1085:
trial") found that long-term dietary intervention increased the waist circumference of both the intervention group and the control group, though the increase was smaller for the intervention group. The conclusion was that mean weight decreased significantly in the intervention group from baseline to year 1 by 2.2 kg (P<.001) and was 2.2 kg less than the control group change from baseline at year 1. This difference from baseline between control and intervention groups diminished over time, but a significant difference in weight was maintained through year 9, the end of the study.
1031:
mentioned above, abdominal fat is linked with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Specifically it is the deepest layer of belly fat (the fat that cannot be seen or grabbed) that poses health risks, as these "visceral" fat cells produce hormones that can affect health (e.g. increased insulin resistance and/or breast cancer risk). The risk increases considering the fact that they are located in the proximity or in between organs in the abdominal cavity. For example, fat next to the liver drains into it, causing a
676:
946:
709:
752:
6218:
45:
1102:(that is, exercising a specific muscle or location of the body) most effectively burns fat at the desired location, but this is not the case. Spot exercise is beneficial for building specific muscles, but it has little effect, if any, on fat in that area of the body, or on the body's distribution of body fat. The same logic applies to sit-ups and belly fat.
800:(waist-to-height ratio, WHtR), where a ratio of >=0.5 (i.e. a waist circumference at least half of the individual's height) is predictive of increased risk. Another diagnosis of obesity is the analysis of intra-abdominal fat having the most risk to one's personal health. The increased amount of fat in this region relates to the higher levels of
387:. Alzheimer's disease and abdominal obesity has a strong correlation and with metabolic factors added in, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease was even higher. Based on logistic regression analyses, it was found that obesity was associated with an almost 10-fold increase risk of Alzheimer's disease.
1157:
health care costs in women and men respectively. To put this in perspective, a woman with a waistline of 95 cm (approx 37.4 in) and without underlying health problems or co-morbidities can incur economic costs that are 22%, or US$ 397, higher per year than a woman with a normal waist circumference.
431:. Once dyslipidemia becomes a severe problem, an individual's abdominal cavity would generate elevated free fatty acid flux to the liver. The effect of abdominal adiposity occurs not just in those who are obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity.
356:
levels, which in turn directly correlate to insulin resistance. Studies have also confirmed a direct correlation between resistin levels and T2DM. And it is waistline adipose tissue (central obesity) which seems to be the foremost type of fat deposits contributing to rising levels of serum resistin.
1030:
Self-motivation by understanding the risks associated with abdominal obesity is widely regarded as being far more important than worries about cosmetics. In addition, understanding the health issues linked with abdominal obesity can help in the self-motivation process of losing the abdominal fat. As
976:
A permanent routine of exercise, eating healthily, and, during periods of being overweight, consuming the same number or fewer calories than used will prevent and help fight obesity. A single pound of fat yields approximately 3500 calories of energy (32 000 kJ energy per kilogram of fat), and weight
382:
Based on studies, it is evident that obesity has a strong association with vascular and metabolic disease which could potentially be linked to
Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have also shown an association between mid-life obesity and dementia, but the relationship between later life obesity and
373:
due to a reduction in chest expansion that is caused both by the weight on the chest itself and the effect of abdominal obesity on flattening the diaphragm. It is commonly seen that people who are obese breathe quickly and often, while inhaling small volumes of air. People with obesity are also more
932:
risk in women and men. It has been hypothesized that the sex differences in fat distribution may explain the sex difference in coronary heart disease risk. Even with the differences, at any given level of central obesity measured as waist circumference or waist to hip ratio, coronary artery disease
601:
is directly associated with waist circumference and with a higher risk of abdominal obesity in men, but not in women. After controlling for energy under-reporting, which have slightly attenuated these associations, it was observed that increasing alcohol consumption significantly increased the risk
1156:
Researchers in
Copenhagen examined the relationship between waist circumferences and costs among 31,840 subjects aged 50â64 years of age with different waist circumferences. Their study showed that an increase in just an additional centimetre above normal waistline caused a 1.25% and 2.08% rise in
1135:
drinking. However, there is little scientific evidence that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity, despite its being known colloquially as "beer belly", "beer gut", or "beer pot". One of the few studies conducted on the subject did not find that beer drinkers are more prone to central
1084:
may not be an effective long-term intervention for obesity: as Bacon and
Aphramor wrote, "The majority of individuals regain virtually all of the weight that was lost during treatment." The Women's Health Initiative ("the largest and longest randomized, controlled dietary intervention clinical
759:
While central obesity can be obvious just by looking at the naked body (see the picture), the severity of central obesity is determined by taking waist and hip measurements. The absolute waist circumference 102 centimetres (40 in) in men and 88 centimetres (35 in) in women and the
541:
have a positive dose-dependent relationship with both abdominal obesity and general obesity in both men and women. Consuming a diet rich in unprocessed food and minimally processed food is linked with lower obesity risk, lower waist circumference and less chronic disease. These findings are
265:
connected with cardiovascular disease than was general obesity. In the late 1980s and early 1990s insightful and powerful imaging techniques were discovered that would further help advance the understanding of the health risks associated with body fat accumulation. Techniques such as
1022:
suggests that combining cardiovascular (aerobic) exercise with resistance training is more effective than cardiovascular training alone in getting rid of abdominal fat. An additional benefit to exercising is that it reduces stress and insulin levels, which reduce the presence of
310:
is associated with abdominal obesity, blood lipid disorders, inflammation, insulin resistance, full-blown diabetes, and increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It is now generally believed that intra-abdominal fat is the depot that conveys the biggest health risk.
602:
of exceeding recommended energy intakes in male participants â but not in the small number of female participants (2.13%) with elevated alcohol consumption, even after establishing a lower number of drinks per day to characterize women as consuming a high quantity of alcohol.
442:
in obese patients. They found that it actually appears to be a factor linked with the presence of knee pain as well as osteoarthritis in obese study subjects. Ghroubi et al. (2007) concluded that a high abdominal circumference is associated with great functional repercussion.
1710:
Romero-Corral, A. Somers, V. Lopez-Jimenez, F. Korenfeld, Y. Palin, S. Boelaert, K. Boarin, S. Sierra-Johnson, J. Rahim, A. (2008) 3-D Body
Scanner, Body Volume Index: A Novel, Reproducible and Automated Anthropometric Tool Associated with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers
844:
defined central obesity based on these various race and gender specific cutoffs. The other limitation of waist circumference is that it the measurement procedure has not been standardized and in children there are no, or few, comparison standards or reference data.
497:
is present as children's fat cells mature, it makes more of these cells mature into fat cells in the abdominal region. It also caused both visceral fat and subcutaneous fat to be less sensitive to insulin. These effects were not attenuated when compared to similar
816:, which measures central obesity by measuring a person's body shape and their weight distribution. The effect of abdominal adiposity occurs not just in those who are obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity.
848:
Parikh et al. looked at the average heights of various races and suggested that by using ICO various race- and gender-specific cutoffs of waist circumference can be discarded. An ICO cutoff of 0.53 was suggested as a criterion to define central obesity. Parikh
613:
intake and general obesity or abdominal obesity at low or moderate intake levels (under ~500 mL/day). However, high beer intake (above ~4 L/wk) appeared to be associated with a higher degree of abdominal obesity specifically, particularly among men.
4889:
Misra A, Wasir JS, Vikram NK, Pandey RM, Kumar P (June 2010). "Cutoffs of abdominal adipose tissue compartments as measured by magnetic resonance imaging for detection of cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy adult Asian
Indians in North India".
890:
Males are more susceptible to upper-body fat accumulation, most likely in the belly, due to sex hormone differences. When comparing the body fat of men and women it is seen that men have close to twice the visceral fat as that of pre-menopausal women.
840:. Misra et al. suggested that these cutoffs are not applicable among Indians and the cutoffs be lowered to 90 cm (35 in) and 80 cm (31 in) for males and females. Various race specific cutoffs were suggested by different groups. The
1591:
Expert Panel On
Detection E (May 2001). "Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)".
1627:
Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant D, for the
Conference Participants. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to
622:
The prevalence of abdominal obesity is increasing in
Western populations, possibly due to a combination of low physical activity and high-calorie diets, and also in developing countries, where it is associated with the urbanization of populations.
5940:
Sit-ups will make your abdominal muscles stronger, sure. And, you may look thinner by building your abdominal muscles because you can hold in your belly fat better. But strengthening your stomach muscles alone will not specifically reduce belly
2233:
Fujinami A, Obayashi H, Ohta K, Ichimura T, Nishimura M, Matsui H, et al. (January 2004). "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circulating human resistin: resistin concentrations in normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes".
249:
is known as central obesity, the "pot belly" or "beer belly" effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. This body type is also known as "apple shaped", as opposed to "pear shaped" in which fat is deposited on the hips and buttocks.
2449:
Valsamakis G, McTernan PG, Chetty R, Al Daghri N, Field A, Hanif W, et al. (April 2004). "Modest weight loss and reduction in waist circumference after medical treatment are associated with favorable changes in serum adipocytokines".
1825:
Duman BS, Turkoglu C, Gunay D, Cagatay P, Demiroglu C, Buyukdevrim AS (2003). "The interrelationship between insulin secretion and action in type 2 diabetes mellitus with different degrees of obesity: evidence supporting central obesity".
509:
from industrial oils has been associated with increased abdominal obesity in men and increased weight and waist circumference in women. These associations were not attenuated when fat intake and calorie intake was accounted for. Greater
383:
dementia is less clear. A study by
Debette et al. (2010) examining over 700 adults found evidence to suggest higher volumes of visceral fat, regardless of overall weight, were associated with smaller brain volumes and increased risk of
1130:
A large central adiposity deposit has been assigned many common use names, including "spare tire", "love handle", "paunch", and "potbelly". Several colloquial terms used to refer to central obesity, and to people who have it, refer to
1078:, and therefore may be prescribed for diabetics with central obesity. Thiazolidinedione has been associated with heart failure and increased cardiovascular risk; so it has been withdrawn from the market in Europe by EMA in 2010.
747:
standard). BMI will illustrate the best estimate of one's total body fatness, while waist measurement gives an estimate of visceral fat and risk of obesity-related disease. It is recommended to use both methods of measurements.
4675:
Smith SC, Haslam D (January 2007). "Abdominal obesity, waist circumference and cardio-metabolic risk: awareness among primary care physicians, the general population and patients at risk--the Shape of the
Nations survey".
1234:
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. (2004). "Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study".
450:(2023) found that high levels of visceral fat were related to poorer cognitive performance. The findings suggest that maintaining a healthy weight and metabolic health may be important for preserving cognitive function.
565:
threshold of approximately 10 g has been achieved is inversely related to the percentage of central abdominal fat. Quality protein uptake is defined as the ratio of essential amino acids to daily dietary protein.
6258:
6246:
2271:"Resistin and type 2 diabetes: regulation of resistin expression by insulin and rosiglitazone and the effects of recombinant resistin on lipid and glucose metabolism in human differentiated adipocytes"
812:(1998) review. An increasing acceptance of the importance of central obesity within the medical profession as an indicator of health risk has led to new developments in obesity diagnosis such as the
5609:"Health Canada Endorsed Important Safety Information on MERIDIA (Sibutramine Hydrochloride Monohydrate): Subject: Voluntary withdrawal of Meridia (sibutramine) capsules from the Canadian market"
369:
Developing asthma due to abdominal obesity is also a main concern. As a result of breathing at low lung volume, the muscles are tighter and the airway is narrower. Obesity causes decreased
1891:"Changes in glycemia by leptin administration or high- fat feeding in rodent models of obesity/type 2 diabetes suggest a link between resistin expression and control of glucose homeostasis"
1971:
Lee JH, Bullen JW, Stoyneva VL, Mantzoros CS (March 2005). "Circulating resistin in lean, obese, and insulin-resistant mouse models: lack of association with insulinemia and glycemia".
526:) consumption has also been positively associated with greater weight gain, and specifically abdominal obesity, even when accounting for calories. Conversely, studies suggest that oily
342:, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, which is found in lower concentration in obese and diabetic individuals has shown to be beneficial and protective in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
836:
Adult Treatment Panel III suggested cutoff of 102 cm (40 in) and 88 cm (35 in) for males and females as a marker of central obesity. The same was used in defining
5143:
Elbers JM, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ (February 1999). "Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals".
1018:
3090:"Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men"
977:
loss is achieved by reducing energy intake, or increasing energy expenditure, thus achieving a negative balance. Adjunctive therapies which may be prescribed by a physician are
5219:
Carey DG, Campbell LV, Chisholm DJ (1996). "Is visceral fat (intra-abdominal and hepatic) a major determinant of gender differences in insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia?".
2850:
731:
BMI and waist measurements are well recognized ways to characterize obesity. However, waist measurements are not as accurate as BMI measurements. Waist measurement (
314:
Recent validation has concluded that total and regional body volume estimates correlate positively and significantly with biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and that
5815:
792:
and this difference was statistically significant. In other words, excessive waist circumference appears to be more of a risk factor for metabolic syndrome than
330:. Central obesity is known to predispose individuals for insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called
542:
consistent among American, Canadian, Latin American, Australian, British, French, Spaniard, Swedish, South Korean, Chinese and Sub-Saharan African populations.
4649:
4633:
4313:
5310:
606:
to determine whether a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and abdominal obesity exists among women who consume higher amounts of alcohol.
3843:"Ultra-processed food intake in association with BMI change and risk of overweight and obesity: A prospective analysis of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort"
5288:
4175:
Ibrahim IA, Abd El-Aziz MF, Ahmed AF, Mohamed MA (2011). "Is the effect of high fat diet on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism related to inflammation?".
585:
created by the visceral fat cells will go into the liver and accumulate there. In the liver, most of it will be stored as fat. This concept is known as '
374:
likely to be hospitalized for asthma. A study has stated that 75% of patients treated for asthma in the emergency room were either overweight or obese.
1035:, which is a risk factor for insulin resistance, setting the stage for type 2 diabetes. However, visceral fat is more responsive to the circulation of
5686:"Increased dietary protein and combined high intensity aerobic and resistance exercise improves body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors"
4925:
4061:"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Associated with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese AdultsâResults from China Health and Nutrition Survey 1997â2011"
858:
781:
530:
consumption is negatively associated with total body fat and abdominal fat distribution even when body mass remains constant. Similarly, increased
4604:
HSTAT: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 3rd Edition: Recommendations and Systematic Evidence Reviews, Guide to Community Preventive Services
253:
Researchers first started to focus on abdominal obesity in the 1980s when they realized it had an important connection to cardiovascular disease,
3131:"Effect of trans fatty acid intake on abdominal and liver fat deposition and blood lipids: a randomized trial in overweight postmenopausal women"
6075:"Economic costs of abdominal obesity"; HĂžjgaard, Betina and Olsen, Kim Rose and SĂžgaard, Jes and SĂžrensen, Thorkild I A and Gyrd-Hansen, Dorte;
4602:
6553:
4721:"Waist Circumference, Body Mass Index, and Other Measures of Adiposity in Predicting Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Peruvian Adults"
2310:
Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, et al. (January 2001). "The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes".
801:
5469:
4818:
Parikh RM, Joshi SR, Pandia K (December 2009). "Index of central obesity is better than waist circumference in defining metabolic syndrome".
2569:
Thomson CC, Clark S, Camargo CA (September 2003). "Body mass index and asthma severity among adults presenting to the emergency department".
1664:"Informativeness of indices of blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids in relation to ischaemic heart disease mortality: the HUNT-II study"
3892:
Sandoval-Insausti H, JimĂ©nez-Onsurbe M, Donat-Vargas C, Rey-GarcĂa J, Banegas JR, RodrĂguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-CastillĂłn P (August 2020).
2975:"Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: role of uric acid in the hypertensive response"
348:
is a major feature of diabetes mellitus type 2, and central obesity is correlated with both insulin resistance and T2DM itself. Increased
4857:
4528:
4994:
4110:
Reardon T, Tschirley D, Liverpool-Tasie LS, Awokuse T, Fanzo J, Minten B, Vos R, Dolislager M, Sauer C, Dhar R, Vargas C (1 March 2021).
985:, although the latter has been associated with increased cardiovascular events and strokes and has been withdrawn from the market in the
5652:
5504:
5412:
Barrett-Connor E (January 1997). "Sex differences in coronary heart disease. Why are women so superior? The 1995 Ancel Keys Lecture".
4562:"Value of the sagittal abdominal diameter in coronary heart disease risk assessment: cohort study in a large, multiethnic population"
274:
made it possible to categorize mass of adipose tissue located at the abdominal level into intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat.
4859:
Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III Final Report)
4530:
Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III Final Report)
534:
consumption is correlated with lower amounts of abdominal fat in postmenopausal women even when calorie consumption is controlled.
5557:
720:(BMI) under 35, intra-abdominal body fat is related to negative health outcomes independent of total body fat. Intra-abdominal or
6104:
Index of Central Obesity as a Parameter to Evaluate Metabolic Syndrome for White, Black, and Hispanic Adults in the United States
5927:
5816:
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2010/09/news_detail_001119.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1
5336:
Li C, Ford ES, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH (2007). "Increasing trends in waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults".
5022:"Is waist to height ratio a better and more practical measure of obesity to assess cardiovascular or diabetes risk in indians?"
4853:
4524:
3517:"Effects of Soy on Body Composition: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial among Iranian Elderly Women with Metabolic Syndrome"
833:
5240:"Body Image for Women: Conceptualization, Assessment, and a Test of its Importance to Sexual Dysfunction and Medical Illness"
4505:
3708:
306:(see below). With an increase in the waist to hip ratio and overall waist circumference the risk of death increases as well.
5447:
5530:
5735:"Combined effects of aerobic exercise and diet on lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis"
5097:
796:. Another measure of central obesity which has shown superiority to BMI in predicting cardiovascular disease risk is the
5608:
3360:"Some dietary factors can modulate the effect of the zinc transporters 8 polymorphism on the risk of metabolic syndrome"
6563:
6222:
3417:"Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults"
1847:"Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process?"
6312:
5582:
5021:
841:
404:
4653:
4630:
4310:
3700:
Ultra-processed food and drink products in Latin America: Sales, sources, nutrient profiles, and policy implications
1778:"Adiponectin as a Protective Factor Against the Progression Toward Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women"
6372:
5314:
3894:"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Is Associated with Abdominal Obesity: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults"
2709:
Bujalska IJ, Kumar S, Stewart PM (April 1997). "Does central obesity reflect "Cushing's disease of the omentum"?".
5883:"Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial"
4381:"Is beer consumption related to measures of abdominal and general obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2680:
2153:"Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance"
5296:
3468:"Effect of a daily supplement of soy protein on body composition and insulin secretion in postmenopausal women"
609:
A systemic review and meta-analysis failed to find data pointing towards a dose-dependent relationship between
5784:
Fonseca V (December 2003). "Effect of thiazolidinediones on body weight in patients with diabetes mellitus".
4863:
4534:
6527:
2754:"Abdominal obesity increases metabolic risk factors in non-obese adults: a Hungarian cross-sectional study"
687:
Absolute waist circumference (>102 cm (40 in) in men and >88 cm (35 in) in women)
6397:
5098:"Body-mass index, waist-size, waistâhip ratio and cardiovascular risk factors in urban subejcts [
3784:"Ultra-processed food consumption and indicators of obesity in the United Kingdom population (2008-2016)"
824:
Index of Central Obesity (ICO) is the ratio of waist circumference and height first proposed by a Parikh
702:
699:(waist circumference divided by their height, >0.5 for adults under 40 and >0.6 for adults over 50)
121:
4457:"Abdominal obesity: the most prevalent cause of the metabolic syndrome and related cardiometabolic risk"
957:
6568:
2752:
LukĂĄcs A, HorvĂĄth E, MĂĄtĂ© Z, SzabĂł A, VirĂĄg K, Papp M, SĂĄndor J, ĂdĂĄny R, Paulik E (15 November 2019).
603:
335:
271:
4608:
1776:
Darabi H, Raeisi A, Kalantarhormozi MR, Ostovar A, Assadi M, Asadipooya K, et al. (August 2015).
925:
between the ages of 50 and 79 years now exceed the waist circumference threshold for central obesity.
693:(the circumference of the waist divided by that of the hips of >0.9 for men and >0.85 for women)
6357:
5684:
Arciero PJ, Gentile CL, Martin-Pressman R, Ormsbee MJ, Everett M, Zwicky L, Steele CA (August 2006).
3731:
Machado PP, Steele EM, Levy RB, da Costa Louzada ML, Rangan A, Woods J, et al. (December 2020).
420:
5702:
5311:"Abdominal fat and what to do about it. Visceral fat more of a health concern than subcutaneous fat"
4329:
Schröder H, Morales-Molina JA, Bermejo S, Barral D, Måndoli ES, Grau M, et al. (October 2007).
1930:
Degawa-Yamauchi M, Bovenkerk JE, Juliar BE, Watson W, Kerr K, Jones R, et al. (November 2003).
6429:
6273:
6108:
5473:
4309:
President and fellows of Harvard College. (2006). Abnormal obesity and your health. Retrieved from
2487:"Obesity and asthma: pathophysiology and implications for diagnosis and management in primary care"
2269:
McTernan PG, Fisher FM, Valsamakis G, Chetty R, Harte A, McTernan CL, et al. (December 2003).
797:
327:
303:
277:
Abdominal obesity is linked with higher cardiovascular events among South Asian ethnic population.
6169:"Waist-to-height ratio, an optimal predictor for obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults"
3129:
Bendsen NT, Chabanova E, Thomsen HS, Larsen TM, Newman JW, Stender S, et al. (January 2011).
6512:
6444:
6382:
5630:
4010:"Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods Increases the Likelihood of Having Obesity in Korean Women"
3615:
3063:
2016:"Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity"
1418:
550:
434:
Ghroubi et al. (2007) examined whether abdominal circumference is a more reliable indicator than
78:
6084:
5881:
Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Beresford SA, Frank G, Jones B, et al. (January 2006).
4330:
3558:"The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing"
2194:"A promoter genotype and oxidative stress potentially link resistin to human insulin resistance"
918:
declines, fat at their buttocks, hips, and thighs decreases while fat at their belly increases.
6558:
6502:
5697:
5180:"Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness"
4867:
4538:
1640:
1338:"Visceral and central abdominal fat and anthropometry in relation to diabetes in Asian Indians"
929:
869:
765:
725:
696:
165:
161:
4379:
Bendsen NT, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Kok FJ, Sierksma A, Raben A, Astrup A (February 2013).
1293:
Razay G, Vreugdenhil A, Wilcock G (2006). "Obesity, abdominal obesity and Alzheimer disease".
6417:
6387:
6305:
5814:
23/09/2010 European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim
5555:
4719:
Knowles KM, Paiva LL, Sanchez SE, Revilla L, Lopez T, Yasuda MB, et al. (January 2011).
4112:"The processed food revolution in African food systems and the double burden of malnutrition"
3088:
Koh-Banerjee P, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Rosner B, Colditz G, Willett W, Rimm E (October 2003).
2851:"New research indicates visceral fat has a profoundly negative effect on cognitive abilities"
2814:
Ghroubi S, Elleuch H, Guermazi M, Kaffel N, Feki H, Abid M, et al. (November 2007). "".
1183:
876:
784:(NHANES III), waist circumference explained obesity-related health risk better than BMI when
648:
627:
538:
416:
262:
125:
113:
5659:
4210:
Cuthbertson D, Smith K, Babraj J, Leese G, Waddell T, Atherton P, et al. (March 2005).
3945:"Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Sweden between 1960 and 2010"
3358:
Hosseini-Esfahani F, Mirmiran P, Koochakpoor G, Daneshpour MS, Guity K, Azizi F (May 2017).
2112:"Regulation of resistin expression and circulating levels in obesity, diabetes, and fasting"
2014:
Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gómez JM, Gutiérrez C, et al. (June 2004).
721:
246:
6457:
6452:
4951:
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J (2005). "The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition".
4123:
3795:
3640:
Nardocci M, Leclerc BS, Louzada ML, Monteiro CA, Batal M, Moubarac JC (20 September 2018).
3371:
3064:"Fructose sugar makes maturing human fat cells fatter, less insulin-sensitive, study finds"
2973:
Perez-Pozo SE, Schold J, Nakagawa T, SĂĄnchez-Lozada LG, Johnson RJ, Lillo JL (March 2010).
2888:
2408:
McTernan PG, McTernan CL, Chetty R, Jenner K, Fisher FM, Lauer MN, et al. (May 2002).
2319:
2068:
2055:
Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, GörgĂŒn CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, et al. (November 2002).
1549:
562:
5955:
5658:(Press release). Food and Drug Administration of Thailand. 20 October 2010. Archived from
3515:
Bakhtiari A, Yassin Z, Hanachi P, Rahmat A, Ahmad Z, Sajadi P, Shojaei S (30 April 2012).
3278:"Meat consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study"
2362:
1889:
Asensio C, Cettour-Rose P, Theander-Carrillo C, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Muzzin P (May 2004).
8:
6517:
6507:
6392:
6362:
6262:
5565:
5496:
3276:
Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, Mouw T, May AM, Travier N, et al. (August 2010).
2110:
Rajala MW, Qi Y, Patel HR, Takahashi N, Banerjee R, Pajvani UB, et al. (July 2004).
1169:, the branch of medicine that deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity
1111:
777:
764:(>0.9 for men and >0.85 for women) are both used as measures of central obesity. A
761:
736:
690:
598:
439:
424:
267:
183:
105:
4127:
3977:
3944:
3799:
3592:
3557:
3375:
3229:"Trans fat diet induces abdominal obesity and changes in insulin sensitivity in monkeys"
2892:
2323:
2072:
1626:
1553:
1136:
obesity than nondrinkers or drinkers of wine or spirits. Chronic alcoholism can lead to
6522:
6482:
6462:
6367:
6198:
6155:
6126:"Which obesity indicators are better predictors of metabolic risk?: healthy twin study"
5858:
5831:
5761:
5734:
5685:
5264:
5239:
4976:
4795:
4747:
4720:
4701:
4361:
4287:
4260:
4241:
4192:
4152:
4111:
4087:
4060:
4036:
4009:
3990:
3920:
3893:
3869:
3842:
3818:
3783:
3759:
3732:
3674:
3641:
3533:
3516:
3492:
3467:
3443:
3416:
3392:
3359:
3258:
3204:
3179:
3155:
3130:
3004:
2909:
2876:
2788:
2753:
2734:
2642:
2617:
2594:
2511:
2486:
2390:
2343:
2092:
1996:
1802:
1777:
1753:
1726:
1688:
1663:
1573:
1446:
1399:
1318:
1270:
1071:
865:
861:(NHANES) database and found the modified definition to be more specific and sensitive.
854:
837:
829:
785:
570:
486:
345:
307:
299:
169:
5993:
4964:
4770:
MĂ©thot J, Houle J, Poirier P (May 2010). "Obesity: how to define central adiposity?".
4600:
3891:
2722:
2378:
1845:
Gabriely I, Ma XH, Yang XM, Atzmon G, Rajala MW, Berg AH, et al. (October 2002).
1517:
1500:
1477:
1248:
6477:
6467:
6377:
6337:
6190:
6147:
6080:
6043:
5923:
5904:
5863:
5797:
5766:
5715:
5429:
5394:
5353:
5269:
5201:
5160:
5113:
5033:
4968:
4907:
4835:
4787:
4752:
4693:
4583:
4501:
4488:
Heindel J (2011). "The Obesogen Hypothesis of Obesity: Overview and Human Evidence".
4437:
4433:
4402:
4397:
4380:
4353:
4292:
4233:
4212:"Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle"
4157:
4139:
4092:
4041:
3982:
3964:
3925:
3874:
3841:
Beslay M, Srour B, MĂ©jean C, AllĂšs B, Fiolet T, Debras C, et al. (August 2020).
3823:
3764:
3704:
3679:
3661:
3597:
3579:
3538:
3497:
3483:
3448:
3397:
3340:
3299:
3250:
3209:
3160:
3111:
3045:
2996:
2955:
2914:
2900:
2831:
2793:
2775:
2726:
2647:
2586:
2551:
2547:
2516:
2467:
2431:
2382:
2335:
2292:
2251:
2215:
2174:
2133:
2084:
2037:
1988:
1953:
1912:
1888:
1868:
1807:
1758:
1693:
1609:
1565:
1522:
1481:
1438:
1395:
1359:
1310:
1262:
1107:
1103:
1063:
1051:
1043:
813:
789:
667:
resulting in central obesity, especially in the presence of elevated insulin levels.
652:
634:
506:
315:
218:
198:
66:
6267:
6202:
5974:
5156:
4980:
4799:
4705:
4245:
4196:
3994:
3466:
Sites CK, Cooper BC, Toth MJ, Gastaldelli A, Arabshahi A, Barnes S (December 2007).
3227:
Kavanagh K, Jones KL, Sawyer J, Kelley K, Carr JJ, Wagner JD, Rudel LL (July 2007).
3023:
2738:
2598:
2000:
1577:
1450:
1403:
1322:
1274:
6548:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6472:
6407:
6298:
6180:
6159:
6137:
6112:
6033:
5894:
5853:
5843:
5789:
5756:
5746:
5707:
5421:
5384:
5373:"Sex differences and coronary heart disease. A case of comparing apples and pears?"
5345:
5259:
5251:
5191:
5152:
5076:
4960:
4899:
4827:
4779:
4742:
4732:
4685:
4573:
4493:
4468:
4429:
4392:
4365:
4345:
4282:
4272:
4223:
4184:
4147:
4131:
4082:
4072:
4031:
4021:
3972:
3956:
3915:
3905:
3864:
3854:
3813:
3803:
3754:
3744:
3669:
3653:
3587:
3569:
3528:
3487:
3479:
3438:
3428:
3387:
3379:
3330:
3289:
3262:
3240:
3199:
3191:
3150:
3142:
3101:
3035:
3008:
2986:
2945:
2904:
2896:
2823:
2783:
2765:
2718:
2637:
2629:
2578:
2543:
2506:
2498:
2459:
2421:
2394:
2374:
2347:
2327:
2282:
2243:
2205:
2164:
2123:
2096:
2076:
2056:
2027:
1980:
1943:
1902:
1858:
1797:
1789:
1748:
1738:
1683:
1675:
1601:
1557:
1540:
Després JP, Lemieux I (December 2006). "Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome".
1512:
1473:
1434:
1430:
1391:
1349:
1302:
1252:
1244:
644:
546:
464:
400:
210:
173:
4259:
Loenneke JP, Wilson JM, Manninen AH, Wray ME, Barnes JT, Pujol TJ (January 2012).
3556:
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac JC, Levy RB, Louzada ML, Jaime PC (January 2018).
3180:"Trans fatty acids: effects on cardiometabolic health and implications for policy"
2618:"Visceral fat is associated with lower brain volume in healthy middle-aged adults"
2463:
2410:"Increased resistin gene and protein expression in human abdominal adipose tissue"
1336:
Anjana M, Sandeep S, Deepa R, Vimaleswaran KS, Farooq S, Mohan V (December 2004).
828:
in 2007 as a better substitute to the widely used waist circumference in defining
6402:
6278:
5793:
4637:
4631:
http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/abdominal-obesity-and-your-health.shtml
4497:
4317:
4311:
http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/abdominal-obesity-and-your-health.shtml
3859:
3808:
3733:"Ultra-processed food consumption and obesity in the Australian adult population"
2827:
1148:(abdominal fluid). These symptoms can suggest the appearance of central obesity.
793:
744:
717:
478:
435:
318:
calculations correlate significantly with all biomarkers of cardiovascular risk.
222:
187:
58:
6062:
5526:
4331:"Relationship of abdominal obesity with alcohol consumption at population scale"
3415:
Noreen EE, Sass MJ, Crowe ML, Pabon VA, Brandauer J, Averill LK (October 2010).
3195:
2665:
1863:
1846:
1793:
4473:
4456:
3782:
Rauber F, Steele EM, Louzada ML, Millett C, Monteiro CA, Levy RB (1 May 2020).
3749:
3657:
3383:
2247:
2210:
2193:
2128:
2111:
1984:
1727:"Adiponectin: Probe of the molecular paradigm associating diabetes and obesity"
1417:
Misra A, Soares MJ, Mohan V, Anoop S, Abhishek V, Vaidya R, Pradeepa R (2018).
1354:
1337:
1119:
1099:
1036:
994:
679:
Silhouettes and waist circumferences representing normal, overweight, and obese
515:
238:
202:
6185:
6168:
6102:
5255:
5121:
5096:
Gupta R, Rastogi P, Sarna M, Gupta VP, Sharma SK, Kothari K (September 2007).
5081:
5064:
4349:
4188:
4135:
3960:
3574:
3357:
2770:
2616:, Hoffmann U, Decarli C, O'Donnell CJ, Massaro JM, et al. (August 2010).
2151:
Silha JV, Krsek M, Skrha JV, Sucharda P, Nyomba BL, Murphy LJ (October 2003).
1679:
675:
290:
Abdominal obesity is typically associated with a statistically higher risk of
6542:
6434:
6422:
6412:
5569:
5561:
5389:
5372:
4689:
4143:
3968:
3698:
3665:
3583:
3344:
2779:
2502:
1605:
1075:
1055:
922:
809:
656:
469:
The currently prevalent belief is that the immediate cause of obesity is net
396:
291:
242:
226:
83:
71:
6038:
6021:
5711:
5425:
5196:
5179:
5178:
Lemieux S, Prud'homme D, Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Després JP (October 1993).
3335:
3318:
3294:
3277:
3106:
3089:
2950:
2933:
2582:
6194:
6151:
6047:
5908:
5867:
5848:
5801:
5770:
5719:
5653:"Thai FDA reveals voluntary withdrawal of sibutramine from the Thai market"
5357:
5273:
5117:
5037:
4972:
4911:
4839:
4791:
4756:
4697:
4587:
4406:
4357:
4296:
4237:
4161:
4096:
4045:
3986:
3929:
3878:
3827:
3768:
3683:
3601:
3542:
3501:
3452:
3433:
3401:
3303:
3254:
3213:
3164:
3115:
3049:
3040:
3000:
2959:
2918:
2835:
2797:
2651:
2613:
2590:
2555:
2520:
2471:
2435:
2386:
2339:
2296:
2287:
2270:
2255:
2219:
2178:
2137:
2088:
2041:
1992:
1957:
1948:
1931:
1916:
1872:
1811:
1762:
1697:
1613:
1569:
1526:
1501:"Expanding evidence for the multiple dangers of epidemic abdominal obesity"
1485:
1442:
1363:
1314:
1266:
1141:
1081:
1067:
1059:
805:
586:
578:
554:
527:
428:
370:
295:
258:
156:
to such an extent that it is likely to harm its bearer's health. Abdominal
145:
5899:
5882:
5751:
5586:
5433:
5398:
5205:
5164:
5041:
4903:
4831:
4737:
4441:
4277:
4228:
4211:
2730:
2169:
2152:
1743:
1464:
Westphal SA (2008). "Obesity, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance".
1382:
Poehlman ET (1998). "Abdominal Obesity: The Metabolic Multi-risk Factor".
6352:
6347:
6142:
6125:
5349:
4578:
4561:
3245:
3228:
2991:
2974:
2426:
2409:
2192:
Smith SR, Bai F, Charbonneau C, JanderovĂĄ L, Argyropoulos G (July 2003).
2032:
2015:
1907:
1890:
1172:
1115:
1032:
1027:, a hormone that leads to more belly fat deposits and leptin resistance.
982:
664:
531:
494:
339:
6238:
3146:
2080:
1561:
945:
6332:
4077:
4026:
3910:
2877:"Fructose consumption: recent results and their potential implications"
1257:
1189:
1178:
1166:
708:
631:
582:
447:
408:
234:
230:
117:
109:
4926:"Abdominal Obesity Measurement Guidelines for Different Ethnic Groups"
4852:
4783:
4523:
4109:
2972:
2633:
1306:
751:
6116:
5177:
5065:"Oxidative Stress in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Asian Indians"
4560:
Iribarren C, Darbinian JA, Lo JC, Fireman BH, Go AS (December 2006).
2704:
2702:
2684:
2331:
1195:
1137:
1047:
1006:
998:
911:
638:
349:
331:
5683:
2363:"An epidemic Burkholderia cepacia complex strain identified in soil"
1929:
739:
standard) is more prone to errors than measuring height and weight (
5631:"De-registration of pharmaceutical products containing sibutramine"
4328:
3616:"Processed foods highly correlated with obesity epidemic in the US"
1024:
1010:
978:
899:
895:
773:
569:
Visceral fat cells will release their metabolic by-products in the
519:
490:
474:
384:
353:
326:
There are numerous theories as to the exact cause and mechanism in
254:
179:
95:
2699:
1775:
887:
There are sex-dependent differences in regional fat distribution.
6321:
3730:
3317:
Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, Peeters PH (1 November 2010).
2932:
Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ (November 2002).
2448:
2236:
Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
1145:
915:
875:
Central obesity in individuals with normal BMI is referred to as
769:
683:
There are various ways of measuring abdominal obesity including:
660:
558:
523:
499:
157:
153:
149:
5690:
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
4261:"Quality protein intake is inversely related with abdominal fat"
1419:"Body fat, metabolic syndrome and hyperglycemia in South Asians"
1019:
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
6250:
6217:
4601:
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses (2000).
3087:
1002:
903:
481:. Some studies indicate that visceral adiposity, together with
470:
91:
87:
5880:
5832:"Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift"
4492:. Endocrine Updates. Vol. 4. Springer. pp. 355â365.
4174:
3639:
2268:
1335:
3316:
3128:
1932:"Serum resistin (FIZZ3) protein is increased in obese humans"
574:
482:
206:
5142:
4378:
3642:"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Canada"
3514:
2934:"Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome"
2813:
2611:
2407:
2232:
2191:
2013:
1973:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
1186:, normal BMI with excessive fat, usually centrally localized
5583:"Sibutramine (brand name Reductil) Information - Australia"
4559:
4209:
2360:
1132:
907:
610:
561:
intake during a 24-hour period and the number of times the
511:
412:
214:
44:
6290:
5732:
4718:
4629:
Abdominal obesity and your health. (2006). Retrieved from
4258:
3781:
3555:
3465:
3275:
2534:
Shore SA, Johnston RA (April 2006). "Obesity and asthma".
2485:
Mohanan S, Tapp H, McWilliams A, Dulin M (November 2014).
2484:
2057:"A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance"
2054:
1970:
857:
in which waist circumference was replaced with ICO in the
144:, is the human condition of an excessive concentration of
5554:
Sibutramin-Vertrieb in der EuropÀischen Union ausgesetzt
3226:
2361:
LiPuma JJ, Spilker T, Coenye T, Gonzalez CF (June 2002).
1824:
1590:
493:. Some evidence shows that in regards to juveniles, when
5062:
3421:
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
1661:
1641:"American Heart Association's description of Syndrome X"
5633:(Press release). info.gov in Hong Kong. 2 November 2010
4008:
Sung H, Park JM, Oh SU, Ha K, Joung H (February 2021).
3184:
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids
2150:
1292:
990:
986:
712:
Overweight teenage boy holding his excess abdominal fat
5095:
4888:
3840:
2751:
2309:
2109:
1175:, the term describing the localized loss of fat tissue
361:
with decreased adiposity following medical treatment.
5218:
5106:
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
5026:
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
1416:
1233:
545:
Obesity plays an important role in the impairment of
357:
Conversely, serum resistin levels have been found to
6228:
6167:
Shao J, Yu L, Shen X, Li D, Wang K (November 2010).
3414:
2931:
2708:
2414:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2275:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1936:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1844:
1724:
5733:Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Roberts S, Haskell W (2012).
5335:
2568:
6019:
5472:. Washington.edu. 26 November 2012. Archived from
4769:
1662:MĂžrkedal B, Romundstad PR, Vatten LJ (June 2011).
261:. Abdominal obesity was more closely related with
4950:
4817:
4177:Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
6540:
3177:
859:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
782:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
5497:"Abbott Pulls Diet Drug Meridia Off US Shelves"
5237:
4813:
4811:
4809:
3942:
2816:Annales de RĂ©adaptation et de MĂ©decine Physique
5527:"Top obesity drug sibutramine being suspended"
5411:
2809:
2807:
1884:
1882:
1539:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1118:, but they have little effect, if any, on the
928:Central obesity is positively associated with
537:Numerous large studies have demonstrated that
6306:
6020:Bobak M, Skodova Z, Marmot M (October 2003).
5829:
5494:
5313:. Harvard Health Publications. Archived from
3028:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2874:
2681:"Bulging belly now could mean dementia later"
2533:
1498:
898:is believed to cause fat to be stored in the
864:This parameter has been used in the study of
768:includes distinguishing central obesity from
641:-disrupting chemicals may be important also.
489:, is related to the excessive consumption of
477:than it expends, wastes, or discards through
6173:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
6166:
6060:
5089:
5013:
4882:
4806:
4763:
4553:
4519:
4517:
4007:
3696:
1725:Ghoshal K, Bhattacharyya M (February 2015).
473:imbalanceâthe organism consumes more usable
6123:
6022:"Beer and obesity: a cross-sectional study"
5585:. Abbott Laboratories. 2010. Archived from
5063:Veigas NM, Dharmalingam, Marcus SR (2011).
4944:
4674:
3178:Micha R, Mozaffarian D (1 September 2008).
2804:
1879:
1370:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
819:
724:has a particularly strong correlation with
557:diets. It has also been shown that quality
423:(PCOS). Central obesity is associated with
35:Central obesity, truncal obesity; see also
6313:
6299:
5184:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
5056:
3323:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3282:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3094:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2938:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2881:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1295:Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
1074:may cause slight weight gain but decrease
43:
6184:
6141:
6107:(Master's thesis). Public Health Theses,
6100:
6037:
5924:"Belly fat in men: What you need to know"
5898:
5857:
5847:
5825:
5823:
5760:
5750:
5701:
5388:
5263:
5195:
5080:
4846:
4746:
4736:
4577:
4514:
4472:
4413:
4396:
4286:
4276:
4227:
4151:
4086:
4076:
4035:
4025:
3976:
3919:
3909:
3868:
3858:
3817:
3807:
3758:
3748:
3673:
3591:
3573:
3532:
3491:
3442:
3432:
3391:
3334:
3293:
3244:
3203:
3154:
3105:
3039:
2990:
2949:
2908:
2787:
2769:
2641:
2510:
2425:
2286:
2209:
2168:
2127:
2031:
1947:
1906:
1862:
1801:
1752:
1742:
1687:
1516:
1423:Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications
1353:
1256:
1076:"pathologic" abdominal fat (visceral fat)
193:Visceral fat, also known as organ fat or
16:Excess fat around the stomach and abdomen
5495:Rockoff JD, Dooren JC (8 October 2010).
4892:Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
4820:Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
2678:
1463:
1381:
1281:
1220:
1046:, the physician might instead prescribe
853:further tested a modified definition of
750:
707:
674:
573:, where the blood leads straight to the
6087:, 2008, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp. 146â154.
5783:
5448:"Even a Little Exercise Fights Obesity"
5370:
5286:
4772:Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
4487:
4454:
3943:Juul F, Hemmingsson E (December 2015).
6541:
6026:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
5921:
5820:
4854:National Cholesterol Education Program
4525:National Cholesterol Education Program
4420:Carey DG (1998). "Abdominal Obesity".
1620:
1533:
1088:
933:rates are identical in men and women.
834:National Cholesterol Education Program
780:of 15,000 people participating in the
651:, also leads to central obesity. Many
592:
377:
225:. Visceral fat is composed of several
6554:Medical conditions related to obesity
6294:
6124:Lee K, Song YM, Sung J (April 2008).
5019:
4725:International Journal of Hypertension
4594:
4419:
4058:
2848:
1098:There is a common misconception that
626:Other environmental factors, such as
399:, a group of diseases that is either
390:
5830:Bacon L, Aphramor L (January 2011).
5533:from the original on 25 January 2010
5507:from the original on 11 October 2010
5488:
4678:Current Medical Research and Opinion
4652:. Health.harvard.edu. Archived from
3021:
2875:Stanhope KL, Havel PJ (March 2010).
1499:Cameron AJ, Zimmet PZ (April 2008).
940:
419:and is also common in patients with
403:, or due to secondary causes (often
395:Central obesity can be a feature of
4650:"Abdominal obesity and your health"
3024:"The not-so-sweet side of fructose"
921:50% of men and 70% of women in the
415:). Central obesity is a symptom of
36:
13:
6094:
6063:"Why the beer belly may be a myth"
5930:from the original on 23 March 2008
5145:The American Journal of Physiology
2666:"'Beer belly' link to Alzheimer's"
882:
14:
6580:
6210:
3646:Canadian Journal of Public Health
2491:Experimental Biology and Medicine
2157:European Journal of Endocrinology
1518:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.775080
1125:
842:International Diabetes Federation
221:, which is found interspersed in
6373:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
6216:
6069:
6061:Staff writer (12 October 2003).
6054:
6013:
5946:
5915:
5874:
5808:
5786:The American Journal of Medicine
5777:
5726:
5677:
5645:
5623:
5601:
5575:
5572:2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-01-27
5545:
5519:
5462:
5440:
5405:
5364:
5329:
5303:
4566:American Journal of Epidemiology
4434:10.1097/00041433-199802000-00008
4398:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00548.x
3697:Organization PA (17 June 2019).
3521:Iranian Journal of Public Health
3484:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.061
2979:International Journal of Obesity
2901:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05266.x
2548:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.002
1668:European Journal of Epidemiology
1396:10.1097/00019501-199809080-00001
944:
617:
285:
213:, which is found underneath the
182:fat, central abdominal fat, and
5280:
5238:Andersen BL, Legrand J (1991).
5231:
5212:
5171:
5157:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.2.E317
5136:
5069:Journal of Medical Biochemistry
4987:
4918:
4866:. p. IIâ27. Archived from
4712:
4668:
4642:
4623:
4537:. p. IIâ17. Archived from
4481:
4448:
4372:
4322:
4303:
4252:
4203:
4168:
4103:
4052:
4001:
3936:
3885:
3834:
3775:
3724:
3690:
3633:
3608:
3549:
3508:
3459:
3408:
3351:
3310:
3269:
3220:
3171:
3122:
3081:
3056:
3015:
2966:
2925:
2868:
2842:
2745:
2672:
2658:
2605:
2562:
2536:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2527:
2478:
2442:
2401:
2354:
2303:
2262:
2226:
2185:
2144:
2103:
2048:
2007:
1964:
1923:
1838:
1818:
1769:
1718:
1704:
1655:
1633:
280:
186:show a strong association with
5611:. Hc-sc.gc.ca. 14 October 2010
1630:Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.
1584:
1492:
1457:
1435:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.08.001
1410:
1329:
1016:A 2006 study published in the
1:
6101:Griesemer RL (25 July 2008).
5788:. 115 Suppl 8A (8): 42Sâ48S.
5529:. BBC News. 22 January 2010.
5287:Andrews M (1 December 2006).
5032:: 202â3, author reply 203â4.
4997:. Obesity Prevention Source.
4965:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8
4928:. Obesity Prevention Source.
4864:National Institutes of Health
4535:National Institutes of Health
4422:Current Opinion in Lipidology
4338:European Journal of Nutrition
2723:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11222-8
2464:10.1016/j.metabol.2003.11.022
2379:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08836-0
1478:10.1016/S1098-3597(08)60025-3
1472:(1): 23â29, discussion 30â1.
1249:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9
1213:
936:
914:and the estrogen produced by
487:decreased insulin sensitivity
5922:Jensen M (19 January 2007).
5794:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.005
5450:. Webmd.com. 6 November 2009
4498:10.1007/978-1-4419-7034-3_17
3860:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003256
3809:10.1371/journal.pone.0232676
2828:10.1016/j.annrmp.2007.03.005
2679:Mitchell S (26 March 2008).
1151:
1140:, symptoms of which include
808:as per studies mentioned by
755:A man with abdominal obesity
670:
160:has been strongly linked to
7:
6398:Obesity and the environment
6320:
4059:Li M, Shi Z (August 2021).
3196:10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.008
1864:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2951
1794:10.1097/md.0000000000001347
1160:
1114:are useful in building the
703:Sagittal Abdominal Diameter
321:
122:Polycystic ovarian syndrome
10:
6585:
4265:Nutrition & Metabolism
3750:10.1038/s41387-020-00141-0
3658:10.17269/s41997-018-0130-x
3384:10.1038/s41598-017-01762-9
2683:. NBC News. Archived from
2248:10.1016/j.cccn.2003.09.009
2211:10.2337/diabetes.52.7.1611
2129:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1671
1985:10.1152/ajpendo.00184.2004
1713:Obesity A Research Journal
1355:10.2337/diacare.27.12.2948
604:Further research is needed
462:
272:magnetic resonance imaging
6564:Classification of obesity
6443:
6358:Classification of obesity
6328:
6232:
6186:10.1007/s12603-010-0106-x
5256:10.1080/00224499109551619
5082:10.2478/v10011-011-0006-6
4350:10.1007/s00394-007-0674-7
4189:10.1007/s12349-011-0056-9
4136:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100466
3961:10.1017/S1368980015000506
3575:10.1017/S1368980017000234
3319:"Reply to A Astrup et al"
2771:10.1186/s12889-019-7839-1
1731:World Journal of Diabetes
1680:10.1007/s10654-011-9572-7
453:
421:polycystic ovary syndrome
364:
101:
77:
65:
51:
42:
31:
26:
6109:Georgia State University
5390:10.1161/01.cir.81.5.1710
4690:10.1185/030079906X159489
4474:10.1093/eurheartj/sul002
3737:Nutrition & Diabetes
3135:Nutrition & Diabetes
2849:Dolan EW (4 June 2023).
2668:. BBC News. 20 May 2010.
2503:10.1177/1535370214525302
1606:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
1093:
820:Index of central obesity
798:Index of Central Obesity
336:impair glucose tolerance
197:, is located inside the
56:Height: 185 cm/6 ft 1 in
52:An abdominous obese male
6383:Anti-obesity medication
6039:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601678
5712:10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.373
5501:The Wall Street Journal
5426:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.252
5371:Wingard DL (May 1990).
5244:Journal of Sex Research
5020:Joshi PP (March 2008).
4467:(Supplements): B4âB12.
3949:Public Health Nutrition
3562:Public Health Nutrition
3472:Fertility and Sterility
3336:10.3945/ajcn.110.000786
3295:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28713
2583:10.1378/chest.124.3.795
1144:(enlarged breasts) and
597:A study has shown that
551:carbohydrate metabolism
458:
352:(obesity) raises serum
5849:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9
4461:European Heart Journal
3434:10.1186/1550-2783-7-31
3041:10.1681/asn.2009010104
3022:Choi ME (March 2009).
2288:10.1210/jc.2003-030898
1949:10.1210/jc.2002-021808
1384:Coronary Heart Disease
930:coronary heart disease
870:cardiovascular disease
766:differential diagnosis
756:
726:cardiovascular disease
713:
680:
577:. Thus, the excess of
446:Research published in
263:metabolic dysfunctions
162:cardiovascular disease
54:Weight: 182 kg/400 lbs
6418:Obesity and sexuality
6388:Management of obesity
5900:10.1001/jama.295.1.39
5197:10.1093/ajcn/58.4.463
4904:10.1089/met.2009.0046
4832:10.1089/met.2008.0102
4278:10.1186/1743-7075-9-5
4229:10.1096/fj.04-2640fje
3107:10.1093/ajcn/78.4.719
2951:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.911
2170:10.1530/eje.0.1490331
1744:10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.151
1184:Normal weight obesity
877:normal weight obesity
754:
711:
678:
539:ultra-processed foods
126:Prader-Willi syndrome
37:§ Colloquialisms
6225:at Wikimedia Commons
6143:10.1038/oby.2007.109
5350:10.1038/oby.2007.505
5317:on 28 September 2011
4490:Obesity Before Birth
4116:Global Food Security
3246:10.1038/oby.2007.200
2992:10.1038/ijo.2009.259
2427:10.1210/jc.87.5.2407
2033:10.1038/oby.2004.118
1908:10.1210/en.2003-1679
1466:Clinical Cornerstone
1208:adipose degeneration
563:essential amino acid
247:adipose visceral fat
201:, packed in between
6393:Obesity and walking
6363:Genetics of obesity
5752:10.1155/2012/985902
5566:Abbott Laboratories
5470:"Weight Management"
5299:on 24 October 2007.
4995:"Measuring Obesity"
4738:10.4061/2011/931402
4128:2021GlFS...2800466R
3800:2020PLoSO..1532676R
3376:2017NatSR...7.1649H
3147:10.1038/nutd.2010.4
2893:2010NYASA1190...15S
2622:Annals of Neurology
2324:2001Natur.409..307S
2081:10.1038/nature01137
2073:2002Natur.420..333H
1828:Diabetes Butr Metab
1643:. Americanheart.org
1562:10.1038/nature05488
1554:2006Natur.444..881D
1453:– via PubMed.
1192:, hanging belly fat
1112:abdominal exercises
1089:Society and culture
1042:In the presence of
910:. When women reach
697:Waist-stature ratio
599:alcohol consumption
593:Alcohol consumption
440:knee osteoarthritis
438:or the presence of
425:glucose intolerance
405:protease inhibitors
378:Alzheimer's disease
268:computed tomography
195:intra-abdominal fat
184:waist circumference
166:Alzheimer's disease
106:Sedentary lifestyle
6368:Obesity and cancer
5926:. Mayoclinic.com.
5739:Journal of Obesity
5589:on 14 October 2010
5476:on 9 February 2013
5124:on 12 October 2017
5044:on 11 October 2017
4636:2013-03-15 at the
4579:10.1093/aje/kwj341
4455:Després J (2006).
4316:2013-03-15 at the
4078:10.3390/nu13082796
4027:10.3390/nu13020698
3911:10.3390/nu12082368
3364:Scientific Reports
1204:fatty degeneration
1072:Thiazolidinediones
1064:antidiabetic drugs
1052:thiazolidinediones
956:. You can help by
866:metabolic syndrome
855:metabolic syndrome
838:metabolic syndrome
830:metabolic syndrome
786:metabolic syndrome
757:
714:
681:
653:prescription drugs
649:Cushing's syndrome
571:portal circulation
485:dysregulation and
417:Cushing's syndrome
391:Other health risks
346:Insulin resistance
334:that may possibly
308:Metabolic syndrome
300:insulin resistance
114:Cushing's syndrome
6569:Tissues (biology)
6536:
6535:
6378:Bariatric surgery
6343:Abdominal obesity
6338:Childhood obesity
6288:
6287:
6223:Abdominal obesity
6221:Media related to
5836:Nutrition Journal
5289:"A Matter of Fat"
5001:. 21 October 2012
4959:(9491): 1059â62.
4932:. 21 October 2012
4784:10.1586/erc.10.38
4507:978-1-4419-7033-6
4385:Nutrition Reviews
3955:(17): 3096â3107.
3710:978-92-75-12032-3
2758:BMC Public Health
2634:10.1002/ana.22062
1429:(11): 1068â1075.
1307:10.1159/000094586
1116:abdominal muscles
974:
973:
814:Body Volume Index
637:in the diet, and
219:intramuscular fat
199:peritoneal cavity
174:vascular diseases
134:Abdominal obesity
131:
130:
27:Abdominal obesity
21:Medical condition
6576:
6408:Parental obesity
6315:
6308:
6301:
6292:
6291:
6230:
6229:
6220:
6206:
6188:
6163:
6145:
6120:
6117:10.57709/1062268
6088:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6041:
6017:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5861:
5851:
5827:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5754:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5705:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5579:
5573:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5295:. Archived from
5284:
5278:
5277:
5267:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5120:. Archived from
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5040:. Archived from
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4999:hsph.harvard.edu
4991:
4985:
4984:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4930:hsph.harvard.edu
4922:
4916:
4915:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4815:
4804:
4803:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4740:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4656:on 15 March 2013
4646:
4640:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4607:. Archived from
4598:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4280:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4231:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4080:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4029:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3980:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3811:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3577:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3436:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3329:(5): 1275â1276.
3314:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3248:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2994:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2773:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2717:(9060): 1210â3.
2706:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2687:on 18 March 2015
2676:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2373:(9322): 2002â3.
2358:
2352:
2351:
2332:10.1038/35053000
2318:(6818): 307â12.
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2281:(12): 6098â106.
2266:
2260:
2259:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2020:Obesity Research
2011:
2005:
2004:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1260:
1243:(9438): 937â52.
1231:
969:
966:
948:
941:
788:was taken as an
716:In those with a
663:, can also have
645:Hypercortisolism
628:maternal smoking
465:Diet and obesity
211:subcutaneous fat
209:, as opposed to
136:, also known as
47:
24:
23:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6503:Pacific islands
6439:
6403:Obesity paradox
6324:
6319:
6289:
6284:
6283:
6241:
6213:
6097:
6095:Further reading
6092:
6091:
6074:
6070:
6059:
6055:
6018:
6014:
6002:
6000:
5998:Merriam-Webster
5992:
5983:
5981:
5979:Merriam-Webster
5973:
5964:
5962:
5960:Merriam-Webster
5954:
5951:
5947:
5933:
5931:
5920:
5916:
5879:
5875:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5782:
5778:
5731:
5727:
5703:10.1.1.517.3533
5682:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5614:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5510:
5508:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5410:
5406:
5369:
5365:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5285:
5281:
5236:
5232:
5217:
5213:
5176:
5172:
5141:
5137:
5127:
5125:
5094:
5090:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4851:
4847:
4816:
4807:
4768:
4764:
4717:
4713:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4638:Wayback Machine
4628:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4599:
4595:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4486:
4482:
4453:
4449:
4418:
4414:
4377:
4373:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4318:Wayback Machine
4308:
4304:
4257:
4253:
4208:
4204:
4173:
4169:
4108:
4104:
4057:
4053:
4006:
4002:
3941:
3937:
3890:
3886:
3853:(8): e1003256.
3839:
3835:
3794:(5): e0232676.
3780:
3776:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3695:
3691:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3554:
3550:
3513:
3509:
3464:
3460:
3413:
3409:
3356:
3352:
3315:
3311:
3274:
3270:
3225:
3221:
3190:(3â5): 147â52.
3176:
3172:
3127:
3123:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3020:
3016:
2971:
2967:
2930:
2926:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2847:
2843:
2812:
2805:
2750:
2746:
2707:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2610:
2606:
2567:
2563:
2532:
2528:
2497:(11): 1531â40.
2483:
2479:
2447:
2443:
2406:
2402:
2359:
2355:
2308:
2304:
2267:
2263:
2231:
2227:
2190:
2186:
2149:
2145:
2108:
2104:
2067:(6913): 333â6.
2053:
2049:
2012:
2008:
1969:
1965:
1928:
1924:
1887:
1880:
1843:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1774:
1770:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1705:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1600:(19): 2486â97.
1589:
1585:
1548:(7121): 881â7.
1538:
1534:
1497:
1493:
1462:
1458:
1415:
1411:
1380:
1371:
1348:(12): 2948â53.
1334:
1330:
1291:
1282:
1232:
1221:
1216:
1163:
1154:
1128:
1122:located there.
1096:
1091:
1044:type 2 diabetes
970:
964:
961:
954:needs expansion
939:
885:
883:Sex differences
822:
790:outcome measure
772:and intestinal
762:waistâhip ratio
718:body mass index
691:Waistâhip ratio
673:
620:
595:
467:
461:
456:
397:lipodystrophies
393:
380:
367:
328:type 2 diabetes
324:
304:type 2 diabetes
288:
283:
245:. An excess of
223:skeletal muscle
203:internal organs
188:type 2 diabetes
142:truncal obesity
138:central obesity
59:Body mass index
57:
55:
53:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6582:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6295:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6270:
6255:
6242:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:Classification
6227:
6226:
6212:
6211:External links
6209:
6208:
6207:
6164:
6121:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6068:
6053:
6032:(10): 1250â3.
6012:
6010:
6009:
5990:
5971:
5945:
5914:
5873:
5819:
5807:
5776:
5725:
5676:
5665:on 11 May 2011
5644:
5622:
5600:
5574:
5560:2012-07-19 at
5544:
5518:
5487:
5461:
5439:
5404:
5363:
5344:(1): 216â224.
5328:
5302:
5279:
5250:(3): 457â477.
5230:
5211:
5170:
5151:(2): E317-25.
5135:
5088:
5055:
5012:
4986:
4943:
4917:
4881:
4870:on 24 May 2005
4845:
4805:
4762:
4711:
4667:
4641:
4622:
4611:on 4 July 2009
4593:
4572:(12): 1150â9.
4552:
4541:on 24 May 2005
4513:
4506:
4480:
4447:
4412:
4371:
4321:
4302:
4251:
4202:
4183:(3): 203â209.
4167:
4102:
4051:
4000:
3935:
3884:
3833:
3774:
3723:
3709:
3689:
3632:
3607:
3548:
3507:
3478:(6): 1609â17.
3458:
3407:
3350:
3309:
3288:(2): 398â407.
3268:
3239:(7): 1675â84.
3219:
3170:
3121:
3080:
3055:
3014:
2965:
2924:
2867:
2841:
2803:
2744:
2698:
2671:
2657:
2604:
2577:(3): 795â802.
2561:
2526:
2477:
2441:
2400:
2353:
2302:
2261:
2242:(1â2): 57â63.
2225:
2184:
2143:
2102:
2047:
2006:
1979:(3): E625-32.
1963:
1942:(11): 5452â5.
1922:
1901:(5): 2206â13.
1878:
1857:(10): 2951â8.
1837:
1817:
1768:
1717:
1703:
1654:
1632:
1619:
1583:
1532:
1511:(13): 1624â6.
1491:
1456:
1409:
1390:(8): 469â471.
1369:
1328:
1280:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1198:, also called
1193:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1127:
1126:Colloquialisms
1124:
1120:adipose tissue
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1037:catecholamines
972:
971:
951:
949:
938:
935:
884:
881:
821:
818:
706:
705:
700:
694:
688:
672:
669:
619:
616:
594:
591:
553:shown in high-
516:processed meat
460:
457:
455:
452:
392:
389:
379:
376:
366:
363:
323:
320:
287:
284:
282:
279:
239:adipose tissue
227:adipose depots
129:
128:
103:
99:
98:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
49:
48:
40:
39:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6581:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6559:Medical signs
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6529:
6528:United States
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6435:Overnutrition
6433:
6431:
6430:Social stigma
6428:
6424:
6423:Fat fetishism
6421:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6413:Infectobesity
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6316:
6311:
6309:
6304:
6302:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6136:(4): 834â40.
6135:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6077:Obesity facts
6072:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6016:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5942:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5826:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5696:(4): 373â92.
5695:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5661:
5654:
5648:
5632:
5626:
5610:
5604:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5571:
5570:Press release
5567:
5563:
5562:archive.today
5559:
5556:
5548:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5449:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5420:(1): 252â64.
5419:
5415:
5408:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5383:(5): 1710â2.
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5293:Yahoo! Health
5290:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5092:
5083:
5078:
5075:(2): 115â20.
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4885:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4778:(5): 639â44.
4777:
4773:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:(7): 369â76.
4343:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4216:FASEB Journal
4213:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3847:PLOS Medicine
3844:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3100:(4): 719â27.
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2985:(3): 454â61.
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2944:(5): 911â22.
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:(2): 136â44.
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:(1): 83â102.
2541:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2204:(7): 1611â8.
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2122:(7): 1671â9.
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2026:(6): 962â71.
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:Endocrinology
1892:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1834:(4): 243â250.
1833:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:(33): e1347.
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1737:(1): 151â66.
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:(6): 457â61.
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Diabetes Care
1339:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:spot exercise
1086:
1083:
1082:Low-fat diets
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:derivatives.
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:rosiglitazone
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
968:
959:
955:
952:This section
950:
947:
943:
942:
934:
931:
926:
924:
923:United States
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
888:
880:
878:
873:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
810:Eric Poehlman
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
710:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
685:
684:
677:
668:
666:
662:
658:
657:dexamethasone
654:
650:
647:, such as in
646:
642:
640:
636:
633:
629:
624:
618:Other factors
615:
612:
607:
605:
600:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:triglycerides
576:
572:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
503:
502:consumption.
501:
496:
495:free fructose
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
466:
451:
449:
444:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:, a group of
406:
402:
398:
388:
386:
375:
372:
371:tidal volumes
362:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
317:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:heart disease
286:Heart disease
278:
275:
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
251:
248:
244:
243:perirenal fat
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:Heart disease
82:
80:
79:Complications
76:
73:
72:Endocrinology
70:
68:
64:
60:
50:
46:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
6513:Saudi Arabia
6445:Epidemiology
6342:
6272:
6257:
6245:
6179:(9): 782â5.
6176:
6172:
6133:
6129:
6103:
6076:
6071:
6056:
6029:
6025:
6015:
6001:. Retrieved
5997:
5982:. Retrieved
5978:
5963:. Retrieved
5959:
5956:"spare tire"
5948:
5939:
5932:. Retrieved
5917:
5893:(1): 39â49.
5890:
5886:
5876:
5839:
5835:
5810:
5785:
5779:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5667:. Retrieved
5660:the original
5647:
5635:. Retrieved
5625:
5613:. Retrieved
5603:
5591:. Retrieved
5587:the original
5577:
5568:in Germany.
5547:
5535:. Retrieved
5521:
5509:. Retrieved
5500:
5490:
5478:. Retrieved
5474:the original
5464:
5452:. Retrieved
5442:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5319:. Retrieved
5315:the original
5305:
5297:the original
5292:
5282:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5190:(4): 463â7.
5187:
5183:
5173:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5126:. Retrieved
5122:the original
5109:
5105:
5099:
5091:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5046:. Retrieved
5042:the original
5029:
5025:
5015:
5003:. Retrieved
4998:
4989:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4934:. Retrieved
4929:
4920:
4898:(3): 243â7.
4895:
4891:
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4868:the original
4858:
4848:
4826:(6): 525â7.
4823:
4819:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4684:(1): 29â47.
4681:
4677:
4670:
4658:. Retrieved
4654:the original
4644:
4625:
4613:. Retrieved
4609:the original
4603:
4596:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4539:the original
4529:
4489:
4483:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4428:(1): 35â40.
4425:
4421:
4415:
4391:(2): 67â87.
4388:
4384:
4374:
4341:
4337:
4324:
4305:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4222:(3): 422â4.
4219:
4215:
4205:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4017:
4013:
4003:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3699:
3692:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3623:. Retrieved
3620:ScienceDaily
3619:
3610:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3068:ScienceDaily
3067:
3058:
3034:(3): 457â9.
3031:
3027:
3017:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2887:(1): 15â24.
2884:
2880:
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2854:
2844:
2822:(8): 661â6.
2819:
2815:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2714:
2710:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:the original
2674:
2660:
2625:
2621:
2607:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2458:(4): 430â4.
2455:
2451:
2444:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2163:(4): 331â5.
2160:
2156:
2146:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1898:
1894:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1715:16 (1) 266-P
1712:
1706:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1635:
1622:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1301:(2): 173â6.
1298:
1294:
1240:
1236:
1207:
1203:
1200:fatty change
1199:
1155:
1142:gynecomastia
1129:
1097:
1080:
1068:sulfonylurea
1066:rather than
1060:pioglitazone
1041:
1029:
1017:
1015:
975:
965:January 2019
962:
958:adding to it
953:
927:
920:
893:
889:
886:
874:
863:
850:
847:
825:
823:
806:lipoproteins
802:plasma lipid
758:
740:
732:
730:
722:visceral fat
715:
682:
665:side effects
643:
625:
621:
608:
596:
587:lipotoxicity
568:
555:carbohydrate
544:
536:
504:
468:
445:
433:
429:dyslipidemia
394:
381:
368:
358:
344:
325:
313:
296:hypertension
289:
281:Health risks
276:
259:dyslipidemia
252:
241:(EWAT), and
194:
192:
178:
168:, and other
146:visceral fat
141:
137:
133:
132:
18:
6353:Weight loss
6348:Weight gain
6065:. BBC News.
5669:22 December
5552:(in German)
5414:Circulation
5377:Circulation
4071:(8): 2796.
3904:(8): 2368.
3652:(1): 4â14.
3568:(1): 5â17.
3527:(4): 9â18.
3370:(1): 1649.
2764:(1): 1533.
2612:Debette S,
2420:(5): 2407.
1628:definition.
1505:Circulation
1258:10983/21615
1173:Lipoatrophy
1033:fatty liver
983:sibutramine
583:fatty acids
532:soy protein
479:elimination
409:medications
340:adiponectin
148:around the
32:Other names
6543:Categories
6333:Overweight
5994:"potbelly"
5745:: 985902.
5637:8 November
5537:22 January
4731:: 931402.
4122:: 100466.
4020:(2): 698.
2452:Metabolism
1214:References
1190:Panniculus
1179:Muffin top
1167:Bariatrics
1110:and other
937:Management
894:In women,
659:and other
655:, such as
632:estrogenic
505:Intake of
463:See also:
448:The Lancet
332:adipokines
235:epididymal
231:mesenteric
229:including
118:alcoholism
110:overeating
6458:Australia
6453:Argentina
6085:1662-4025
5698:CiteSeerX
5615:5 January
5593:8 October
5511:8 October
5480:5 January
5454:5 January
5321:5 January
5112:: 621â7.
4660:5 January
4615:29 August
4144:2211-9124
4065:Nutrients
4014:Nutrients
3969:1475-2727
3898:Nutrients
3743:(1): 39.
3666:0008-4263
3584:1368-9800
3345:0002-9165
3141:(1): e4.
2780:1471-2458
2691:5 January
1647:5 January
1196:Steatosis
1152:Economics
1138:cirrhosis
1048:metformin
1007:Hong Kong
999:Australia
912:menopause
776:. In the
671:Diagnosis
639:endocrine
635:compounds
507:trans fat
401:inherited
350:adiposity
170:metabolic
67:Specialty
6518:Thailand
6508:Pakistan
6203:11187741
6195:21085910
6152:18239595
6048:14506485
6003:2 August
5984:2 August
5975:"paunch"
5965:2 August
5928:Archived
5909:16391215
5868:21261939
5842:(9): 9.
5802:14678865
5771:22523670
5720:17136940
5558:Archived
5531:Archived
5505:Archived
5358:17228050
5274:21451731
5221:Diabetes
5118:18051732
5038:18700281
5005:31 March
4981:30586927
4973:16182882
4936:31 March
4912:20156066
4856:(2002).
4840:19558273
4800:31913449
4792:20450297
4757:21331161
4706:11796524
4698:17261236
4634:Archived
4588:17041127
4527:(2002).
4407:23356635
4358:17885722
4314:Archived
4297:22284338
4271:(1): 5.
4246:22609751
4238:15596483
4197:83758966
4162:33868911
4097:34444957
4046:33671557
3995:22016427
3987:25804833
3978:10277202
3930:32784758
3879:32853224
3828:32357191
3788:PLOS ONE
3769:33279939
3716:15 March
3684:30238324
3602:28322183
3593:10261019
3543:23113160
3502:17412329
3453:20932294
3402:28490771
3304:20592131
3255:17636085
3214:18996687
3165:23154296
3116:14522729
3050:19244571
3001:20029377
2960:12399260
2919:20388133
2836:17445932
2798:31730482
2739:24643796
2652:20695006
2614:Beiser A
2599:13138899
2591:12970000
2556:16297979
2521:24719380
2472:15045687
2436:11994397
2387:12076559
2340:11201732
2297:14671216
2256:14687894
2220:12829623
2198:Diabetes
2179:14514348
2138:15220189
2116:Diabetes
2089:12447443
2042:15229336
2001:20609673
1993:15522996
1958:14602788
1917:14962997
1873:12351432
1851:Diabetes
1812:26287420
1782:Medicine
1763:25685286
1698:21461943
1614:11368702
1578:11944065
1570:17167477
1527:18378623
1486:19046737
1451:52020830
1443:30115487
1404:57778374
1364:15562212
1323:24351283
1315:16847377
1275:30811593
1267:15364185
1161:See also
1108:crunches
1025:cortisol
1011:Thailand
979:orlistat
900:buttocks
896:estrogen
774:bloating
661:steroids
520:red meat
491:fructose
475:calories
411:against
385:dementia
354:resistin
322:Diabetes
255:diabetes
180:Visceral
96:diabetes
6549:Abdomen
6523:Ukraine
6483:Germany
6463:Austria
6322:Obesity
6279:D056128
6160:1633972
6130:Obesity
5934:7 April
5859:3041737
5762:3317197
5434:8994444
5399:2331775
5338:Obesity
5265:3065017
5227:: 110A.
5206:8379501
5165:9950792
4748:3034939
4442:9502333
4366:7185367
4288:3284412
4153:8049356
4124:Bibcode
4088:8399660
4037:7926298
3921:7468731
3870:7451582
3819:7194406
3796:Bibcode
3760:7719194
3675:6964616
3625:8 March
3534:3481610
3493:2200634
3444:2958879
3393:5431973
3372:Bibcode
3263:4835948
3233:Obesity
3205:2639783
3156:3302130
3073:8 March
3009:4344197
2910:3075927
2889:Bibcode
2855:PsyPost
2789:6858760
2731:9130942
2643:2933649
2512:4230977
2395:8649208
2348:4358808
2320:Bibcode
2097:1659156
2069:Bibcode
1803:4616451
1754:4317307
1689:3115050
1550:Bibcode
1146:ascites
1104:Sit-ups
916:ovaries
770:ascites
559:protein
524:poultry
500:glucose
359:decline
158:obesity
154:abdomen
150:stomach
6478:France
6468:Canada
6201:
6193:
6158:
6150:
6083:
6046:
5907:
5866:
5856:
5800:
5769:
5759:
5718:
5700:
5432:
5397:
5356:
5272:
5262:
5204:
5163:
5128:4 June
5116:
5102:]"
5048:4 June
5036:
4979:
4971:
4953:Lancet
4910:
4874:14 May
4838:
4798:
4790:
4755:
4745:
4704:
4696:
4586:
4545:14 May
4504:
4440:
4405:
4364:
4356:
4295:
4285:
4244:
4236:
4195:
4160:
4150:
4142:
4095:
4085:
4044:
4034:
3993:
3985:
3975:
3967:
3928:
3918:
3877:
3867:
3826:
3816:
3767:
3757:
3707:
3682:
3672:
3664:
3600:
3590:
3582:
3541:
3531:
3500:
3490:
3451:
3441:
3427:: 31.
3400:
3390:
3343:
3302:
3261:
3253:
3212:
3202:
3163:
3153:
3114:
3048:
3007:
2999:
2958:
2917:
2907:
2860:4 June
2834:
2796:
2786:
2778:
2737:
2729:
2711:Lancet
2650:
2640:
2597:
2589:
2554:
2519:
2509:
2470:
2434:
2393:
2385:
2367:Lancet
2346:
2338:
2312:Nature
2295:
2254:
2218:
2177:
2136:
2095:
2087:
2061:Nature
2040:
1999:
1991:
1956:
1915:
1871:
1810:
1800:
1761:
1751:
1696:
1686:
1612:
1576:
1568:
1542:Nature
1525:
1484:
1449:
1441:
1402:
1362:
1321:
1313:
1273:
1265:
1237:Lancet
1009:, and
1003:Canada
993:, the
989:, the
906:, and
904:thighs
851:et al.
832:. The
826:et al.
778:cohort
743:, for
735:, for
522:, and
471:energy
454:Causes
365:Asthma
338:. But
302:, and
257:, and
237:white
217:, and
102:Causes
92:stroke
88:asthma
6498:Malta
6493:Italy
6488:India
6473:China
6254:: E66
6199:S2CID
6156:S2CID
5663:(PDF)
5656:(PDF)
4977:S2CID
4796:S2CID
4702:S2CID
4362:S2CID
4334:(PDF)
4242:S2CID
4193:S2CID
3991:S2CID
3259:S2CID
3030:. 3.
3005:S2CID
2735:S2CID
2595:S2CID
2571:Chest
2391:S2CID
2344:S2CID
2093:S2CID
1997:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1447:S2CID
1400:S2CID
1319:S2CID
1271:S2CID
1094:Myths
1062:) as
575:liver
547:lipid
483:lipid
207:torso
6274:MeSH
6263:9-CM
6191:PMID
6148:PMID
6081:ISSN
6044:PMID
6005:2021
5986:2021
5967:2021
5941:fat.
5936:2008
5905:PMID
5887:JAMA
5864:PMID
5798:PMID
5767:PMID
5743:2012
5716:PMID
5671:2010
5639:2010
5617:2013
5595:2010
5539:2010
5513:2010
5482:2013
5456:2013
5430:PMID
5395:PMID
5354:PMID
5323:2013
5270:PMID
5202:PMID
5161:PMID
5130:2011
5114:PMID
5050:2011
5034:PMID
5007:2021
4969:PMID
4938:2021
4908:PMID
4876:2011
4836:PMID
4788:PMID
4753:PMID
4729:2011
4694:PMID
4662:2013
4617:2017
4584:PMID
4547:2011
4502:ISBN
4438:PMID
4403:PMID
4354:PMID
4293:PMID
4234:PMID
4158:PMID
4140:ISSN
4093:PMID
4042:PMID
3983:PMID
3965:ISSN
3926:PMID
3875:PMID
3824:PMID
3765:PMID
3718:2021
3705:ISBN
3680:PMID
3662:ISSN
3627:2021
3598:PMID
3580:ISSN
3539:PMID
3498:PMID
3449:PMID
3398:PMID
3341:ISSN
3300:PMID
3251:PMID
3210:PMID
3161:PMID
3112:PMID
3075:2021
3046:PMID
2997:PMID
2956:PMID
2915:PMID
2885:1190
2862:2023
2832:PMID
2794:PMID
2776:ISSN
2727:PMID
2693:2013
2648:PMID
2587:PMID
2552:PMID
2517:PMID
2468:PMID
2432:PMID
2383:PMID
2336:PMID
2293:PMID
2252:PMID
2216:PMID
2175:PMID
2134:PMID
2085:PMID
2038:PMID
1989:PMID
1954:PMID
1913:PMID
1869:PMID
1808:PMID
1759:PMID
1694:PMID
1649:2013
1610:PMID
1594:JAMA
1566:PMID
1523:PMID
1482:PMID
1439:PMID
1360:PMID
1311:PMID
1263:PMID
1133:beer
1050:and
908:hips
868:and
804:and
741:e.g.
733:e.g.
611:beer
581:and
549:and
528:fish
512:meat
459:Diet
427:and
413:AIDS
270:and
215:skin
205:and
172:and
152:and
140:and
61:: 53
6268:278
6259:ICD
6247:ICD
6181:doi
6138:doi
6113:doi
6034:doi
5895:doi
5891:295
5854:PMC
5844:doi
5790:doi
5757:PMC
5747:doi
5708:doi
5422:doi
5385:doi
5346:doi
5260:PMC
5252:doi
5192:doi
5153:doi
5149:276
5100:sic
5077:doi
4961:doi
4957:366
4900:doi
4828:doi
4780:doi
4743:PMC
4733:doi
4686:doi
4574:doi
4570:164
4494:doi
4469:doi
4430:doi
4393:doi
4346:doi
4283:PMC
4273:doi
4224:doi
4185:doi
4148:PMC
4132:doi
4083:PMC
4073:doi
4032:PMC
4022:doi
3973:PMC
3957:doi
3916:PMC
3906:doi
3865:PMC
3855:doi
3814:PMC
3804:doi
3755:PMC
3745:doi
3670:PMC
3654:doi
3650:110
3588:PMC
3570:doi
3529:PMC
3488:PMC
3480:doi
3439:PMC
3429:doi
3388:PMC
3380:doi
3331:doi
3290:doi
3241:doi
3200:PMC
3192:doi
3151:PMC
3143:doi
3102:doi
3036:doi
2987:doi
2946:doi
2905:PMC
2897:doi
2824:doi
2784:PMC
2766:doi
2719:doi
2715:349
2638:PMC
2630:doi
2579:doi
2575:124
2544:doi
2540:110
2507:PMC
2499:doi
2495:239
2460:doi
2422:doi
2375:doi
2371:359
2328:doi
2316:409
2283:doi
2244:doi
2240:339
2206:doi
2165:doi
2161:149
2124:doi
2077:doi
2065:420
2028:doi
1981:doi
1977:288
1944:doi
1903:doi
1899:145
1859:doi
1798:PMC
1790:doi
1749:PMC
1739:doi
1684:PMC
1676:doi
1602:doi
1598:285
1558:doi
1546:444
1513:doi
1509:117
1474:doi
1431:doi
1392:doi
1350:doi
1303:doi
1253:hdl
1245:doi
1241:364
1206:or
1058:or
981:or
960:.
794:BMI
745:BMI
737:BFP
589:'.
436:BMI
316:BVI
6545::
6277::
6266::
6251:10
6197:.
6189:.
6177:14
6175:.
6171:.
6154:.
6146:.
6134:16
6132:.
6128:.
6111:.
6079:,
6042:.
6030:57
6028:.
6024:.
5996:.
5977:.
5958:.
5938:.
5903:.
5889:.
5885:.
5862:.
5852:.
5840:10
5838:.
5834:.
5822:^
5796:.
5765:.
5755:.
5741:.
5737:.
5714:.
5706:.
5694:16
5692:.
5688:.
5564:.
5503:.
5499:.
5428:.
5418:95
5416:.
5393:.
5381:81
5379:.
5375:.
5352:.
5342:15
5340:.
5291:.
5268:.
5258:.
5248:28
5246:.
5242:.
5225:45
5223:.
5200:.
5188:58
5186:.
5182:.
5159:.
5147:.
5110:55
5108:.
5104:.
5073:30
5071:.
5067:.
5030:56
5028:.
5024:.
4975:.
4967:.
4955:.
4906:.
4894:.
4862:.
4834:.
4822:.
4808:^
4794:.
4786:.
4774:.
4751:.
4741:.
4727:.
4723:.
4700:.
4692:.
4682:23
4680:.
4582:.
4568:.
4564:.
4533:.
4516:^
4500:.
4463:.
4459:.
4436:.
4424:.
4401:.
4389:71
4387:.
4383:.
4360:.
4352:.
4342:46
4340:.
4336:.
4291:.
4281:.
4267:.
4263:.
4240:.
4232:.
4220:19
4218:.
4214:.
4191:.
4179:.
4156:.
4146:.
4138:.
4130:.
4120:28
4118:.
4114:.
4091:.
4081:.
4069:13
4067:.
4063:.
4040:.
4030:.
4018:13
4016:.
4012:.
3989:.
3981:.
3971:.
3963:.
3953:18
3951:.
3947:.
3924:.
3914:.
3902:12
3900:.
3896:.
3873:.
3863:.
3851:17
3849:.
3845:.
3822:.
3812:.
3802:.
3792:15
3790:.
3786:.
3763:.
3753:.
3741:10
3739:.
3735:.
3703:.
3678:.
3668:.
3660:.
3648:.
3644:.
3618:.
3596:.
3586:.
3578:.
3566:21
3564:.
3560:.
3537:.
3525:41
3523:.
3519:.
3496:.
3486:.
3476:88
3474:.
3470:.
3447:.
3437:.
3423:.
3419:.
3396:.
3386:.
3378:.
3366:.
3362:.
3339:.
3327:92
3325:.
3321:.
3298:.
3286:92
3284:.
3280:.
3257:.
3249:.
3237:15
3235:.
3231:.
3208:.
3198:.
3188:79
3186:.
3182:.
3159:.
3149:.
3137:.
3133:.
3110:.
3098:78
3096:.
3092:.
3066:.
3044:.
3032:20
3026:.
3003:.
2995:.
2983:34
2981:.
2977:.
2954:.
2942:76
2940:.
2936:.
2913:.
2903:.
2895:.
2883:.
2879:.
2853:.
2830:.
2820:50
2818:.
2806:^
2792:.
2782:.
2774:.
2762:19
2760:.
2756:.
2733:.
2725:.
2713:.
2701:^
2646:.
2636:.
2626:68
2624:.
2620:.
2593:.
2585:.
2573:.
2550:.
2538:.
2515:.
2505:.
2493:.
2489:.
2466:.
2456:53
2454:.
2430:.
2418:87
2416:.
2412:.
2389:.
2381:.
2369:.
2365:.
2342:.
2334:.
2326:.
2314:.
2291:.
2279:88
2277:.
2273:.
2250:.
2238:.
2214:.
2202:52
2200:.
2196:.
2173:.
2159:.
2155:.
2132:.
2120:53
2118:.
2114:.
2091:.
2083:.
2075:.
2063:.
2059:.
2036:.
2024:12
2022:.
2018:.
1995:.
1987:.
1975:.
1952:.
1940:88
1938:.
1934:.
1911:.
1897:.
1893:.
1881:^
1867:.
1855:51
1853:.
1849:.
1832:16
1830:.
1806:.
1796:.
1786:94
1784:.
1780:.
1757:.
1747:.
1733:.
1729:.
1692:.
1682:.
1672:26
1670:.
1666:.
1608:.
1596:.
1572:.
1564:.
1556:.
1544:.
1521:.
1507:.
1503:.
1480:.
1468:.
1445:.
1437:.
1427:32
1425:.
1421:.
1398:.
1386:.
1372:^
1358:.
1346:27
1344:.
1340:.
1317:.
1309:.
1299:22
1297:.
1283:^
1269:.
1261:.
1251:.
1239:.
1222:^
1202:,
1106:,
1039:.
1013:.
1005:,
1001:,
997:,
995:EU
991:UK
987:US
902:,
879:.
872:.
728:.
630:,
518:,
298:,
294:,
233:,
190:.
176:.
164:,
124:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
6314:e
6307:t
6300:v
6261:-
6249:-
6239:D
6205:.
6183::
6162:.
6140::
6119:.
6115::
6050:.
6036::
6007:.
5988:.
5969:.
5911:.
5897::
5870:.
5846::
5804:.
5792::
5773:.
5749::
5722:.
5710::
5673:.
5641:.
5619:.
5597:.
5541:.
5515:.
5484:.
5458:.
5436:.
5424::
5401:.
5387::
5360:.
5348::
5325:.
5276:.
5254::
5208:.
5194::
5167:.
5155::
5132:.
5085:.
5079::
5052:.
5009:.
4983:.
4963::
4940:.
4914:.
4902::
4896:8
4878:.
4842:.
4830::
4824:7
4802:.
4782::
4776:8
4759:.
4735::
4708:.
4688::
4664:.
4619:.
4590:.
4576::
4549:.
4510:.
4496::
4477:.
4471::
4465:8
4444:.
4432::
4426:9
4409:.
4395::
4368:.
4348::
4299:.
4275::
4269:9
4248:.
4226::
4199:.
4187::
4181:4
4164:.
4134::
4126::
4099:.
4075::
4048:.
4024::
3997:.
3959::
3932:.
3908::
3881:.
3857::
3830:.
3806::
3798::
3771:.
3747::
3720:.
3686:.
3656::
3629:.
3604:.
3572::
3545:.
3504:.
3482::
3455:.
3431::
3425:7
3404:.
3382::
3374::
3368:7
3347:.
3333::
3306:.
3292::
3265:.
3243::
3216:.
3194::
3167:.
3145::
3139:1
3118:.
3104::
3077:.
3052:.
3038::
3011:.
2989::
2962:.
2948::
2921:.
2899::
2891::
2864:.
2838:.
2826::
2800:.
2768::
2741:.
2721::
2695:.
2654:.
2632::
2601:.
2581::
2558:.
2546::
2523:.
2501::
2474:.
2462::
2438:.
2424::
2397:.
2377::
2350:.
2330::
2322::
2299:.
2285::
2258:.
2246::
2222:.
2208::
2181:.
2167::
2140:.
2126::
2099:.
2079::
2071::
2044:.
2030::
2003:.
1983::
1960:.
1946::
1919:.
1905::
1875:.
1861::
1814:.
1792::
1765:.
1741::
1735:6
1700:.
1678::
1651:.
1616:.
1604::
1580:.
1560::
1552::
1529:.
1515::
1488:.
1476::
1470:9
1433::
1406:.
1394::
1388:9
1366:.
1352::
1325:.
1305::
1277:.
1255::
1247::
1054:(
967:)
963:(
514:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.