Irish history
12746:
12685:
12662:Proclamation of Rebellion
12634:
12598:
12577:
12544:
12090:
12045:
12031:
11921:
11771:
11635:
11548:
11433:European balance of power
11425:
11360:
11309:
11251:
11150:
11088:
11025:
10965:
10878:
10826:
10781:
10748:
10693:
10658:
10608:
10527:
10518:
10514:
10501:
10436:
10339:
10308:
10304:
10291:
10201:
10129:
10125:
10112:
10063:
9851:
9735:
9731:
9718:
9694:
9640:
9611:
9588:
9547:
9533:
9418:
9383:
9345:
9307:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9218:
9160:
9144:
9129:
9072:
8997:
8990:
8950:
8922:
8879:
8872:
8817:
8764:
8757:
8745:
8646:. John Wiley & Sons.
8601:10.1017/S0018246X00024201
8498:English History 1914–1945
8462:Somervell, D. C. (1929).
8413:History of Modern England
8012:Medlicott, William Norton
7791:(2nd ed.). Longman.
7385:Cunningham, Hugh (2014).
6920:Stevenson, David (2011).
6743:Frost, Ginger S. (2008).
6520:10.1017/S0018246X12000465
6317:10.1017/S0018246X99001326
6266:"Was Disraeli a failure?"
6136:Millman, Richard (1979).
5744:10.1080/09592290600942918
5573:Modern England: 1885–1945
5386:Draper, Nicholas (2010).
5316:English Historical Review
5171:10.1080/14662040903132526
4886:(1): 38–49, quote at 41.
4654:10.1017/s0018246x00016708
4614:English Historical Review
4435:. Yale University Press.
3962:Irish War of Independence
3760:Irish Parliamentary Party
3655:Irish Parliamentary Party
3497:, created from the three
2780:Emancipation Proclamation
2193:very small constituencies
2141:Financial reform, led by
2136:major concessions in 1829
2094:Spain's American colonies
1936:Protestant Nonconformists
1257:Six northeastern counties
1244:Irish War of Independence
1223:and the U.S. against the
893:Great Britain and Ireland
857:Timeline of Irish history
740:United Kingdom portal
535:
445:
423:
419:
406:
402:
395:
391:
378:
365:
352:
348:
340:
325:
310:
300:
296:
284:
272:
260:
248:
236:
224:
220:
210:
197:
185:
175:
131:
119:
86:
69:
64:
46:
41:
34:
13166:Privy Council of Ireland
11915:Kingdom of Great Britain
11724:Venezuela Naval Blockade
11395:Anglo-Russian Convention
9243:Kingdom of Great Britain
8749:Kingdom of Great Britain
8392:Matthew, H.C.G. (2004).
8353:. Gill & Macmillan.
7608:House of Commons Library
6871:Gregory, Adrian (2008).
6848:The Great War: 1914–1918
6634:Marsh, Peter T. (1978).
6165:. Vol. 11. p.
5732:Diplomacy and Statecraft
5481:Thompson, David (1950).
4542:Ziegler, Philip (1965).
4358:Roberts, Andrew (2021).
4242:. Taylor & Francis.
4190:"The Royal Coat of Arms"
4117:
3717:William Sharman Crawford
3577:Irish Home Rule movement
3524:In domestic affairs the
3431:, newly formed from the
3410:German spring offensives
3200:Edwardian era: 1901–1914
3182:Henry Campbell-Bannerman
2504:prison (1791 drawing by
2364:William Pitt the Younger
2044:(especially 1812–1822).
1971:and the rapidly-growing
1759:Age of Reform: 1820–1837
1589:but getting repulsed at
1423:decisively defeated the
1350:William Pitt the Younger
1318:Kingdom of Great Britain
1145:becoming self-governing
1048:Kingdom of Great Britain
646:Post-war period (social)
474:Kingdom of Great Britain
13859:20th century in Ireland
13854:19th century in Ireland
13653:William Ewart Gladstone
13643:The Viscount Palmerston
13193:Court of Castle Chamber
12872:Irish Rebellion of 1798
12862:Williamite–Jacobite War
12837:Irish Rebellion of 1641
12677:Welsh Methodist revival
12616:Romanticism in Scotland
12013:Agricultural Revolution
11979:Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784)
11729:Alaska boundary dispute
11402:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
11385:Franco-Russian Alliance
11212:Prostitution (Republic)
9527:Irish states since 1171
8422:Purdon, Edward (2000).
8401:Mori, Jennifer (2000).
7992:Martin, Howard (1996).
7679:. Bloomsbury Academic.
7638:. Bloomsbury Academic.
7540:Irish Political Studies
7204:Charles Stewart Parnell
6054:Economic History Review
5717:10.1111/1468-229X.00176
5653:Derry, John W. (1992).
5517:Chartism: A New History
5515:Chase, Malcolm (2007).
5262:10.1111/1750-0206.12096
4996:. Textbook Publishers.
4513:10.1111/1468-229X.00280
4268:Encyclopedia Britannica
3702:Roman Catholic doctrine
3678:William Ewart Gladstone
3670:Charles Stewart Parnell
3558:British rule in Ireland
3433:Royal Naval Air Service
3346:conscription in Britain
3322:Britain entered the war
3285:Ireland and World War I
3098:William Ewart Gladstone
3092:William Ewart Gladstone
2967:William Ewart Gladstone
2479:independence of Belgium
1775:before the erection of
1386:of France in 1796, but
1310:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1153:Rapid industrialisation
1077:to become the foremost
706:History of the monarchy
656:Modern history (social)
205:constitutional monarchy
176:Official languages
96:God Save the King/Queen
13618:The Viscount Melbourne
13572:Politics and diplomacy
13227:Trinity College Dublin
13222:Grand Lodge of Ireland
13160:Irish House of Commons
13118:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh
12920:Act of Settlement 1662
12842:Irish Confederate Wars
12817:Plantations of Ireland
12807:Reformation in Ireland
12626:Blue Stockings Society
12039:
11962:American Revolutionary
11648:Unification of Germany
11595:Taft–Katsura agreement
10081:List of Irish kingdoms
8733:British History Online
8550:Wasson, Ellis (2016).
8384:England Since Waterloo
8112:Tombs, Robert (2014).
7914:. Palgrave Macmillan.
7722:Nationalism in Ireland
7389:. Routledge. pp.
7141:Read, Charles (2022).
7052:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6556:10.1093/ref:odnb/10787
6305:The Historical Journal
5805:Hart, Jenifer (1965).
5454:(2): 132–146, at 132.
5223:Gash, Norman (2011) .
5092:. Routledge. pp.
4937:, pp. 64–66, 108.
4028:
3976:. On 6 December 1922,
3942:1918 general elections
3905:
3811:Liberal Unionist Party
3569:Great Famine (Ireland)
3302:
3094:
3042:" and promoter of the
3013:
3002:
2904:") fought back in the
2886:South African Republic
2827:
2710:next Russo-Ottoman war
2631:Free trade imperialism
2585:
2509:
2466:
2451:question he resigned.
2269:
2240:faction of die-hards.
2065:Klemens von Metternich
2015:Universities of Oxford
2007:Anglican parish church
1973:Methodist denomination
1957:
1896:
1779:
1703:
1546:
1488:Imperial Austrian Army
1253:Westminster Parliament
203:Unitary parliamentary
13152:Parliament of Ireland
12802:Surrender and regrant
12037:
11734:First Moroccan Crisis
11448:Spread of nationalism
11412:Eight-Nation Alliance
11188:Mass media (Republic)
11132:National coat of arms
10020:IRA Northern Campaign
9391:British Sign Language
9236:Principality of Wales
9080:Bailiwick of Guernsey
8963:British–Irish Council
8951:Political cooperation
8932:Bailiwick of Guernsey
8517:Uglow, Jenny (2015).
8431:Read, Donald (1979).
7929:Kendle, John (1992).
7850:Hilton, Boyd (2006).
7610:. UK House of Commons
7338:. Routledge. p.
7048:Robb, George (2014).
6474:Bhattacharya, Bhabani
6423:10.1093/ref:odnb/7689
6027:(1970). "Chapter 1".
5616:Parliamentary History
5349:Smith, E. A. (1990).
5250:Parliamentary History
4880:Parliamentary History
4707:. Routledge. p.
4675:Hinde, Wendy (1992).
4559:The Peterloo Massacre
4557:Reid, Robert (2017).
4224:24 April 2020 at the
4031:Further information:
4023:
3970:Irish Republican Army
3954:declared independence
3903:
3837:Second Home Rule Bill
3645:(Anglican) barrister
3591:Catholic emancipation
3542:1922 general election
3373:Germany was blockaded
3292:
3174:Marquess of Salisbury
3160:without marriage and
3089:
3008:
2998:
2927:Union of South Africa
2821:
2718:Treaty of San Stefano
2608:and succeeded by the
2594:Industrial Revolution
2580:
2496:
2457:
2317:business middle-class
2246:
2229:Catholic emancipation
1948:
1891:
1838:Industrial Revolution
1824:resentment of Britain
1766:
1753:Catholic emancipation
1697:
1681:Habeas Corpus in 1817
1627:Caroline of Brunswick
1611:Industrial Revolution
1599:Battle of New Orleans
1527:
1492:Imperial Russian Army
1360:Further information:
1330:Catholic emancipation
1279:Further information:
1240:Irish self-governance
971:Economic history
966:British monarchs
13663:The Earl of Rosebery
13638:The Earl of Aberdeen
13156:Irish House of Lords
12935:Constitution of 1782
12025:Financial Revolution
11984:French Revolutionary
11739:Algeciras Conference
11719:Annexation of Hawaii
11658:Great Eastern Crisis
11653:Unification of Italy
11643:Formation of Romania
11460:French–German enmity
11110:County coats of arms
11002:List of Irish people
10076:List of Irish tribes
9926:Cromwellian conquest
9912:Plantation of Ulster
9843:Ireland (since 1922)
9596:Republic of Connacht
9010:Islands of the Clyde
7475:O'Day, Alan (1998).
7114:Woodham-Smith, Cecil
6977:Grigg, John (2002).
6736:BBC History Magazine
5930:Tellier, Luc-Normand
5820:10.1093/past/31.1.39
5351:Lord Grey, 1764–1845
4990:Kaufmann, William W.
4855:The Victorian Church
4383:Schom, Alan (1990).
3884:volunteered to fight
3791:First Home Rule Bill
3694:Catholic Nationalist
3661:and a radical young
3585:stipulated that the
3365:Imperial German Navy
3334:Imperial German Army
3253:progressive alliance
2918:British Armed Forces
2784:abolition of slavery
2746:, a major source of
2661:the Great Exhibition
2596:and the apex of the
2525:principle of utility
2098:wars of independence
2042:Viscount Castlereagh
1921:Anti-Corn Law League
1792:Florence Nightingale
1744:Catholics in England
1742:, with support from
1736:Catholic Association
1555:American citizenship
1496:Principality of Elba
1452:French Imperial Army
1425:French Imperial Navy
1322:Revolutionary France
1189:remained non-aligned
1161:demographic collapse
1069:, developed a large
956:Gaelic monarchs
869:Peoples and polities
13706:Society and culture
13232:Order of St Patrick
13054:Mac William Íochtar
12831:Flight of the Earls
12782:Lordship of Ireland
12672:Speenhamland system
12120:Acts of Parliament:
12115:List of parliaments
11804:Philippine–American
11789:First Sino-Japanese
11622:Racconigi agreement
11568:Treaty of Frankfurt
11528:Great Rapprochement
11482:Scramble for Africa
11225:in Northern Ireland
11216:in Northern Ireland
10957:Legendary creatures
10870:Traditional singing
10706:Saint Patrick's Day
10341:Republic of Ireland
10270:Tourist attractions
10255:ROI–UK border
10240:of Northern Ireland
10193:in Northern Ireland
10025:IRA Border Campaign
10000:War of Independence
9970:Second Great Famine
9955:Act of Union (1800)
9907:Flight of the Earls
9764:Lordship of Ireland
9699:Republic of Ireland
9619:Confederate Ireland
9561:Lordship of Ireland
9536:Republic of Ireland
9396:Irish Sign Language
9253:Kingdom of Scotland
9090:Bailiwick of Jersey
9073:Lists of islands of
8628:. pp. 197–374.
8573:. pp. 206–319.
8374:university textbook
8096:. Clarendon Press.
8024:Mowat, Charles Loch
7717:Boyce, David George
7580:, pp. 227–230.
7568:, pp. 212–213.
7556:, pp. 193–195.
7506:, pp. 281–294.
7232:A History of Ulster
7176:, pp. 184–228.
6789:Dangerfield, George
6140:. Clarendon Press.
5858:Cash, Bill (2011).
5795:, pp. 719–720.
5587:Longford, Elizabeth
5376:, pp. 354–357.
5353:. Clarendon Press.
5271:on 23 February 2020
5021:. pp. 265–468.
4960:Kissinger, Henry A.
4949:, pp. 250–251.
4907:, pp. 551–577.
4788:, pp. 257–258.
4602:, pp. 208–214.
4477:, pp. 455–458.
4429:Muir, Rory (1996).
4196:. 15 January 2016.
3992:" (six counties in
3780:minority government
3538:full equal suffrage
3396:and (initially) in
3162:illegitimate births
3117:the Germans with a
2836:scramble for Africa
2750:for textile mills.
2651:Unchallenged at sea
2325:Whig interpretation
2170:professional police
2086:absolute monarchies
2050:Viscount Palmerston
1953:William Wilberforce
1559:Indigenous American
1528:The signing of the
1484:Royal Prussian Army
1238:Growing desire for
1211:invaded France via
1089:to the outbreak of
1040:Northwestern Europe
909:Republic of Ireland
880:Lordship of Ireland
548:Republic of Ireland
156: /
13484:Ireland portal
13262:Catholic Committee
13198:Peerage of Ireland
13006:Clann Aodha Buidhe
12940:Acts of Union 1800
12812:Desmond Rebellions
12740:Kingdom of Ireland
12642:East India Company
12040:
12008:Panic of 1796–1797
11663:Congress of Berlin
11580:Reinsurance Treaty
11558:Congress of Vienna
11538:Industrial warfare
11504:Scramble for China
11262:Ireland portal
10580:Skirts and kidneys
10086:List of High Kings
10005:Anglo-Irish Treaty
9945:First Great Famine
9930:Settlement of 1652
9902:Tyrone's Rebellion
9892:Desmond Rebellions
9781:Kingdom of Ireland
9631:Patriot Parliament
9567:Kingdom of Ireland
9248:Kingdom of Ireland
9231:Kingdom of England
8978:Common Travel Area
8924:Crown Dependencies
8753:Kingdom of Ireland
8589:Historical Journal
8546:, covers 1856–1880
8534:, covers 1815–1855
8347:Kinealy, Christine
7592:, pp. 57–108.
7458:O'Donnell, F. Hugh
7086:Kinealy, Christine
6507:Historical Journal
5811:Past & Present
5194:, p. 509-512.
5059:, pp. 52–192.
4642:Historical Journal
4029:
3974:Anglo-Irish Treaty
3940:Sinn Féin won the
3906:
3890:Irish independence
3868:Ulster Protestants
3807:Joseph Chamberlain
3593:granted. However,
3528:led to affordable
3437:Royal Flying Corps
3394:Gallipoli Campaign
3358:David Lloyd George
3354:Asquith government
3307:David Lloyd George
3303:
3261:Irish nationalists
3190:David Lloyd George
3168:Early 20th century
3147:Victorian morality
3095:
3025:Conservative Party
3014:
3003:
2830:Starting in 1867,
2828:
2740:American Civil War
2728:American Civil War
2714:Congress of Berlin
2705:to ask for peace.
2689:, as well as from
2586:
2560:American Civil War
2510:
2467:
2392:Duke of Wellington
2300:Reform Act of 1832
2270:
2189:Reform Act of 1832
2090:Congress of Vienna
2061:Congress of Vienna
2022:1828, Whig leader
1995:asserted in 1827:
1985:Church of Scotland
1965:Congregationalists
1897:
1862:landed aristocracy
1840:accelerated, with
1780:
1724:exile in Australia
1704:
1547:
1504:Battle of Waterloo
1480:Duke of Wellington
1471:Continental Europe
1456:national guardsmen
1444:Continental System
1429:Royal Spanish Navy
1306:Kingdom of Ireland
1300:Acts of Union 1800
1178:short-lived revolt
1157:Great Irish Famine
1087:Battle of Waterloo
1052:Kingdom of Ireland
994:Ireland portal
885:Kingdom of Ireland
488:Kingdom of Ireland
369:Anglo-Irish Treaty
82:"God and my right"
13796:
13795:
13648:Benjamin Disraeli
13633:The Earl of Derby
13628:Lord John Russell
13512:
13511:
13208:Church of Ireland
13070:Bréifne Uí Ruairc
12706:
12705:
12667:South Sea Company
11957:French and Indian
11874:
11873:
11843:Albanian Revolts
11700:German Naval Laws
11684:Naval arms races
11668:Berlin Conference
11600:Hague Conventions
11269:
11268:
11247:
11246:
11243:
11242:
10654:
10653:
10545:Bacon and cabbage
10497:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10364:Foreign relations
10287:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10214:Notable buildings
10108:
10107:
10104:
10103:
9651:
9650:
9575: (1801–1922)
9493:
9492:
9489:
9488:
9414:
9413:
9266:
9265:
9125:
9124:
8986:
8985:
8778:
8777:
8765:Succeeded by
8738:Act of Union 1800
8717:978-0-4151-4375-2
8681:978-0-2031-9915-2
8653:978-0-4709-9881-6
8508:978-0-1402-1181-8
8484:978-0-4157-7408-6
8433:England 1868–1914
8360:978-1-5709-8034-3
8338:978-1-4735-0758-6
8298:978-0-5102-7101-5
8276:978-0-3757-5696-2
8254:England 1870–1914
8240:978-0-5255-5789-0
8202:978-0-3930-0367-3
8178:978-0-7172-5860-4
8139:978-0-0604-6975-7
8103:978-0-1988-1270-8
8079:978-1-3155-0960-0
8058:978-0-1992-4678-6
8039:978-0-4162-9510-8
8003:978-0-1743-5062-0
7984:978-7-0700-0496-1
7962:978-0-1419-7702-7
7940:978-0-7735-0908-5
7921:978-1-4039-6150-1
7902:978-0-1952-2048-3
7880:978-0-1982-2834-9
7861:978-0-1982-2830-1
7842:978-1-2500-0252-5
7820:978-1-1348-1603-3
7798:978-0-5820-8953-2
7776:978-0-1986-0872-1
7754:978-0-5823-6960-3
7732:978-0-4151-2776-9
7708:978-0-8061-4078-0
7686:978-0-2759-9039-8
7664:978-0-8027-2002-3
7645:978-1-9033-6581-6
7602:Torrance, David.
7530:978-0-5710-8066-3
7490:978-0-7190-3776-4
7400:978-1-3178-8328-9
7371:978-1-8488-5753-7
7349:978-1-3177-9655-8
7332:Bebbington, D. W.
7278:978-0-5218-4176-4
7241:978-0-8564-0498-6
7213:978-0-0021-1682-4
7152:978-1-8001-0627-7
7127:978-0-1401-4515-1
7099:978-0-7171-1832-8
7059:978-0-3337-1572-7
7041:978-0-3703-0451-9
7013:978-0-0444-5108-2
6988:978-0-7139-9343-1
6963:978-0-7139-9246-5
6935:978-0-6740-6226-9
6882:978-0-5217-2883-6
6857:978-1-4058-1252-8
6832:978-0-1995-8469-7
6804:978-1-4128-4815-2
6754:978-0-7190-7736-4
6719:978-0-5212-3289-0
6692:Gladstone Diaries
6673:978-0-5210-8386-7
6645:978-0-3910-0874-8
6619:978-0-4132-7200-3
6591:978-0-2035-0014-9
6562:(Subscription or
6487:978-0-1952-0043-0
6436:(Subscription or
6388:978-0-5210-1958-3
6360:978-0-4150-9006-3
6223:978-0-2533-4473-1
6194:978-0-3757-5696-2
6147:978-0-1982-2379-5
6038:978-0-5210-7725-5
5968:978-1-8618-9202-7
5943:978-2-7605-2209-1
5896:978-0-3336-3806-4
5779:978-0-0945-5930-1
5689:978-7-0800-1035-8
5664:978-0-6311-6522-4
5600:978-0-0601-2671-1
5526:978-0-7190-6086-1
5397:978-0-5211-1525-4
5360:978-0-1982-0163-2
5234:978-0-5712-7961-6
5225:Mr Secretary Peel
5103:978-0-7146-1373-4
5003:978-0-7581-0176-1
4979:, pp. 74–77.
4905:Ditchfield (1974)
4864:978-0-0649-1025-5
4824:978-0-4151-0464-7
4686:978-0-6311-6783-9
4586:978-0-6740-4491-3
4442:978-0-3001-9757-0
4396:978-0-7181-3199-9
4369:978-0-2414-1333-3
4311:978-0-4650-2328-8
4249:978-0-4153-8211-3
4219:"National Anthem"
3933:which called for
3833:Liberal Unionists
3803:British unionists
3727:as such), to the
3643:Church of Ireland
3618:Lord John Russell
3583:1800 Act of Union
3505:, which had been
3499:Ottoman provinces
3464:League of Nations
3441:Siegfried Sassoon
3369:Battle of Jutland
3330:German aggression
3259:and, off and on,
3017:Benjamin Disraeli
3000:Benjamin Disraeli
2963:Benjamin Disraeli
2947:Lord John Russell
2890:Orange Free State
2855:Otto von Bismarck
2853:, but Chancellor
2305:England and Wales
2211:Political process
2143:William Huskisson
2132:abolished in 1828
2116:Peterloo Massacre
2109:Main achievements
2069:Kingdom of France
2024:Lord John Russell
1930:Church of England
1871:ultraconservative
1846:Thirteen Colonies
1828:Irish nationalism
1738:in Ireland under
1708:Peterloo Massacre
1700:Peterloo Massacre
1676:French Revolution
1658:Peterloo Massacre
1595:Mississippi River
1405:Holy Roman Empire
1399:, capital of the
1388:tropical diseases
1165:Irish land reform
1073:that enabled the
1028:
1027:
891:United Kingdom of
774:
773:
691:Mass surveillance
556:
555:
531:
530:
527:
526:
493:
492:
286:• 1910–1922
274:• 1901–1910
262:• 1837–1901
250:• 1830–1837
238:• 1820–1830
226:• 1801–1820
112:
72:Dieu et mon droit
13906:
13786:
13785:
13614:Prime ministers
13539:
13532:
13525:
13516:
13515:
13502:
13501:
13492:
13491:
13482:
13481:
13480:
13470:
13469:
13468:
13453:
13445:
13437:
13429:
13421:
13414:
13406:
13398:
13390:
13382:
13378:Richard Cromwell
13374:
13366:
13356:
13348:
13340:
13332:
13320:
13312:
13311:(1553; disputed)
13304:
13296:
13130:
13122:
13114:
13106:
13098:
13090:
13082:
13074:
13066:
13058:
13050:
13042:
13034:
13026:
13018:
13010:
13002:
12994:
12986:
12978:
12970:
12962:
12733:
12726:
12719:
12710:
12709:
12108:House of Commons
12001:Jacobite risings
11913:
11912:
11911:
11901:
11894:
11887:
11878:
11877:
11794:Spanish–American
11714:Fashoda Incident
11590:Treaty of Björkö
11575:Treaty of Berlin
11509:Open Door Policy
11443:Eastern question
11390:Entente Cordiale
11296:
11289:
11282:
11273:
11272:
11260:
11259:
11258:
10937:Tuatha Dé Danann
10525:
10524:
10516:
10515:
10503:
10502:
10438:Northern Ireland
10416:
10406:
10396:
10306:
10305:
10293:
10292:
10127:
10126:
10114:
10113:
9990:Home Rule crisis
9820:Northern Ireland
9733:
9732:
9720:
9719:
9707:Northern Ireland
9678:
9671:
9664:
9655:
9654:
9579:Irish Free State
9548:Governing states
9540:Northern Ireland
9538:(from 1937) and
9520:
9513:
9506:
9497:
9496:
9451:Irish Travellers
9282:
9281:
9278:Modern languages
9275:
9274:
9226:Irish Free State
9183:Northern Ireland
9142:
9141:
8995:
8994:
8903:Northern Ireland
8881:Sovereign states
8877:
8876:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8781:
8780:
8772:Irish Free State
8746:Preceded by
8743:
8742:
8721:
8702:
8685:
8657:
8638:
8629:
8620:
8583:
8574:
8555:
8545:
8533:
8522:
8512:
8493:Taylor, A. J. P.
8488:
8469:
8458:
8446:
8436:
8427:
8417:
8406:
8397:
8388:
8373:
8364:
8342:
8331:. Random House.
8318:
8302:
8280:
8258:
8244:
8225:Cannadine, David
8220:
8206:
8182:
8154:
8143:
8121:
8107:
8088:Taylor, A. J. P.
8083:
8062:
8043:
8019:
8007:
7988:
7966:
7944:
7925:
7906:
7884:
7865:
7846:
7824:
7802:
7780:
7758:
7736:
7712:
7690:
7668:
7649:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7563:
7557:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7534:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7353:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7298:
7292:
7283:
7282:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7228:Bardon, Jonathan
7224:
7218:
7217:
7196:
7190:
7183:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7082:
7076:
7073:Medlicott (1967)
7070:
7064:
7063:
7045:
7024:
7018:
7017:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6917:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6740:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6706:Cowling, Maurice
6702:
6696:
6695:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6559:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6502:Fielding, Steven
6498:
6492:
6491:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6410:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6375:Cowling, Maurice
6371:
6365:
6364:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6279:
6264:(October 1981).
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
5995:
5989:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5855:
5849:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5822:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5657:. B. Blackwell.
5650:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5569:Marriott, J.A.R.
5565:
5559:
5557:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5264:. Archived from
5247:
5238:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5118:(321): 673–692.
5107:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4637:
4620:(352): 551–577.
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4533:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4507:(292): 568–586.
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4235:
4229:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4194:The Royal Family
4186:
4169:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4148:
4145:
4139:
4132:Irish Free State
4128:
4016:List of monarchs
3990:Northern Ireland
3988:. As expected, "
3986:Irish Free State
3978:Southern Ireland
3919:Irish Convention
3876:Curragh incident
3819:Liberal Unionist
3815:anti-Catholicism
3772:balance of power
3729:Home Rule League
3651:Home Rule League
3622:financial crisis
3607:Daniel O'Connell
3526:Housing Act 1919
3509:, and a British
3503:Kingdom of Egypt
3458:Interwar Britain
3406:1917 Revolutions
3108:, low taxes and
3106:balanced budgets
3052:class antagonism
3033:Empress of India
2906:War in 1899–1902
2867:isolation policy
2845:The rise of the
2840:Fashoda Incident
2799:blockade runners
2687:Bosphorus Strait
2610:Edwardian period
2474:Secretary at War
2463:Treaty of France
2415:hereditary peers
2376:Spencer Perceval
2372:Duke of Portland
2201:Women's suffrage
2182:borough councils
2078:balance of power
1800:Spanish colonies
1773:Trafalgar Square
1740:Daniel O'Connell
1579:upstate New York
1544:
1541:
1536:Amédée Forestier
1476:Spanish uprising
1392:Treaty of Amiens
1289:Georgian society
1248:Irish Free State
1056:Irish Free State
1020:
1013:
1006:
992:
991:
990:
913:Northern Ireland
904:Irish Free State
804:
794:
776:
775:
766:
759:
752:
738:
737:
736:
716:Military history
676:Economic history
636:Second World War
621:Edwardian period
616:Victorian period
583:
558:
557:
523:
522:
515:Irish Free State
509:
508:
497:
496:
484:
483:
470:
469:
463:
462:
447:
446:
335:House of Commons
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
161:
160:51.500°N 0.117°W
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
134:and largest city
124:
114:
113:
80:
76:
75:
53:
32:
31:
13914:
13913:
13909:
13908:
13907:
13905:
13904:
13903:
13824:Former kingdoms
13799:
13798:
13797:
13792:
13769:
13679:
13623:Sir Robert Peel
13566:
13562:Edwardian era →
13548:
13543:
13513:
13508:
13478:
13476:
13466:
13464:
13456:
13451:
13443:
13435:
13427:
13419:
13412:
13404:
13396:
13388:
13380:
13372:
13370:Oliver Cromwell
13364:
13354:
13346:
13338:
13325:
13318:
13310:
13302:
13294:
13284:
13276:
13272:United Irishmen
13139:
13133:
13128:
13120:
13112:
13104:
13096:
13088:
13080:
13072:
13064:
13056:
13048:
13040:
13032:
13024:
13016:
13008:
13000:
12992:
12984:
12976:
12968:
12960:
12950:
12944:
12887:
12881:
12827:Nine Years' War
12774:
12768:
12742:
12737:
12707:
12702:
12681:
12652:Longitude prize
12630:
12594:
12573:
12540:
12086:
12041:
12029:
11967:Boston Massacre
11917:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11875:
11870:
11809:Boxer Rebellion
11767:
11631:
11585:Treaty of Paris
11550:
11544:
11477:New Imperialism
11438:Ottoman decline
11421:
11368:Triple Alliance
11356:
11317:Austria-Hungary
11305:
11300:
11270:
11265:
11256:
11254:
11239:
11207:outside Ireland
11178:Historic houses
11146:
11127:Irish Wolfhound
11098:Brighid's Cross
11084:
11055:Gaelic handball
11050:Gaelic football
11021:
10992:Hiberno-Normans
10961:
10874:
10822:
10777:
10758:Hiberno-English
10744:
10689:
10650:
10604:
10510:
10489:
10432:
10414:
10404:
10394:
10335:
10326:Ulster loyalism
10300:
10279:
10197:
10121:
10100:
10059:
9985:Dublin lock-out
9921:Confederate War
9872:Norman invasion
9859:Battles of Tara
9847:
9803:1801–1923
9791:1691–1800
9786:1536–1691
9774:1169–1536
9727:
9714:
9690:
9682:
9652:
9647:
9636:
9607:
9589:Declared states
9584:
9543:
9529:
9524:
9494:
9485:
9441:English Gypsies
9410:
9379:
9341:
9322:Scottish Gaelic
9303:
9262:
9214:
9156:
9133:
9121:
9068:
9064:Isles of Scilly
9005:Channel Islands
8982:
8946:
8918:
8868:
8813:
8808:
8774:
8770:
8761:
8755:
8751:
8729:
8724:
8718:
8682:
8665:
8663:Primary sources
8660:
8654:
8564:
8559:
8554:(2nd ed.).
8509:
8485:
8372:(2nd ed.).
8361:
8339:
8299:
8277:
8263:Foreman, Amanda
8241:
8203:
8179:
8162:
8160:Further reading
8157:
8153:(2nd ed.).
8140:
8104:
8080:
8059:
8040:
8004:
7985:
7977:. Bodley Head.
7971:Marwick, Arthur
7963:
7941:
7922:
7903:
7881:
7862:
7843:
7821:
7799:
7777:
7755:
7733:
7709:
7687:
7665:
7646:
7629:
7624:
7623:
7613:
7611:
7600:
7596:
7588:
7584:
7576:
7572:
7564:
7560:
7552:
7548:
7531:
7517:Stewart, A.T.Q.
7514:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7491:
7473:
7469:
7455:
7451:
7412:
7408:
7401:
7383:
7379:
7372:
7350:
7329:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7305:
7301:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7265:
7261:
7253:
7249:
7242:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7200:Lyons, F. S. L.
7197:
7193:
7184:
7180:
7172:
7168:
7153:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7083:
7079:
7075:, Chapters 2–4.
7071:
7067:
7060:
7042:
7034:. Bodley Head.
7025:
7021:
7014:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6954:The Pity of War
6950:Ferguson, Niall
6947:
6943:
6936:
6918:
6914:
6906:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6869:
6865:
6858:
6844:
6840:
6833:
6816:
6812:
6805:
6786:
6782:
6769:Matthew, H.C.G.
6766:
6762:
6755:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6703:
6699:
6688:Matthew, H.C.G.
6685:
6681:
6674:
6657:
6653:
6646:
6632:
6628:
6620:
6603:
6599:
6592:
6584:. p. 383.
6575:
6571:
6561:
6542:Matthew, H.C.G.
6539:
6535:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6470:
6466:
6449:
6445:
6435:
6427:
6425:
6403:Parry, Jonathan
6400:
6396:
6389:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6347:Lee, Stephen J.
6344:
6340:
6298:
6294:
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6001:. BBC History.
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4304:. Basic Books.
4294:Ferguson, Niall
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4228:. Royal Family.
4226:Wayback Machine
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2011:parish register
2009:. The Anglican
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1912:Reform Act 1832
1879:Lord Palmerston
1796:Lord Palmerston
1777:Nelson's Column
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1607:
1585:coast (burning
1575:western Ontario
1573:and thereby of
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1520:Napoleonic Wars
1514:Main articles:
1512:
1407:which was in a
1384:satellite state
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1356:Napoleonic Wars
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11487:Egyptian Lever
11474:
11472:Pax Britannica
11469:
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11457:
11456:
11455:
11453:Sovereign debt
11450:
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11380:Triple Entente
11377:
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11347:United Kingdom
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11173:Heritage Sites
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10997:Irish diaspora
10994:
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10977:
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10959:
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10728:
10726:Rose of Tralee
10723:
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10713:
10708:
10703:
10697:
10695:
10691:
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10687:
10682:
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10537:
10535:List of dishes
10531:
10529:
10522:
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10511:
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10487:
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10451:D'Hondt method
10442:
10440:
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10425:
10424:
10423:
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10412:Seanad Éireann
10408:
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10152:Extreme points
10149:
10144:
10142:Climate change
10139:
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9960:1803 Rebellion
9957:
9952:
9950:1798 Rebellion
9947:
9942:
9937:
9935:Williamite War
9932:
9923:
9917:1641 Rebellion
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9897:Spanish Armada
9894:
9889:
9887:Tudor conquest
9884:
9879:
9877:Bruce campaign
9874:
9869:
9855:
9853:
9849:
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9846:
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9822:(1921–present)
9817:
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9810:Irish Republic
9807:
9806:
9805:
9795:
9794:
9793:
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9778:
9777:
9776:
9771:
9769:800–1169
9760:Gaelic Ireland
9757:
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9466:Northern Irish
9463:
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9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9173:United Kingdom
9170:
9164:
9162:
9161:Current states
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9148:
9146:
9139:
9127:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9100:United Kingdom
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9076:
9074:
9070:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9054:
9047:Northern Isles
9044:
9039:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9001:
8999:
8992:
8988:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8928:
8926:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8894:United Kingdom
8891:
8885:
8883:
8874:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8824:
8818:
8815:
8814:
8807:
8806:
8799:
8792:
8784:
8776:
8775:
8766:
8763:
8756:
8747:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8728:
8727:External links
8725:
8723:
8722:
8716:
8703:
8686:
8680:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8658:
8652:
8639:
8630:
8621:
8595:(2): 469–484.
8584:
8575:
8565:
8563:
8562:Historiography
8560:
8558:
8557:
8547:
8535:
8523:
8514:
8507:
8489:
8483:
8470:
8459:
8447:
8438:
8428:
8419:
8407:
8398:
8389:
8379:Marriott, John
8375:
8365:
8359:
8343:
8337:
8319:
8303:
8297:
8281:
8275:
8259:
8245:
8239:
8221:
8207:
8201:
8183:
8177:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8144:
8138:
8132:. Dodd, Mead.
8122:
8109:
8102:
8084:
8078:
8063:
8057:
8044:
8038:
8020:
8008:
8002:
7989:
7983:
7967:
7961:
7955:. Penguin UK.
7945:
7939:
7926:
7920:
7907:
7901:
7889:Jackson, Alvin
7885:
7879:
7866:
7860:
7847:
7841:
7829:Figes, Orlando
7825:
7819:
7807:Evans, Eric J.
7803:
7797:
7785:Evans, Eric J.
7781:
7775:
7765:, ed. (2002).
7759:
7753:
7737:
7731:
7713:
7707:
7691:
7685:
7669:
7663:
7650:
7644:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7594:
7582:
7578:Jackson (2003)
7570:
7566:Jackson (2003)
7558:
7554:Jackson (2003)
7546:
7529:
7508:
7496:
7489:
7467:
7464:. Vol. 2.
7449:
7428:10.1086/385659
7406:
7399:
7377:
7370:
7348:
7323:
7311:
7307:Biagini (2010)
7299:
7297:, p. 567.
7284:
7277:
7259:
7255:Jackson (2003)
7247:
7240:
7219:
7212:
7191:
7178:
7166:
7151:
7133:
7126:
7105:
7098:
7077:
7065:
7058:
7040:
7019:
7012:
6994:
6987:
6981:. Allen Lane.
6969:
6962:
6941:
6934:
6912:
6908:Marwick (1965)
6900:
6896:Beckett (2006)
6888:
6881:
6863:
6856:
6838:
6831:
6825:. OUP Oxford.
6819:McKibbin, Ross
6810:
6803:
6780:
6760:
6753:
6725:
6718:
6697:
6690:, ed. (1990).
6679:
6672:
6651:
6644:
6626:
6618:
6597:
6590:
6569:
6533:
6493:
6486:
6464:
6443:
6394:
6387:
6366:
6359:
6338:
6311:(3): 699–728.
6292:
6253:
6241:
6229:
6222:
6200:
6193:
6172:
6153:
6146:
6128:
6116:
6079:
6060:(2): 291–305.
6044:
6037:
6016:
5990:
5974:
5967:
5949:
5942:
5921:
5902:
5895:
5887:Queen Victoria
5877:
5875:, p. 228.
5865:
5850:
5834:
5797:
5785:
5778:
5766:Ridley, Jasper
5757:
5738:(4): 675–692.
5722:
5711:(201): 41–61.
5695:
5688:
5670:
5663:
5645:
5643:, p. 436.
5633:
5606:
5599:
5578:
5560:
5544:
5532:
5525:
5507:
5488:
5473:
5438:
5419:(2): 411–436.
5403:
5396:
5378:
5366:
5359:
5341:
5322:(382): 89–98.
5306:
5294:
5282:
5256:(1): 243–262.
5233:
5215:
5196:
5184:
5165:(3): 231–247.
5149:
5147:, p. 198.
5137:
5102:
5073:
5071:, p. 499.
5061:
5049:
5037:
5024:
5009:
5002:
4981:
4969:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4909:
4897:
4870:
4863:
4851:Chadwick, Owen
4842:
4840:, p. 175.
4830:
4823:
4805:
4790:
4778:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4724:, p. 348.
4714:
4692:
4685:
4667:
4648:(1): 115–139.
4604:
4592:
4585:
4564:
4549:
4546:. p. 350.
4534:
4518:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4441:
4421:
4409:
4395:
4375:
4368:
4362:. Allen Lane.
4350:
4317:
4310:
4285:
4255:
4248:
4230:
4211:
4180:
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4177:
4174:
4171:
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4149:
4140:
4122:
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4119:
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4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4017:
4014:
3894:Main article:
3891:
3888:
3795:Canada in 1867
3766:resulted in a
3710:heavy industry
3682:House of Lords
3601:to defend the
3573:Irish question
3564:
3561:
3549:
3546:
3456:Main article:
3453:
3450:
3342:trench warfare
3315:German economy
3311:Central Powers
3276:
3273:
3204:Main article:
3201:
3198:
3178:Arthur Balfour
3169:
3166:
3145:Main article:
3142:
3139:
3131:Lord Salisbury
3126:
3123:
3114:foreign policy
3080:Main article:
3077:
3074:
3029:British Empire
2989:Main article:
2986:
2983:
2971:Lord Salisbury
2939:Lord Melbourne
2934:
2931:
2923:Boer republics
2910:Boer Commandos
2863:German Emperor
2824:British Empire
2815:
2814:Empire expands
2812:
2804:Alabama Claims
2778:announced the
2768:Union blockade
2732:Main article:
2729:
2726:
2681:
2678:
2656:Pax Britannica
2637:Pax Britannica
2635:Main article:
2632:
2629:
2624:Main article:
2621:
2620:Foreign policy
2618:
2598:British Empire
2590:Queen Victoria
2582:Queen Victoria
2571:Main article:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2544:cost of living
2539:Richard Cobden
2521:utilitarianism
2513:Jeremy Bentham
2506:Willey Reveley
2498:Jeremy Bentham
2490:
2487:
2419:House of Lords
2400:Lord Melbourne
2384:George Canning
2380:Lord Liverpool
2368:Lord Grenville
2359:
2356:
2344:Main article:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2221:Queen Caroline
2212:
2209:
2205:House of Lords
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2046:George Canning
2034:Main article:
2031:
2030:Foreign policy
2028:
2002:
2001:
1940:Main article:
1937:
1934:
1925:Richard Cobden
1905:Prime Minister
1832:British Empire
1826:and a rise in
1816:Irish language
1788:Russian Empire
1767:A painting by
1760:
1757:
1716:Lord Liverpool
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:Queen Victoria
1623:King George IV
1606:
1603:
1593:), and up the
1511:
1508:
1440:Berlin Decrees
1409:personal union
1357:
1354:
1352:, to resign.
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1276:
1273:
1233:Ottoman Empire
1225:Central Powers
1169:British Empire
1113:, such as the
1103:Russian Empire
1085:following the
1075:British Empire
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1000:
997:
996:
983:
982:
979:
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973:
968:
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948:
943:
938:
933:
927:
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920:
919:
916:
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901:
899:Irish Republic
896:
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875:Gaelic Ireland
871:
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859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
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829:
824:
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810:
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806:
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797:
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787:
786:
779:
772:
771:
769:
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761:
754:
746:
743:
742:
729:
728:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
696:Jewish history
693:
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672:
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628:
623:
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609:Regency period
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589:
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584:
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569:
568:
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543:United Kingdom
539:
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525:
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511:
510:
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501:United Kingdom
494:
491:
490:
485:
477:
476:
471:
459:
458:
453:
443:
442:
440:
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431:Pound sterling
427:
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417:
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407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
393:
392:
389:
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385:
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376:
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366:
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361:1 January 1801
359:
353:
350:
349:
346:
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342:
338:
337:
332:
326:
323:
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320:House of Lords
317:
311:
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
285:
282:
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276:
273:
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221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
207:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
165:51.500; -0.117
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
117:
116:
102:
100:
99:
91:
84:
83:
62:
61:
56:
48:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
21:United Kingdom
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13911:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
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13872:
13870:
13867:
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13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
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13842:
13840:
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13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13809:Victorian era
13807:
13806:
13804:
13789:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13775:
13772:
13764:
13761:
13757:
13754:
13753:
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13749:
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13737:
13734:
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13709:
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13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13615:
13613:
13611:
13610:Pax Britannia
13608:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13590:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13577:
13575:
13573:
13569:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13554:
13551:
13547:
13546:Victorian era
13540:
13535:
13533:
13528:
13526:
13521:
13520:
13517:
13505:
13497:
13495:
13487:
13485:
13475:
13473:
13463:
13462:
13459:
13450:
13447:
13442:
13439:
13434:
13431:
13426:
13423:
13418:
13411:
13408:
13403:
13400:
13395:
13392:
13387:
13384:
13379:
13376:
13371:
13368:
13363:
13362:
13358:
13353:
13350:
13345:
13342:
13337:
13334:
13330:
13329:
13324:
13317:
13314:
13309:
13306:
13301:
13298:
13293:
13290:
13289:
13287:
13283:
13279:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13217:
13213:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13188:
13184:
13180:
13176:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13161:
13157:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13144:
13142:
13136:
13127:
13124:
13119:
13116:
13111:
13108:
13103:
13100:
13095:
13092:
13087:
13084:
13079:
13076:
13071:
13068:
13063:
13060:
13055:
13052:
13047:
13044:
13039:
13036:
13031:
13028:
13023:
13020:
13015:
13012:
13007:
13004:
12999:
12996:
12991:
12988:
12983:
12980:
12975:
12972:
12967:
12964:
12959:
12958:Tuadhmhumhain
12956:
12955:
12953:
12947:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12895:Poynings' Law
12893:
12892:
12890:
12884:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12867:
12863:
12860:
12857:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12832:
12828:
12825:
12822:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12779:
12777:
12771:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12751:
12749:
12745:
12741:
12734:
12729:
12727:
12722:
12720:
12715:
12714:
12711:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12690:
12688:
12684:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12639:
12637:
12633:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12603:
12601:
12597:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12582:
12580:
12576:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12554:
12553:
12552:Great Britain
12550:
12549:
12547:
12543:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12531:Patriot Whigs
12529:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12517:
12514:
12510:
12507:
12506:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12499:Privy Council
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12399:
12398:
12395:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
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12122:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
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12093:
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12015:
12014:
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12009:
12006:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11968:
11965:
11964:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11944:
11942:
11938:
11937:Union of 1801
11935:
11933:
11932:Union of 1707
11930:
11929:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11920:
11916:
11902:
11897:
11895:
11890:
11888:
11883:
11882:
11879:
11867:
11864:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11824:Italo-Turkish
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11779:Russo-Turkish
11777:
11776:
11774:
11770:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11752:
11751:Treaty of Fes
11749:
11748:
11747:
11746:Agadir Crisis
11744:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11708:
11705:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11695:
11691:
11690:
11689:
11686:
11685:
11683:
11681:
11680:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11640:
11638:
11634:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11606:
11603:
11602:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11569:
11566:
11565:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11547:
11539:
11536:
11535:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11495:
11492:
11488:
11485:
11484:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11466:
11463:
11462:
11461:
11458:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11440:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11430:
11428:
11424:
11418:
11417:Balkan League
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11378:
11374:
11373:Dual Alliance
11371:
11370:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11363:
11359:
11353:
11352:United States
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11308:
11304:
11297:
11292:
11290:
11285:
11283:
11278:
11277:
11274:
11264:
11263:
11250:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11230:Public houses
11228:
11226:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11149:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11105:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11095:
11093:
11091:
11087:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10986:
10983:
10982:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10964:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10952:
10948:
10946:
10945:
10941:
10939:
10938:
10934:
10932:
10931:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10890:
10889:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10877:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10843:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10829:
10825:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10780:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10747:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10696:
10692:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10675:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10657:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10613:
10611:
10607:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10532:
10530:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10504:
10500:
10486:
10485:Peace process
10483:
10481:
10478:
10474:
10471:
10470:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10447:
10444:
10443:
10441:
10439:
10435:
10429:
10426:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10415:(upper house)
10413:
10409:
10407:
10405:(lower house)
10403:
10399:
10398:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10342:
10338:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10321:Republicanism
10319:
10317:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10294:
10290:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10190:
10187:
10183:
10180:
10179:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10115:
10111:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10035:Peace process
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10015:The Emergency
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9995:Easter Rising
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9980:Fenian Rising
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9850:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9796:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9783:
9782:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9755:Early history
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9721:
9717:
9711:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9693:
9689:
9686:
9679:
9674:
9672:
9667:
9665:
9660:
9659:
9656:
9643:
9642:
9639:
9632:
9629:
9626:
9623:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9610:
9603:
9600:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9587:
9580:
9577:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9565:
9562:
9559:
9556:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9546:
9541:
9537:
9532:
9528:
9521:
9516:
9514:
9509:
9507:
9502:
9501:
9498:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9417:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9382:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9344:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9283:
9280:
9276:
9273:
9269:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9219:Former states
9217:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9165:
9163:
9159:
9153:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9145:Island groups
9143:
9140:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9071:
9065:
9062:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9015:Great Britain
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8998:Island groups
8996:
8993:
8989:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8921:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8878:
8875:
8871:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8812:
8811:British Isles
8805:
8800:
8798:
8793:
8791:
8786:
8785:
8782:
8773:
8769:
8760:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8719:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8673:
8668:
8667:
8655:
8649:
8645:
8640:
8636:
8631:
8627:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8585:
8581:
8576:
8572:
8567:
8566:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8542:
8536:
8531:
8530:
8524:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8504:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8480:
8477:. Routledge.
8476:
8471:
8467:
8466:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8451:Searle, G. R.
8448:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8414:
8408:
8404:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8385:
8380:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8362:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8323:Heffer, Simon
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8307:Heffer, Simon
8304:
8300:
8294:
8290:
8287:(1949–1952).
8286:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8249:Ensor, R.C.K.
8246:
8242:
8236:
8232:
8231:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8198:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8187:Beales, Derek
8184:
8180:
8174:
8170:
8165:
8164:
8152:
8151:
8145:
8141:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8072:. Routledge.
8071:
8070:
8064:
8060:
8054:
8050:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
7999:
7995:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7949:Knight, Roger
7946:
7942:
7936:
7932:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7913:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7876:
7872:
7867:
7863:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7695:Black, Jeremy
7692:
7688:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7673:Black, Jeremy
7670:
7666:
7660:
7656:
7651:
7647:
7641:
7637:
7632:
7631:
7609:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7586:
7579:
7574:
7567:
7562:
7555:
7550:
7542:
7541:
7532:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7512:
7505:
7500:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7463:
7459:
7453:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7410:
7402:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7381:
7373:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7351:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7327:
7321:, p. 45.
7320:
7319:Kendle (1992)
7315:
7308:
7303:
7296:
7295:Hoppen (2000)
7291:
7289:
7280:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7251:
7243:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7215:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7188:
7182:
7175:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7144:
7137:
7129:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7101:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7081:
7074:
7069:
7061:
7055:
7051:
7043:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7028:Hynes, Samuel
7023:
7015:
7009:
7005:
6998:
6990:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6965:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6937:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6904:
6897:
6892:
6884:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6834:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6806:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6784:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6756:
6750:
6746:
6738:
6737:
6729:
6721:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6675:
6669:
6666:. p. 1.
6665:
6661:
6655:
6647:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6621:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6606:Blake, Robert
6601:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6578:Steele, David
6573:
6565:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6489:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6468:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6454:History Today
6447:
6439:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6390:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6362:
6356:
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6348:
6342:
6334:
6330:
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6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6271:History Today
6267:
6263:
6262:Vincent, John
6257:
6250:
6245:
6239:, Chapter 12.
6238:
6237:Taylor (1953)
6233:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6196:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6168:
6164:
6157:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6120:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6094:History Today
6090:
6083:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5987:
5983:
5982:Porter (1998)
5978:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5912:History Today
5906:
5898:
5892:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5873:Taylor (1953)
5869:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5813:(31): 39–61.
5812:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5793:Cannon (2002)
5789:
5781:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5685:
5682:. Macmillan.
5681:
5674:
5666:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5641:Cannon (2002)
5637:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5540:Cannon (2002)
5536:
5528:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5498:History Today
5492:
5485:. p. 66.
5484:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
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5414:
5407:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5302:Briggs (1959)
5298:
5291:
5286:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5206:History Today
5200:
5193:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5086:Beatrice Webb
5083:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5058:
5053:
5046:
5045:Briggs (1959)
5041:
5034:
5033:Hilton (2006)
5028:
5020:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4948:
4947:Briggs (1959)
4943:
4936:
4935:Martin (1996)
4931:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4839:
4838:Briggs (1959)
4834:
4826:
4820:
4817:. Routledge.
4816:
4809:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4759:
4758:Briggs (1959)
4754:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4734:Hilton (2006)
4730:
4723:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4688:
4682:
4679:. Blackwell.
4678:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4600:Briggs (1959)
4596:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4489:, p. 32.
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4425:
4418:
4417:Knight (2015)
4413:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4165:
4156:
4154:
4144:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4112:
4111:Victorian era
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4026:
4022:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3980:formed a new
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3914:German Empire
3911:
3910:Easter Rising
3902:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:was suspended
3877:
3873:
3872:form militias
3869:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:1886 election
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3784:Liberal Party
3781:
3777:
3776:Conservatives
3773:
3769:
3765:
3764:1885 election
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3611:potato blight
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:war-weariness
3399:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:Western Front
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3206:Edwardian era
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:H. H. Asquith
3183:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3110:laissez-faire
3107:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3064:George Arliss
3060:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:welfare state
3041:
3040:Tory democrat
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2975:Lord Rosebery
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2955:Lord Aberdeen
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2914:guerrilla war
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:German Empire
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:New York City
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:Prince Albert
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2701:, compelling
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:Latin America
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:Revolutionary
2638:
2627:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2573:Victorian era
2567:Victorian era
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:price of food
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:Field Marshal
2427:
2425:
2424:self-made man
2420:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:Lord Goderich
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:landed gentry
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:was updated,
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2260:(1764–1845),
2259:
2255:
2254:George Hayter
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:death penalty
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:nonconformist
2121:
2117:
2104:Age of Reform
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:, as well as
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:Presbyterians
1956:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:Liberal Party
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:textile mills
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:James Pollard
1765:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
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1701:
1696:
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1677:
1673:
1669:
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1635:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
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1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:United States
1537:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:British Isles
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:fleet led by
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Great Britain
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1266:
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1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:United States
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:German Empire
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:British India
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:union in 1801
1041:
1037:
1033:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
995:
985:
984:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
922:
921:
914:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
894:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
866:
865:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
808:
807:
803:
799:
798:
795:
789:
788:
783:
778:
777:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
747:
745:
744:
741:
731:
730:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
666:
665:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
596:
592:
587:
586:
582:
578:
577:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
559:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
538:
536:Today part of
534:
518:
516:
513:
512:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:
489:
486:
479:
478:
475:
472:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
377:
373:
370:
364:
360:
357:
356:Acts of Union
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
333:
330:
324:
321:
318:
315:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
292:
289:
283:
280:
277:
271:
268:
265:
259:
256:
253:
247:
244:
241:
235:
232:
229:
223:
219:
215:
213:
209:
206:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
169:
140:
137:
130:
123:
118:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
73:
67:
63:
59:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
26:
25:British Isles
22:
13778:Bibliography
13691:Demographics
13674:
13589:By location
13580:British Army
13386:Commonwealth
13385:
13361:Commonwealth
13359:
13326:
13267:Orange Order
13187:Common Pleas
13175:King's Bench
13086:Tír Chonaill
13046:Deasmhumhain
13030:Iar Connacht
12876:
12578:Architecture
12536:Kit-Cat Club
12046:Royal houses
11947:Seven Years'
11692:
11688:Anglo-German
11677:
11549:Treaties and
11346:
11310:Great powers
11253:
11223: /
11214: /
11205: /
11183:Homelessness
11102:
11070:Road bowling
11065:Martial arts
11012:Ulster Scots
10949:
10942:
10935:
10928:
10921:
10914:
10893:Mythological
10840:
10800:
10773:Ulster Scots
10733: /
10672:
10600:Three-in-One
10411:
10402:Dáil Éireann
10401:
10391:
10349:Constitution
10238: /
10209:Architecture
10191: /
10064:Other topics
10045:Celtic Tiger
10030:The Troubles
9928: /
9919: /
9865: /
9861: /
9797:
9762: /
9750:Protohistory
9572:
9557:(until 1607)
9476:Ulster-Scots
9257:
8758:
8707:
8690:
8671:
8643:
8634:
8625:
8592:
8588:
8579:
8570:
8551:
8540:
8528:
8518:
8497:
8474:
8464:
8454:
8442:
8432:
8423:
8412:
8402:
8393:
8383:
8369:
8350:
8326:
8315:The Guardian
8314:
8288:
8285:Halévy, Élie
8266:
8253:
8228:
8215:
8191:
8168:
8149:
8129:
8118:The Observer
8117:
8091:
8068:
8048:
8028:
8015:
7993:
7974:
7952:
7930:
7911:
7892:
7870:
7851:
7832:
7810:
7788:
7766:
7763:Cannon, John
7744:
7721:
7698:
7676:
7654:
7635:
7612:. Retrieved
7607:
7597:
7590:Mowat (1955)
7585:
7573:
7561:
7549:
7538:
7520:
7511:
7504:Boyce (1995)
7499:
7476:
7470:
7461:
7452:
7422:(2): 66–91.
7419:
7415:
7409:
7386:
7380:
7357:
7335:
7326:
7314:
7309:, p. 9.
7302:
7268:
7262:
7250:
7231:
7222:
7203:
7194:
7186:
7181:
7169:
7142:
7136:
7117:
7108:
7089:
7080:
7068:
7049:
7031:
7022:
7003:
6997:
6978:
6972:
6953:
6944:
6921:
6915:
6903:
6891:
6872:
6866:
6847:
6841:
6822:
6813:
6792:
6783:
6772:
6763:
6744:
6734:
6728:
6709:
6700:
6691:
6682:
6663:
6654:
6635:
6629:
6609:
6600:
6581:
6572:
6545:
6536:
6511:
6505:
6496:
6477:
6472:Armes, Roy;
6467:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6426:. Retrieved
6412:
6397:
6378:
6369:
6350:
6341:
6308:
6304:
6301:Parry, J. P.
6295:
6286:
6275:
6269:
6256:
6244:
6232:
6209:
6203:
6184:
6175:
6162:
6156:
6137:
6131:
6124:Figes (2012)
6119:
6107:. Retrieved
6101:(9): 39–45.
6098:
6092:
6082:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6028:
6019:
6007:. Retrieved
5993:
5977:
5958:
5952:
5933:
5924:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5886:
5880:
5868:
5859:
5853:
5837:
5810:
5800:
5788:
5769:
5760:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5679:
5673:
5654:
5648:
5636:
5622:(1): 43–55.
5619:
5615:
5609:
5590:
5581:
5572:
5563:
5553:
5547:
5535:
5516:
5510:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5482:
5476:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5387:
5381:
5369:
5350:
5344:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5297:
5285:
5273:. Retrieved
5266:the original
5253:
5249:
5224:
5218:
5212:(10): 30–36.
5209:
5205:
5199:
5192:Tombs (2014)
5187:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5140:
5115:
5111:
5089:
5082:Webb, Sidney
5076:
5069:Tombs (2014)
5064:
5052:
5040:
5027:
5018:
5012:
4993:
4984:
4977:Black (2006)
4972:
4963:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4921:
4918:Halévy, Élie
4912:
4900:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4854:
4845:
4833:
4814:
4808:
4799:
4793:
4786:Evans (1996)
4781:
4770:Evans (2008)
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4717:
4704:
4701:Peel, Robert
4695:
4676:
4670:
4645:
4641:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4595:
4576:
4573:Gash, Norman
4567:
4558:
4552:
4543:
4537:
4526:Evans (2008)
4521:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4487:Black (1969)
4482:
4475:Tombs (2014)
4470:
4463:Black (2009)
4458:
4448:13 September
4446:. Retrieved
4431:
4424:
4412:
4402:13 September
4400:. Retrieved
4385:
4378:
4359:
4353:
4341:. Retrieved
4320:
4299:
4288:
4276:. Retrieved
4267:
4258:
4239:
4233:
4214:
4202:. Retrieved
4193:
4184:
4164:
4143:
4126:
4036:
4000:between the
3950:Dáil Éireann
3939:
3922:
3907:
3866:
3846:
3842:John Redmond
3826:
3789:Gladstone's
3788:
3741:
3714:
3706:agricultural
3674:
3659:William Shaw
3635:Great Hunger
3615:
3580:
3523:
3511:protectorate
3473:and part of
3468:
3461:
3444:
3426:
3381:
3362:
3320:
3304:
3301:, March 1917
3245:
3229:Labour Party
3209:
3171:
3158:cohabitation
3154:Henry Mayhew
3150:
3128:
3096:
3067:
3056:
3037:
3015:
2979:
2936:
2875:
2844:
2829:
2796:
2756:Trent Affair
2737:
2722:Napoleon III
2707:
2683:
2674:informal one
2654:
2640:
2614:
2587:
2552:
2529:
2511:
2468:
2449:Irish church
2442:
2428:
2412:
2361:
2349:
2329:
2321:
2313:professional
2297:
2285:child labour
2271:
2247:
2225:
2214:
2186:
2178:corporations
2159:
2152:
2140:
2112:
2096:after their
2058:
2039:
2003:
1992:
1989:Presbyterian
1958:
1949:
1945:
1909:
1898:
1858:
1836:
1820:Irish people
1807:Great Famine
1804:
1786:against the
1781:
1732:
1728:
1705:
1689:Gagging Acts
1668:Ultra-Tories
1665:
1654:Ultra-Tories
1620:
1608:
1581:, along the
1548:
1465:
1448:British Army
1437:
1369:
1303:
1281:Georgian era
1275:1801 to 1820
1237:
1227:of Germany,
1187:The British
1186:
1151:
1143:South Africa
1139:Newfoundland
1123:
1119:Qing dynasty
1064:
1031:
1029:
890:
822:Protohistory
701:LGBT history
456:Succeeded by
455:
450:
87:
66:Motto:
65:
29:
13736:Masculinity
13504:WikiProject
13452:(1760–1800)
13444:(1727–1760)
13436:(1714–1727)
13428:(1702–1714)
13420:(1689–1694)
13413:(1689–1702)
13410:William III
13405:(1685–1691)
13397:(1660–1685)
13389:(1659–1660)
13381:(1658–1659)
13373:(1653–1658)
13365:(1649–1653)
13355:(1625–1649)
13347:(1603–1625)
13339:(1558–1603)
13336:Elizabeth I
13331:(1554–1558)
13328:jure uxoris
13319:(1553–1558)
13303:(1547–1553)
13295:(1542–1547)
13171:Four Courts
13140:and society
13102:Fear Manach
13094:Tír Eoghain
12998:Uí Díarmata
12982:Clanricarde
12797:New English
12606:Periodicals
11952:Jenkins Ear
11866:World War I
11829:Balkan Wars
11814:Second Boer
11799:Banana Wars
11763:July Crisis
11694:Dreadnought
11679:Weltpolitik
11523:Pan-Slavism
11203:Place names
11080:Rugby union
10975:Anglo-Irish
10860:Instruments
10716:The Twelfth
10680:Set dancing
10480:LGBT rights
10386:LGBT rights
10316:Nationalism
9882:Black Death
9627:(1649–1660)
9621:(1642–1653)
9604:(1919–1922)
9581:(1922–1937)
9569:(1541–1800)
9563:(1171–1541)
9542:(from 1922)
9365:Guernésiais
9210:Isle of Man
9095:Isle of Man
9042:Isle of Man
8942:Isle of Man
8827:Terminology
8501:. Penguin.
8418:, 1855–1865
8291:. E. Benn.
8233:. Penguin.
8211:Briggs, Asa
8108:, diplomacy
8032:. Methuen.
7835:. Picador.
7747:. Longman.
7741:Briggs, Asa
7627:Works cited
7206:. Collins.
7174:Read (2022)
6660:Smith, Paul
6428:23 February
5918:(6): 46–53.
5275:13 November
5145:Webb (1968)
4772:, pp.
4722:Peel (1853)
4278:1 September
4204:19 November
4069:(1901–1910)
4063:(1837–1901)
4057:(1830–1837)
4051:(1820–1830)
3923:dual policy
3822:John Bright
3668:landowner,
3663:Anglo-Irish
3519:Suez Crisis
3422:river Rhine
3398:Mesopotamia
3324:to protect
3293:Men of the
3221:automobiles
3119:Bismarckian
2943:Robert Peel
2896:-speaking "
2878:Cape Colony
2808:reparations
2738:During the
2695:Crimean War
2606:Regency era
2558:during the
2531:John Bright
2517:English law
2408:Robert Peel
2234:Robert Peel
2162:Home Office
2120:Robert Peel
2082:Crimean War
1784:Crimean War
1748:Robert Peel
1567:War of 1812
1543: 1915
1516:War of 1812
1370:During the
1285:Regency era
1242:led to the
1135:New Zealand
1099:Crimean War
1091:World War I
1079:world power
791:History of
451:Preceded by
436:Irish pound
410:1911 census
329:Lower house
314:Upper house
301:Legislature
163: /
13803:Categories
13449:George III
13394:Charles II
13292:Henry VIII
13285:and rulers
13212:Ascendancy
13110:Uí Catháin
13014:Magh Luirg
12990:Uí Failghe
12930:Popery Act
12925:Penal Laws
12888:Parliament
12866:Wild Geese
12856:Barbadosed
12775:and events
12698:Royal arms
12657:Window tax
12599:Literature
12585:Queen Anne
12526:Whig Junto
12397:Elections:
12098:Parliament
12080:George III
11996:Jacobitism
11991:Whig plots
11551:agreements
11499:Great Game
11465:Revanchism
11104:Cláirseach
11007:Travellers
10865:Rock music
10848:Folk music
10783:Literature
10585:Soda bread
10468:Government
10395:parliament
10392:Oireachtas
10369:Government
10309:Ideologies
9940:Penal Laws
9831:since 1922
9745:Prehistory
9375:Sercquiais
8762:1801–1922
8556:, textbook
8195:. Norton.
8126:Webb, R.K.
7657:. Walker.
7161:1365041253
6566:required.)
6440:required.)
6278:(10): 5–8.
5984:, p.
5844:, p.
5504:(11): 6ff.
4528:, p.
4389:. Joseph.
4176:References
4067:Edward VII
4055:William IV
4043:George III
3984:named the
3958:First Dáil
3946:abstention
3725:federalism
3721:devolution
3719:(actually
3666:Protestant
3647:Isaac Butt
3631:emigration
3587:Penal Laws
3471:Tanganyika
3237:Queen Mary
3225:aeroplanes
3212:Edward VII
3059:music hall
3010:Lobby card
2951:Lord Derby
2933:Leadership
2902:Afrikaners
2871:naval race
2859:William II
2772:Union Army
2699:Sevastopol
2502:panopticon
2437:Ultra-Tory
2277:Whig Party
2238:Ultra Tory
1981:Unitarians
1910:The great
1901:William IV
1712:Manchester
1672:Tory Party
1632:George III
1587:Washington
1490:, and the
1417:Royal Navy
1401:Electorate
1182:free trade
1115:Opium Wars
1093:, Britain
1071:Royal Navy
817:Prehistory
811:Chronology
681:Labour law
415:45,221,000
397:Population
305:Parliament
279:Edward VII
255:William IV
231:George III
199:Government
187:Demonym(s)
13756:Burlesque
13731:Jewellery
13711:Cosmetics
13441:George II
13352:Charles I
13300:Edward VI
13257:Defenders
13237:Jacobites
13216:Recusancy
13179:Exchequer
13126:Uí Mháine
13078:Cairbrigh
13022:Airgíalla
12966:Uí Echach
12951:conquests
12545:Geography
12210:1760–1764
12205:1755–1759
12200:1750–1754
12195:1745–1749
12190:1740–1744
12185:1735–1739
12180:1730–1734
12175:1725–1729
12170:1720–1724
12165:1715–1719
12075:George II
11514:Meiji era
11361:Alliances
11235:Squatting
10951:Fomorians
10880:Mythology
10750:Languages
10735:Halloween
10711:Bealtaine
10694:Festivals
10685:Stepdance
10590:Spice Bag
10575:Irish fry
10565:Colcannon
10540:Barmbrack
10463:Education
10421:President
10359:Education
10275:Transport
10250:Provinces
10172:Mountains
10147:Coastline
10119:Geography
10010:Civil War
9965:Tithe War
9355:Auregnais
8991:Geography
8617:162264240
7787:(1996) .
7719:(1995) .
7523:. Faber.
7444:144314136
6528:154611014
6333:153932928
6285:(2007) .
5752:154025726
5179:144381265
4662:154680968
4544:Addington
4049:George IV
3931:Sinn Féin
3886:Germany.
3756:home rule
3748:self-rule
3744:franchise
3698:Rome Rule
3686:Unionists
3639:Unionists
3521:of 1956.
3483:Palestine
3445:Blighters
3418:Armistice
3382:Lusitania
3371:in 1916.
3275:Great War
3194:Bonar Law
3125:Salisbury
3076:Gladstone
2894:Afrikaans
2842:of 1898.
2766:, as the
2489:Reformers
2481:from the
2396:Lord Grey
2273:Earl Grey
2217:George IV
2147:Corn Laws
2128:Test Acts
2019:Cambridge
1917:Corn Laws
1616:Methodism
1591:Baltimore
1571:Lake Erie
1433:Trafalgar
1147:dominions
1131:Australia
1117:with the
1101:with the
1062:in 1927.
931:Conflicts
852:1801–1923
847:1691–1800
842:1536–1691
837:1169–1536
438:(1801–26)
243:George IV
42:1801–1922
13788:Category
13746:Painting
13741:Morality
13603:Scotland
13494:Category
13433:George I
13402:James II
13282:Monarchs
13183:Chancery
13138:Politics
12886:Acts of
12590:Georgian
12562:Scotland
12489:Monarchy
12091:Politics
12070:George I
12018:Scotland
11193:Monastic
11158:Calendar
11142:Shamrock
11137:Red Hand
11075:Rounders
10740:Wren Day
10674:Sean-nós
10626:Guinness
10570:Drisheen
10446:Assembly
10428:Taxation
10331:Unionism
10298:Politics
10231:Counties
9975:Land War
9867:Clontarf
9863:Glenmama
9737:Timeline
9612:See also
9471:Scottish
9370:Jèrriais
9286:Germanic
9200:Guernsey
9188:Scotland
9110:Scotland
9057:Shetland
9020:Hebrides
8908:Scotland
8873:Politics
8862:Hibernia
8699:33037858
8513:, survey
8495:(1965).
8453:(2005).
8437:, survey
8381:(1913).
8349:(1994).
8325:(2017).
8309:(2014).
8265:(2012).
8251:(1936).
8227:(2017).
8213:(1955).
8189:(1969).
8128:(1968).
8090:(1953).
8026:(1955).
8014:(1967).
7973:(1965).
7951:(2015).
7912:Boer War
7891:(2003).
7831:(2012).
7809:(2008).
7743:(1959).
7697:(2009).
7675:(2006).
7519:(1967).
7460:(1910).
7334:(2014).
7230:(1992).
7202:(1977).
7116:(1962).
7088:(1994).
7030:(2011).
6952:(1998).
6821:(2010).
6791:(1935).
6708:(1980).
6662:(1972).
6608:(1970).
6580:(2001).
6476:(1978).
6461:: 33–39.
6405:(2004).
6377:(1967).
6349:(1994).
6183:(2012).
6103:Archived
6009:28 April
6003:Archived
5932:(2009).
5768:(1970).
5589:(1969).
5571:(1948).
5088:(1908).
4992:(1951).
4962:(1954).
4920:(1949).
4853:(1966).
4703:(1853).
4575:(1979).
4334:Archived
4296:(2004).
4272:Archived
4222:Archived
4198:Archived
4080:See also
4073:George V
4061:Victoria
4025:George V
4004:and the
3982:dominion
3960:and the
3952:, which
3852:and the
3739:failed.
3627:Cottiers
3487:homeland
3475:Togoland
3384:was sunk
3233:George V
3141:Morality
3069:Disraeli
2985:Disraeli
2912:waged a
2888:and the
2546:was the
2351:Chartism
2346:Chartism
2340:Chartism
2281:poor law
2074:Bourbons
1969:Baptists
1811:emigrate
1771:showing
1720:Six Acts
1685:Sidmouth
1662:Six Acts
1583:Maryland
1563:frontier
1467:Napoleon
1336:in both
1231:and the
1083:Napoleon
1050:and the
946:Kingdoms
832:795–1169
782:a series
780:Part of
721:Taxation
591:Timeline
564:a series
562:Part of
424:Currency
291:George V
267:Victoria
79:(French)
13751:Theatre
13721:Fashion
13716:Erotica
13593:Ireland
13417:Mary II
13344:James I
13038:Umhaill
12773:General
12747:History
12686:Symbols
12557:England
12065:Hanover
11922:History
11494:In Asia
11327:Germany
11163:Castles
11090:Symbols
11060:Hurling
11045:Camogie
10944:Firbolg
10930:Immrama
10923:Echtrai
10853:session
10836:Ballads
10813:Theatre
10802:Gaeilge
10796:Fiction
10731:Samhain
10646:Whiskey
10520:Cuisine
10508:Culture
10458:Economy
10354:Economy
10162:Islands
10137:Climate
10130:Natural
9725:History
9685:Ireland
9436:English
9431:Cornish
9426:British
9347:Romance
9317:Cornish
9294:English
9271:Society
9178:England
9168:Ireland
9152:Ireland
9136:outline
9131:History
9105:England
9085:Ireland
9037:Ireland
8898:England
8889:Ireland
8852:Britain
8847:Prydain
8609:2638778
7543:: 1–23.
7481:178–186
6325:3020975
6167:147–175
6074:2594316
5705:History
5468:4048814
5433:2169005
5094:693–755
4501:History
4343:21 June
3548:Ireland
3452:Postwar
3336:on the
3326:Belgium
2900:" (or "
2861:became
2826:in 1910
2788:slavery
2417:in the
1977:Quakers
1895:in 1830
1867:liberal
1848:in the
1397:Hanover
1342:Ireland
1213:Belgium
1209:Germany
1046:of the
961:Judaism
941:Cuisine
827:400–795
793:Ireland
408:•
380:•
367:•
354:•
341:History
327:•
312:•
212:Monarch
192:British
180:English
148:51°30′N
132:Capital
88:Anthem:
13726:Houses
13598:London
13415:&
13323:Philip
13321:&
13316:Mary I
13247:Tories
13214:&
13129:(1611)
13121:(1607)
13113:(1607)
13105:(1607)
13097:(1607)
13089:(1607)
13081:(1606)
13073:(1605)
13065:(1603)
13062:Laigin
13057:(1602)
13049:(1596)
13041:(1593)
13033:(1589)
13025:(1585)
13017:(1585)
13009:(1574)
13001:(1574)
12993:(1550)
12985:(1544)
12977:(1543)
12974:Loígis
12969:(1543)
12961:(1543)
12949:Gaelic
12821:Ulster
12521:Tories
12053:Stuart
11852:Second
11839:Second
11636:Events
11426:Trends
11342:Russia
11322:France
11168:Cinema
10967:People
10916:Aos Sí
10903:Ulster
10898:Fenian
10888:Cycles
10818:Triads
10808:Poetry
10791:Annals
10768:Shelta
10721:Lúnasa
10701:Imbolc
10636:Poitín
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