1577:
2290:, with the task of ensuring that all party members vote as desired. Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against such instructions, since those who do so jeopardise promotion, or may be deselected as party candidates for future elections. Ministers, junior ministers and parliamentary private secretaries who vote against the whips' instructions usually resign. Thus, the independence of Members of Parliament tends to be low, although "backbench rebellions" by members discontent with their party's policies do occur. A member is also traditionally allowed some leeway if the particular interests of his constituency are adversely affected. In some circumstances, however, parties announce "
1432:
2056:
cannot take office until they have been approved by the
Sovereign; the granting of the royal approbation, however, is a formality. The Speaker is assisted by three Deputy Speakers, the most senior of whom holds the title of Chairman of Ways and Means. The two other Deputy Speakers are known as the First and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means. These titles derive from the Committee of Ways and Means, a body over which the chairman once used to preside; even though the committee was abolished in 1967, the traditional titles of the Deputy Speakers are still retained. The Speaker and the Deputy Speakers are always members of the House of Commons.
1601:
1411:
1337:, meant "of general, public, or non-private nature" as an adjective and, as a substantive, "the common body of the people of any place; the community or commonalty" in the singular; "the common people, the commonalty; the lower order, as distinguished from those of noble or knight or gentle rank", or "the burgers of a town; the body of free citizens, bearing common burdens, and exercising common rights; (hence) the third estate in the English constitution; the body of people, not ennobled, and represented by the Lower House of Parliament" in the plural. The word has survived to this day in the original Anglo-Norman phrase
2340:. The membership of these bodies, like that of the standing committees, reflects the strength of the parties. The chairman of each committee is voted on in a secret ballot of the whole house during the first session of a parliamentary term, or when a vacancy occurs. The number of select committee chairmanships allocated to each party reflects the strength of the parties, and the parties allocate the positions through agreement. The primary function of a departmental select committee is to scrutinise and investigate the activities of a particular government department. To fulfil these aims, it is permitted to hold
662:
51:
5393:
1916:
4074:
4023:
635:
1172:, when members ask questions of the prime minister; the house gives other opportunities to question other cabinet ministers. Prime Minister's Questions occur weekly, normally for half an hour each Wednesday. Questions must relate to the responding minister's official government activities, not to their activities as a party leader or as a private Member of Parliament. Customarily, members of the Government party/coalition and members of the Opposition alternate when asking questions. Members may also make inquiries in writing.
2048:
63:
2554:
2090:, which oversees the running of the house, and controls debates by calling on members to speak. A member who believes that a rule (or Standing Order) has been breached may raise a "point of order", on which the Speaker makes a ruling not subject to any appeal. The Speaker may discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the house. The Speaker also decides which proposed amendments to a motion are to be debated. Thus, the Speaker is far more powerful than their Lords counterpart, the
589:
2210:(a Lords official) is responsible for summoning the Commons to the Lords Chamber. When he arrives to deliver his summons, the doors of the Commons Chamber are traditionally slammed shut in his face, symbolising the right of the Lower House to debate without interference. He then knocks on the door three times with his Black Rod, and only then is granted admittance, where he informs the MPs that the Monarch awaits them, after which they proceed to the House of Lords for the
2540:
267:
1929:
991:, then the 14th Earl of Home, disclaimed his peerage (under a new mechanism which remains in force) three days after becoming prime minister. The new session of Parliament was delayed to await the outcome of his by-election, which happened to be already under way due to a recent death. As anticipated, he won that election, which was for the highest-majority seat in Scotland among his party; otherwise he would have been constitutionally obliged to resign.
1523:
2412:
1072:
2275:: to allow further debate, if this is possible, or otherwise to avoid a decision without a majority (e.g. voting "no" to a motion or the third reading of a bill). Ties rarely occur: more than 25 years passed between the last two ones in July 1993 and April 2019. The quorum of the House of Commons is 40 members for any vote, including the Speaker and four tellers. If fewer than 40 members have participated, the division is invalid.
2329:. Committees consider bills in detail, and may make amendments. Bills of great constitutional importance, as well as some important financial measures, are usually sent to the "Committee of the Whole House", a body that includes all members of the Commons. Instead of the Speaker, the chairman or a Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means presides. The committee meets in the House of Commons Chamber.
2165:, former Clerk of the House of Commons and Chief Executive, a figure of 427 seats is an average or a finger-in-the-wind estimate. Members who arrive late must stand near the entrance of the house if they wish to listen to debates. Sittings in the chamber are held each day from Monday to Thursday, and also on some Fridays. During times of national emergency, the house may also sit at weekends.
938:
in particular, important bills that were part of the government's agenda. The annual Budget is still considered a matter of confidence. When a government has lost the confidence of the House of
Commons, the prime minister is obliged either to resign, making way for another MP who can command confidence, or request the monarch to dissolve Parliament, thereby precipitating a general election.
1253:. Furthermore, supply bills passed by the House of Commons are immune to amendments in the House of Lords. In addition, the House of Lords is barred from amending a bill so as to insert a taxation or supply-related provision, but the House of Commons often waives its privileges and allows the Lords to make amendments with financial implications. Under a separate convention, known as the
1912:"MP". The annual salary of each member is ÂŁ86,584 effective from 1 April 2023. Members may also receive additional salaries for other offices they hold (for instance, the Speakership). Most members also claim for various office expenses (staff costs, postage, travelling, etc.) and, in the case of members for seats outside London, for the costs of maintaining a home in the capital.
1219:(or any other subject, even if not a public officer) for their crimes. Impeachments are tried by the House of Lords, where a simple majority is necessary to convict. This power has fallen into disuse, however; the House of Commons exercises its checks on the government through other means, such as no confidence motions; the last impeachment was that of
2169:
relations between the
Commons and the Crown were less than cordial, this procedure was used whenever the house wanted to keep its debate private. More often, however, this device was used to delay and disrupt proceedings; as a result, it was abolished in 1998. Now, members seeking that the house sit in private must make a formal motion to that effect.
2333:
time the committee considered a new bill. The number of standing committees was not limited, but usually only ten existed. Rarely, a bill was committed to a
Special Standing Committee, which investigated and held hearings on the issues raised. In November 2006, standing committees were replaced by public bill committees.
2145:, which served as the home of the House of Commons until destroyed by fire in 1834. The Speaker's chair is at one end of the chamber; in front of it, is the table of the house, on which the mace rests. The clerks sit at one end of the table, close to the Speaker so that they may advise them on procedure when necessary.
2226:
each other by name, but by constituency, using forms such as "the
Honourable Member for ", or, in the case of Privy Counsellors, "the Right Honourable Member for ". Members of the same party (or allied parties or groups) refer to each other as "my (Right) Honourable friend". A currently serving, or ex-member of the
1772:. The commissions conduct general reviews of electoral boundaries once every 8 to 12 years, and interim reviews. In drawing boundaries, they are required to prefer local government boundaries, but may deviate from these to prevent great disparities in electorate; such disparities are given the formal term
1362:, the historical dictionary of the English language, can only attest to the word meaning advocated by Pollard from the 19th and 20th centuries onwards, whereas sources for the meaning given in the previous section date from the late Middle Ages, i.e. the time of the establishment of the House of Commons.
1744:
restore the monarch's prerogative powers to dissolve
Parliament at the prime minister's request, and ensure that a parliamentary term automatically ends five years after Parliament's first meeting and polling day being 25 working days later. The bill was given royal assent on 24 March 2022, becoming the
3024:
Not that the house of commons was ever that house of the common people which it is sometimes supposed to have been. For "commons" means "communes"; and while "communes" have commonly been popular organizations, the term might in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries be applied to any association or
2258:
When the debate concludes, or when the closure is invoked, the motion is put to a vote. The house first votes by voice vote; the
Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question, and Members respond either "Aye!" (in favour of the motion) or "No!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces
2225:
Speeches are addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr
Speaker", "Madam Speaker", "Mr Deputy Speaker", or "Madam Deputy Speaker". Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in debate; other members must be referred to in the third person. Traditionally, members do not refer to
1700:
In 2019, MPs used "standing order 24" (a parliamentary procedure that triggers emergency debates) as a means of gaining control of the parliamentary order paper for the following day, and passing legislation without the incumbent government's consent. This unusual process was achieved through tabling
925:
Although the House of
Commons does not formally elect the prime minister, by convention and in practice, the prime minister is answerable to the House, and therefore must maintain its support. In this way, the position of the parties in the House is an overriding importance. Thus, whenever the office
2217:
During debates, Members may speak only if called upon by the
Speaker (or a Deputy Speaker, if the Speaker is not presiding). Traditionally, the presiding officer alternates between calling Members from the Government and Opposition. The Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, and other leaders
1810:, if no early election is called, dissolution is automatic on the fifth year after its first meeting day. This Act effectively postponed the automatic date of the next election after 2019 by more than half a year, from 2 May 2024 to Tuesday 28 January 2025; but the election was ultimately called for
1497:
In the ensuing years, the Commons grew more assertive, the influence of the House of Lords having been reduced by the Reform Bill crisis, and the power of the patrons reduced. The Lords became more reluctant to reject bills that the Commons had passed with large majorities, and it became an accepted
1447:
The House of Commons underwent an important period of reform during the 19th century. Over the years, several anomalies had developed in borough representation. The constituency boundaries had not been changed since 1660, so many towns whose importance had declined by the 19th century still retained
937:
or by passing a motion of no confidence. Confidence and no confidence motions are phrased explicitly: for instance, "That this House has no confidence in His Majesty's Government." Many other motions were until recent decades considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such:
2332:
Most bills were until 2006 considered by standing committees, which consisted of between 16 and 50 members. The membership of each standing committee roughly reflected the strength of the parties in the House. The membership of standing committees changed constantly; new Members were assigned each
2263:
follows. The presiding officer, if she or he believes that the result of the voice vote is clear, may reject the challenge. When a division occurs, members enter one of two lobbies (the "Aye" lobby or the "No" lobby) on either side of the chamber, where their names are recorded by clerks. A member
1696:
created a mechanism for recalling Members of Parliament. Under the act, proceedings are initiated only if an MP is found guilty of wrongdoing fulfilling certain criteria. A petition is successful if at least one in ten voters in the constituency sign. Successful petitions result in the MP vacating
2055:
At the beginning of each new parliamentary term, the House of Commons elects one of its members as a presiding officer, known as the Speaker. If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term, then the house may re-elect them merely by passing a motion; otherwise, a secret ballot is held. A Speaker-elect
1848:
All general elections in the UK since 1935 have been held on a Thursday. The origins of this convention are unknown but there are a number of theories, including the suggestion that it was to coincide with market day; this would ease voting for those who had to travel into the towns to cast their
1245:
without the consent of the House of Lords. The Lords may not delay a money bill (a bill that, in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons, solely concerns national taxation or public funds) for more than one month. Moreover, the Lords may not delay most other public bills for more than two
1743:
Later in December 2020, the Conservative government published a draft Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill, later retitled the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill when it was introduced to the Commons in May 2021, which would repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act in its entirety,
1391:
The rectangular shape is derived from the shape of the chapel. Benches were arranged using the configuration of the chapel's choir stalls whereby they were facing across from one another. This arrangement facilitated an adversarial atmosphere representative of the British parliamentary approach.
1179:
Major modern British political parties tend to be so tightly orchestrated that their MPs often have little scope for free action. A large minority of ruling party MPs are paid members of the Government. Since 1900 the Government has lost confidence motions thrice—twice in 1924, and once in 1979.
1175:
In practice, this scrutiny can be fairly weak. Since the first-past-the-post electoral system is employed, the governing party often enjoys a large majority in the Commons, and ministers and departments practise defensive government, outsourcing key work to third parties. If the government has a
1596:
Since the 17th century, government ministers were paid, while other MPs were not. Most of the men elected to the Commons had private incomes, while a few relied on financial support from a wealthy patron. Early Labour MPs were often provided with a salary by a trade union, but this was declared
2246:
The Standing Orders of the House of Commons do not establish any formal time limits for debates. The Speaker may, however, order a member who persists in making a tediously repetitive or irrelevant speech to stop speaking. The time set aside for debate on a particular motion is, however, often
2168:
Sittings of the house are open to the public, but the house may at any time vote to sit in private, which has occurred only twice since 1950. Traditionally, a Member who desired that the house sit privately could shout "I spy strangers!" and a vote would automatically follow. In the past, when
2105:
is both the house's chief adviser on matters of procedure and chief executive of the House of Commons. They are a permanent official, not a member of the house itself. The Clerk advises the Speaker on the rules and procedure of the house, signs orders and official communications, and signs and
2282:
during a division, suggesting that some of the rules governing parliamentary procedure are violated, he was required to wear a hat, thereby signalling that he was not engaging in debate. Collapsible top hats were kept in the chamber just for this purpose. This custom was discontinued in 1998.
2234:
used to be called "the Honourable and Learned Member", and a woman "the Honourable Lady the Member".) This may not always be the case during the actual oral delivery, when it might be difficult for a member to remember another member's exact constituency, but it is invariably followed in the
2148:
Members of the Government occupy the benches on the Speaker's right, whilst members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker's left. In front of each set of benches a red line is drawn, which members are traditionally not allowed to cross during debates. The Prime Minister and the
6505:
2018:
The rule that precludes certain Crown officers from serving in the House of Commons is used to circumvent a resolution adopted by the House of Commons in 1623, under which members are not permitted to resign their seats. In practice, however, they always can. Should a member wish to
2347:
A separate type of select committee is the Domestic Committee. Domestic Committees oversee the administration of the House and the services provided to Members. Other committees of the House of Commons include Joint Committees (which also include members of the House of Lords), the
1833:) of early election with a two-thirds majority; absent such motions, Parliament would automatically dissolve 17 working days (about 4 weeks) before the fixed election date of the first Thursday in May five years after the previous election, which occurred (as a special case)
2482:. The set was highly convincing, and was retained after the production—since then, it has been used in nearly every British film and television production that has featured scenes set in the chamber. From 1988 until 1999 it was also one of the prominent attractions on the
1395:
The distance across the floor of the house between the government and opposition benches is 13 feet (3.96 m), said to be equivalent to two swords' length, though this is likely to be purely symbolic given weapons have been banned in the chamber for hundreds of years.
2015:, civil servants, members of the regular armed forces, members of foreign legislatures (excluding the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth countries), and holders of several Crown offices. Ministers, even though they are paid officers of the Crown, are not disqualified.
1872:
of votes wins, that is greatest number of votes. Minors (that is, anyone under the age of 18), members of the House of Lords, and prisoners are not qualified to become members of the House of Commons. To vote, one must be a UK resident and a citizen of either Britain, a
2239:. The Speaker enforces the rules of the house and may warn and punish members who deviate from them. Disregarding the Speaker's instructions is considered a breach of the rules of the House and may result in the suspension of the offender from the house. In the case of
2098:), or participate in the affairs of any political party. By convention, a Speaker seeking re-election to parliament is not opposed in their constituency by any of the major parties. The lack of partisanship continues even after the Speaker leaves the House of Commons.
1956:, only natural-born subjects were qualified. Members of the House of Lords may not serve in the House of Commons, or even vote in parliamentary elections; however, they are permitted to sit in the chamber during debates (unlike the King, who cannot enter the chamber).
926:
of prime minister falls vacant, the monarch appoints the person who has the support of the house, or who is most likely to command the support of the house—normally the leader of the largest party in the house—while the leader of the second-largest party becomes the
2486:, where visitors could watch actors performing mock political debates on the set. The major difference between the studio set and the real House of Commons Chamber is that the studio set has just four rows of seats on either side whereas the real Chamber has five.
1588:
came into effect, destroying the legislative equality of the two Houses of Parliament. The House of Lords was permitted only to delay most legislation, for a maximum of three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years (reduced to two sessions or one year by the
1246:
parliamentary sessions, or one calendar year. These provisions, however, only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons. Moreover, a bill that seeks to extend a parliamentary term beyond five years requires the consent of the House of Lords.
1764:; its only effects are on the amount of money candidates are allowed to spend during campaigns and the rank of the local authority co-opted Returning Officer who presides over the count. Geographic boundaries are determined by four permanent and independent
973:
and a coalition is formed; the new prime minister will by convention be the new leader of the outgoing premier's party. It has become the practice to write the constitutions of major UK political parties to provide a set way to appoint a new party leader.
950:, which fixed the term at five years. As of 9 July 2024, five of the twelve last prime ministers have attained office as the immediate result of a general election; the others have gained office upon the resignation of a prime minister of their own party.
2255:. The Speaker is allowed to deny the motion if she or he believes that it infringes upon the rights of the minority. Today, bills are scheduled according to a timetable motion, which the whole house agrees in advance, negating the use of a guillotine.
945:
Parliament sits for up to five years. This is a maximum: prime ministers can choose to dissolve parliament at earlier times, with the permission of the monarch, and often have. This was a return to the historic system that had been replaced by the
1057:
is an international constitutional paradigm. The prime minister chooses the ministers, and may decide to remove them at any time, although the appointments and dismissals are formally made by the Sovereign, acting on the prime minister's advice.
2140:
in London. The Commons chamber is small and modestly decorated in green, unlike the large, lavishly furnished red Lords chamber. Benches sit on both sides of the chamber and are divided by a centre aisle. This arrangement reflects the design of
1885:. British citizens living abroad are allowed to vote for 15 years after leaving. It is a criminal offence for a person to vote in the ballot of more than one seat which is vacant at any election. This has not always been the case: before 1948
3622:
1505:
lowered property requirements for voting in the boroughs, reduced the representation of the less populous boroughs, and granted parliamentary seats to several growing industrial towns. The electorate was further expanded by the
982:
By convention, ministers are members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. A handful have been appointed from outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament in a by-election or by receiving a
3341:
2499:. Abbott, a former Granada Television staff writer, bought it because the set would otherwise have been destroyed and he feared it would take too long to get the necessary money from the BBC. Abbott kept the set in storage in
6811:
2390:. The original badge was of gold, but nowadays is shown in various colours, predominantly green or black. It features on the flag of the House of Commons; first flown on 11 May 2021 and designed by Graham Bartram, chief
5687:
2106:
endorses bills. The Clerk also chairs the Board of Management, which consists of the heads of the six departments of the house. The Clerk's deputy is known as the Clerk Assistant. Another officer of the house is the
1900:
below), their seat falls vacant. It is also possible for the House of Commons to expel a member, a power exercised only in cases of serious misconduct or criminal activity. In each case, the vacancy is filled by a
1990:
may not sit in Parliament until she or he has either completed the term of imprisonment or received a full pardon from the Crown. Moreover, anyone serving a prison sentence of one year or more is ineligible, per
1494:, also known as the "Great Reform Act", abolished the rotten boroughs, established uniform voting requirements for the boroughs, and granted representation to populous cities, but still retained some anomalies.
1053:. The elected status of members of the Commons (as opposed to the unelected Lords) and their direct accountability to that House, together with empowerment and transparency, ensures ministerial accountability.
2114:, a symbol of the authority of the Crown and of the House of Commons, into the house each day before the Speaker, and the mace is laid upon the table of the house during sittings. The Librarian is head of the
3311:
2206:, a ceremony in the Lords Chamber during which the Sovereign, in the presence of Members of both Houses, delivers an address outlining the Government's legislative agenda. The Gentleman or Lady Usher of the
2176:. The post war redesign of the house in 1950 included microphones, and debates were allowed to be broadcast by radio in 1975. Since 1989, they have also been broadcast on television, which is now handled by
3408:
3674:
3592:
2264:
who wishes to pointedly abstain from a vote may do so by entering both lobbies, casting one vote for and one against. At each lobby are two tellers (themselves MPs) who count the votes of the members.
2183:
Sessions of the House of Commons have sometimes been disrupted by angry protesters throwing objects into the chamber from the galleries—items thrown include leaflets, manure, flour, and a canister of
1971:
for six months or more would have their seat vacated if two specialists reported to the Speaker that the member was suffering from a mental disorder. However, this disqualification was removed by the
1482:
The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831. At first, the House of Lords proved unwilling to pass the bill, but it was forced to relent when the prime minister,
1852:
A candidate for a seat must submit nomination papers signed by ten registered voters from that area, and pay ÂŁ500, which is refunded if the candidate wins at least five per cent of the vote. Such a
1573:, the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords after threatening to flood the house with 500 new Liberal peers to ensure the passage of the bill.
2094:, who has no disciplinary powers. Customarily, the Speaker and the deputies are non-partisan; they do not vote (with the notable exception of tied votes, where the Speaker votes in accordance with
5979:
3061:
1776:. The proposals of the Boundary Commissions are subject to parliamentary approval, but may not be amended. After their next Periodic Reviews, the Boundary Commissions will be absorbed into the
1677:, transferring the power to call an early election from the Prime Minister to Parliament, and setting out the procedure for this. Under the act, calling an early election required a two-thirds
3614:
6061:
5781:
694:
5592:
5340:
2007:
formerly disqualified for ten years those found guilty of certain election-related offences, until this section was repealed in 2001. Several other disqualifications are codified in the
2240:
821:
3333:
2286:
The outcome of most votes is largely known beforehand, since political parties normally instruct members on how to vote. A party normally entrusts some members of parliament, known as
2267:
Once the division concludes, the tellers provide the results to the presiding officer, who then announces them to the house. If the votes are tied, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker has a
1558:, introduced the "People's Budget", which proposed a new tax targeting wealthy landowners. This measure failed in the heavily Conservative House of Lords, and the government resigned.
1237:
Bills may be introduced in either house, though bills of importance generally originate in the House of Commons. The supremacy of the Commons in legislative matters is assured by the
987:(being made a peer). Since 1902, all but one prime ministers have been members of the Commons at time of appointment; the sole exception was during the long summer recess in 1963:
2199:
for high treason. This action was deemed a breach of the privilege of the house, and has given rise to the tradition that the monarch does not set foot in the House of Commons.
679:
42:
2308:
is an arrangement where a member from one party agrees with a member of another party not to vote in a particular division, allowing both MPs the opportunity not to attend.
2059:
Whilst presiding, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker traditionally wears ceremonial dress. The presiding officer may also wear a wig, but this tradition was abandoned by Speaker
1569:, but Asquith remained prime minister with the support of the smaller parties. Asquith then proposed that the powers of the Lords be severely curtailed. Following a further
1261:. Hence, as the power of the House of Lords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice, the House of Commons is clearly the more powerful chamber of Parliament.
699:
6986:
689:
7278:
5148:
2020:
1648:
1608:
In 1918, women over 30 who owned property were given the right to vote, as were men over 21 who did not own property, quickly followed by the passage of a law enabling
5844:
5819:
1201:
704:
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limited by informal agreements between the parties. Debate may also be restricted by the passage of "allocation of time motions", which are more commonly known as "
5801:
4426:
1825:), under which that automatic dissolution instead occurred five years after issuance of the writ of summons, a slightly longer period. Between 2011 and 2022, the
5849:
5021:
2429:
1089:
5877:
3402:
2627:
2597:
2051:
The Speaker presides over debates in the House of Commons, as depicted in the above print commemorating the destruction of the Commons Chamber by fire in 1834.
1829:
was in force, under which control of the timing of elections instead lay with the House of Commons, which could pass a motion of no confidence or (as occurred
1781:
3670:
3586:
2161:. Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the chamber at the same time, as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members. According to
1896:
Once elected, Members of Parliament normally continue to serve until the next dissolution of Parliament. But if a member dies or ceases to be qualified (see
3537:
4685:
2637:
6368:
6333:
6323:
5568:
1791:
1609:
878:
2039:
is responsible for making the appointment, and, by convention, never refuses to do so when asked by a member who desires to leave the House of Commons.
7322:
6826:
6378:
5899:
5574:
4517:
1046:
760:
4366:
3057:
2191:
seized and brandished the mace of the house during a heated debate. However, perhaps the most famous disruption of the House of Commons was caused by
1701:
amendments to the "motion in neutral terms", a non-binding statement released by parliament after the debate. This new technique was used to pass the
1475:
received no separate representation (although their eligible residents were entitled to vote in the corresponding county seat). Also notable were the
1033:, who served as Business Secretary; Lord Adonis, who served as Transport Secretary; Baroness Amos, who served as International Development Secretary;
6726:
6041:
5834:
4945:
4434:
1136:
3371:
2356:, as well as matters relating to the conduct of the members), and the Committee of Selection (which determines the membership of other committees).
2127:
6328:
5889:
5195:
4318:
3734:
2311:
A bisque is permission from the Whips given to a member to miss a vote or debate in the house to attend to constituency business or other matters.
1597:
illegal by a House of Lords judgement of 1909. Consequently, a resolution was passed in the House of Commons in 1911 introducing salaries for MPs.
1108:
724:
485:
102:
3862:
3832:
3700:
1908:
The term "Member of Parliament" by modern convention means a member of the House of Commons. These members may, and almost invariably do, use the
1620:, who therefore became the first woman to be an MP. However, owing to Sinn FĂ©in's policy of abstention from Westminster, she never took her seat.
994:
Since 1990, almost all cabinet ministers, save for three whose offices are an intrinsic part of the House of Lords, have belonged to the Commons.
7317:
6318:
5746:
5141:
5041:
5036:
4468:
4323:
3744:
2713:
1655:
1038:
3126:
1530:
was destroyed by German bombs during the Second World War. The essential features of Barry's design were preserved when the chamber was rebuilt.
6614:
6425:
5941:
5695:
5347:
4885:
4615:
2695:
MPs designated as independents may be elected as independents, leave the party for which they were elected, or be suspended from their party's
2320:
1807:
1745:
942:
908:, the Lords' power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The government is solely responsible to the House of Commons and the
3721:
For example: Plaid Cymru, Scottish National Party, the Green Party of England and Wales, and sometimes the Socialist Campaign Group. See e.g.
1936:
There are numerous qualifications that apply to Members of Parliament. One must be aged at least 18 (the minimum age was 21 until s.17 of the
1115:
6390:
6036:
5814:
4700:
2071:, chose to wear a gown over a lounge suit, a decision that sparked much debate and opposition; he also did not wear a wig, and his successor
1838:
1644:
1570:
828:
3648:
1576:
1315:
and enlarged the Commons at Westminster with 100 Irish members, creating the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
7250:
6721:
6500:
6104:
4670:
4371:
4333:
3724:
3563:
2259:
the result of the voice vote, but if their assessment is challenged by any member or the voice vote is unclear, a recorded vote known as a
1799:
1706:
1562:
4089:
2724:
of the House of Commons multiple times until the conclusion of the war, with that Parliament existing for ten years instead of five years.
900:. In 1922, the body became the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the independence of the
6666:
6477:
4835:
4577:
3802:
3251:
3100:
2789:
2632:
2028:
1889:
was permitted as voters qualified by home ownership or residence and could vote under both entitlements simultaneously, as well as for a
4986:
3776:
1122:
6676:
6619:
6151:
6094:
5134:
2064:
2035:(that is, they involve no actual duties); they are retained solely to permit the "resignation" of members of the House of Commons. The
2008:
3891:
7337:
7327:
7015:
5909:
5115:
4695:
4690:
4111:
2592:
2024:
927:
196:
1756:
Since 1950, every constituency has been represented by a single Member of Parliament. There remains a technical distinction between
6661:
6520:
6472:
5279:
5223:
5110:
4875:
3208:
1787:
1104:
1050:
934:
6242:
6051:
5882:
4960:
4950:
4930:
4710:
4572:
2587:
1972:
1795:
1729:
1249:
By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts, only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or
7003:
6577:
6274:
6114:
6099:
6089:
5914:
5904:
5894:
5867:
5586:
5016:
4815:
4680:
4592:
4391:
4266:
1460:
301:
2086:: that chair is called Sapientia (Latin for "wisdom") and is where the chief master sits. The Speaker is also chairman of the
6696:
6269:
5307:
5265:
4996:
4968:
4895:
3245:
2860:
2785:"The definition of Parliament after Jackson: Can the life of Parliament be extended under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949?"
2222:
used to be granted priority; however, the modernisation of Commons procedure in 1998 led to the abolition of this tradition.
2110:, whose duties include the maintenance of law, order, and security on the house's premises. The Serjeant-at-Arms carries the
2004:
1992:
1932:
The old House of Commons chamber, showing dark veneer on the wood, which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber.
1777:
1765:
1507:
1490:
to flood the House of Lords by creating pro-Reform peers. To avoid this, the Lords relented and passed the bill in 1832. The
1304:
1018:
866:
734:
575:
215:
3511:
2952:
resigned as prime minister without recommending a successor, it was unable to nominate one. It fell to the Queen to appoint
6563:
6385:
6046:
6019:
5612:
5031:
5026:
5011:
4740:
4625:
4532:
4512:
2602:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1811:
1702:
1686:
1624:
1464:
1026:
909:
742:
684:
564:
552:
234:
139:
1498:
political principle that the confidence of the House of Commons alone was necessary for a government to remain in office.
6736:
6681:
6624:
6543:
6487:
6455:
6289:
5974:
5739:
5703:
4880:
4790:
4502:
4461:
4353:
3760:
2572:
2131:
2083:
1647:
caused a major scandal and loss of confidence by the public in the integrity of MPs, as well as causing the first forced
1449:
1220:
4313:
6711:
6691:
6634:
6599:
6247:
6215:
6179:
4800:
4635:
4620:
4557:
4343:
4120:
3094:
2349:
430:
418:
4730:
3147:
Constituency boundary reviews and the number of MPs Contributing Authors, Elise Uberoi, Social and General Statistics
1963:(applicable in England and Wales only), or if they are adjudged bankrupt (in Northern Ireland), or if their estate is
6706:
6604:
6259:
6252:
6119:
6084:
6069:
5969:
5638:
5626:
4900:
4865:
4770:
4640:
2451:
2337:
2187:(tear gas). Even members have been known to disturb proceedings of the house. For instance, in 1976, Conservative MP
1937:
1419:
1274:
1209:
1155:
889:
20:
3452:
3281:
2344:
and collect evidence. Bills may be referred to Departmental Select Committees, but such a procedure is seldom used.
1129:
6791:
6343:
6301:
6225:
6220:
6124:
6002:
5679:
5158:
4991:
4905:
4855:
4765:
4705:
4552:
4328:
4178:
4156:
3913:
2838:
1960:
1861:
1511:
1479:, small constituencies controlled by wealthy landowners and aristocrats, whose "nominees" were invariably elected.
1022:
850:
394:
280:
88:
1448:
their ancient right of electing two members, in addition to other boroughs that had never been important, such as
6854:
6671:
6609:
6535:
6230:
6079:
6026:
5989:
5954:
5928:
5829:
5092:
4830:
4755:
4361:
2524:
2305:
1826:
1670:
947:
3483:
7332:
6801:
6589:
6515:
6410:
6363:
6279:
6199:
6159:
5949:
5732:
5556:
5209:
5105:
5087:
5051:
4978:
4795:
4587:
4454:
3160:
2433:
2219:
1216:
1093:
984:
729:
177:
158:
4036:
3430:
3148:
2735:
The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled
7243:
7010:
6816:
6746:
6716:
6686:
6651:
6553:
6525:
6443:
6351:
6235:
6014:
5764:
5333:
5237:
4910:
4845:
4715:
4650:
4630:
4610:
4562:
4497:
4104:
2102:
1902:
1714:
1371:
1238:
1169:
998:
905:
870:
783:
4084:
1631:(i.e. some individuals had the right to vote in more than one constituency in the same election), including
7129:
7053:
7025:
6971:
6774:
6764:
6701:
6656:
6629:
6482:
6467:
6164:
6139:
6074:
5964:
5650:
5644:
5597:
5273:
4935:
4860:
4850:
4820:
4675:
4665:
4660:
4547:
4522:
4301:
4291:
4278:
4132:
4119:
2683:
2162:
1949:
1874:
1010:
814:
5001:
2996:
1666:" (AV) method. The proposal to introduce AV was rejected by 67.9% of voters on a national turnout of 42%.
969:). In such cases, the premiership goes to whomever can command a majority in the House, unless there is a
7342:
7020:
6998:
6966:
6961:
6943:
6884:
6806:
6796:
6731:
6594:
6558:
6356:
6134:
5773:
5661:
4825:
4810:
4785:
4750:
4735:
4655:
4051:
3363:
2203:
2087:
2036:
1674:
1551:
1514:
of the following year replaced almost all multi-member constituencies with single-member constituencies.
1483:
1431:
1296:
1278:
1270:
1185:
885:
4286:
4210:
3732:
1983:
are ineligible to sit in the Lower House; this precedent, however, has not been tested in recent years.
7080:
6981:
6821:
5419:
4725:
4720:
4645:
4582:
4527:
4507:
4430:
3854:
3824:
3696:
2712:
Current law passed by Parliament limits the term of the House of Commons to five years. However, since
2582:
2478:
1940:
came into force), and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, of a British overseas territory, of the
1865:
1659:
1593:). Since the passage of these Acts, the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament.
1476:
1456:
874:
540:
442:
184:
120:
4429:
for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha exist, they are purely consultative. Legislation is enacted by the
3742:
2468:
created a near-full size replica of the post-1950 House of Commons debating chamber at its studios in
2384:. It was originally the badge of Beaufort, his mother's family; and a pun on the name Tudor, as in tu-
7216:
6976:
6781:
6754:
6264:
6144:
4780:
4348:
4186:
3936:
3122:
2966:
2700:
2495:
2299:
2272:
2095:
2000:
1358:
370:
358:
1410:
7114:
6644:
6284:
6031:
5452:
5301:
5293:
5126:
4357:
4097:
4079:
2716:, Parliament can extend its term for as long as it pleases. The last time this occurred was during
2607:
2260:
2115:
1725:
1600:
1414:
800:
795:
661:
322:
50:
2078:
The Speaker or deputy presides from a chair at the front of the house. This chair was designed by
7259:
7172:
6993:
6928:
6639:
6296:
5657:
3644:
2798:
2666:
2422:
2373:
2353:
1945:
1890:
1882:
1632:
1197:
1082:
962:
346:
313:
3722:
3559:
3019:
7109:
6174:
5490:
5424:
5006:
3931:
2617:
2211:
2142:
1968:
1953:
1693:
1436:
1381:
1300:
1257:, the House of Lords does not seek to oppose legislation promised in the government's election
1232:
1054:
865:
in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as
466:
334:
3798:
3235:
3084:
7264:
7104:
7060:
6923:
6509:
5632:
5401:
5372:
5367:
4760:
4296:
3764:
2852:
2699:. Six MPs were elected as independents in the 2024 general election, 5 have since joined the
2559:
2251:". Alternatively, the house may put an immediate end to debate by passing a motion to invoke
2137:
1663:
1385:
1331:
1312:
1284:
958:
862:
778:
598:
454:
7124:
7065:
7030:
6918:
6891:
6402:
5472:
5356:
4870:
4338:
3968:
3885:
2483:
2381:
2369:
2294:", allowing members to vote as they please. Votes relating to issues of conscience such as
2227:
2192:
1909:
1817:
The current regime around dissolution is substantially the same as that established by the
1761:
1617:
1254:
1189:
19:"British House of Commons" redirects here. For the House of Commons from 1707 to 1800, see
5392:
2325:
The British Parliament uses committees for a variety of purposes, e.g., for the review of
1915:
8:
7201:
7119:
7097:
7092:
7075:
7070:
7048:
6938:
6896:
4920:
4191:
2622:
1964:
1941:
1822:
1818:
1757:
1718:
1590:
1585:
966:
912:
stays in office only as long as they retain the confidence of a majority of the Commons.
602:
4446:
3200:
7196:
7152:
6933:
6911:
6906:
6874:
6786:
5959:
5462:
5429:
4239:
4227:
4219:
4128:
4073:
2820:
2784:
2762:
2662:
2612:
2567:
2507:
1869:
1555:
1535:
1308:
1292:
1205:
897:
893:
4063:
4022:
3013:
634:
7211:
7157:
6759:
5711:
5579:
5548:
5506:
5467:
5457:
4745:
4306:
4058:
3241:
3090:
2916:
2866:
2856:
2824:
2812:
2519:
2515:
2326:
2188:
1733:
1440:
1250:
1014:
988:
292:
2023:, she or he may request appointment to one of two ceremonial Crown offices: that of
1341:, with which a bill is transmitted from the House of Lords to the House of Commons.
1168:
The House of Commons formally scrutinises the Government through its Committees and
953:
A prime minister will resign after party defeat at an election, if unable to form a
7206:
7189:
7184:
7167:
7147:
6953:
5806:
5526:
5377:
2953:
2802:
2577:
2107:
1860:(and arguably voter confusion). Each constituency is also called a seat (as it was
1853:
1773:
1769:
901:
790:
534:
24:
4411:"Bailiwick-wide" legislation passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in
2948:
Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no fixed mechanism for this. In 1957, when
6879:
6769:
6460:
6420:
5561:
5516:
5414:
5082:
4251:
4040:
3748:
3738:
3728:
2846:
2696:
2679:
2545:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2111:
2060:
1566:
1502:
1491:
1468:
1288:
1030:
1006:
1002:
970:
5688:
A Panoramic View of London, from the Tower of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster
2047:
1784:, with 543 in England, 32 in Wales, 57 in Scotland, and 18 in Northern Ireland.
6492:
6373:
6311:
5872:
5755:
5620:
5482:
5434:
5382:
5180:
5046:
4805:
4166:
4140:
4124:
2473:
2395:
2377:
2279:
2177:
2150:
2079:
1857:
1737:
1377:
1356:, but that it referred to "civil associations" or "the counties". However, the
1345:
1319:
933:
The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the government by rejecting a
858:
4016:
2816:
1623:
Women were given equal voting status as men in 1928, and with effect from the
1612:
at the younger age of 21. The only woman to be elected that year was an Irish
1501:
Many more reforms were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century. The
1176:
large majority, it has no need or incentive to compromise with other parties.
619:
7311:
7293:
7280:
6548:
6109:
6007:
5997:
5796:
5791:
5531:
5243:
5201:
5077:
5072:
4940:
4602:
4261:
3941:
3009:
2932:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2884:
2870:
2391:
2341:
2072:
1905:
in the constituency, with the same electoral system as in general elections.
1886:
1678:
1628:
1539:
1527:
1348:
held a somewhat different view on the word's origins in 1920. He agreed that
1042:
588:
494:
241:
109:
2956:
as the new prime minister, after seeking a consensus from cabinet ministers.
1856:
seeks to discourage frivolity and very long ballot papers which would cause
1837:. As an ordinary Act, it was also possible for parliament to bypass it with
6415:
5786:
5521:
5259:
5067:
4542:
4068:
3996:
3149:
https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05929/SN05929.pdf
2949:
2892:
2717:
2511:
2268:
2196:
2091:
1604:
The modern chamber, which opened following post-war reconstruction in 1950.
1424:
1242:
1241:, under which certain types of bills may be presented to the sovereign for
1034:
1025:, former Prime Minister who served as Foreign Secretary from 2023 to 2024;
146:
5724:
3990:
The Unreformed House of Commons: Parliamentary Representation before 1832.
3484:"Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill 2021–22: Progress of the Bill"
2807:
1728:
for hybrid proceedings were introduced from 22 April. These mitigated the
1613:
896:, and from 1801 it also became the House of Commons for Ireland after the
506:
6901:
6831:
5511:
5229:
5215:
4481:
4477:
3963:
Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third
3958:
3460:
3273:
3231:
2928:
2908:
2896:
2642:
2490:
2465:
2068:
1682:
1405:
1193:
1181:
854:
846:
406:
222:
203:
165:
83:
3404:
Return of the House of Commons: update on first steps to a virtual House
2539:
2195:, who entered the Commons Chamber in 1642 with an armed force to arrest
1510:, under which property qualifications in the counties were lowered. The
1283:
The British parliament of today largely descends, in practice, from the
62:
5325:
4567:
4489:
4244:
2920:
2888:
2842:
2469:
2436: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2365:
1976:
1928:
1487:
1472:
1096: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4775:
3431:"Crowded, dirty, more efficient? UK scraps COVID restrictions for MPs"
2149:
government ministers, as well as the leader of the Opposition and the
888:
began to evolve in the 13th and 14th centuries. In 1707 it became the
266:
7179:
7087:
5287:
4537:
2936:
2904:
2231:
2207:
1980:
1547:
1522:
1258:
1013:) have been filled by a peer in recent times. Notable exceptions are
954:
382:
127:
5156:
4028:
2411:
1780:, which was established in 2000. As of 2024, the UK is divided into
1071:
7040:
4416:
4412:
4033:
2032:
1803:
1802:
the timing of the dissolution is chosen by the Prime Minister (see
5593:
The Meeting of Wellington and BlĂĽcher after the Battle of Waterloo
4433:, although this power is normally exercised on their behalf by an
6866:
5409:
4397:
4256:
2252:
2248:
2236:
2173:
1987:
1959:
A person may not sit in the Commons if they are the subject of a
1878:
1543:
4045:
2128:
Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom § Stages of a bill
7162:
4196:
2500:
2184:
2067:, also did not wear a wig while in the chamber. His successor,
1996:
1710:
2837:
7139:
3334:"The three routes that could lead to a snap General Election"
2271:. Traditionally, this casting vote is exercised according to
2012:
2758:
961:
arrangement, and may be forced to resign after a successful
4840:
4420:
3538:"Why do we always vote in general elections on a Thursday?"
2386:
2243:, the Speaker may adjourn the house without taking a vote.
2003:
are disqualified since 2014. Article 159, Section 2 of the
1841:
passed by simple majorities in both houses, which occurred
1550:, forced the Government to seek higher taxes. In 1909, the
1732:
with measures including a limit of 50 MPs in the chamber,
1610:
women to be eligible for election as members of parliament
1021:, who also served as Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982;
4476:
3229:
2230:
is referred to as "the Honourable and Gallant Member" (a
2157:. Other members of parliament, in contrast, are known as
1047:
Minister of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
3512:"Tried and tested system for calling elections restored"
1184:
often forces governments to make concessions (under the
3588:
A Treatise on the Law of Elections: In All Its Branches
2848:
Overseas Territories: Seventh Report of Session 2007–08
1180:
However, the threat of rebellions by their own party's
3189:(2nd ed.). Routledge – via Credo Reference.
2628:
Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom
2598:
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
1215:
The House of Commons technically retains the power to
23:. For other bodies in British history and abroad, see
2202:
Each year, the parliamentary session begins with the
1526:
The old Chamber of the House of Commons built by Sir
1017:; who served as Foreign Secretary from 1960 to 1963;
965:(either from the House as a whole, or from their own
2638:
Salaries of members of the United Kingdom Parliament
2535:
2029:
Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead
1952:, but were previously far more stringent: under the
1740:. Hybrid proceedings were abolished in August 2021.
6853:
3799:"Pairing – Glossary page – UK Parliament"
3304:"Speaker Michael Martin resigns over MPs' expenses"
2489:In 2002, the set was purchased by the scriptwriter
2464:In 1986, the British television production company
2380:in the 15th century, and was a favourite symbol of
2336:The House of Commons also has several departmental
2075:has continued this tradition by not wearing a wig.
1868:electoral system, under which the candidate with a
920:
3161:"Surveys 1820–1832 | History of Parliament Online"
2975:Clarendon, Oxford 1989, pp. 564–567 (article
2082:, who initially built a prototype of the chair at
2025:Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds
1967:(in Scotland). Previously, MPs detained under the
1681:of the house. These provisions were first used by
1435:The House of Commons in the early 19th century by
1029:, who was appointed Employment Secretary in 1985;
3971:, "The English Parliament", (1950) Pelican Books.
3753:
2493:so that it could be used in his BBC drama serial
2218:from both sides are normally given priority. All
1658:was held, asking whether to replace the present "
7309:
1467:, which had largely collapsed into the sea from
4052:Podcast tour of the Commons chamber with photos
3988:Porritt, Edward, and Annie G. Porritt. (1903).
3560:"UK Parliament – Pay and expenses for MPs"
1051:Minister of State for International Development
5696:The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons
3978:, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
3223:
2398:at the request of speaker, Sir Lindsay Hoyle.
2321:Parliamentary committees of the United Kingdom
1808:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
1546:programmes, which, together with an expensive
943:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
5740:
5341:
5142:
4462:
4105:
3637:
3043:Clarendon, Oxford 1989, p. 576 (article
2364:The symbol used by the Commons consists of a
1768:, one each for England, Wales, Scotland, and
1463:, which had only six voters for two MPs, and
1299:to replace the Parliament of England and the
1061:
822:
4367:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3615:"An insider's guide to the House of Commons"
3453:"Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill"
3184:
3089:. Manchester University Press. p. 141.
2172:Public debates are recorded and archived in
2118:, the house's research and information arm.
1948:. These restrictions were introduced by the
1372:Palace of Westminster § Commons Chamber
898:political union of Great Britain and Ireland
5754:
4080:British House of Commons coverage on C-SPAN
3506:
3504:
3240:. Cambridge University Press. p. 145.
2790:International Journal of Constitutional Law
2678:Green Party of England and Wales only. The
2633:Parliament of the United Kingdom relocation
5747:
5733:
5348:
5334:
5149:
5135:
4469:
4455:
4112:
4098:
4072:
4021:
3965:, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
3883:
2689:
2009:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975
1303:, with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen
829:
815:
633:
7323:1801 establishments in the United Kingdom
4423:, with the consent of their governments.
4085:British House of Commons people on C-SPAN
3985:, 2nd ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
3392:European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill.
3058:"The Commons Chamber in the 16th Century"
2806:
2593:List of stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds
2452:Learn how and when to remove this message
2401:
2136:Like the Lords, the Commons meets in the
1979:precedent from the 18th century that the
1746:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act
1471:. At the same time, large cities such as
1380:is influenced by the use of the original
1208:). However, the scrutiny provided by the
1156:Learn how and when to remove this message
5355:
3501:
3237:Ethics and Integrity in British Politics
2278:Formerly, if a member sought to raise a
2153:sit on the front rows, and are known as
2046:
1927:
1914:
1751:
1599:
1575:
1521:
1430:
1409:
1295:that ratified the Treaty, created a new
1226:
1105:"House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
4003:, 23rd ed. London: Butterworths Tolley.
3697:"20 years of TV cameras in the Commons"
3008:
2783:Forsyth, Christopher (1 January 2011).
2782:
2588:Introduction (British House of Commons)
1973:Mental Health (Discrimination) Act 2013
1864:), as it returns one member, using the
1675:Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition
646:This article is part of a series on the
7318:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
7310:
4392:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
3992:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3894:from the original on 24 September 2015
3759:
3584:
3211:from the original on 30 September 2009
2655:
2506:The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in
680:Current members of the 59th Parliament
6852:
5728:
5329:
5130:
4450:
4093:
3914:"A New Flag for the House of Commons"
3805:from the original on 31 December 2011
3779:from the original on 20 November 2015
3625:from the original on 2 September 2017
3481:
3344:from the original on 26 December 2019
3284:from the original on 4 September 2017
3254:from the original on 23 December 2019
3064:from the original on 22 November 2011
2672:
2372:. The portcullis has been one of the
2350:Committee on Standards and Privileges
2005:Representation of the People Act 1983
1993:Representation of the People Act 1981
1508:Representation of the People Act 1884
977:
3703:from the original on 24 January 2021
3677:from the original on 8 December 2015
3374:from the original on 19 October 2019
3129:from the original on 23 October 2017
3103:from the original on 24 January 2021
3082:
3060:. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
2603:New Zealand House of Representatives
2434:adding citations to reliable sources
2405:
1703:European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019
1697:the seat, triggering a by-election.
1365:
1094:adding citations to reliable sources
1065:
1019:Peter Carington, 6th Lord Carrington
869:(MPs), who are elected to represent
5704:Houses of Parliament (Monet series)
4001:Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice
3595:from the original on 2 January 2021
3274:"Speaker quits 'for sake of unity'"
2573:Australian House of Representatives
2132:Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice
1897:
1839:a special purpose Act of Parliament
1645:revelations of MPs' expenses claims
1455:Among the most notorious of these "
1352:could be derived from Anglo-Norman
1311:brought about the abolition of the
1221:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
1027:David Young, Lord Young of Graffham
574:Every eight years, proposed by the
13:
4048:(Silverlight is required to watch)
3865:from the original on 23 March 2012
3835:from the original on 10 April 2010
3651:from the original on 25 March 2019
3566:from the original on 25 March 2014
3428:
3411:from the original on 22 April 2020
877:system and hold their seats until
761:Committees of the House of Commons
419:Social Democratic and Labour Party
14:
7354:
5627:Assassination of Spencer Perceval
4066:collected news and commentary at
4008:
3364:"Emergency debates in Parliament"
3165:www.historyofparliamentonline.org
2661:Includes 43 MPs sponsored by the
2472:for use in its adaptation of the
2359:
1938:Electoral Administration Act 2006
1923:
1794:, an action which is part of the
1275:House of Commons of Great Britain
890:House of Commons of Great Britain
21:House of Commons of Great Britain
7338:Parliament of the United Kingdom
7328:Government of the United Kingdom
5680:The Death of the Earl of Chatham
5391:
5160:Parliament of the United Kingdom
5116:National unicameral legislatures
4686:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4157:Parliament of the United Kingdom
3890:. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack.
3801:. Parliament.uk. 21 April 2010.
3482:Kelly, Richard (23 March 2022).
3407:, UK Parliament, 20 April 2020,
3314:from the original on 7 June 2017
3187:The Companion to British History
2911:; they succeeded, respectively,
2552:
2538:
2410:
2084:King Edward's School, Birmingham
1804:relationship with the Government
1070:
921:Relationship with the government
851:Parliament of the United Kingdom
660:
587:
265:
89:Parliament of the United Kingdom
61:
49:
16:Lower house of the UK Parliament
6855:Countries of the United Kingdom
5955:Countries of the United Kingdom
5111:National bicameral legislatures
5093:List of legislatures by country
3951:
3924:
3906:
3877:
3847:
3817:
3791:
3715:
3689:
3663:
3607:
3578:
3552:
3530:
3475:
3445:
3422:
3395:
3386:
3356:
3326:
3296:
3266:
3193:
3178:
3153:
3141:
3115:
3076:
3050:
3030:
3002:
2990:
2959:
2942:
2421:needs additional citations for
1827:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
1736:and remote participation using
1709:in September, both relating to
1671:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
1638:
1517:
1399:
1081:needs additional citations for
1043:Lord Goldsmith of Richmond Park
948:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
5950:Counties of the United Kingdom
5557:Richard Coeur de Lion (statue)
5280:The Baroness Smith of Basildon
5088:List of abolished lower houses
4319:British Indian Ocean Territory
3518:(Press release). 24 March 2022
3185:Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001).
2877:
2831:
2776:
2759:"About: Members of Parliament"
2751:
2727:
2706:
2352:(which considers questions of
1944:, or of a member state of the
1717:MPs became the fourth-largest
1217:impeach Ministers of the Crown
1198:failed company pension schemes
1:
3765:"The Pageantry of Parliament"
2983:) and 572 seq. (article
2744:
2686:parties are not represented.
2314:
2185:chlorobenzylidene malonitrile
2103:Clerk of the House of Commons
1961:Bankruptcy Restrictions Order
1420:The House of Commons, 1793–94
1305:Scottish representative peers
1239:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
1202:Government bills are defeated
906:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
894:political union with Scotland
6722:Universal basic income (UBI)
5651:2017 Westminster data breach
5645:Assassination of Airey Neave
4133:British Overseas Territories
3887:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
3368:The Institute for Government
3039:Second edition, volume III:
2997:Companion to Standing Orders
2971:Second edition, volume III:
2121:
1950:British Nationality Act 1981
1330:, which is derived from the
1011:Leader of the House of Lords
666:Logo of the House of Commons
67:Flag of the House of Commons
55:Logo of the House of Commons
7:
6727:Water supply and sanitation
6426:Weapons of mass destruction
6411:His Majesty's Naval Service
5575:Statue of Winston Churchill
5569:Statue of Margaret Thatcher
5266:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
4314:British Antarctic Territory
3999:, and W. R. McKay. (2004).
3983:The Evolution of Parliament
3981:Pollard, Albert F. (1926).
3884:Fox-Davies, Arthur (1909).
3645:"Strangers – Glossary page"
3015:The Evolution of Parliament
2531:
2376:since the accession of the
2204:State Opening of Parliament
2088:House of Commons Commission
2042:
2037:Chancellor of the Exchequer
1552:Chancellor of the Exchequer
1512:Redistribution of Seats Act
1297:Parliament of Great Britain
1279:Unreformed House of Commons
1271:House of Commons of England
886:House of Commons of England
565:On or before 15 August 2029
10:
7359:
6822:Stereotypes of the British
5420:Parliamentary War Memorial
4029:The Parliamentary Archives
3489:. House of Commons Library
3037:Oxford English Dictionary.
2895:(lost the next election),
2887:(lost the next election),
2583:House of Commons of Canada
2518:2002 biographical film on
2318:
2302:are typically free votes.
2235:transcript entered in the
2125:
1995:. Finally, members of the
1893:if a university graduate.
1875:British overseas territory
1649:resignation of the Speaker
1417:addressing the Commons in
1403:
1369:
1268:
1264:
1230:
1170:Prime Minister's Questions
1062:Scrutiny of the government
443:Traditional Unionist Voice
216:Shadow Leader of the House
121:Chairman of Ways and Means
18:
7237:
7138:
7039:
6987:First Minister and deputy
6952:
6865:
6861:
6848:
6844:
6745:
6585:
6576:
6534:
6451:
6442:
6401:
6342:
6211:
6207:
6198:
6060:
5988:
5940:
5936:
5927:
5860:
5772:
5763:
5671:
5611:
5540:
5499:
5481:
5443:
5400:
5389:
5363:
5167:
5101:
5060:
4977:
4959:
4919:
4601:
4488:
4407:
4384:
4277:
4218:
4209:
4177:
4149:
4139:
3603:– via Google Books.
3585:Simeon, Sir John (1789).
2967:Oxford English Dictionary
2903:(won the next election),
2899:(won the next election),
2891:(won the next election),
2839:Foreign Affairs Committee
2720:when Parliament voted to
2001:Northern Ireland Assembly
1721:in the House of Commons.
1705:in March, as well as the
1633:University constituencies
1571:election in December 1910
1359:Oxford English Dictionary
1204:by backbench rebellions (
617:
612:
595:
586:
581:
570:
558:
546:
532:
527:
517:
359:Democratic Unionist Party
273:
264:
256:
251:
232:
213:
194:
175:
156:
137:
118:
100:
95:
77:
72:
60:
48:
41:
34:
6615:Environmental inequality
5541:Paintings and sculptures
5453:House of Commons Library
5302:Clerk of the Parliaments
4946:Northern Mariana Islands
4671:Central African Republic
4372:Turks and Caicos Islands
4039:12 November 2014 at the
3747:26 November 2017 at the
3737:26 November 2017 at the
3727:26 November 2017 at the
2648:
2608:Parliament in the Making
2116:House of Commons Library
1625:General Election in 1950
1415:William Pitt the Younger
1339:soit baillé aux communes
1035:Baroness Morgan of Cotes
928:leader of the Opposition
915:
784:House of Commons Chamber
596:House of Commons chamber
302:HM Most Loyal Opposition
197:Leader of the Opposition
5639:Provisional IRA bombing
3976:Encyclopædia Britannica
2851:. Vol. 2. London:
2799:Oxford University Press
2714:Parliament is sovereign
2667:Labour and Co-operative
2374:Royal badges of England
2354:parliamentary privilege
2021:resign from the Commons
1999:(Welsh Parliament) and
1986:Anyone found guilty of
1946:Commonwealth of Nations
1891:university constituency
1883:Commonwealth of Nations
1792:Parliament is dissolved
1715:Labour and Co-operative
1542:introduced a number of
1186:Cameron–Clegg coalition
963:motion of no confidence
879:Parliament is dissolved
347:Scottish National Party
7294:51.499889°N 0.124667°W
6501:Science and technology
5491:House of Lords Library
4518:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4324:British Virgin Islands
3934:on the DVD release of
3083:Rush, Michael (2005).
2618:Parliamentary Archives
2402:In film and television
2273:Speaker Denison's rule
2052:
1975:. There also exists a
1969:Mental Health Act 1983
1954:Act of Settlement 1701
1933:
1920:
1762:borough constituencies
1694:Recall of MPs Act 2015
1605:
1581:
1531:
1484:Charles, 2nd Earl Grey
1444:
1428:
1301:Parliament of Scotland
1233:Act of Parliament (UK)
1192:and under Labour over
1055:Responsible government
113:since 4 November 2019
7333:National lower houses
6478:Free trade agreements
5656:Westminster attacks (
5633:Burning of Parliament
5402:Palace of Westminster
5373:Norman Shaw Buildings
5368:Palace of Westminster
5210:Leader of the Commons
5106:National upper houses
4691:Republic of the Congo
4287:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
4211:Dependent territories
3974:"Parliament" (1911).
3201:"Women in parliament"
3018:. Longmans. pp.
2985:commons, sb. pl.
2853:The Stationery Office
2665:, who are designated
2560:United Kingdom portal
2138:Palace of Westminster
2050:
1931:
1919:The gender of the MPs
1918:
1881:, or a member of the
1752:Members and elections
1643:In May and June 2009
1603:
1579:
1525:
1434:
1413:
1404:Further information:
1386:Palace of Westminster
1376:The current Commons'
1313:Parliament of Ireland
1285:Parliament of England
1269:Further information:
1231:Further information:
1227:Legislative functions
1196:and compensation for
1015:Sir Alec Douglas-Home
959:confidence and supply
867:members of Parliament
863:Palace of Westminster
779:Palace of Westminster
685:2024 general election
654:of the United Kingdom
599:Palace of Westminster
455:Ulster Unionist Party
235:Opposition Chief Whip
178:Government Chief Whip
7299:51.499889; -0.124667
6827:World Heritage Sites
6620:Environmental issues
6324:Female party leaders
5965:Overseas territories
5357:Parliamentary Estate
4279:Overseas Territories
4059:Guide to the Commons
3671:"Hansard of the air"
3340:. 14 November 2018.
2701:Independent Alliance
2484:Granada Studios Tour
2430:improve this article
2031:. These offices are
1910:post-nominal letters
1778:Electoral Commission
1766:Boundary Commissions
1730:coronavirus pandemic
1713:. 2019 was the year
1618:Constance Markievicz
1382:St. Stephen's Chapel
1287:, although the 1706
1255:Salisbury Convention
1190:foundation hospitals
1090:improve this article
935:motion of confidence
576:boundary commissions
371:Independent Alliance
7290: /
5590:(1859 –1864),
5587:The Death of Nelson
5425:St Stephen's Chapel
5274:Leader of the Lords
5042:Portugal (Republic)
4886:Trinidad and Tobago
4616:Antigua and Barbuda
4267:Legislative Council
3831:. 16 October 2008.
3621:. 19 October 2012.
3463:on 15 December 2021
3308:The Daily Telegraph
3207:. 31 October 2008.
2808:10.1093/icon/mor019
2623:Parliamentary Brief
2525:The Gathering Storm
2143:St Stephen's Chapel
1942:Republic of Ireland
1866:first-past-the-post
1823:Parliament Act 1911
1821:(as amended by the
1819:Septennial Act 1715
1734:physical distancing
1662:" system with the "
1660:first-past-the-post
1627:, various forms of
1591:Parliament Act 1949
1586:Parliament Act 1911
1580:Symbol, circa 1945.
967:parliamentary party
875:first-past-the-post
743:Father of the House
603:City of Westminster
541:First-past-the-post
244:, Conservative
225:, Conservative
206:, Conservative
159:Leader of the House
132:since 23 July 2024
130:, Conservative
7343:Westminster system
6521:Telecommunications
6473:Economic geography
6329:Political scandals
5960:Crown Dependencies
5430:St Mary Undercroft
5238:Clerk of the House
5037:Portugal (Kingdom)
5007:Kingdom of Ireland
4701:Dominican Republic
4220:Crown Dependencies
4129:Crown Dependencies
4046:Parliament Live TV
3370:. 30 August 2019.
2883:Those others were
2763:Co-operative Party
2663:Co-operative Party
2613:UK Parliament Week
2568:Adjournment debate
2508:Shepperton Studios
2479:First Among Equals
2466:Granada Television
2300:capital punishment
2249:guillotine motions
2053:
2011:: holders of high
1934:
1921:
1806:above). Under the
1782:650 constituencies
1738:video conferencing
1687:2017 snap election
1673:was passed by the
1635:, were abolished.
1606:
1582:
1556:David Lloyd George
1532:
1445:
1429:
1309:Acts of Union 1800
1307:. Later still the
1206:Terrorism Act 2006
1001:positions (except
978:Peers as ministers
861:, it meets in the
314:Conservative Party
246:since 8 July 2024
227:since 8 July 2024
208:since 5 July 2024
189:since 5 July 2024
170:since 5 July 2024
151:since 5 July 2024
7273:
7272:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7224:
6840:
6839:
6572:
6571:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6319:Political parties
6243:Foreign relations
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
5923:
5922:
5900:Mass surveillance
5878:Foreign relations
5811:Second World War
5722:
5721:
5712:The Terrace, 1909
5707:(1899 –1901)
5607:
5606:
5549:Armada Tapestries
5507:Court of Requests
5473:Visitors' Gallery
5323:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5249:
5248:
5202:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
5124:
5123:
4923:other territories
4711:Equatorial Guinea
4444:
4443:
4439:
4380:
4379:
4302:House of Assembly
4205:
4204:
3861:. 6 August 2008.
3673:. parliament.uk.
3647:. Parliament.uk.
3562:. Parliament.uk.
3247:978-1-107-05050-1
2917:Margaret Thatcher
2862:978-0-215-52150-7
2516:Richard Loncraine
2462:
2461:
2454:
2370:St Edward's Crown
2338:select committees
2220:Privy Counsellors
2189:Michael Heseltine
2063:. Her successor,
1796:royal prerogative
1788:General elections
1538:Government under
1441:Thomas Rowlandson
1366:Layout and design
1212:is more serious.
1210:Select committees
1166:
1165:
1158:
1140:
1039:Culture Secretary
989:Alec Douglas-Home
839:
838:
652:House of Commons
641:
640:
475:Presiding officer
335:Liberal Democrats
185:Sir Alan Campbell
110:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
7350:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7253:
7246:
6954:Northern Ireland
6863:
6862:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6583:
6582:
6496:
6449:
6448:
6307:House of Commons
6275:Local government
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6115:Renewable energy
6100:hydroelectricity
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5770:
5769:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5726:
5725:
5527:Westminster Hall
5445:House of Commons
5441:
5440:
5395:
5378:Portcullis House
5350:
5343:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5255:
5254:
5224:Serjeant at Arms
5191:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5175:House of Commons
5170:
5169:
5161:
5157:Officers of the
5151:
5144:
5137:
5128:
5127:
5027:Northern Ireland
5012:Irish Free State
4471:
4464:
4457:
4448:
4447:
4409:
4362:Tristan da Cunha
4349:Pitcairn Islands
4334:Falkland Islands
4216:
4215:
4187:Northern Ireland
4162:House of Commons
4147:
4146:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4076:
4064:House of Commons
4025:
4020:
4019:
4017:Official website
3995:Raphael, D. D.,
3969:Mackenzie, K. R.
3945:
3932:Audio commentary
3928:
3922:
3921:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
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3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3757:
3751:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3699:. BBC Politics.
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3661:
3660:
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3635:
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3508:
3499:
3498:
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3494:
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3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3459:. Archived from
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3429:Webber, Esther.
3426:
3420:
3419:
3418:
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3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
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3353:
3351:
3349:
3338:Evening Standard
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3300:
3294:
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3291:
3289:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3230:Nicholas Allen;
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3197:
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3190:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
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3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3125:. 28 July 2011.
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3086:Parliament Today
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3034:
3028:
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3006:
3000:
2994:
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2979:), 567 (article
2963:
2957:
2954:Harold Macmillan
2946:
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2875:
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2829:
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2773:
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2693:
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2676:
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2578:Early day motion
2562:
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2446:
2443:
2437:
2414:
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2108:Serjeant-at-arms
2013:judicial offices
1774:malapportionment
1770:Northern Ireland
1664:alternative vote
1563:general election
1200:). Occasionally
1161:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1098:
1074:
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1037:, who served as
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843:House of Commons
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791:Portcullis House
695:Northern Ireland
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36:House of Commons
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25:House of Commons
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6461:Bank of England
6430:
6421:Royal Air Force
6397:
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6270:Law enforcement
6186:
6095:hydraulic frac.
6056:
6037:Lakes and lochs
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5980:Former colonies
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5915:Women's history
5890:Law enforcement
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5802:First World War
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5596:(1861) (in the
5562:Old Palace Yard
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5517:Painted Chamber
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2061:Betty Boothroyd
2045:
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1790:occur whenever
1754:
1719:political group
1685:to trigger the
1641:
1567:hung parliament
1520:
1503:Reform Act 1867
1492:Reform Act 1832
1488:King William IV
1477:pocket boroughs
1469:coastal erosion
1457:rotten boroughs
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5621:Gunpowder Plot
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5580:Members' Lobby
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4415:, but also in
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4009:External links
4007:
4005:
4004:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3966:
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3953:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:. BBCDVD 1493.
3930:Abbott, Paul.
3923:
3920:. 12 May 2021.
3918:Flag Institute
3905:
3876:
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3540:. BBC Scotland
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3123:"Parliamentum"
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3041:Cham – Creeky.
3029:
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2973:Cham – Creeky.
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2442:September 2015
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2400:
2396:Flag Institute
2382:King Henry VII
2361:
2360:Commons symbol
2358:
2319:Main article:
2316:
2313:
2280:point of order
2241:grave disorder
2178:BBC Parliament
2151:Shadow cabinet
2123:
2120:
2096:Denison's rule
2080:Augustus Pugin
2065:Michael Martin
2044:
2041:
1925:
1924:Qualifications
1922:
1898:qualifications
1858:vote splitting
1753:
1750:
1726:new procedures
1651:in 300 years.
1640:
1637:
1561:The resulting
1544:social welfare
1519:
1516:
1437:Augustus Pugin
1401:
1398:
1367:
1364:
1346:Albert Pollard
1344:The historian
1320:Middle English
1266:
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1228:
1225:
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1163:
1078:
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1031:Lord Mandelson
979:
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910:prime minister
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249:
248:
240:
238:
233:
230:
229:
221:
219:
214:
211:
210:
202:
200:
195:
192:
191:
183:
181:
176:
173:
172:
164:
162:
157:
154:
153:
145:
143:
140:Prime Minister
138:
135:
134:
126:
124:
119:
116:
115:
108:
106:
101:
98:
97:
93:
92:
82:
81:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7355:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7306:
7303:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6737:Welfare state
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6682:Mental health
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6625:Ethnic groups
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6549:Bus transport
6547:
6545:
6544:Air transport
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6488:Manufacturing
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:Civil service
6362:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6290:republicanism
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6110:North Sea oil
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6008:Great Britain
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5998:British Isles
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:Edwardian era
5795:
5793:
5792:Victorian era
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5750:
5745:
5743:
5738:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5599:
5598:Royal Gallery
5595:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5532:White Chamber
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5339:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5244:Tom Goldsmith
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Tricameralism
5076:
5074:
5073:Unicameralism
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4961:Non-UN states
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4921:Dependent and
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4593:United States
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4438:
4436:
4435:Administrator
4432:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:Miscellaneous
4383:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:House of Keys
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:Bailiwick of
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3943:
3942:BBC Worldwide
3939:
3938:
3937:State of Play
3933:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3624:
3620:
3619:parliament.uk
3616:
3610:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3539:
3533:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3485:
3478:
3462:
3458:
3457:parliament.uk
3454:
3448:
3432:
3425:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3188:
3181:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3010:Pollard, A.F.
3005:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2934:
2933:Boris Johnson
2930:
2926:
2925:David Cameron
2922:
2918:
2914:
2913:Harold Wilson
2910:
2906:
2902:
2901:Boris Johnson
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:Jim Callaghan
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2496:State of Play
2492:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2456:
2453:
2445:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2419:This section
2417:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:vexillologist
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2212:King's Speech
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:Robert Rogers
2160:
2156:
2155:frontbenchers
2152:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2073:Lindsay Hoyle
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:, or that of
2026:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:plural voting
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:on 7 May 2015
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:supermajority
1676:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:plural voting
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:H. H. Asquith
1537:
1534:In 1908, the
1529:
1528:Charles Barry
1524:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:Acts of Union
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:backbench MPs
1177:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1149:
1146:February 2021
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107: –
1106:
1102:
1101:Find sources:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1079:This section
1077:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:David Cameron
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
990:
986:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
944:
939:
936:
931:
929:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
812:
810:
809:
802:
801:Virtual House
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
776:
770:
769:
762:
759:
758:
752:
751:
744:
741:
740:
736:
735:Shadow Leader
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
716:
715:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:
671:
670:
663:
659:
658:
655:
650:
649:
645:
644:
636:
631:
616:
611:
604:
600:
594:
590:
585:
582:Meeting place
580:
577:
573:
571:Redistricting
569:
566:
563:
560:Next election
557:
554:
551:
548:Last election
545:
542:
539:
536:
535:Voting system
531:
526:
522:
516:
508:
500:
499:
497:
496:
487:
479:
478:
476:
468:
460:
456:
448:
444:
436:
432:
424:
420:
412:
408:
400:
396:
388:
384:
376:
372:
364:
360:
352:
348:
340:
336:
328:
327:
325:
324:
315:
307:
306:
304:
303:
294:
286:
285:
283:
282:
281:HM Government
278:
272:
268:
263:
259:
255:
250:
243:
242:Stuart Andrew
239:
236:
231:
224:
220:
217:
212:
205:
201:
198:
193:
187:, Labour
186:
182:
179:
174:
168:, Labour
167:
163:
160:
155:
149:, Labour
148:
144:
141:
136:
129:
125:
122:
117:
111:
107:
104:
99:
94:
90:
85:
80:
76:
71:
64:
59:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
30:
26:
22:
7282:51°29′59.6″N
7275:
7115:Homelessness
6929:Homelessness
6712:Social class
6692:Prostitution
6635:Homelessness
6416:British Army
6306:
6248:Human rights
6236:By-elections
6216:Constitution
5787:Georgian era
5710:
5702:
5694:
5686:
5678:
5591:
5585:
5573:
5567:
5555:
5547:
5522:Star Chamber
5444:
5308:Simon Burton
5300:
5294:Sarah Clarke
5286:
5272:
5260:Lord Speaker
5258:
5236:
5222:
5208:
5194:
5173:
5068:Bicameralism
4890:
4866:South Africa
4482:legislatures
4480:of national
4478:Lower houses
4410:
4396:
4354:Saint Helena
4236:dependencies
4235:
4228:
4161:
4069:The Guardian
4067:
4034:Find Your MP
4000:
3997:Donald Limon
3989:
3982:
3975:
3962:
3959:May, Erskine
3952:Bibliography
3935:
3926:
3917:
3908:
3896:. Retrieved
3886:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3858:
3849:
3837:. Retrieved
3828:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3772:
3769:The Rotarian
3768:
3763:(May 1935).
3755:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3691:
3679:. Retrieved
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3618:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3587:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3532:
3520:. Retrieved
3515:
3491:. Retrieved
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3461:the original
3456:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3424:
3413:, retrieved
3403:
3397:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3367:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3337:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3307:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3277:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3236:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3204:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3164:
3155:
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3085:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3052:
3045:commune, sb.
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:confederacy.
3023:
3014:
3004:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2950:Anthony Eden
2944:
2893:Gordon Brown
2879:
2847:
2833:
2794:
2788:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2753:
2734:
2729:
2718:World War II
2708:
2691:
2674:
2657:
2523:
2512:Ridley Scott
2505:
2494:
2488:
2477:
2463:
2448:
2439:
2428:Please help
2423:verification
2420:
2385:
2363:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2310:
2304:
2285:
2277:
2269:casting vote
2266:
2257:
2245:
2228:Armed Forces
2224:
2216:
2201:
2197:five members
2182:
2171:
2167:
2159:backbenchers
2158:
2154:
2147:
2135:
2100:
2092:Lord Speaker
2077:
2058:
2054:
2017:
1988:high treason
1985:
1958:
1935:
1907:
1895:
1851:
1847:
1816:
1786:
1755:
1742:
1723:
1699:
1691:
1668:
1653:
1642:
1639:21st century
1622:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1560:
1533:
1518:20th century
1500:
1496:
1481:
1454:
1446:
1425:Anton Hickel
1418:
1400:19th century
1394:
1390:
1375:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1332:Anglo-Norman
1327:
1323:
1317:
1282:
1248:
1243:royal assent
1236:
1214:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1152:
1143:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1100:
1088:Please help
1083:verification
1080:
996:
993:
981:
952:
940:
932:
924:
904:. Under the
883:
842:
840:
651:
493:
474:
467:Independents
321:
300:
293:Labour Party
279:
29:
7297: /
7285:0°07′28.8″W
7202:Health care
7110:Health care
7016:Health care
6924:Health care
6832:Anglosphere
6707:Social care
6662:Immigration
6605:Drug policy
6369:Departments
6297:Nationality
6070:Agriculture
6003:terminology
5970:City status
5841:Since 1979
5512:Jewel Tower
5230:Ugbana Oyet
5216:Lucy Powell
5017:South Korea
4951:Puerto Rico
4941:Isle of Man
4856:Saint Lucia
4836:Philippines
4816:Netherlands
4756:Ivory Coast
4588:Switzerland
4578:South Sudan
4257:Isle of Man
3869:12 December
3839:12 December
3809:28 December
3629:1 September
3544:11 November
3378:7 September
3348:7 September
3232:Sarah Birch
2981:common, sb.
2929:Theresa May
2909:Rishi Sunak
2897:Theresa May
2843:Gapes, Mike
2801:: 132–143.
2643:Vote Bundle
2491:Paul Abbott
2069:John Bercow
1965:sequestered
1903:by-election
1812:4 July 2024
1683:Theresa May
1654:In 2011, a
1616:candidate,
1565:returned a
1406:Reform Acts
1194:top-up fees
855:upper house
853:. Like the
847:lower house
622:.parliament
553:4 July 2024
407:Plaid Cymru
395:Green Party
317: (121)
296: (403)
223:Chris Philp
204:Rishi Sunak
166:Lucy Powell
84:Lower house
7312:Categories
7168:Government
7076:Government
7071:Parliament
6787:Literature
6667:Innovation
6600:Demography
6495:(currency)
6344:Government
6302:Parliament
6226:Devolution
6221:Corruption
6156:Materials
6090:geothermal
5774:Chronology
5500:Old Palace
4969:Somaliland
4901:Uzbekistan
4876:Tajikistan
4796:Madagascar
4776:Kazakhstan
4344:Montserrat
3961:. (1896).
3898:6 December
3707:1 December
3681:1 December
3433:. Politico
3258:6 December
3215:30 January
3170:14 October
3107:6 November
3068:14 October
2977:common, a.
2921:Tony Blair
2889:John Major
2817:5113464158
2745:References
2470:Manchester
2368:topped by
2366:portcullis
2315:Committees
2292:free votes
2126:See also:
1977:common law
1800:convention
1656:referendum
1486:, advised
1473:Manchester
1370:See also:
1291:, and the
1116:newspapers
997:Few major
941:Since the
892:after the
755:Committees
719:Leadership
338: (72)
96:Leadership
7197:Education
7153:Geography
7105:Education
7061:Geography
7011:Education
6982:Executive
6967:Geography
6919:Education
6892:Geography
6672:Languages
6610:Education
6536:Transport
6374:Ministers
6260:Judiciary
6231:Elections
6171:Wildlife
6080:biodiesel
6062:Resources
6052:Volcanoes
6042:Mountains
6027:Coastline
5929:Geography
5883:1814–1919
5845:political
5830:political
5782:Formation
5288:Black Rod
5052:Venezuela
5022:Nicaragua
4741:Indonesia
4503:Australia
4498:Argentina
4425:Although
4358:Ascension
4339:Gibraltar
4150:Sovereign
3825:"Pairing"
3775:(5): 22.
3437:28 August
2937:Liz Truss
2905:Liz Truss
2871:940357336
2825:144226994
2733:Formally
2520:Churchill
2232:barrister
2208:Black Rod
2193:Charles I
2122:Procedure
2033:sinecures
1981:deaf-mute
1870:plurality
1724:In 2020,
1707:No. 2 Act
1614:Sinn FĂ©in
1584:Thus the
1548:arms race
1461:Old Sarum
1259:manifesto
1223:in 1806.
955:coalition
626:/business
528:Elections
510: (7)
507:Sinn FĂ©in
489: (1)
470: (9)
458: (1)
446: (1)
434: (1)
422: (2)
410: (4)
398: (4)
386: (5)
383:Reform UK
374: (5)
362: (5)
350: (9)
252:Structure
128:Nus Ghani
7260:Category
7212:Religion
7158:Politics
7125:Religion
7066:Politics
7054:timeline
7041:Scotland
7026:Religion
6977:Assembly
6972:Politics
6939:Religion
6897:Politics
6885:timeline
6802:Religion
6782:Identity
6645:Scotland
6590:Cannabis
6516:Taxation
6403:Military
6285:monarchs
6280:Monarchy
6200:Politics
6160:forestry
6140:Scottish
6131:Fishing
5990:Physical
5910:Taxation
5905:Military
5895:Maritime
5868:Economic
5861:By topic
5826:Postwar
5820:military
5815:civilian
5807:Interwar
5578:(in the
4911:Zimbabwe
4881:Thailand
4861:Slovenia
4831:Paraguay
4716:Eswatini
4681:Colombia
4666:Cameroon
4661:Cambodia
4631:Barbados
4563:Pakistan
4543:Malaysia
4533:Ethiopia
4431:Governor
4417:Alderney
4413:Guernsey
4292:Anguilla
4240:Alderney
4231:Guernsey
4192:Scotland
4179:Devolved
4037:Archived
3892:Archived
3863:Archived
3859:BBC News
3855:"Bisque"
3833:Archived
3829:BBC News
3803:Archived
3783:14 April
3777:Archived
3745:Archived
3735:Archived
3725:Archived
3701:Archived
3675:Archived
3655:25 March
3649:Archived
3623:Archived
3593:Archived
3570:14 April
3564:Archived
3522:26 March
3493:26 March
3467:26 March
3415:22 April
3409:archived
3372:Archived
3342:Archived
3312:Archived
3282:Archived
3278:BBC News
3252:Archived
3234:(2015).
3209:Archived
3205:BBC News
3127:Archived
3101:Archived
3062:Archived
3012:(1920).
2845:(2008).
2680:Scottish
2532:See also
2510:for the
2342:hearings
2296:abortion
2261:division
2043:Officers
1849:ballot.
1354:communes
700:Scotland
628:/commons
7244:Outline
7217:Symbols
7207:Culture
7190:tourism
7185:Economy
7148:History
7130:Symbols
7120:Culture
7098:tourism
7093:Economy
7049:History
7031:Symbols
7021:Culture
7004:tourism
6999:Economy
6962:History
6944:Symbols
6934:Culture
6912:tourism
6907:Economy
6875:History
6867:England
6817:Theatre
6812:Symbols
6770:Cuisine
6747:Culture
6717:Suicide
6687:Poverty
6652:Housing
6640:England
6578:Society
6554:Driving
6526:Tourism
6444:Economy
6352:Cabinet
6152:Hunting
6135:English
6032:Geology
6015:Climate
5765:History
5613:History
5410:Big Ben
5196:Speaker
5061:Related
5002:Hungary
4979:Defunct
4936:Bermuda
4896:Uruguay
4846:Romania
4811:Namibia
4806:Myanmar
4801:Morocco
4791:Liberia
4786:Lesotho
4761:Jamaica
4746:Ireland
4731:Grenada
4656:Burundi
4651:Bolivia
4636:Belarus
4626:Bahrain
4621:Bahamas
4611:Algeria
4603:Unitary
4573:Somalia
4558:Nigeria
4513:Belgium
4508:Austria
4490:Federal
4398:Hansard
4297:Bermuda
3599:8 April
3318:10 June
3288:10 June
2394:of the
2306:Pairing
2253:closure
2237:Hansard
2174:Hansard
1879:Ireland
1862:in 1885
1854:deposit
1843:in 2019
1831:in 2017
1536:Liberal
1465:Dunwich
1459:" were
1384:in the
1350:commons
1335:commune
1328:commune
1265:History
1188:, over
1130:scholar
999:cabinet
985:peerage
873:by the
849:of the
845:is the
796:Library
725:Speaker
690:England
674:Members
613:Website
486:Speaker
103:Speaker
87:of the
7265:Portal
7163:Senedd
6880:social
6765:Cinema
6760:Anthem
6702:Racism
6657:Hunger
6630:Health
6483:Income
6468:Budget
6165:mining
6105:marine
6075:Energy
6047:Rivers
6020:change
5873:Empire
5850:social
5835:social
5715:(1909)
5699:(1834)
5691:(1815)
5683:(1781)
5672:In art
5653:(2017)
5647:(1979)
5641:(1974)
5635:(1834)
5629:(1812)
5623:(1605)
5552:(lost)
5047:Sweden
4997:Guyana
4851:Rwanda
4841:Poland
4771:Jordan
4721:France
4646:Bhutan
4641:Belize
4568:Russia
4548:Mexico
4528:Canada
4523:Brazil
4307:Senate
4252:Jersey
3516:GOV.UK
3244:
3133:2 June
3093:
3022:–108.
2935:, and
2907:, and
2869:
2859:
2823:
2815:
2768:10 May
2501:Oxford
2476:novel
2378:Tudors
2130:, and
1997:Senedd
1758:county
1711:Brexit
1450:Gatton
1378:layout
1324:common
1277:, and
1251:supply
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1041:; and
857:, the
773:Places
730:Leader
505:
503:
484:
482:
465:
463:
453:
451:
441:
439:
429:
427:
417:
415:
405:
403:
393:
391:
381:
379:
369:
367:
357:
355:
345:
343:
333:
331:
312:
310:
291:
289:
7251:Index
7140:Wales
6807:Sport
6797:Music
6792:Media
6732:Waste
6595:Crime
6559:Roads
6456:Banks
6180:flora
6175:fauna
6145:Welsh
6120:solar
5975:Towns
4906:Yemen
4871:Spain
4826:Palau
4781:Kenya
4766:Japan
4751:Italy
4736:Haiti
4726:Gabon
4706:Egypt
4676:Chile
4583:Sudan
4553:Nepal
4538:India
4197:Wales
3487:(PDF)
2821:S2CID
2797:(1).
2649:Notes
2327:bills
2288:whips
1798:. By
1322:word
1137:JSTOR
1123:books
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257:Seats
6775:Wine
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3785:2015
3709:2015
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3572:2014
3546:2022
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3495:2022
3469:2022
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3260:2017
3242:ISBN
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