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near the entrance of the building, surrounded by suites that served various purposes. "The form of the tecpan is dominated by a large courtyard, opening onto the community plaza, which is best seen as a kind of mega-courtyard for the community," according to Susan Evans. The mansions of wealthy nobles were used solely as residences, and were constructed in accordance with Aztec sumptuary laws. Pleasure palaces and retreats served many purposes, ranging from add-on structures at religious shrines to more opulent structures, such as
2037:
195:, were religious buildings whose construction was sponsored by the government to emphasize the religious significance of the area, as well as its imperial might. According to Gary Feinman, Mesoamerican temples were typically rectangular structures with one entrance, located on one of its long sides. The structure of the temple was generally an elevated or shortened pyramid mound. They often consisted of two or more rooms, with an outer and inner chamber, the inner chamber being seen as more sacred.
1342:
22:
288:, or pyramid-temples, were significant to Aztec religious practices. They were the sites of religious celebrations and rituals. The temples represented ascension. There were multiple torn levels, which each correlated with different classes. The Aztecs believed that ascension was the process of preparing oneself to please the gods. At the top was the main temple where sacrifices took place, since that was considered to be closest to the gods.
152:
or fire, and conch shells symbolized fertility. The temples themselves represented mountains, Aztec symbols for water and fertility. The architecture, particularly the sculptures on and in the temples, were symbolically painted. Each cardinal direction was represented by a color and ruled by a religious figure, details which were incorporated into Aztec architecture on many occasions. The north was believed to be ruled by the god
88:". It is important to note that since the Aztec Empire was largely built through conquest, the Aztecs had the challenge of incorporating the ethnic groups of the regions they conquered into one unified empire. By having a distinct architectural style, the Aztec Empire was able to promote its worldview and showcase the power of the Empire's military.
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name of ullamaliztli. Not only were these courts and the game used for the thrill of sport but also held significant religious value as well. Typically, when Aztecs resided in a new settlement construction of a shrine to
Huizilopochtli and a ball court directly next to it was among the first things built.
151:
There are also many symbolic elements inherent in Aztec architecture, including the four cardinal directions, which each represents a deity, color, and symbol. Animal symbols were also utilized in the architectural style of the Aztecs: eagles represent the sun and warriors, serpents represented water
256:
The Aztecs had advanced knowledge of building techniques, and they knew how to adapt their techniques to the local geology and terrain of an area, particularly the soft soil. The builders traditionally constructed stone bases for the temples. J. A. Joyce writes that "he physical geography of
Central
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Aztec palaces consisted of three main types: Administrative palaces, mansions of wealthy nobles, and pleasure palaces and retreats. Administrative palaces served as the location for local government, as well as the residences of local rulers. The focal point of these structures was a large courtyard
91:
The ancient Aztecs focused on cosmology, astronomy, and religion as their main sources of inspiration. Aztec religious beliefs are reflected in the designs of the religious structures as well as domestic structures. Research into the significance of building alignment in Aztec culture has shown that
299:
Aztec culture had class stratification. The highest social rank was that of the priesthood, which permitted access to the temples and more exclusive quarters. Members of the priesthood lived near the temples in the central areas of the city, while people of lower classes lived increasingly further
239:
Additionally, ball courts were a very popular construction of architecture used to play the ancient
Mesoamerican ball game. Usually the ball court was constructed in a classic "I" shape that was the standard of the game. These courts were called tlachtli or tlachco, and the game itself went by the
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civilization. Much of what is known about this style of architecture comes from the structures that are still standing. These structures have survived for several centuries because of the strong materials used and the skill of the builders. Most civic architecture was concentrated in the center of
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s. The word tecpan is often used as a shorthand for many different types of palaces, regardless of any special functions individual structures may have had. "Most commonly, the term meant the home of a hereditary lord, and it also took on associated meanings, such as seat of government, place of
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Urban designers in the Aztec period were known for placing small altars in significant locations. Some of these altars were believed to be bases for skull racks used to display victims of sacrifice. Others may have been dedicated to female fertility and curing, areas commonly associated with the
572:
Reinventing the discourse : how digital tools help bridge and transform research, education and practice in architecture : proceedings of the twenty first annual conference of the
Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture, October 11-14, 2001, Buffalo, New
147:
Aztec architecture is characterized by symmetry and elements like geometric designs and sweeping lines. Other key stylistic traits include the use of "bas-reliefs, walls, plazas, and platforms as media to represent their gods and ideals," according to Manuel
Aguilar-Moreno.
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Instead of demolishing old temples and building a new one at the same site, the Aztecs sometimes built over the existing structures, which resulted in larger and more detailed pyramids. Some temples have been found to have at least four or five layers.
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The Aztecs designed their buildings to be functional for everyday life as well as religious practices. The architectural style of the Aztecs reflected relationships with a higher power. In
Tenochtitlan, the layout of the city represented the birth of
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were built upon small islands with marsh-like terrain, these settlements only had so much clean drinking water. This led to the construction of Aztec aqueducts used to bring drinking water from freshwater sources and springs to the Aztec settlements.
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Wedekind, W., Ruedrich, J. & Siegesmund, S. Natural building stones of Mexico–Tenochtitlán: their use, weathering and rock properties at the Templo Mayor, Palace Heras Soto and the
Metropolitan Cathedral. Environ Earth Sci 63, 1787–1798 (2011).
164:
The structures in the city of
Tenochtitlan included temples, palaces, and platforms. The temples were terraced pyramids with steep stairs leading up to the main temple. Domestic structures reflected the social and financial status of inhabitants.
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the dates of sunrises and sunsets along architectural orientation exhibit a pattern of separated intervals that are largely multiples of 13 and 20 days. This detail suggests to experts that the orientation of these structures was related to the
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156:, the god of the night. The north was represented by the color black. The south was said to be ruled by Huitzilopochtli, the god of the sun and warfare, and characterized by the color blue.
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Substantial evidence has been found for only a few dozen tecpans out of the hundreds that once stood throughout the Aztec Empire. Most of these confirmed finds are administrative tecpans.
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The Aztecs were also known to use gravity to create a running water system, bringing fresh water to the city grid. They also employed terracing to enhance agricultural productivity.
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was a completely unique structure that used small squares of fertile ground that floated on the water as one of the first historical examples of irrigation techniques as well.
1261:
96:. It has also been discovered that the dates that occur most frequently in these orientations align with important days in the ritual agricultural cycle of the Aztecs.
131:, conquered by the Aztec circa 1434. This site is the earliest known example of the typical Aztec double pyramid—joined pyramidal bases supporting two temples—and the
68:
societies. Aztec architecture subsequently influenced later
Mesoamerican styles. As Manuel Aguilar-Moreno writes, "Aztec architecture was heavily influenced by the
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of
Tenochtitlan were constructed on top of many hundreds of support piles to help stabilize the building in the marshy terrain surrounding Tenochtitlan.
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Painted Architecture and Polychrome Monumental Sculpture in Mesoamerica: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 10th to 11th October, 1981
576:. Wassim Jabi, Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture. : Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture.
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732:. Susan Toby Evans, Joanne Pillsbury, Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 2004.
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While rectangular pyramids could be dedicated to a wide range of gods, circular pyramids could only be dedicated to one god,
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away according to their status. The sizes of domestic structures reflected differences in wealth, power, and status.
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Aztec households were simple and uniform to the rest of the civilization. Houses could be one to two stories tall.
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Palaces of the ancient new world : a symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 10th and 11th October 1998
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America was favorable to the rise of the art of building in stone." Some structures, such as the
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Some of the most well-known architecture of the Aztec Empire was located in the capital city
64:. The style of early Aztec pyramids was influenced by those of Classic and other Postclassic
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1136:"Incarnations of the Aztec Supernatural: The Image of Huitzilopochtli in Mexico and Europe"
1446:
688:"Material Expressions of Wealth and Social Class at Aztec-Period Sites in Morelos, Mexico"
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From Aztec to High Tech: Architecture and Landscape Across the Mexico-United States Border
8:
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in the 16th century. Materials taken from the city were then used in the construction of
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in Aztec culture. Still others may have served as offerings to the god Tezcatlipoca.
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Latin American Horizons: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 11th and 12th October 1986
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Aztec architecture reflects the migration of the Aztec culture across present-day
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Aztec cities. However, many cities had smaller supplemental ceremonial areas.
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Houses were uniform throughout most of the empire, only varying in size and
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Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture. Conference (2001).
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1064:"An essay on energetics: the construction of the Aztec chinampa system"
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Reconstruction of the temple precinct of Tenochtitlan; the great temple
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525:"Astronomical Alignments at the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan, Mexico"
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riches and art, and idyllic retreat amidst scenery and diversions".
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remains at important Aztec sites such as the Aztec Temple Square.
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Towards an understanding of Aztec architecture and urban planning
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Smith, Michael E.; Heath-Smith, Cynthia; Montiel, Lisa (1999).
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884:. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 18
849:. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 23
819:. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 17
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1971:
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875:"Aztec Palaces and Other Elite Residential Architecture"
840:"Aztec Palaces and Other Elite Residential Architecture"
810:"Aztec Palaces and Other Elite Residential Architecture"
777:"Aztec Palaces and Other Elite Residential Architecture"
1182:"Excavations of Aztec Urban Houses at Yautepec, Mexico"
1179:
116:. Because of the construction of Mexico City, not much
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1262:Aztec Architecture from the University of Redlands
1140:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
271:
243:Due to the fact that largest major cities such as
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1935:
786:. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
1257:Aztec Architecture from the Think Quest Library
1238:
902:
488:
449:
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1921:
1282:
535:(25). Science History Publications, Ltd.: 1.
1242:The Iconography of Middle American sculpture
1062:Arco, Lee J.; Abrams, Elliot M. (Dec 2006).
686:Olson, Jan Marie; Smith, Michael E. (2016).
16:Structural remains of the Aztec civilization
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1245:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
228:in Tenochtitlan due to its location in the
168:Elites lived in palaces, which were called
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685:
1123:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
1051:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1075-z
703:
202:, who represented wind in Aztec culture.
135:, the biggest building in the Aztec city
1016:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
979:. Oxford University Press. p. 210.
909:. Oxford University Press. p. 220.
495:. Oxford University Press. p. 218.
456:. Oxford University Press. p. 217.
345:. Oxford University Press. p. 214.
294:
31:
20:
1239:Bernal, I; Coe, M; et al. (1973).
1012:"Some Features of Mexican Architecture"
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232:. The agricultural innovation of the
529:Journal for the History of Astronomy
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281:, the Aztec god of the sun and war.
906:Handbook to Life in the Aztec World
492:Handbook to Life in the Aztec World
453:Handbook to Life in the Aztec World
399:Handbook to Life in the Aztec World
13:
1232:
1000:
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316:Correspondence in Hobart, Okla N.
123:Aztec architectural sites include
14:
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976:The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs
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837:
807:
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342:The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs
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326:, vol. 21, no. 12, 1906, pp. 220
108:, which was destroyed after the
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1127:
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903:Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2007).
896:
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489:Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2007).
450:Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2007).
396:Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2007).
272:Relationship with Aztec culture
94:Mesoamerican calendrical system
1117:Rivera, García Ocampo (2016).
629:Boone, Elizabeth Hill (1985).
598:
562:
516:
443:
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332:
310:
1:
2590:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
303:
55:
1937:Native American architecture
941:. In Fox, Michael V. (ed.).
659:Herzog, Lawrence A. (2001).
7:
402:. Oxford University Press.
10:
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541:10.1177/002182860003102502
423:Rice, Don Stephen (1993).
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3291:Mesoamerican architecture
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1134:Boone, Elizabeth (1989).
1080:10.1017/S0003598X00094503
705:10.1017/S0956536115000334
45:Mesoamerican architecture
1186:Latin American Antiquity
610:Legends & Chronicles
142:
2355:History of construction
2339:History of architecture
973:Smith, Michael (2017).
339:Smith, Michael (2017).
118:archaeological evidence
27:Santa Cecilia Acatitlan
3281:Architecture in Mexico
2350:Architectural timeline
939:"Mesoamerican Temples"
937:Feinman, Gary (1988).
760:: CS1 maint: others (
328:, American Periodicals
37:
29:
2892:America and Australia
2512:Medieval Scandinavian
1760:Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli
1317:Aztec Triple Alliance
1010:Joyce, J. A. (1911).
523:Šprajc, Ivan (2000).
320:The Construction News
318:"AZTEC ARCHITECTURE."
295:Separation of classes
84:, and the Acolhua of
35:
24:
3276:Architectural styles
3134:Critical regionalism
2109:Mesoamerican pyramid
1432:Isthums-Cosoleacaque
1327:Fall of Tenochtitlan
606:"Aztec Architecture"
191:Pyramid-temples, or
3073:Stripped Classicism
3048:International style
3031:Rationalist-Fascist
2680:Portuguese Colonial
2430:Pre-Islamic Persian
2025:Territorial Revival
1633:Telleriano-Remensis
1487:Southeastern Puebla
692:Ancient Mesoamerica
252:Building techniques
160:Types of structures
3078:Postconstructivism
3021:Streamline Moderne
1775:Lords of the Night
1377:Influence in Spain
1298:Aztec civilization
945:. pp. 67–82.
635:. Dumbarton Oaks.
429:. Dumbarton Oaks.
208:tzitzimitl deities
181:baths, located at
43:is a late form of
41:Aztec architecture
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1437:Isthmus-Mecayapan
952:978-0-931464-38-6
943:Temple in Society
916:978-0-19-533083-0
672:978-0-8018-6643-2
642:978-0-88402-142-1
502:978-0-19-533083-0
463:978-0-19-533083-0
436:978-0-88402-207-7
409:978-0-19-533083-0
230:Mexico City basin
220:The Aztecs built
47:developed by the
25:Aztec pyramid of
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3155:Deconstructivism
2914:Spanish Colonial
2675:Spanish Colonial
2575:Western Chalukya
2383:Ancient Egyptian
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1710:Chalchiuhtlicue
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1662:Huitzilopochtli
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1588:Fejérváry-Mayer
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1543:
1462:Northern Puebla
1457:Northern Oaxaca
1442:Isthmus-Pajapan
1427:Highland Puebla
1387:Aztec mythology
1345:
1336:
1322:La Noche Triste
1300:
1295:
1253:
1235:
1233:Further reading
1230:
1229:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1152:10.2307/1006524
1132:
1128:
1115:
1111:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1022:(99): 154–163.
1008:
1001:
991:
989:
987:
971:
964:
953:
935:
931:
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901:
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836:
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806:
799:
789:
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769:
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721:
684:
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673:
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584:
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563:
553:
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521:
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448:
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437:
421:
417:
410:
394:
367:
357:
355:
353:
337:
333:
315:
311:
306:
297:
279:Huitzilopochtli
274:
254:
162:
145:
102:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
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3261:
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3033:
3023:
3018:
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3011:Constructivism
3008:
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2998:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2984:Prairie School
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2557:
2552:
2547:
2536:
2534:
2530:
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2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2517:Pre-Romanesque
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2462:
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2447:1st millennium
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2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
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2241:
2239:Platform mound
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
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2208:
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2201:
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2066:
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2046:Building types
2042:
2041:
2034:
2032:
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2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2002:
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1992:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1955:
1949:
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1755:Mictecacihuatl
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1598:Magliabechiano
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1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
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1553:
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1252:
1251:External links
1249:
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1247:
1234:
1231:
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1227:
1198:10.2307/972199
1192:(2): 133–150.
1172:
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951:
929:
915:
895:
873:Evans, Susan.
860:
838:Evans, Susan.
830:
808:Evans, Susan.
797:
775:Evans, Susan.
767:
738:
719:
698:(1): 133–147.
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3165:New Classical
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3112:
3110:
3109:Structuralism
3107:
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3089:
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3079:
3076:
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3059:
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3053:Functionalism
3051:
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3034:
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3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
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2989:Expressionism
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2972:
2970:
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2941:Liberty style
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2912:
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2874:Neo-Manueline
2872:
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2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
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2847:Monumentalism
2845:
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2837:Mediterranean
2835:
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2724:
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2640:
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2617:Romano-Gothic
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2418:Ancient Roman
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2413:Ancient Greek
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2297:Talud-tablero
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2118:Twin-pyramids
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1987:Mayan Revival
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1850:Huitzilihuitl
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665:. JHU Press.
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3223:Mesoamerican
3170:Contemporary
3148:2000–present
3139:Neo-futurism
3119:Blobitecture
2946:Modern Style
2862:Neoclassical
2638:
2610:Indo-Islamic
2585:Great Seljuk
2570:Vijayanagara
2464:East Slavic
2378:Mesopotamian
2074:Guachimontón
1961:
1958:Mesoamerican
1885:Moctezuma II
1855:Chimalpopoca
1845:Acamapichtli
1783:Xiuhtecuhtli
1750:Tezcatlipoca
1745:Quetzalcoatl
1705:Tlaltecuhtli
1700:Xiuhtecuhtli
1677:Quetzalcoatl
1667:Tezcatlipoca
1645:Supernatural
1593:Chimalpopoca
1537:Sierra Negra
1362:Architecture
1361:
1241:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
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82:Azcapotzalco
66:Mesoamerican
59:
40:
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18:
3083:PWA Moderne
2969:Rationalism
2931:Art Nouveau
2919:Territorial
2899:Renaissance
2883:Queen Anne
2756:Elizabethan
2649:Plateresque
2644:Renaissance
2627:Sondergotik
2522:Carolingian
2468:Kievan Rus'
2277:Corbel arch
2244:Rope bridge
2174:Sweat lodge
2129:Plank house
2069:Earth lodge
2020:Territorial
1982:San Bartolo
1865:Moctezuma I
1818:Tepeyollotl
1813:Tlazolteotl
1720:Tlazolteotl
1512:Tlamacazapa
1482:Santa María
1332:La Malinche
882:Mendoza.edu
847:Mendoza.edu
817:Mendoza.edu
784:Mendoza.edu
324:(1897-1916)
183:Texcotzingo
114:Mexico City
3270:Categories
3240:Portuguese
3114:Postmodern
3063:Organicism
2951:Modernisme
2936:Jugendstil
2795:Revivalism
2783:Industrial
2766:Portuguese
2540:Romanesque
2435:Achaemenid
2234:Moki steps
2206:Structures
2000:Neo-Andean
1895:Cuauhtemoc
1890:Cuitlahuac
1765:Citlalicue
1672:Xipe-Totec
1654:Major gods
1603:Borbonicus
1571:Literature
1517:Huaxcaleca
1507:Tetelcingo
1417:Mexicanero
1357:Government
615:2019-09-24
304:References
56:Influences
3201:Dravidian
3160:Neomodern
3124:High-tech
3104:Brutalism
3097:1950–2000
3041:Stalinist
2974:Mycenaean
2962:1900–1950
2800:Byzantine
2776:Ukrainian
2761:Naryshkin
2726:Edwardian
2699:1750–1900
2670:Palladian
2665:Manueline
2658:1500–1750
2533:1000–1500
2473:Muscovite
2460:Byzantine
2408:Classical
2396:Mycenaean
2373:Neolithic
2282:Roof comb
2214:Ballcourt
2099:Longhouse
2059:Corn crib
1880:Ahuitzotl
1870:Axayacatl
1613:Vaticanus
1447:Michoacán
1397:Classical
1222:163928344
1206:1045-6635
1104:217578329
1096:162934575
1088:1745-1744
1068:Antiquity
1028:0951-0788
756:cite book
714:0956-5361
549:117355888
226:chinampas
222:causeways
125:Malinalco
74:Colhuacan
3213:Japanese
3191:Colonial
3179:Regional
3129:Arcology
3068:Art Deco
3058:Futurism
3001:De Stijl
2904:Romanian
2822:Egyptian
2817:Colonial
2771:Siberian
2581:Islamic
2550:Ottonian
2545:Galician
2455:Sasanian
2423:Herodian
2403:Etruscan
2264:Elements
2179:Temazcal
2054:Barabara
1860:Itzcoatl
1837:Emperors
1798:Centeotl
1730:Centeotl
1715:Tonatiuh
1522:Huasteca
1467:Ometepec
1422:Guerrero
1412:Coatepec
1392:Language
1367:Calendar
1100:ProQuest
748:57392889
592:48456547
286:teocalli
234:chinampa
193:teocalli
129:Tenayuca
86:Tetzcoco
3250:Spanish
3245:Russian
3186:Chinese
3006:Bauhaus
2909:Russian
2887:Britain
2869:Moorish
2852:Baroque
2842:Mission
2788:British
2751:Petrine
2746:Maltese
2741:Italian
2731:English
2706:Baroque
2605:Ottoman
2600:Timurid
2565:Hoysala
2561:Indian
2500:Fatimid
2495:Abbasid
2490:Moorish
2485:Umayyad
2480:Islamic
2387:Aegean
2229:E-Group
2219:Chultun
2169:Shabono
2149:Quiggly
2113:Triadic
2064:Chickee
2010:Revival
1977:Río Bec
1735:Xilonen
1578:Codices
1549:Society
1502:Tenango
1492:Tabasco
1472:Orizaba
1452:Morelos
1402:Central
1382:Writing
1372:Society
1312:History
1305:History
1165:6 March
1160:1006524
992:7 March
922:7 March
888:7 March
853:7 March
823:7 March
790:7 March
554:7 March
508:7 March
469:7 March
358:7 March
200:Ehecatl
100:History
78:Tepanec
3255:Somali
3235:Newari
3218:Korean
3196:Indian
3088:Googie
2994:Cubism
2979:Modern
2879:Pueblo
2857:Rococo
2827:Gothic
2736:French
2711:Andean
2685:Mughal
2622:Gothic
2595:Mamluk
2555:Norman
2391:Minoan
2292:Sipapu
2287:Sascab
2272:Ashlar
2196:Wigwam
2159:Ramada
2154:Qullqa
2144:Qarmaq
2134:Pukara
2104:Maloca
2005:Pueblo
1995:Muisca
1945:Styles
1823:Tlaloc
1788:Itztli
1740:Tlaloc
1682:Tlaloc
1583:Borgia
1557:People
1407:Puebla
1350:Topics
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70:Toltec
62:Mexico
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3206:Hindu
2924:Tudor
2832:Mayan
2721:Dutch
2716:Czech
2639:Aztec
2634:Incan
2254:Ushnu
2249:Sacbe
2191:Tupiq
2139:Qargi
2089:Jacal
2084:Igloo
2079:Hogan
1962:Aztec
1875:Tizoc
1623:Cospi
1562:Women
1477:Pipil
1218:S2CID
1210:JSTOR
1156:JSTOR
1146:(2).
1092:S2CID
1032:JSTOR
878:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
545:S2CID
143:Style
49:Aztec
3228:Maya
3036:Nazi
2690:Sikh
2224:Cuel
2186:Tipi
2164:Ruka
2094:Kiva
2015:Deco
1972:Puuc
1967:Maya
1953:Inca
1618:Laud
1608:Ríos
1202:ISSN
1167:2023
1084:ISSN
1024:ISSN
994:2023
981:ISBN
947:ISBN
924:2023
911:ISBN
890:2023
855:2023
825:2023
792:2023
762:link
744:OCLC
734:ISBN
710:ISSN
667:ISBN
637:ISBN
588:OCLC
578:ISBN
573:York
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