554:
648:
1189:
1033:
1285:
1406:
1361:
612:
1337:
2431:
2443:
1141:
1309:
1213:
1081:
1382:
1237:
1057:
2471:
32:
1261:
2505:
1165:
1105:
2488:
628:, the House of Lords can no longer prevent the passage of most bills, but it must be given an opportunity to debate them and propose amendments, and can thereby delay the passage of a bill with which it disagrees. Bills can only be delayed for up to one year before the Commons can use the Parliament Act, although economic bills can only be delayed for one month.
1536:
663:
Nevertheless, some states have long retained powerful upper houses. For example, the consent of the upper house to legislation may be necessary (though, as noted above, this seldom extends to budgetary measures). Constitutional arrangements of states with powerful upper houses usually include a means
634:
The House of Lords has a number of ways to block legislation and to reject it; however, the House of
Commons can eventually use the Parliament Act to force something through. The Commons will often accept amendments passed by the Lords; however, the two houses have sometimes reached a constitutional
707:
in India are nominated by various states and union territories, while 12 of them are nominated by the
President of India. Similarly, at the state level, one-third of the members of the State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) are nominated by local governments, one-third by sitting legislators,
692:
There are a variety of ways an upper house's members are assembled: by direct or indirect election, appointment or a mixture of these. Many upper houses are not directly elected but appointed: either by the head of state, by the head of government or in some other way. This is usually intended to
667:
In recent times, parliamentary systems have tended to weaken the powers of upper houses relative to their lower counterparts. Some upper houses have been fully abolished; others have had their powers reduced by constitutional or legislative amendments. Also, conventions often exist that the upper
639:
from the Lords, the Lords threatened to wreck the
Government's entire legislative agenda and to block every bill which was sent to the chamber. This standoff led to negotiations between Viscount Cranborne, the then Shadow Leader of the House, and the Labour Government, resulting in the Weatherill
659:
Even without a veto, an upper house may defeat legislation. Its opposition may give the lower chamber a chance to reconsider or even abandon a controversial measure. It can also delay a bill so that it does not fit within the legislative schedule, or until a general election produces a new lower
607:
is a notable exception to these general rules, in that it has the same powers as its lower counterpart: any law can be initiated in either house and must be approved in the same form by both houses. Additionally, a
Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is
578:
Lack of control over the executive branch. (By contrast, in the US and many other presidential systems, the Senate or upper chamber has more control over the composition of the
Cabinet and the administration generally, through its prerogative of confirming the president's nominations to senior
871:
was abolished – and restored – twice: from 1935 to 1945 when a unicameral
National Assembly convened, and from 1972 to 1987 when Congress was closed, and later a new constitution was approved instituting a unicameral Parliament. The Senate was re-instituted with the restoration of a bicameral
573:
In parliamentary systems the upper house is frequently seen as an advisory or a "house of review" chamber; for this reason, its powers of direct action are often reduced in some way. Some or all of the following restrictions are often placed on upper houses:
394:. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as
715:
The upper house may be directly elected but in different proportions to the lower house - for example, the senates of
Australia, Brazil and the United States have a fixed number of elected members from each state, regardless of the population.
521:
Its members may be elected with a different voting system than that used to elect the lower house (for example, upper houses in
Australia and its states are usually elected by proportional representation, whereas lower houses are usually
844:
also once had an appointed
Legislative Council before abolishing it in 1922. All other Australian states continue to have bicameral systems, though all members are now directly elected (the two self-governing territories, along with
619:
The role of a revising chamber is to scrutinise legislation that may have been drafted over-hastily in the lower house and to suggest amendments that the lower house may nevertheless reject if it wishes to. An example is the
British
525:
Less populated states, provinces, or administrative divisions may be better represented in the upper house than in the lower house; representation is not always intended to be proportional to population.
631:
The House of Lords is sometimes seen as having a special role of safeguarding the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom and important civil liberties against ill-considered change.
700:
In the past, some upper houses had seats that were entirely hereditary, such as in the British House of Lords until 1999 and in the Japanese House of Peers until it was abolished in 1947.
2332:
599:, or budget measures (a rare example of a parliamentary upper house that does possess this power is the Australian Senate, which notably exercised that power in 1975)
2217:
709:
668:
house ought not to obstruct the business of government for frivolous or merely partisan reasons. These conventions have tended to harden with a passage of time.
644:, which preserved 92 hereditary peers in the house. Compromise and negotiation between the two houses make the Parliament Act a very rarely used backup plan.
880:
1468:
2207:
1562:"State legislative councils: designing for accountability." In N. Aroney, S. Prasser, & J. R. Nethercote (Eds.), Restraining Elective Dictatorship
2172:
693:
produce a house of experts or otherwise distinguished citizens, who would not necessarily be returned in an election. For example, members of the
1811:
1604:
708:
and the rest are elected by select members of the electorate. The United States Senate was chosen by state legislatures until the passage of the
534:
In some countries, the upper house cannot be dissolved at all, or can be dissolved only in more limited circumstances than the lower house.
406:
An upper house is usually different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects (though they vary among jurisdictions):
2152:
1653:
1042:
1826:
1537:"Four Reasons for an Upper House: Representative Democracy, Public Deliberation, Legislative Outputs and Executive Accountability"
2106:
2086:
2267:
1573:
362:
703:
It is also common that the upper house consists of delegates chosen by state governments or local officials. Members of the
461:
cases against officials of the executive or even judicial branch, following enabling resolutions passed by the lower house.
2302:
2257:
96:
2459:
1597:
1415:
1289:
68:
2342:
1037:
2187:
1776:
1126:
115:
1841:
1193:
553:
266:
75:
2408:
2357:
2287:
2222:
2091:
2021:
1881:
1728:
1718:
1688:
1150:
338:
2477:
1457:
887:, during the 24th Seanad session. By a narrow margin, the Irish public voted to retain it. Conservative-leaning
2403:
2322:
2292:
2124:
1941:
1891:
1831:
1766:
1590:
1493:
725:
604:
53:
676:
In presidential systems, the upper house is frequently given other powers to compensate for its restrictions:
2177:
2132:
2011:
1791:
1370:
625:
82:
1761:
2114:
2031:
1836:
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49:
2006:
1708:
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Many jurisdictions once possessed upper houses but abolished them to adopt unicameral systems, including
647:
1560:
496:
It may have equal power to the lower house regarding the constitution or the territorial collectivities.
64:
2494:
2421:
2297:
1951:
1851:
1365:
20:
2317:
1981:
1956:
1786:
1723:
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1643:
1270:
868:
499:
It may not vote a motion of no confidence against the government, but it may investigate State cases.
425:
cannot initiate most kinds of legislation, especially those pertaining to supply/money, fiscal policy
419:, it often has much less power than the lower house. Therefore, in certain countries the upper house
355:
1901:
2157:
2137:
1410:
1001:
476:
238:
2347:
2312:
2142:
1966:
1658:
1145:
1005:
872:
Congress via a constitutional amendment in 1941, and via adoption of a new constitution in 1987.
641:
429:
270:
247:
42:
582:
No absolute veto of proposed legislation, though suspensive vetoes are permitted in some states.
2337:
2272:
2262:
1341:
1246:
1217:
1085:
1032:
432:
against the government (or such an act is much less common), while the lower house always can.
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2096:
2076:
2051:
2001:
1751:
1061:
841:
683:
It frequently has the sole authority to give consent to ratify and abrogate foreign treaties.
485:
in semi-presidential France, the Government can decide to legislate a normal law without the
454:
to some executive decisions (e.g. appointments of cabinet ministers, judges or ambassadors).
2282:
2252:
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2046:
1961:
1916:
1906:
1896:
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1386:
1313:
830:
416:
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223:
218:
203:
8:
2367:
2362:
2066:
1936:
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1265:
1241:
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934:
787:
438:
380:
233:
208:
140:
89:
1582:
2147:
2056:
2026:
1976:
1856:
1821:
1771:
1703:
1391:
680:
Executive appointments, to the cabinet and other offices, usually require its approval.
451:
308:
213:
2352:
589:
veto legislation (such as the Netherlands), it may not be able to amend the proposals.
514:
In some countries, its members are not popularly elected; membership may be indirect,
2307:
2237:
2202:
2081:
2041:
1991:
1931:
1926:
1806:
1801:
1713:
1698:
1638:
1569:
1198:
861:
853:
562:
531:
Members may be elected in portions, for staggered terms, rather than all at one time.
515:
316:
1886:
884:
2327:
2182:
2162:
1986:
1871:
1796:
1673:
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1648:
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538:
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2398:
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2016:
1996:
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1946:
1921:
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636:
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228:
166:
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2227:
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2036:
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989:
985:
846:
621:
896:
635:
standoff. For example, when the Labour Government of 1999 tried to expel all
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2393:
2388:
1743:
822:
422:
votes on only limited legislative matters, such as constitutional amendments,
395:
161:
149:
2383:
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1405:
1360:
1294:
1222:
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are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.
541:
than the lower house (though notably not in the United Kingdom parliament).
384:
276:
154:
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2192:
1678:
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was alone among major parties in supporting the retention of the Seanad.
826:
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Members' terms may be longer than in the lower house and may be for life.
458:
447:
It may have specific powers not granted to the lower house. For example:
391:
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328:
184:
133:
2442:
664:
to resolve situations where the two houses are at odds with each other.
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In parliamentary democracies and among European upper houses the
457:
It may have the sole power to try (but not necessarily initiate)
1284:
979:
949:
913:
811:
799:
771:
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465:
261:
178:
544:
It has usually a higher age of candidacy than the lower house.
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It may have equal or nearly equal power with the lower house.
763:
751:
1612:
608:
known as "perfect bicameralism" or "equal bicameralism."
833:, the upper house prior to 1934, continues to assemble.
592:
A reduced or even absent role in initiating legislation.
615:
The chamber of the House of Lords, the UK's Upper House
19:
For the demesne in the Keys to the Kingdom series, see
660:
house that no longer wishes to proceed with the bill.
2419:
1458:"REFORMING THE HOUSE OF LORDS: Lessons from Overseas"
825:
with a unicameral legislature, having abolished its
401:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
491:'s agreement (Article 45 of the constitution), but
895:both supported the abolition, while the centrist
502:It may make proposals of laws to the lower house.
2522:
881:referendum on the abolition of its upper house
1598:
1522:Ceased to be a parliamentary chamber in 1993.
1318:
356:
486:
482:It may have less power than the lower house
798:had a Legislative Council prior to joining
1605:
1591:
849:until 2016, have always been unicameral).
687:
363:
349:
902:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
646:
610:
568:
552:
1452:
1428:
671:
2523:
1534:
1465:Australasian Study of Parliament Group
1586:
1558:
860:had an appointed second chamber, the
655:, the Indian Parliament's Upper House
464:It may have the sole power to ratify
2460:
1568:. UWA Publishing. pp. 175–195.
1474:from the original on 25 October 2022
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
996:and in German-speaking monarchies (
13:
1528:
821:Nebraska is the only state in the
537:It typically has fewer members or
16:Chamber of a bicameral legislature
14:
2547:
402:Definite specific characteristics
2503:
2486:
2469:
2441:
2429:
1827:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1404:
1380:
1359:
1335:
1307:
1283:
1259:
1235:
1211:
1187:
1163:
1139:
1103:
1079:
1055:
1031:
1011:
794:, and some other jurisdictions.
30:
2409:List of legislatures by country
1156:Regional Representative Council
907:
790:, subnational entities such as
653:Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
41:needs additional citations for
2404:List of abolished upper houses
1516:
1486:
1446:
1434:
916:— by far the most common
726:List of abolished upper houses
390:, the other chamber being the
1:
1371:National Council of Provinces
626:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
1494:"National Parliament - Beta"
719:
7:
1021:
879:(the 31st Dáil) promised a
10:
2552:
1290:Republic of China (Taiwan)
723:
18:
2376:
2123:
2105:
2065:
1742:
1624:
1535:Aroney, Nicholas (2008).
1498:www.amyothahluttaw.gov.mm
1443:(1997) by George Tsebelis
1101:
1022:Upper house unique title
992:, as well as formerly in
948:) or Federation Council (
875:A previous government of
869:Senate of the Philippines
548:
2092:Northern Mariana Islands
937:that has an upper house)
477:semi-presidential system
239:International parliament
1397:Senior Council (Senate)
1151:Dewan Perwakilan Daerah
1006:Prussian House of Lords
1002:Austrian House of Lords
688:Institutional structure
642:House of Lords Act 1999
430:motion of no confidence
339:Legislatures by country
248:Parliamentary procedure
1654:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1319:
1252:House of Nationalities
1228:State Council (Senate)
1038:Bosnia and Herzegovina
974:First Chamber —
903:Titles of upper houses
656:
616:
585:In countries where it
565:
487:
1832:Republic of the Congo
1559:Stone, Bruce (2008).
1091:Yefedereshn Mekir Bet
1072:Deliberative assembly
926:having upper houses;
919:Legislative Council (
864:, from 1946 to 1999.
852:Like Queensland, the
710:Seventeenth Amendment
650:
614:
569:Parliamentary systems
556:
1429:Notes and references
1180:House of Councillors
672:Presidential systems
417:parliamentary system
297:Member of Parliament
224:Member of parliament
219:Parliamentary leader
204:Parliamentary system
50:improve this article
2032:Trinidad and Tobago
1757:Antigua and Barbuda
1541:Adelaide Law Review
1504:on 14 December 2014
1132:Legislative Council
1096:House of Federation
955:Council of States (
829:in 1934, while the
651:The chamber of the
439:presidential system
209:Parliamentary group
2253:Kingdom of Ireland
2198:Dominican Republic
1842:Dominican Republic
1194:Kingdom of Hungary
831:Senate of Nebraska
788:Canadian provinces
657:
617:
595:No power to block
566:
518:or by appointment.
452:advice and consent
309:Member of Congress
2417:
2416:
2069:other territories
1907:Japan (post-1947)
1852:Equatorial Guinea
1575:978-1-921401-09-1
1426:
1425:
1300:Supervisory House
1276:National Assembly
1204:House of Magnates
1120:Council of States
940:Federal Council (
891:and Left-leaning
862:Senate of Bavaria
640:Amendment to the
563:Luxembourg Palace
373:
372:
317:Municipal council
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2263:Japan (pre-1947)
2258:Irish Free State
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1500:. Archived from
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1421:People's Council
1409:
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1328:National Council
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1083:
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1059:
1048:House of Peoples
1036:
1035:
1016:
1015:
784:Brazilian states
695:Senate of Canada
637:hereditary peers
561:, hosted in the
490:
365:
358:
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331:(States-General)
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2481:from Wiktionary
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2468:
2465:
2461:sister projects
2458:at Knowledge's
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2399:Multicameralism
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2119:
2101:
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1529:Further reading
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1358:
1352:House of Elders
1347:Golaha Guurtida
1334:
1306:
1282:
1258:
1247:Amyotha Hluttaw
1234:
1210:
1186:
1162:
1138:
1127:Vidhan Parishad
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910:
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404:
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189:
167:Multicameralism
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59:
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35:
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21:The Upper House
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1271:Rastriya Sabha
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1177:
1172:
1159:
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1153:
1148:
1135:
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1129:
1123:
1122:
1117:
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1099:
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1093:
1088:
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1051:
1050:
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1040:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
990:United Kingdom
988:– seen in the
986:House of Lords
983:
972:
953:
938:
917:
909:
906:
904:
901:
885:Seanad Éireann
847:Norfolk Island
814:from 1791 (as
724:Main article:
721:
718:
689:
686:
685:
684:
681:
673:
670:
622:House of Lords
605:Italian Senate
601:
600:
593:
590:
583:
580:
570:
567:
550:
547:
546:
545:
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535:
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519:
506:
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497:
494:
493:
492:
473:
472:
471:
470:
469:
462:
455:
445:
435:
434:
433:
428:cannot vote a
426:
423:
403:
400:
379:is one of two
371:
370:
368:
367:
360:
353:
345:
342:
341:
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38:
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29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2548:
2537:
2534:
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2528:
2526:
2515:from Wikidata
2514:
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2497:
2496:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2449:
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2437:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Tricameralism
2392:
2390:
2389:Unicameralism
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
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2349:
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2329:
2326:
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2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
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2291:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
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2249:
2246:
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2239:
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2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
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2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2107:Non-UN states
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2067:Dependent and
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
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1825:
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1813:
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1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
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1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1734:United States
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1012:Unique titles
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:
981:
977:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
936:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
915:
912:
911:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
823:United States
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Indian states
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
717:
713:
711:
706:
701:
698:
696:
682:
679:
678:
677:
669:
665:
661:
654:
649:
645:
643:
638:
632:
629:
627:
623:
613:
609:
606:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
581:
577:
576:
575:
564:
560:
559:French Senate
555:
543:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
512:
511:
510:
501:
498:
495:
489:
484:
483:
481:
480:
478:
474:
467:
463:
460:
456:
453:
449:
448:
446:
443:
442:
440:
436:
431:
427:
424:
421:
420:
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411:
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389:
386:
382:
378:
366:
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346:
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330:
327:
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318:
315:
314:
310:
306:
303:
302:
298:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
284:
283:
278:
275:
272:
271:no-confidence
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
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252:
249:
246:
245:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
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212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
196:
193:
192:
186:
183:
180:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
163:
162:Tricameralism
160:
159:
156:
153:
151:
150:Unicameralism
148:
147:
146:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
65:"Upper house"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2536:Upper houses
2531:Legislatures
2510:
2498:from Commons
2493:
2476:
2455:
2384:Bicameralism
2348:Soviet Union
2338:South Africa
2203:East Germany
2153:Burkina Faso
2012:South Africa
1618:legislatures
1616:of national
1614:Upper houses
1613:
1561:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
1540:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:the original
1497:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1464:
1454:Russell, Meg
1448:
1441:Bicameralism
1440:
1436:
1420:
1411:Turkmenistan
1396:
1366:South Africa
1351:
1327:
1321:Državni svet
1299:
1295:Control Yuan
1275:
1251:
1227:
1223:Dewan Negara
1203:
1179:
1155:
1131:
1119:
1095:
1071:
1047:
1025:Translation
1000:), e.g. the
997:
930:; and every
908:Common terms
874:
866:
854:German state
851:
835:
820:
816:Lower Canada
808:Upper Canada
806:when it was
796:Newfoundland
729:
714:
702:
699:
691:
675:
666:
662:
658:
633:
630:
624:. Under the
618:
602:
596:
586:
572:
508:
507:
450:It may give
409:
408:
405:
376:
374:
277:Mass meeting
174:
155:Bicameralism
127:
112:
106:January 2021
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2478:Definitions
2456:Upper house
2343:South Korea
2288:New Zealand
2218:El Salvador
2148:British Raj
2133:Afghanistan
2097:Puerto Rico
2087:Isle of Man
2002:Saint Lucia
1982:Philippines
1962:Netherlands
1897:Ivory Coast
1729:Switzerland
1719:South Sudan
1550:21 February
1392:Wutthisapha
1115:Rajya Sabha
1067:Landstinget
1019:Government
978:(formerly,
976:Netherlands
965:Rajya Sabha
957:Switzerland
928:Isle of Man
897:Fianna Fáil
827:lower house
818:) to 1968.
760:New Zealand
705:Rajya Sabha
459:impeachment
392:lower house
388:legislature
377:upper house
329:The Estates
185:Lower house
175:Upper house
134:Legislature
2525:Categories
2283:Mauritania
2173:Costa Rica
2115:Somaliland
2047:Uzbekistan
2022:Tajikistan
1937:Madagascar
1917:Kazakhstan
1478:24 January
1342:Somaliland
1199:Főrendiház
1043:Dom naroda
998:Herrenhaus
932:Australian
842:Queensland
838:Australian
792:Queensland
756:Mauritania
516:ex officio
396:unicameral
321:Councillor
293:Parliament
195:Parliament
76:newspapers
2363:Venezuela
2293:Nicaragua
1882:Indonesia
1639:Australia
1634:Argentina
1146:Indonesia
893:Sinn Féin
889:Fine Gael
840:state of
802:, as did
776:Venezuela
720:Abolition
712:in 1913.
579:offices.)
385:bicameral
257:Committee
2448:Politics
2318:Rhodesia
2308:Portugal
2273:Maldives
2223:Ethiopia
2057:Zimbabwe
2027:Thailand
2007:Slovenia
1977:Paraguay
1857:Eswatini
1822:Colombia
1807:Cameroon
1802:Cambodia
1772:Barbados
1704:Pakistan
1684:Malaysia
1669:Ethiopia
1469:Archived
1456:(2000).
1387:Thailand
1314:Slovenia
1218:Malaysia
1086:Ethiopia
1004:and the
466:treaties
381:chambers
305:Congress
141:Chambers
2422:Portals
2377:Related
2328:Senegal
2313:Prussia
2238:Hungary
2208:Ecuador
2193:Denmark
2178:Croatia
2138:Austria
2125:Defunct
2082:Bermuda
2042:Uruguay
1992:Romania
1952:Namibia
1947:Myanmar
1942:Morocco
1932:Liberia
1927:Lesotho
1902:Jamaica
1887:Ireland
1872:Grenada
1797:Burundi
1792:Bolivia
1777:Belarus
1767:Bahrain
1762:Bahamas
1752:Algeria
1744:Unitary
1714:Somalia
1699:Nigeria
1674:Germany
1649:Belgium
1644:Austria
1626:Federal
1508:2 March
1242:Myanmar
1175:Sangiin
1062:Denmark
994:Ireland
946:Austria
942:Germany
877:Ireland
858:Bavaria
804:Ontario
778:, many
748:Iceland
744:Hungary
740:Estonia
736:Denmark
732:Croatia
509:Status:
410:Powers:
214:Speaker
90:scholar
2358:Turkey
2353:Sweden
2333:Serbia
2233:Greece
2163:Ceylon
1997:Rwanda
1987:Poland
1912:Jordan
1862:France
1787:Bhutan
1782:Belize
1709:Russia
1689:Mexico
1664:Canada
1659:Brazil
1572:
980:Sweden
950:Russia
924:states
921:Indian
914:Senate
883:, the
812:Quebec
800:Canada
772:Turkey
768:Sweden
597:supply
549:Powers
267:Motion
262:Quorum
179:Senate
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2495:Media
2278:Malta
2268:Libya
2213:Egypt
2168:China
2158:Burma
2052:Yemen
2017:Spain
1972:Palau
1957:Nepal
1922:Kenya
1892:Italy
1877:Haiti
1867:Gabon
1847:Egypt
1817:Chile
1724:Sudan
1694:Nepal
1679:India
1566:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1461:(PDF)
1266:Nepal
1170:Japan
1110:India
969:Sudan
961:India
935:state
539:seats
522:not).
488:Sénat
475:In a
437:In a
415:In a
383:of a
285:Types
234:Clerk
97:JSTOR
83:books
2512:Data
2303:Peru
2248:Iraq
2243:Iran
2228:Fiji
2183:Cuba
1967:Oman
1812:Chad
1570:ISBN
1552:2021
1510:2016
1480:2022
867:The
836:The
810:and
764:Peru
752:Iran
557:The
229:Whip
69:news
2436:Law
967:),
856:of
587:can
375:An
52:by
2527::
1545:29
1543:.
1539:.
1496:.
1467:.
1463:.
959:,
944:,
786:,
782:,
774:,
770:,
766:,
762:,
758:,
754:,
750:,
746:,
742:,
738:,
734:,
479::
441::
398:.
2464::
2424::
1606:e
1599:t
1592:v
1578:.
1554:.
1512:.
1482:.
982:)
971:)
963:(
952:)
468:.
364:e
357:t
350:v
323:)
319:(
311:)
307:(
299:)
295:(
273:)
269:(
181:)
177:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
