4111:
7619:
mane with one series arranged like sea waves is somewhat non-Indian in approach . But, to be exact, we have an example of a lion from a sculptural frieze from
Persepolis of 5th century BCE in which it is overpowering a bull which may be compared with the Masarh lion."... Page 122: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their basecamps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in
1673:
1960:
1721:
4035:
1157:
1458:
4131:
3484:
4972:"The region was soon to appear as Hidūš in the Old Persian inscriptions... Transparent though the name appears at first sight, its location is not without problems. Foucher, Kent and many subsequent writers have identified Hidūš with its etymological equivalent, Sind, thereby placing it on the lower Indus towards the delta. However, (...) no material evidence of Achaemenid activity in this region is so far available. (...) There seems no evidence at present of gold production in the Indus delta, so this detail seems to weight against the location of the Hidūš province in Sind. (...) The alternative location to Sind for an Achaemenid province of Hidūš is naturally at Taxila and in the West Punjab, where there are indications that a Persian satrapy may have existed, though no clear evidence of its name." in
8277:: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their base-camps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in
3512:
2485:
1657:
1032:
605:
4055:
2667:
2299:
2726:
1689:
2403:
4234:"Hystaspes, a very wise monarch, the father of Darius. Who while boldly penetrating into the remoter districts of upper India, came to a certain woody retreat, of which with its tranquil silence the Brahmans, men of sublime genius, were the possessors. From their teaching he learnt the principles of the motion of the world and of the stars, and the pure rites of sacrifice, as far as he could; and of what he learnt he infused some portion into the minds of the Magi, which they have handed down by tradition to later ages, each instructing his own children, and adding to it their own system of divination".
3570:
3500:
3829:
2357:
2373:
9032:
1450:
2415:
1737:
2431:
2176:
3789:
2385:
3853:
2070:
3813:
1705:
520:
1770:
1816:
333:
3675:
4075:
3543:
149:
140:
114:
736:
4147:
1901:
764:
321:
190:
1991:
2457:
1762:
4172:
foreign features. These figurines might reflect the increased contacts of
Indians with Iranian people during this period. Several of these seem to represent foreign soldiers who visited India during the Mauryan period and influenced modellers in Mathura with their peculiar ethnic features and uniforms. One of the terracotta statuettes, a man nicknamed the "Persian nobleman" and dated to the 2nd century BCE, can be seen wearing a coat, scarf, trousers and a turban.
697:
3375:
2246:". According to modern estimates, the Bactrians, Indians and Sakae probably numbered about 20,000 men altogether, whereas the Persian troops on their left amounted to about 40,000. There were also Greek allies of the Persians, positioned on the right, whom Herodotus numbers at 50,000, a number which however might be "extravagant", and is nowadays estimated to around 20,000. Indians also supplied part of the cavalry, the total of which was about 5,000.
8470:"Soldier heads. During the Mauryan period, the military activity was more evidenced in the public life. Possibly, foreign soldiers frequently visited India and attracted Indian modellers with their ethnic features and uncommon uniform. From Mathura in Uttar Pradesh and Basarh in Bihar, some terracotta heads have been reported, which represent soldiers. Artistically, the Basarh terracotta soldier-heads are better, executed than those from Mathura." in
9071:
3528:
2493:
1888:(equivalent to about 8300 kg or 8.3 tons of gold annually, a volume of gold that would fit in a cube of side 75 cm). The exchange rate between gold and silver at the time of Herodotus being 13 to 1, this was equal in value to the very large amount of 4680 Euboean talents of silver, equivalent to 3600 Babylonian talents of silver (equivalent in value to about 108 tons of silver annually). The country of the "Indians" ('Ινδοι,
3695:
3592:
29:
5756:, pp. 291–292: "...the official tribute list incorporated by Herodotus shows decided administrative change. As under Cyrus, there were again twenty satrapies, but the larger number of Darius had been reduced by the union of some hitherto separate. This process, already to be detected in the army list of Xerxes, but accelerated in the tribute list of Artaxerxes, again suggests actual loss of territory.
2690:
2674:
2583:"The punch-marked bars were up to now considered to be Indian (...) However the weight standard is considered by some expert to be Persian, and now that we see them also being uncovered in the soil of Afghanistan, we must take into account the possibility that their country of origin should not be sought beyond the Indus, but rather in the oriental provinces of the Achaemenid Empire"
6211:"A Sindhu contingent formed a part of his army which invaded Greece and stormed the defile at Thermopylae in 480 BC, thus becoming the first ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe. It, apparently, distinguished itself in battle because it was followed by another contingent which formed a part of the Persian army under Mardonius which lost the battle of Platea"
6824:
local coins, using technology adapted from Greek coins, which provided the prototypes for punch-marked coins made in India." p.57 "In the territories to the south of the Hindu Kush the punch-marked coins, descendants of the local coins of the
Achaemenid administration in the same area, were issued by the Mauryan kings of India for local circulation." in
8434:"Iranian Heads From Mathura, some terracotta male-heads were recovered, which portray the Iranian people with whom the Indians came into closer contact during the fourth and third centuries B.C. Agrawala calls them the representatives of Iranian people because their facial features present foreign ethnic affinities."
2342:(331 BCE). He explains that Darius III "obtained the help of those Indians who bordered on the Bactrians, together with the Bactrians and Sogdianians themselves, all under the command of Bessus, the Satrap of Bactria". The Indians in questions were probably from the area of Gandara. Indian "hill-men" are also said by Arrian to have joined the
3638:, while describing the very progressive evolution from wooden architecture to stone architecture in various ancient civilizations, has commented that "In India, the form and construction of the older Buddhist temples resemble so singularly these examples in Lycia". The structural similarities, down to many architectural details, with the
8026:"The derivation of the Kharosthī script from Aramaic, which was used throughout the Achaemenid realm, is relatively straightforward, but the development of Brāhmī as a chancellery script for writing Aśokan inscriptions may have also been related to an effort to emulate the royal inscriptions of Achaemenid or later Seleukid rulers." in
3365:"India today is estimated to have about thirty million manuscripts, the largest body of handwritten reading material anywhere in the world. The literate culture of Indian science goes back to at least the fifth century B.C. ... as is shown by the elements of Mesopotamian omen literature and astronomy that entered India at that time."
2287:, and therefore does not have such depictions. The soldiers from India are characterized by their particular clothing, only composed of a loin cloth and sandals, with bare upper body, in contrast to all the other ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, who are fully clothed, and in contrast also to the neighbouring provinces of
3434:. It is possible that this sculpture was made by an Achaemenid or Greek sculptor in India and either remained without effect, or was the Indian imitation of a Greek or Achaemenid model, somewhere between the fifth century B.C. and the first century B.C., although it is generally dated from the time of the
636:
Throughout its existence, the
Achaemenid were constantly engaging in wars. Either through conquering new territories or by quelling rebellions throughout the empire. To fulfil this need, the Achaemenid Empire had to maintain a professional standing army which levied and employed personnel from all of
7618:
Page 88: "There is one fragmentary lion head from Masarh, Distt. Bhojpur, Bihar. It is carved out of Chunar sandstone and it also bears the typical
Mauryan polish. But it is undoubtedly based on the Achaemenian idiom. The tubular or wick-like whiskers and highly decorated neck with long locks of the
6823:
About the hoard in Kabul: "In the same hoard there were also discovered two series of local silver coins which appear to be the product of local
Achaemenid administration. One series (...) was made in a new way, which relates it to the punch-marked silver coins of India. It appears that it was these
4171:
in northern India. Most of these terracottas show what appears to be female deities or mother goddesses. However, several figures of foreigners also appear in the terracottas from the 4th to the 2nd century BCE, which are either described simply as "foreigners" or
Persian or Iranian because of their
5821:
Macedonian army in the Indus Valley, there is no mention of officers of the
Persian kings in India; but this does not mean (Dittmann, 1984, p. 185) that the Achaemenids had no power there. Other data indicate that they still exercised control over the area, although in ways that differed from those
2349:
Fifteen Indian war elephants were also part of the army of Darius III at
Gaugamela. They had specifically been brought from India. Still, it seems they did not participate to the final battle, probably because of fatigue. This was a relief for the armies of Alexander, who had no previous experience
2205:
and
Bactrians and Indians, alike their footmen and the rest of the horsemen. He chose these nations entire; of the rest of his allies he picked out a few from each people, the goodliest men and those that he knew to have done some good service... Thereby the whole number, with the horsemen, grew to
7899:, "In the British Museum we find a Lycian building, the roof of which is clearly the descendant of an ancient South Asian style.", "For this is the so-called "Tomb of Payava" a Graeco-Indian Pallava if ever there was one." in "Masks and metaphysics in the ancient world: an anthropological view" in
3445:
palace with its pillared hall shows decorative influences of the Achaemenid palaces and Persepolis and may have used the help of foreign craftsmen. Mauryan rulers may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments. This may be the result of the formative influence of craftsmen
244:
gives a date before or around 518 BCE. Persian penetration into the Indian subcontinent occurred in multiple stages, beginning from the northern parts of the Indus River and moving southward. As mentioned in several Achaemenid-era inscriptions, the Indus Valley was formally incorporated into the
8316:
a non-Indian face of a foreigner with a conical hat: "If there are a few faces which are nonIndian, such as one head from Sarnath with conical cap ( Bachhofer, Vol . I, Pl . 13 ), they are due to the presence of the foreigners their costumes, tastes and liking for portrait art and not their art
2128:
The Bactrians in the army wore a headgear most like to the Median, carrying their native bows of reed, and short spears. (...) The Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicae in the army had the same equipment as the Bactrians. The Parthians and Chorasmians had for their commander
1785:
describe tribute bearers from 23 satrapies visiting the Achaemenid court. These are located at the southern end of the Apadana Staircase. Among the foreigners the Arabs, the Thracians, the Bactrians, the Indians (from the Indus valley area), the Parthians, the Cappadocians, the Elamites or the
1896:
was the richest Achaemenid region in the subcontinent, much richer than Gandara or Sattagydia. However the amount of gold in question is quite enormous, so there is a possibility that Herodotus was mistaken and that his own sources actually only meant something like the gold equivalent of 360
1936:) are named separately, and were aggregated together for taxation purposes, forming the 7th Achaemenid Province, and paying overall a much lower tribute of 170 talents together (about 5151 kg, or 5.1 tons of silver), hence only about 1.5% of the total revenues of the Achaemenid Empire:
2573:, since it is one of the very rare instances when punch-marked coins can actually be dated, due to their association with known and dated Greek and Achaemenid coins in the hoard. The hoard supports the view that punch-marked coins existed in 360 BCE, as suggested by literary evidence.
7328:"Sandrocottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth". Plutarch 62-4
567:
remains the "most plausible candidate for the capital of Achaemenid India", based on the fact that numerous pottery styles similar to those of the Achaemenids in the East have been found there, and that "there are no other sites in the region with Bhir Mound's potential".
5817:(Chattopadhyaya, 1974, pp. 25-26) appears to be contradicted by Ctesias's reference to gifts received from the kings of India and by the fact that even Darius III still had some Indian units in his army (Briant, 1996, pp. 699, 774). At the time of the arrival of the
1589:
Herodotus (III-91 and III-94), gives a list with a slightly different structure, as some province which are presented separately in the Achaemenid inscriptions are grouped together by Herodotus when he described the tribute paid by each territory. Herodotus presents
4034:
640:
The Achaemenid army was not uniquely Persian. Rather it was composed of many different ethnicities that were part of the vast and diverse Achaemenid Empire. Herodotus gives a full list of the ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, in which are included
2638:
circa 500/490-485/0 BCE, typically used as a currency for trade in the Achaemenid Empire, together with a number of local types as well as silver cast ingots. The Athens coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far to the east.
2254:
Indian soldiers of the three territories of Gandara, Sattagydia (Tathagatus) and Hindush are shown, together with soldiers of all the other nations, supporting the throne of their Achaemenid ruler, at Naqsh-e Rostam on the tombs of Darius I,
1434:, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians.
579:, heading a team of spies, in order to explore the course of the Indus river. After a periplus of 30 months, Scylax is said to have returned to Egypt near the Red Sea, and the seas between the Near East and India were made use of by Darius.
3148:), the "most plausible candidate for the capital of Achaemenid India", was at the crossroad of the main trade roads of Asia, was probably populated by Persians, Greeks and other people from throughout the Achaemenid Empire. As reported by
225:, who began to re-conquer former provinces and further expand the Achaemenid Empire's political boundaries. Around 518 BCE, the Persian army pushed further into India to initiate a second period of conquest by annexing regions up to the
3430:) and the geometrical representation of inflated veins flush with the entire face. The mane, on the other hand, with tufts of hair represented in wavelets, is rather naturalistic. Very similar examples are however known in Greece and
7377:: "The Mudrarakshasa further informs us that his Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a composite army ... Among these are mentioned the following : Sakas, Yavanas (probably Greeks), Kiratas, Kambojas, Parasikas and Bahlikas."
5544:, pp. 291–292: "The Gandarians thus make their last appearance as Persian tribute paying subjects in the lists of Artaxerxes, though the land continued to be known under the name of Gandhara down to classic Indian times."
3646:. The Lycian tombs, dated to the 4th century BCE, are either free-standing or rock-cut barrel-vaulted sarcophagi, placed on a high base, with architectural features carved in stone to imitate wooden structures. There are
4270:
also coincided with the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley. The Achaemenid occupation of the areas of Gandara and Hinduš, which was to last for about two centuries, was accompanied by Achaemenid religions, reformed
2221:
in 479 BCE, Indians formed one of the main corps of Achaemenid troops (one of "the greatest of the nations"). They were one of the main battle corps, positioned near the center of the Achaemenid battle line, between the
4279:, to which Buddhism might also have in part reacted. In particular, the ideas of the Buddha may have partly consisted in a rejection of the "absolutist" or "perfectionist" ideas contained in these Achaemenid religions.
1672:
5436:
Alcock, Susan E.; Alcock, John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E.; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001).
4130:
1473:
The nature of the administration under the Achaemenids is uncertain. Even though the Indian provinces are called "satrapies" by convention, there is no evidence of there being any satraps in these provinces. When
1720:
1861:
The Indians ( Ἰνδῶν) made up the twentieth province. These are more in number than any nation known to me, and they paid a greater tribute than any other province, namely three hundred and sixty talents of gold
1262:
King Darius says: By the favor of Ahuramazda these are the countries which I seized outside of Persia; I ruled over them; they bore tribute to me; they did what was said to them by me; they held my law firmly;
2055:
The Indians wore garments of tree-wool, and carried bows of reed and iron-tipped arrows of the same. Such was their equipment; they were appointed to march under the command of Pharnazathres son of Artabates.
1884:)), as separate from the Gandarei and the Sattagydians, formed the 20th taxation Province, and were required to supply gold dust in tribute to the Achaemenid central government for an amount of 360 Euboean
2473:
1606:" together form "the 7th Province". According to historian A. T. Olmstead, the fact that some Achaemenid regions are grouped together in this list may have represented some loss of territory.
1830:
The conquered area was the most fertile and populous region of the Achaemenid Empire. An amount of tribute was fixed according to the richness of each territory. India was already fabled for its gold.
2160:
After the first part of the campaign directly under the orders Xerxes I, the Indian troops are reported to have stayed in Greece as one of the 5 main nations among the 300,000 elite troops of General
3511:
8403:"The largest number of mother-goddess figurines has been found in western Uttar Pradesh in Mathura, which in the Mauryan period became an important terracotta making centre outside Magadh." in
5866:"Furthermore the second member of Delegation XVIII is carrying four small but evidently heavy jars on a yoke, probably containing the gold dust which was the tribute paid by the Indians." in
3483:
2579:
also considers that punch-marked bars, similar to the many punch-marked bars found in north-western India, initially originated in the Achaemenid Empire, rather than in the Indian heartland:
3657:
Art historian David Napier has also proposed a reverse relationship, claiming that the Payava tomb was a descendant of an ancient South Asian style, and that Payava may actually have been a
2566:
coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Approximately one thousand coins were in the hoard. The hoard is dated to approximately 380 BCE as no coins in the hoard were later than that date.
4186:", which according to him attest to the presence of a foreign elite in the Gangetic plains during the Mauryan or late Mauryan period. This elite was West Asian, specifically related to the
4110:
559:, where there are indications that a Persian satrapy may have existed. There are few remains of Achaemenid presence in the east, but, according to Fleming, the archaeological site of
7427:
4054:
6682:"Silver bent-bar punch-marked coin of Kabul region under the Achaemenid Empire, c.350 BC: Coins of this type found in quantity in Chaman Hazouri and Bhir Mound hoards" Article by
3354:
was the first form of astronomy to fully develop and likely influenced other civilizations. The spread of knowledge may have hastened with the expansion of the Achaemenid Empire.
7075:"The Dhammapada Commentary furnishes us with some interesting information regarding Kosala. We learn from this work that Pasenadi, son of Mahākosala, was educated at Taxila." in
7818:
The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture Being a Concise and Popular Account of the Different Styles of Architecture Prevailing in All Ages and All Countries by James Fergusson
2666:
3251:
to Taxila as a child, and had him educated there in "all the sciences and arts" of the period, including military sciences, for a period of 7 to 8 years. These legends match
7092:"One account suggests that, as a young man, Jivaka had travelled across India to Taxila, in the distant west, to study medicine under the well-known Disapamok Achariya" in
582:
Also according to Herodotus, the territories of Gandhara, Sattagydia, Dadicae and Aparytae formed the 7th province of the Achaemenid Empire for tax-payment purposes, while
10011:
3915:
but with extensive modifications to support the sounds found in Indic languages. One model is that the Aramaic script arrived with the Achaemenid Empire's conquest of the
1656:
8348:"The relatively high quality of terracotta sculptures recovered from Maurya strata at Mathura suggests some level of artistic activity prior to the second century BCE."
5331:
5259:
3919:(modern Pakistan) in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years, reaching its final form by the 3rd century BCE where it appears in some of the Edicts of Ashoka.
3939:
inscriptions), and the very act of engraving edicts on rocks and mountains (compare for example Behistun inscription). To describe his own edicts, Ashoka used the word
1790:. They bring baskets with vases inside, carry axes, and drive along a donkey. One man in the Indian procession carries a small but visibly heavy load of four jars on a
10056:
1892:) was the Achaemenid district paying the largest tribute, and alone represented 32% of the total tribute revenues of the whole Achaemenid Empire. It also means that
796:(483–431 BCE). The Greek Scylax of Caryanda, who had been appointed by Darius I to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez left an account, the
792:
These events were recorded in the imperial inscriptions of the Achaemenids (the Behistun inscription and the Naqsh-i-Rustam inscription, as well as the accounts of
6852:
O. Bopearachchi, "Premières frappes locales de l'Inde du Nord-Ouest: nouvelles données," in Trésors d'Orient: Mélanges offerts à Rika Gyselen, Fig. 1 (this coin)
2356:
2725:
1565:
who was vanquished by Alexander at Gaugamela, suggesting that the Indians were under Achaemenid dominion at least until 338 BCE, date of the end of the reign of
4795:
Tauqeer Ahmad, University of the Punjab, Lahore, South Asian Studies, A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, January–June 2012, pp. 221-232
4074:
3650:
to the free-standing structures and decorated with reliefs. Fergusson went on to suggest an "Indian connection", and some form of cultural transfer across the
3982:
2414:
2384:
1941:
The Sattagydae (Σατταγύδαι), Gandarii (Γανδάριοι), Dadicae, and Aparytae (Ἀπαρύται) paid together a hundred and seventy talents; this was the seventh province
8987:
1959:
955:
From the dating of the Behistun inscription, it is possible to infer that the Achaemenids first conquered the areas of Gandara and Sattagydia circa 518 BCE.
8998:
4389:
Ctesias: "The Indians also include this substance among their most precious gifts for the Persian king who receives it as a prize revered above all others."
8325:
The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan
8285:
The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan
7627:
The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan
1688:
1482:("Vice-Regents"), a term that connotes subordination to the Achaemenid rulers. The local rulers may have reported to the satraps of Bactria and Arachosia.
6058:
The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas
8221:
7706:"The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE-200 CE" Robin Coningham, Ruth Young Cambridge University Press, 31 aout 2015, p.414
4786:, p. 177: "One should, therefore, be careful to distinguish the limited geographical unit of Gandhāra from the political one bearing the same name."
4424:
3949:), now generally simply translated as "writing" or "inscription". It is thought the word "lipi", which is also orthographed "dipi" (𐨡𐨁𐨤𐨁) in the two
8100:
5193:
The sculptures and inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia : a new collation of the Persian, Susian and Babylonian texts
2705:
1096:
Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid. King Darius says: This is the kingdom which I hold, from the
8142:"The word dipi appears in the Old Persian inscription of Darius I at Behistan (Column IV. 39) having the meaning inscription or "written document" in
3788:
7663:
3499:
1736:
1156:
8774:; Cribb, Joe (1992), "Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia", in Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie (eds.),
7408:: "Among those who helped Chandragupta in his struggle against the Nandas, were the Sakas (Scythians), Yavanas (Greeks), and Parasikas (Persians)"
9836:
4517:
221:, consolidating the early eastern borders of their new realm. With a brief pause after Cyrus' death around 530 BCE, the campaign continued under
9813:
3130:
2006:. The Susa inscriptions of Darius explain that Indian ivory and teak were sold on Persian markets, and used in the construction of his palace.
2326:, before the accession of Darius III, that is, less than 10 years before the campaigns of Alexander in the East and his victory at Gaugamela.
2035:, during the winter of 481-480 BCE to prepare for the invasion. In the spring of 480 BCE "Indian troops marched with Xerxes's army across the
10187:
6032:
6739:
1457:
9770:
3828:
963:
Hinduš is also mentioned as one of 24 subject countries of the Achaemenid Empire, illustrated with the drawing of a kneeling subject and a
3361:, elements of Achaemenid scientific knowledge, particularly works on omens and astronomy, were adopted by India from the 5th century BCE:
10202:
9020:
7330:
3778:, which likely originated from Greek and Near-Eastern arts. Such examples can also be seen in the remains of the Mauryan capital city of
2402:
1704:
448:) in the Behistun inscription. It was probably contiguous to Gandhara, but its actual location is uncertain. Fleming locates it between
3338:
theorized upon Chandragupta Maurya's conquest and claimed that "it was with largely the Persian army that he won the throne of India."
2002:
The Indians also supplied Yaka wood (teak) for the construction of Achaemenid palaces, as well as war elephants such as those used at
1638:(c. 380 – July 330 BC) still had Indian units in his army, albeit very few in comparison to his predecessors. In particular he had 15
2197:
their general, who said that he would not quit the king's person; and next, the Persian cuirassiers, and the thousand horse, and the
8452:"Mathura has also yielded a special class of terracotta heads in which the facial features present foreign ethnic affinities."
2372:
1569:, before the accession of Darius III, that is, less than 10 years before the campaigns of Alexander in the East and his victory at
261:
8919:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
8031:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
3627:), suggests that the designs of the Lycian rock-cut tombs travelled to India along the trade routes across the Achaemenid Empire.
1628:
By about 380 BC, the Persian hold on the region was weakening, but the area continued to be a part of the Achaemenid Empire until
1554:
between 1913 and 1934. Fortified structures and canals were found dating to the Achaemenid period, as well as ornamental jewelry.
1226:
1196:
1176:
1117:
829:
497:
441:
5760:.... Two satrapies are united in the case of the Sattagydians, Gandarians, Dadicae, and Aparytae, whose tribute was 170 talents."
1574:
3390:
Various Indian artefacts tend to suggest some Perso-Hellenistic artistic influence in India, mainly felt during the time of the
2484:
2430:
2302:
The three types of Indian soldiers still appear (upper right corner) among the soldiers of the Achaemenid Empire on the tomb of
1233:) also appears later as a Satrapy in the Naqsh-i-Rustam inscription at the end of the reign of Darius, who died in 486 BCE. The
9060:
293:
6856:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5328:
5256:
3228:
of the Achaemenid Empire following the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley, which technically made him a Persian subject.
2109:
The Indians were armed in like manner as their foot; they rode swift horses and drove chariots drawn by horses and wild asses.
10192:
9028:
8947:
8927:
8841:
8821:
8785:
8333:
8293:
7635:
7105:
5690:
5660:
5478:
5311:
5077:
4673:
4629:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
4796:
3204:, the Buddha may have been influenced by the experiences and knowledge acquired by some of his closest followers in Taxila.
2554:, also called the Chaman Hazouri, Chaman Hazouri or Tchamani-i Hazouri hoard, is a coin hoard discovered in the vicinity of
2104:
Herodotus also explains that the Indian cavalry under the Achaemenids had an equipment similar that of their foot soldiers:
10197:
5581:
3446:
employed from Persia following the disintegration of the Achaemenid Empire after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The
2050:
Herodotus, in his description of the multi-ethnic Achaemenid army invading Greece, described the equipment of the Indians:
9487:
8865:
6911:
6059:
5993:
5813:
The hypothesis that the region had already become independent by the end of the reign of Darius I or during the reign of
4081:
4017:
3743:
994:
984:
687:
7679:
3931:(circa 250 BCE) may show Achaemenid influences, including formulaic parallels with Achaemenid inscriptions, presence of
2350:
of combat against war elephants. The elephants were captured with the baggage train by the Greeks after the engagement.
9963:
9806:
9644:
9639:
9336:
8313:
8172:
6559:
5848:
2322:, suggests that the Indians were under Achaemenid dominion at least until 338 BCE, the date of the end of the reign of
1841:
1819:
1810:
3642:-type Indian Buddhist temple designs, such as the "same pointed form of roof, with a ridge", are further developed in
10167:
10162:
10157:
10120:
10088:
9941:
9055:
8967:
8907:
8712:
8690:
8659:
8632:
8584:
8500:
8416:
8388:
8361:
8255:
8199:
8127:
8066:
8039:
8011:
7984:
7912:
7776:
7544:
7517:
7490:
7401:
7358:
7313:
7280:
7253:
7223:
7189:
7159:
7132:
7060:
7033:
6988:
6961:
6934:
6837:
6703:
6626:
6586:
6532:
6505:
6478:
6451:
6421:
6375:
6270:
6224:
6191:
6161:
6114:
5984:
5934:
5896:
5523:
5448:
5399:
5222:
5109:
5038:
4984:
4952:
4887:
4727:
4700:
4602:
4548:
2097:
2024:
1995:
1773:
A small but heavy load: Indian tribute bearer at Apadana, probably carrying gold dust. 1 liter of gold weighs 19.3kg.
1140:: "Spardâ") - what Ahuramazda, the greatest of gods, bestowed upon me. May Ahuramazda protect me and my royal house!
1010:
3946:
1188:
817:
385:
9936:
9401:
9253:
7718:
Report on the excavations at Pātaliputra (Patna); the Palibothra of the Greeks by Waddell, L. A. (Laurence Austine)
5305:
3168:
became the greatest learning centre in the region, and allowed for exchanges between people from various cultures.
1629:
8770:
6659:
6304:
Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings
1786:
Medians. The Indians from the Indus valley are bare-chested, except for their leader, and barefooted and wear the
1557:
The three regions remained represented among Achaemenid Provinces on all the tombs of the Achaemenid rulers after
1538:
The Achaemenid Satrapy of Hindush incorporated the Greater Punjab region in the Indus Valley. It was bound by the
1031:
547:
says was produced in vast quantities by this Province, are also unknown in the Indus delta region. Alternatively,
10182:
10177:
10172:
9013:
6044:
1983:
1542:
to the north, the Indus River to the west, and the Jhelum River in the south and east. The satrapy's capital was
9978:
9973:
5238:
3876:
language, official language of the Achaemenid Empire, started to be used in the Indian territories. Some of the
1794:, suggesting that he was carrying some of the gold dust paid by the Indians as tribute to the Achaemenid court.
673:, etc. These ethnicities are likely to have been included in the Achaemenid army during the invasions of India.
604:
9085:
8858:
8003:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
7798:
An historical inquiry into the true principles of beauty in art, more especially with reference to architecture
6895:
5572:
4644:(Fussman, 1993, p. 84). "This is inferred from the fact that Gandhara (OPers. Gandāra) is already mentioned at
4575:
4215:
3647:
3542:
970:
8993:
8743:"Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)"
6789:
6787:
5556:
5174:
5156:
4450:
3812:
2039:". It was the "first-ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe", storming Greek troops at the
1059:
Four identical foundation tablets of gold and silver, found in two deposition boxes in the foundations of the
10093:
10066:
9916:
9799:
9341:
8720:
8515:"The figure of a Persian youth (35.2556) wearing coat, scarf, trousers and turban is a rare item."
6021:
5418:
5346:
5324:
4021:
3857:
1913:
1551:
1304:
1184:
918:
783:
7741:"A griffin carved from milky white chalcedony represents a blend of Greek and Achaemenid Persian cultures",
6810:
Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)
6091:
5376:
5361:
4906:
3654:. The ancient transfer of Lycian designs for rock-cut monuments to India is considered as "quite probable".
10081:
10061:
9863:
9292:
6784:
4921:
3243:, is also said to have been a professor teaching in Taxila. According to Buddhist legend, Kautilya brought
2596:
Modern numismatists now tend to consider the Achaemenid punch-marked coins as the precursors of the Indian
2138:
8678:
6302:
6048:
6008:
5682:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
5652:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
5069:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
1478:, he did not encounter Achaemenid satraps in the Indian provinces, but local Indian rulers referred to as
10049:
9492:
9430:
8777:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
6885:
6829:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
6695:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
6618:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
4594:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
4565:
4089:
3631:
2310:
The presence of the three ethnicities of Indian soldiers on all the tombs of the Achaemenid rulers after
1475:
418:
versions of the Behistun inscription. The geographical extent of this province was wider than the Indian
349:
301:
8863:
6391:
6348:
6243:
6131:
5961:
5721:
5717:
5606:
5125:
3160:, noticed that in the city the dead were being fed to the vultures, a clear allusion to the presence of
2148:
2116:
2062:
1951:
1872:
1801:(circa 490 BCE), there were three Achaemenid Satrapies in the subcontinent: Sattagydia, Gandara, Hidūš.
10001:
9841:
9547:
9189:
9006:
8492:
Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C.
8247:
Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C.
7004:
6805:"the local coins of the Achaemenid era (...) were the precursors of the bent and punch-marked bars" in
3201:
3157:
2190:
1087:
in the south. This is known as the DPh inscription. The deposition of these foundation tablets and the
9911:
5494:
4771:
4514:
10207:
10125:
10076:
10016:
10006:
9996:
9435:
7729:
2298:
360:(c.600–530 BC), leading the dynasty to take a direct interest into the region of northwestern India.
6719:
6717:
6715:
4222:, studied under the Brahmanas in India, thus contributing to the development of the religion of the
3962:
1465:
provinces still appear in trilingual cuneiform labels above their respective figures on the tomb of
632:) soldiers of the Achaemenid army, as described on Achaemenid royal tombs from circa 500 to 338 BCE.
543:, but there is no known evidence of Achaemenid presence in this region, and deposits of gold, which
516:. The Hamadan Gold and Silver Tablet inscription of Darius I also refers to his conquests in India.
9968:
9896:
9482:
9318:
9164:
7695:
Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj, A. S. Bhalla, I.B.Tauris, 2015 p.18
7686:. In: Journal of Subcontinent Researches. Article 8, Volume 6, Issue 19, Summer 2014, Page 149-174.
2650:, the earliest coins developed in India, which used minting technology derived from Greek coinage.
7843:
7802:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
1849:
1595:
10103:
10021:
9533:
9441:
9359:
9128:
7882:
6762:
6760:
6743:
6712:
5814:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4283:
3559:
2272:
988:
289:
5926:
5197:
3527:
2496:"Bent bar" minted under Achaemenid administration, of the type found in large quantities in the
436:, also suggest that Cyrus conquered parts of India. Another Indian Province was conquered named
260:
Persian rule over the Indus Valley decreased over successive rulers and formally ended with the
10108:
10098:
10044:
9754:
9526:
9512:
9498:
9050:
7469:
is explicit on this point, and we have no reason to doubt its accuracy in matter of this kind."
7368:
3969:
in his Behistun inscription, suggesting borrowing and diffusion. There are other borrowings of
3733:
3700:
3569:
3335:
2760:
2532:
coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. These circulated in the area, at least as far as the
2130:
1856:) formed the 20th Province, and was the richest and most populous of the Achaemenid Provinces.
508:
since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as
396:
since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as
8957:
8917:
8831:
8811:
8680:
8649:
8245:
8189:
8162:
8117:
8081:
7766:
7707:
7563:
Pingree, David (1988). "Review of The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science".
7534:
7480:
7149:
7122:
7050:
7023:
6978:
6757:
6495:
6260:
6104:
5974:
5468:
5438:
4974:
4942:
4717:
4466:
3266:
The Persians may have later participated, together with Sakas and Greeks, in the campaigns of
9853:
9848:
9718:
9387:
9238:
8833:
Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia
8700:
8574:
8490:
8351:
8086:
8056:
8001:
7974:
7958:
7946:
7696:
7657:
7507:
7465:, it was with largely the Persian army that he won the throne of India. The testimony of the
7348:
7303:
7299:
7270:
7243:
7179:
7095:
6951:
6924:
6865:
6772:
6576:
6549:
6522:
6468:
6441:
6411:
6365:
6181:
5886:
5838:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5680:
5650:
5389:
5212:
5067:
5028:
4877:
4690:
4538:
4338:
3747:
3350:
during the 5th century BCE as a consequence of the Achaemenid presence in the sub-continent.
2814:
2447:
2346:
under Satrap Barsentes, and are thought to have been either the Sattagydians or the Hindush.
2165:
2040:
1449:
1230:
1064:
493:
8829:
8622:
8378:
7822:
7097:
The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities
6926:
The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities
6151:
5099:
4783:
4746:
3615:, in the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, with the Indian architectural design of the
122:
10026:
9780:
9394:
9248:
9184:
8600:
8552:
8319:
8279:
7621:
7215:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4645:
4239:
4211:
4175:
3835:
3459:
3419:
3351:
3165:
2619:
2609:
2509:
2497:
2175:
1885:
1535:
in 1962 who discovered structures built during the Achaemenid period as well as artifacts.
943:
801:
477:
401:
241:
8866:"The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan"
5763:
5726:
5047:
4745:
Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian, and are shown with a raised letter.
4302:, which had been introduced in India from the time of the Achaemenid conquest of Gandara.
2536:
during the reign of the Achaemenids, who were in control of the areas as far as Gandhara.
8:
9698:
9576:
9540:
9149:
8793:
8771:
8738:
7878:
A catalogue of sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman antiquities, British museum
7876:
7837:
6793:
6687:
6610:
5818:
5191:
4752:. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants
4311:
4136:"Persian Nobleman clad in coat dupatta trouser and turban", Mathura, c. 2nd Century BCE.
3518:
3447:
3426:. This is particularly the case for the well-ordered tubular representation of whiskers (
3267:
3256:
3244:
3240:
3193:
3153:
3066:
2913:
2588:
2576:
2339:
2284:
2161:
1647:
1643:
411:
265:
210:
7796:
7717:
4692:
A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse
4294:, rebirth, and affirming that good deeds will be rewarded in this life and the next, in
2569:
This numismatic discovery has been very important in studying and dating the history of
217:. In this initial incursion, the Persian army annexed a large region to the west of the
9931:
9906:
9746:
9712:
9688:
9631:
9380:
9346:
9095:
8937:
8885:
8809:
7588:
7452:
7444:
6660:
Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992
6330:
5919:
5628:
5537:
5535:
5287:
5009:
4932:
4849:
4817:
3852:
3216:
lived in an Achaemenid environment. He is said to have been born in the north-west, in
2647:
2597:
2451:
2069:
886:
842:
670:
572:
461:
283:
8915:
6286:
6076:
4936:
4090:
Figurines of West Asian foreigners in Mathura, Sarnath and Patna (4th-2nd century BCE)
1617:
related that the Persian king was receiving numerous gifts from the kings of "India" (
10115:
10071:
9948:
9888:
9704:
9693:
9455:
9449:
9415:
9408:
9311:
9036:
9031:
8963:
8943:
8923:
8903:
8854:
8837:
8817:
8781:
8708:
8686:
8655:
8628:
8580:
8496:
8412:
8408:
Terracotta Art of Rajasthan: From Pre-Harappan and Harappan Times to the Gupta Period
8384:
8357:
8329:
8289:
8251:
8195:
8168:
8123:
8062:
8035:
8007:
7980:
7908:
7856:
M. Caygill, The British Museum A-Z companion (London, The British Museum Press, 1999)
7772:
7631:
7580:
7540:
7513:
7486:
7456:
7397:
7354:
7309:
7276:
7249:
7219:
7185:
7155:
7128:
7101:
7056:
7029:
6984:
6957:
6930:
6891:
6833:
6699:
6622:
6582:
6555:
6528:
6501:
6474:
6447:
6417:
6371:
6266:
6220:
6187:
6157:
6110:
5980:
5930:
5892:
5844:
5686:
5656:
5519:
5474:
5444:
5395:
5218:
5105:
5073:
5034:
4980:
4948:
4883:
4723:
4696:
4669:
4625:
4598:
4571:
4544:
4370:
4061:
3932:
3795:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3651:
3474:
3451:
3411:
2562:. The hoard, discovered in 1933, contained numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many
2180:
1837:
1614:
726:
519:
353:
214:
117:
8889:
5532:
3346:
Astronomical and astrological knowledge was also probably transmitted to India from
3189:
2832:
1769:
10137:
9953:
9775:
9726:
9571:
9505:
9474:
9463:
9422:
9373:
9304:
9233:
9194:
8877:
7572:
7436:
6853:
6671:
6641:
4649:
4287:
4045:
4013:
3990:
3936:
3928:
3912:
3908:
3889:
3877:
3803:
3759:
2985:
2570:
2218:
2169:
2044:
1815:
1532:
1312:
1168:
1109:
524:
432:
415:
222:
152:
77:
34:
9610:
8799:"Investigating the introduction of coinage in India - A review of recent research"
7816:
7209:
10036:
9988:
9901:
9858:
9740:
9566:
9519:
9285:
9207:
8897:
8775:
8518:
8473:
8455:
8437:
8406:
8323:
8283:
8145:
7902:
7683:
7625:
7391:
7077:
6860:
6827:
6826:
Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992).
6693:
6692:
Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992).
6616:
6615:
Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992).
6214:
5869:
5513:
5335:
5263:
5190:
King, L. W. (Leonard William); Thompson, R. Campbell (Reginald Campbell) (1907).
4663:
4619:
4592:
4591:
Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992).
4521:
3681:
2922:
2886:
2841:
2089:
1234:
1164:
1105:
1084:
1067:, which describes the extent of his Empire in broad geographical terms, from the
599:
489:
369:
357:
206:
143:
8535:
4163:
Some relatively high quality terracotta statuettes have been recovered from the
3674:
368:
The conquest is often thought to have started circa 535 BCE, during the time of
9958:
9468:
9366:
9326:
9279:
9263:
9214:
9179:
9174:
8864:
Magee, Peter; Petrie, Cameron; Knox, Richard; Khan, Farid; Thomas, Ken (2005),
7762:
7677:
The Analysis of Indian Muria Empire affected from Achaemenid's architecture art
6602:
6009:
Archibald, Davies & Gabrielsen, The Economies of Hellenistic Societies 2011
5874:. Institut français de recherches en Iran (section archéologique). p. 146.
5278:
Zournatzi, Antigoni (2003). "The Apadana Coin Hoards, Darius I, and the West".
4276:
4227:
4164:
4137:
4121:
3901:
3897:
3771:
3612:
3578:
3470:
3423:
3391:
3383:
3307:
3248:
3161:
3102:
3048:
2949:
2931:
2778:
2563:
2529:
2323:
2303:
2276:
1925:
1905:
1778:
1743:
1566:
1524:
1418:
The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the
1414:
in his "Geography" (Book XV), describing the Persian holdings along the Indus:
1393:
1380:
1276:
1264:
1161:
1060:
1036:
934:
902:
625:
457:
406:
305:
7945:
A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 2003,
7440:
3406:, and on the western origins of stone carving in India. The lion is carved in
3402:, raises the question of the Achaemenid and Greek influence on the art of the
1523:
in the north, Afghanistan in the West, the Indus River to the south east, and
148:
139:
113:
10151:
9926:
9655:
9352:
9169:
9101:
9090:
8737:
7676:
7584:
7466:
6871:
6778:
6766:
6723:
6605:(deposited c.350 BC) and Bhir Mound hoards (deposited c.300 BC)." Article by
5607:
Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations 2005
4866:
Marshall, John (1975) . Taxila: Volume I. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 83.
4413:
3861:
3763:
3624:
3435:
3358:
3276:
3039:
2805:
2787:
2769:
2653:
1963:
1727:
1639:
1578:
1573:. The last known appearance of Gandhara in name as an Achaemenid province is
1539:
1520:
1466:
1462:
1419:
1088:
870:
845:
says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of
735:
332:
309:
8955:
8895:
8602:
Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) Book 23. pp.316-345
8554:
Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) Book 23. pp.316-345
7901:
Malik, Subhash Chandra; Arts, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the (2001).
5921:
Alexander and the East : The Tragedy of Triumph: The Tragedy of Triumph
5741:
4499:
4146:
3213:
3188:, a close friend of the Buddha, Bandhula, the commander of Pasedani's army,
1900:
356:
underwent a considerable expansion, both east and west, during the reign of
9878:
9868:
9828:
4437:
4419:
4399:
4202:, and their presence was a consequence of their eastern forays into India.
3775:
3597:
3407:
3003:
2940:
2859:
2615:
2517:
2260:
1853:
1695:
1528:
1513:
1129:
1068:
964:
804:(circa 500 BCE) also wrote about the "Indus Satrapies" of the Achaemenids.
763:
536:
513:
348:
For millennia, the northwestern part of India had maintained some level of
226:
189:
49:
8881:
2456:
1990:
1625:
making demonstrations of the elephant's strength at the Achaemenid court.
296:. The Achaemenid Empire set a precedence of governance through the use of
9243:
8274:
7758:
7644:
Kumar, Vinay (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Faculty Member) (2015).
4398:
For example, according to Hultzsch, the first line of the First Edict at
4256:
4199:
4095:
3970:
3954:
3916:
3885:
3779:
3620:
3582:
3442:
3415:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3379:
2823:
2796:
2631:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2528:
hoard in Taxila, have revealed numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many
2469:
1761:
1547:
1137:
1113:
576:
484:
in Punjab. Darius I later conquered an additional province that he calls
381:
373:
320:
218:
198:
45:
8760:"Achaemenids and Mauryans: Emergence of Coins and Plastic Arts in India"
8732:
8698:
7865:
E. Slatter, Xanthus: travels and discovery (London, Rubicon Press, 1994)
7448:
6334:
5632:
5291:
5013:
4853:
4821:
3732:
have similarities, and the "rather cold, hieratic style" of the Sarnath
3374:
3302:" was used by Chandragupta Maurya in his campaign to take the throne in
2123:
The Gandharis had a different equipment, akin to that of the Bactrians:
696:
9873:
9791:
9649:
9596:
9200:
9136:
8935:
5798:
5782:
5769:
5753:
5705:
5541:
5053:
4879:
Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
4433:
4330:
4247:
In ancient sources, Hystapes is sometimes considered as identical with
4006:
3986:
3892:(the official language of the former Achaemenid Empire), together with
3729:
3685:
3658:
3431:
3145:
2967:
2710:
2696:
2525:
2501:
2477:
2315:
2280:
2268:
2081:
2036:
1967:
1917:
1782:
1635:
1562:
1543:
1492:
1423:
1348:
1300:
1254:
1238:
1172:
1040:
926:
890:
846:
825:
755:
560:
437:
337:
254:
8757:
7592:
4318:
3477:, may also have been a technique imported from the Achaemenid Empire.
1502:
535:
is uncertain. Some scholars have described it as the middle and lower
246:
233:. At peak, the Persians managed to take control of most of modern-day
9258:
8794:
8029:
6683:
6606:
4510:
4508:
4357:
4345:
4260:
4248:
3950:
3839:
3737:
3463:
3315:
3282:
3217:
3197:
2643:
2521:
2488:
Achaemenid Empire coin minted in the Kabul Valley. Circa 500-380 BCE.
2343:
2319:
2292:
2264:
2223:
2202:
2134:
2003:
1947:
1868:
1833:
1823:
1711:
1570:
1427:
1328:
1324:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1097:
1076:
1020:
930:
906:
898:
793:
666:
650:
642:
544:
449:
9070:
8798:
8759:
8742:
8651:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
8624:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
7645:
7422:
7025:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
6808:
6153:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
5552:
5550:
5101:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
2492:
2043:
in 480 BCE, and fighting as one of the main nations until the final
1519:
Gandhara included the entire Peshawar Valley which was bound by the
1146:
DPh inscription of Darius I in the foundations of the Apadana Palace
9662:
9603:
8723:(1998), "Reflections on the Origins of Indian Stone Architecture",
8682:
The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC
8576:
The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament: their titles and fragments
7576:
7373:
A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 2: Mauryas and Satavahanas
6262:
Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean
5976:
The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC
4403:
4351:
4299:
4272:
4219:
4187:
4002:
3966:
3881:
3865:
3819:
3799:
3755:
3751:
3490:
3455:
3427:
3331:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3252:
3236:
3181:
3093:
3084:
3057:
3012:
2976:
2877:
2850:
2627:
2623:
2421:
2392:
2363:
2311:
2256:
2194:
2093:
2020:
1979:
1971:
1929:
1798:
1679:
1663:
1603:
1558:
1431:
1397:
1121:
1048:
947:
813:
658:
615:
481:
473:
423:
419:
269:
268:. This brief period gave rise to independent Indian kings, such as
234:
194:
126:
7005:"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XV Chapter 1 (§§ 39‑73)"
4505:
4432:
This appears in the reading of Hultzsch's original rubbing of the
3694:
2614:
In 2007, a small coin hoard was discovered at the site of ancient
1765:
Hindush Tribute Bearers on the Apadana Staircase 8, circa 500 BCE.
1613:
province, remained loyal till Alexander's invasion. Circa 400 BC,
9669:
9156:
9142:
8353:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE
7462:
7428:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
5547:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
4324:
4252:
4183:
4168:
4153:
4117:
4065:
4028:, one of the official languages of the former Achaemenid Empire.
4025:
3973:
terms for writing-related words in the Edicts of Ashoka, such as
3893:
3873:
3724:, there has been much discussion of the extent of influence from
3704:
3639:
3616:
3533:
3347:
3303:
3271:
3225:
3120:
3075:
2895:
2868:
2288:
2283:
never had time to finish his own tomb due to his hasty defeat by
2243:
2235:
2231:
2133:, the Sogdians Azanes son of Artaeus, the Gandarians and Dadicae
2077:
2074:
1975:
1921:
1622:
1599:
1508:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1344:
1332:
1280:
1272:
1125:
1052:
910:
894:
862:
858:
721:
654:
610:
427:
325:
277:
250:
8729:
Alexander's Legacy in the East: Studies in Honor of Paul Bernard
5505:
5435:
3941:
3619:(starting at least a century later from circa 250 BCE, with the
3591:
1207:
The DSe inscription and DSm inscription of Darius in Susa gives
28:
9625:
9108:
8853:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
8679:
Archibald, Zosia; Davies, John K.; Gabrielsen, Vincent (2011),
7237:
7235:
5973:
Archibald, Zosia; Davies, John K.; Gabrielsen, Vincent (2011).
4409:
4310:
Several satrapies were founded by the Achaemenid empire in the
4295:
4267:
3323:
3286:
3260:
3221:
3185:
3177:
3149:
3141:
3021:
2994:
2751:
2714:
2680:
2635:
2461:
2335:
2028:
1933:
1411:
1364:
1356:
1336:
1284:
1101:
1080:
922:
914:
866:
850:
564:
556:
552:
480:, and is also often the one given for the secure occupation of
341:
297:
230:
7728:
The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture, 1998, John Boardman
7536:
A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II: Under the Achaemenians
7509:
A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II: Under the Achaemenians
7272:
A Peace History of India: From Ashoka Maurya to Mahatma Gandhi
6794:
Cribb, Investigating the introduction of coinage in India 1983
6578:
Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions
6524:
Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General
5130:
2164:. They fought in the last stages of the war, took part in the
1531:. Archeological excavations of Pushkalavati were conducted by
372:(600-530 BCE). Cyrus probably went as far as the banks of the
9732:
9115:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4784:
Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan 1975
4291:
4191:
4179:
3767:
3608:
3575:
3369:
3030:
2958:
2904:
2555:
2533:
2513:
2465:
2239:
2198:
2032:
1787:
1352:
1340:
1320:
1133:
1072:
1002:
978:
882:
878:
874:
713:
646:
620:
540:
453:
376:
and organized the conquered territories under the Satrapy of
273:
7232:
6734:
6732:
6321:
Tola, Fernando (1986). "India and Greece before Alexander".
5803:. p. Page 116 Fragment F45bα) and Page 219 Note F45bα).
5619:
Tola, Fernando (1986). "India and Greece before Alexander".
5157:"INDIA RELATIONS: ACHAEMENID PERIOD – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
4933:
Dandamaev, A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire 1989
3880:
in the north-western areas of Ashoka's territory, in modern
3664:
2338:, Indian troops were still deployed under Darius III at the
9617:
7881:. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. pp.
5307:
Persepolis : discovery and afterlife of a world wonder
4937:
Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks 2010
4223:
4195:
3965:) also meaning "inscription", which is used for example by
3111:
2391:
Sattagydian soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE.
2227:
1994:
Indian soldiers of the Achaemenid army participated to the
1791:
1598:) as "the 20th province", while "the Sattagydae, Gandarii,
1360:
1268:
854:
800:, of which fragments from secondary sources have survived.
662:
8102:
Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum v. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka
7907:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 10.
7203:
7201:
7173:
7171:
4828:
2654:
Influence of Achaemenid culture in the Indian subcontinent
7801:. London, Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp.
7461:: "After Alexander's death, when Chandragupta marched on
6729:
6071:
6069:
6067:
5972:
4337:
Other important satrapies in South Asia (in modern day's
3259:
met with the young Chandragupta while campaigning in the
2009:
1410:
The extent of Achaemenid territories is also affirmed by
571:
According to Herodotus, Darius I sent the Greek explorer
476:
was back in 518 BCE. The date of 518 BCE is given by the
5871:
Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran
5470:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
4665:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
4532:
4530:
2362:
Gandaran soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE.
2189:
Mardonius there chose out first all the Persians called
590:, "Indos" in Greek sources) formed the 20th tax region.
8766:, UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies, pp. 15–48
7957:
Buddhist Architecture, by Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010
7198:
7168:
2646:, these early Greek coins were at the origin of Indian
2420:
Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE.
6064:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5000:
FLEMING, DAVID (1993). "Where was Achaemenid India?".
4979:. Cambridge University Press. 2002. pp. 203–204.
4840:
FLEMING, DAVID (1993). "Where was Achaemenid India?".
4808:
FLEMING, DAVID (1993). "Where was Achaemenid India?".
3904:
kingdom and the Greek communities in Ashoka's realm).
1527:
in the south. The capital of the Gandhara satrapy was
281:
8988:
National Council of Educational Research and Training
7757:
6350:
LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VIII: Chapters 97‑144
4527:
3280:
states that after Alexander's death, an alliance of "
2156:
Destruction of Athens and Battle of Plataea (479 BCE)
1621:). Ctesias also reported Indian elephants and Indian
8902:, Hawkins Publications; distributed by B. A. Seaby,
8899:
The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650
7646:"West Asian Influence on Lion Motifs in Mauryan Art"
6890:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 15.
6825:
6691:
6614:
6323:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
5868:
Iran, Délégation archéologique française en (1972).
5621:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
4590:
4570:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 15.
4436:
inscription of the first line of the First Edict at
3728:, since the column capitals supporting the roofs at
3180:
are said to have studied in Achaemenid Taxila: King
3176:
Several contemporaries, and close followers, of the
1844:, classifying them in 20 Provinces. The Province of
1026:
8851:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
8520:
Mathura Museum Introduction: A Pictorial Guide Book
6983:. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 255–256.
6470:
Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen
6443:
Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen
6413:
Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen
5943:
4048:, identical with the Achaemenid word for "writing".
3505:
Plan of the 80-column pillared hall in Pataliputra.
209:initiated a protracted campaign to absorb parts of
16:
Ancient Persian conquest in the Indian subcontinent
8161:Voogt, Alexander J. de; Finkel, Irving L. (2010).
6872:Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000
6779:Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000
6767:Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000
6724:Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000
6133:LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 1‑56
5918:
5440:Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History
8288:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 88, 122.
8223:Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch
7630:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 88, 122.
6393:LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book IX: Chapters 1‑89
6245:LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book IX: Chapters 1‑89
5742:Mitchiner, The Ancient & Classical World 1978
4500:Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization 1999
4426:Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch
4178:also mentions the "male heads of foreigners from
1512:(Sind), in which "Sind" should be understood as "
240:The first secure epigraphic evidence through the
44:, with the Persian frontier delineated along the
10149:
8780:, Ancient India and Iran Trust, pp. 56–59,
8654:. Princeton University Press. pp. 132–133.
7835:
6832:. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59.
6698:. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59.
6621:. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59.
6367:Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE
3224:to the north-west of Taxila, in what was then a
3200:and personal doctor of the Buddha. According to
2019:Indians were employed in the Achaemenid army of
958:
9837:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
8990:, India Iranian and Macedonian Invasion, pp 108
8753:, International Association of Sanskrit Studies
7745:, Volume 177, National Geographic Society, 1990
5093:
5091:
5089:
4901:
4899:
4084:of Ashoka (circa 256 BCE) in Greek and Aramaic.
3414:, and its finish is polished, a feature of the
2441:
2015:Second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BCE)
1880:According to Herodotus, the "Indians" ('Ινδοι,
1797:According to the Naqsh-e Rustam inscription of
1439:The Geography of Strabo, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9.
1063:, also contained an inscription by Darius I in
300:, which was further implemented by Alexander's
8984:Ancient India, A History Textbook for Class XI
8727:, pp. 15–19, 1998, New Series, Vol. 12, (
8705:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage
7154:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 255.
7127:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 256.
7055:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 125.
6581:. University of California Press. p. 72.
6494:Heckel, Waldemar; Tritle, Lawrence A. (2011).
5822:of Darius I's time (Briant, 1996, pp. 776-78).
5574:Les inscriptions de la perse achemenide (1997)
4741:
4739:
4064:is generally considered as a development from
3847:
2539:
98:Annexation of the Indus Valley by the Persians
9807:
9014:
8627:. Princeton University Press. pp. 7–12.
8308:
8306:
8269:
8267:
7420:
7082:. Calcutta Oriental Press. 1925. p. 150.
5888:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia
5884:
5413:
5411:
5356:
5354:
4789:
4621:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia
4617:
3985:, "written" and "made to be written") in the
3521:, generally described as "Perso-Hellenistic".
2658:
2027:(480-479 BCE). All troops were stationned in
1453:Eastern territories of the Achaemenid Empire.
1151:
1091:found under them, is dated to circa 515 BCE.
9771:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
8813:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
8328:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 318.
7875:Smith, A. H. (Arthur Hamilton) (1892–1904).
7662:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7614:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7268:
7093:
6922:
6883:
6493:
5770:Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948
5754:Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948
5706:Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948
5542:Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948
5189:
5086:
5054:Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948
4896:
4695:(in German). Oldcastle Books. p. PT16.
4597:. Ancient India and Iran Trust. p. 56.
4563:
2476:. Coins of this type were also found in the
2330:Indians at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE)
2230:, facing against the enemy Greek troops of "
1444:
676:
245:Persian realm through provincial divisions:
8349:
8194:. Princeton University Press. p. 286.
8160:
8006:. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–76.
7331:"Plutarch, Alexander, chapter 1, section 1"
7028:. Princeton University Press. p. 177.
5912:
5910:
5908:
5800:The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus
5784:The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus
5511:
5443:. Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
4736:
4536:
4298:, probably find their origin in Achaemenid
3953:versions of the rock edicts, comes from an
3746:has also been suggested. In particular the
3156:was in Taxila, one of his companions named
1171:, mentioning all three Indian territories:
9814:
9800:
9021:
9007:
8803:Journal of the Numismatic Society of India
8471:
8453:
8435:
8411:. Aryan Books International. p. 136.
8303:
8264:
8187:
7979:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
7874:
7423:"The Zoroastrian Period of Indian History"
5832:
5830:
5828:
5408:
5351:
5033:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
4922:Hamadan Gold and Silver Tablet inscription
4882:. Cambridge University Press. p. 82.
4774:, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December 2004.
3382:. The sculptural style is "unquestionably
3370:Palatial art and architecture: Pataliputra
315:
8830:Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975),
8707:, Oxford University Press, pp. 61–,
8579:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 93.
8239:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8092:
7900:
7836:Fergusson, James; Burgess, James (1880).
7794:
7599:
7558:
7556:
7385:
7383:
7147:
7120:
7048:
6976:
6156:. Princeton University Press. p. 7.
6035:, Greek Word Study Tool, Tufts University
5495:"Strabo Geography, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9"
5277:
5104:. Princeton University Press. p. 5.
4766:
4764:
4418:("This Dharma-Edicts was written by King
3736:especially shows "obvious Achaemenid and
3665:Monumental columns: the Pillars of Ashoka
3450:, or also the Hellenistic friezes of the
3422:, the sculptural style is unquestionably
1822:, in the Achaemenid Empire, according to
1490:Darius I listed three Indian provinces:
1035:Gold foundation plate of Darius I in the
237:and incorporate it into their territory.
9821:
8762:, in Alka Patel; Touraj Daryaee (eds.),
8647:
8620:
8164:The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity
8143:
8122:. Oxford University Press. p. 163.
8105:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. xlii.
8098:
7972:
7565:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7478:
7366:
7346:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7184:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 89.
7021:
6806:
6466:
6439:
6409:
6316:
6314:
6265:. Oxford University Press. p. 154.
6238:
6236:
6179:
6149:
6102:
5979:. Oxford University Press. p. 404.
5916:
5905:
5566:
5564:
5462:
5460:
5097:
3851:
3553:
3373:
2713:, capital of the Achaemenid Empire, and
2491:
2483:
2455:
2297:
2174:
2068:
1989:
1982:on his tomb at Naqsh-e Rostam. See also
1958:
1899:
1814:
1768:
1760:
1456:
1448:
1219:(Sind) among the nations that he rules.
1155:
1030:
603:
518:
331:
319:
188:
8994:INDIA iii. RELATIONS: ACHAEMENID PERIOD
8959:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
8616:
8614:
8612:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8537:The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum
8517:Museum, Mathura Archaeological (1971).
8430:
8428:
8181:
7999:
7753:
7751:
7562:
7308:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 16–17.
7275:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 29.
7177:
7094:Lowe, Roy; Yasuhara, Yoshihito (2016).
6923:Lowe, Roy; Yasuhara, Yoshihito (2016).
6547:
6435:
6433:
6405:
6403:
6258:
5836:
5825:
4999:
4944:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
4839:
4807:
4652:) is added only in later inscriptions."
4543:. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
4259:name for Hystapes), an early patron of
3993:No.4, which can be related to the word
3750:of some of the pillars (especially the
3341:
2591:, quoted from Trésors Monétaires, p.42.
1978:respectively, supporting the throne of
1237:on Darius' tomb at Naqsh-i-Rustam near
807:
404:. The Province was also referred to as
22:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
10150:
9854:Medo-Persian conflict (Persian Revolt)
8533:
8516:
8488:
8243:
8230:
8115:
8027:
7968:
7966:
7790:
7788:
7771:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 707.
7700:
7553:
7416:
7414:
7389:
7380:
7369:"The Foundation of the Mauryan Empire"
7342:
7340:
7207:
6500:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 164.
6212:
6145:
6143:
6109:. Yale University Press. p. 118.
5862:
5860:
5466:
5329:Photographs of one of the gold plaques
5273:
5271:
5026:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4947:. New Age International. p. 117.
4875:
4761:
4715:
4661:
3607:The similarity of the 4th century BCE
3192:, a close follower of the Buddha, and
3118:
3109:
3064:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2408:Sattagydian soldier (enhanced detail).
2010:Contribution to Achaemenid war efforts
1550:(Taxila). Bhir Mound was excavated by
9795:
9002:
8572:
8370:
8318:
8278:
8147:Proceedings - Indian History Congress
8054:
7951:
7895:According to David Napier, author of
7643:
7620:
7532:
7505:
7289:
7248:. Madathil Mammen Ninan. p. 97.
7241:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6642:Classical Numismatic Group, Coin page
6520:
6473:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 37.
6446:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 51.
6416:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 36.
6384:
6311:
6288:Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica
6233:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6175:
6173:
6129:
6078:NAQŠ-E ROSTAM – Encyclopaedia Iranica
5678:
5674:
5672:
5648:
5644:
5642:
5612:
5561:
5457:
5387:
5210:
5065:
3997:(𐎴𐎡𐎱𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎠, "written") from the
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2965:
2911:
2902:
2848:
2603:
2168:, but were finally vanquished at the
1966:soldiers of the three territories of
1820:Volume of annual tribute per district
1581:, circa 358 BCE, date of his burial.
1007:, Sattagydia), and probably Gandara (
539:and the approximate region of modern
422:. Various accounts, such as those of
10188:Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire
8609:
8561:
8523:. Archaeological Museum. p. 14.
8454:Dhavalikar, Madhukar Keshav (1977).
8425:
8404:
8376:
8061:. Northern Book Centre. p. 39.
7809:
7748:
7485:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 210.
6574:
6430:
6400:
6320:
6045:Nations of the soldiers on the tombs
5867:
5618:
5394:. Northern Book Centre. p. 20.
5217:. Northern Book Centre. p. 21.
4688:
4305:
3636:Illustrated Handbook of Architecture
3585:cave entrance (dated circa 250 BCE).
3239:, the influential Prime Minister of
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
2974:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2738:
2729:
1430:: then next, towards the south, the
836:) as part of the Achaemenid Empire:
197:coin type, of the sort found in the
193:Achaemenid coin, an imitation of an
8701:"The Coinage of the Persian Empire"
8478:. Parimal Publications. p. 82.
8472:Srivastava, Surendra Kumar (1996).
8442:. Parimal Publications. p. 81.
8436:Srivastava, Surendra Kumar (1996).
8383:. Abhinav Publications. p. 5.
8380:Terracottas in the Allahabad Museum
7963:
7785:
7411:
7396:. Anmol Publications. p. 134.
7371:. In K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (ed.).
7353:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 27.
7337:
6554:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 27.
6363:
6216:A military history of ancient India
6140:
5857:
5843:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 29.
5268:
4961:
4940:
4286:, commenting on the content of the
4082:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
4018:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
3922:
3398:, found near the Maurya capital of
2378:Gandaran soldier (enhanced detail).
2318:who was vanquished by Alexander at
1804:
1327:, the Scythians with pointed caps,
1203:) as part of the Achaemenid Empire.
13:
10203:Foreign relations of ancient India
9645:Persepolis Administrative Archives
8764:India and Iran in the Longue Durée
8457:Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas
8250:Mittal Publications. p. 141.
8058:Foreign Influence on Ancient India
7897:Masks, Transformation, and Paradox
6949:
6646:
6527:. St. Martin's Press. p. 71.
6497:Alexander the Great: A New History
6200:
6186:. Simon and Schuster. p. 67.
6170:
5966:
5891:. University of California Press.
5669:
5639:
5391:Foreign Influence on Ancient India
5214:Foreign Influence on Ancient India
5196:. London : Longmans. p.
4624:. University of California Press.
3900:(the language of the neighbouring
3611:barrel-vaulted tombs, such as the
2689:
2436:Hindush soldier (enhanced detail).
2096:, c. 480 BCE), at the time of the
1811:Districts of the Achaemenid Empire
1751:
816:(circa 510 BCE) mentions Gandara (
531:The exact area of the Province of
464:, as one of the Indian satrapies.
350:trade relations with the Near East
14:
10219:
8977:
8648:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
8621:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
8495:Mittal Publications. p. XV.
8144:Congress, Indian History (2007).
7482:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times
7350:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times
7305:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times
7022:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
6150:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
5570:
5557:Inscription A2Pa of Artaxerxes II
5239:"Susa, Statue of Darius - Livius"
5098:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
4290:, the early Buddhist concepts of
4214:, a 4th-century CE Roman author,
2098:Second Persian invasion of Greece
2025:Second Persian invasion of Greece
1996:Second Persian invasion of Greece
1756:
1359:), the Scythians across the sea (
1027:Apadana Palace foundation tablets
1023:), with their own illustrations.
812:The 'DB' Behistun inscription of
324:India appears to the east of the
292:as it massed into the region for
288:, which would later confront the
205:Around 535 BCE, the Persian king
9069:
9030:
8641:
8593:
8544:
8527:
8509:
8482:
8475:Terracotta art in northern India
8464:
8446:
8439:Terracotta art in northern India
8397:
8350:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007).
8342:
8226:(in Sanskrit). 1925. p. 51.
8214:
8154:
8136:
8109:
8075:
8048:
8020:
7993:
7939:
7930:
7921:
7889:
7868:
7859:
7850:
7829:
7768:A Global History of Architecture
7765:; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2017).
7735:
7722:
7711:
7689:
7670:
7526:
7499:
7472:
7322:
7262:
7151:Confession of a Buddhist Atheist
7141:
7124:Confession of a Buddhist Atheist
7114:
7086:
7069:
7052:Confession of a Buddhist Atheist
7042:
7015:
6997:
6980:Confession of a Buddhist Atheist
6970:
6943:
6916:
6904:
6887:A Historical atlas of South Asia
6884:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
6877:
6846:
6817:
6799:
6676:
5885:André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005).
5515:The Times Atlas of World History
4618:André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005).
4567:A Historical atlas of South Asia
4564:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
4443:
4429:(in Sanskrit). 1925. p. 51.
4392:
4145:
4129:
4109:
4103:Figurines of foreigners in India
4073:
4053:
4033:
3911:shows a clear dependency on the
3827:
3811:
3787:
3762:) use bands of motifs, like the
3693:
3684:with lotus capital and animals,
3673:
3590:
3568:
3541:
3526:
3510:
3498:
3482:
3232:Kautilya and Chandragupta Maurya
2724:
2688:
2672:
2665:
2429:
2413:
2401:
2383:
2371:
2355:
1842:a list of tribute-paying nations
1735:
1719:
1703:
1687:
1671:
1655:
824:) and the adjacent territory of
762:
734:
695:
472:A successor of Cyrus the Great,
328:according to Herodotus, 500 BCE.
147:
138:
112:
27:
8942:, University of Chicago Press,
8870:American Journal of Archaeology
8703:, in William E. Metcalf (ed.),
8672:
8573:James, Montague Rhodes (2007).
8534:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994).
8055:Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992).
7842:. London : Allen. p.
7079:The Indian Historical Quarterly
6665:
6635:
6595:
6568:
6541:
6514:
6487:
6460:
6357:
6341:
6295:
6279:
6252:
6213:Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (2000).
6123:
6096:
6085:
6052:
6038:
6026:
6014:
5878:
5807:
5791:
5775:
5747:
5711:
5699:
5487:
5429:
5388:Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992).
5381:
5370:
5340:
5318:
5298:
5280:American Journal of Numismatics
5249:
5231:
5211:Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992).
5204:
5183:
5167:
5118:
5059:
5020:
4993:
4926:
4915:
4869:
4860:
4801:
4777:
4709:
4515:Philip's Atlas of World History
4383:
3212:The 5th century BCE grammarian
2516:, the Shaikhan Dehri hoard in
1742:Indian soldiers on the tomb of
1726:Indian soldiers on the tomb of
1710:Indian soldiers on the tomb of
1694:Indian soldiers on the tomb of
1678:Indian soldiers on the tomb of
1662:Indian soldiers on the tomb of
1426:: then, towards the south, the
9086:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
8725:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
8540:. D.K. Printworld. p. 58.
7367:Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1957).
6353:. p. Herodotus VIII, 113.
5577:(in French). pp. 271–272.
5512:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1989).
5002:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
4842:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
4810:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
4772:INDIA ii. Historical Geography
4682:
4655:
4638:
4611:
4584:
4557:
4537:O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002).
4266:Historically, the life of the
3682:Achaemenid load-bearing column
3600:Cave 9 (dated 1st century BCE)
3438:, around the 3rd century B.C.
2673:
2295:, who are also fully clothed.
1897:Babylonian talents of silver.
410:(Greek: Parapamisadae) in the
1:
9342:Scythian campaign of Darius I
9254:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
8939:History of the Persian Empire
8758:Bopearachchi, Osmund (2017),
8377:Kala, Satish Chandra (1980).
7936:Harle, 22, 24, quoted in turn
7479:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966).
7393:Encyclopaedia Indica: Mauryas
7375:. Orient Longmans. p. 4.
7347:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966).
6601:"Coins of this type found in
6219:. Vision Books. p. 179.
4662:Briant, Pierre (2002-07-21).
4459:
4416:Devanapriyasa Raño likhapitu"
4167:strata in the excavations of
3858:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
3648:numerous rock-cut equivalents
1486:Achaemenid lists of Provinces
1083:in the north, to the African
959:Statue of Darius inscriptions
637:its satraps and territories.
63:
38:
10193:Wars involving ancient India
9864:Battle of the Persian Border
9332:Conquest of the Indus Valley
9293:Battle of the Persian Border
8956:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
7390:Shashi, Shyam Singh (1999).
7269:Schlichtmann, Klaus (2016).
7214:. Sarup & Sons. p.
5473:. Eisenbrauns. p. 756.
4941:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
4648:, while the toponym Hinduš (
4152:Figure of a foreigner, from
3548:Lotus motifs in Pataliputra.
3247:, the future founder of the
2442:Greek and Achaemenid coinage
2314:, except for the last ruler
2279:. The last Achaemenid ruler
1561:, except for the last ruler
1476:Alexander invaded the region
1257:) in the list of satrapies.
937:; twenty-three lands in all.
873:, the countries by the Sea,
551:may have been the region of
344:during the Achaemenid period
67: 535/518 BCE – 323 BCE
7:
10198:Ancient history of Pakistan
9954:Revolt of Cyrus the Younger
9493:Wars of Alexander the Great
8896:Mitchiner, Michael (1978),
8685:, Oxford University Press,
8460:. Taraporevala. p. 23.
7821:. J. Murray. 1859. p.
7421:D. B. Spooner (1915).
7245:The Development of Hinduism
7148:Batchelor, Stephen (2010).
7121:Batchelor, Stephen (2010).
7049:Batchelor, Stephen (2010).
6977:Batchelor, Stephen (2010).
5925:. Clarendon Press. p.
5518:. Times Books. p. 79.
4722:. Penguin UK. p. 422.
4364:
4205:
3848:Aramaic language and script
2540:Kabul and Bhir Mound hoards
2206:three hundred thousand men.
991:. Sattagydia also appears (
294:Alexander's Indian campaign
282:
10:
10224:
9548:Battle of the Persian Gate
9190:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
6740:"US Department of Defense"
6467:Shepherd, William (2012).
6440:Shepherd, William (2012).
6410:Shepherd, William (2012).
6103:Stoneman, Richard (2015).
4093:
3713:
3557:
3489:Ruins of pillared hall at
2659:Cultural exchanges: Taxila
2607:
2543:
2445:
2131:Artabazus son of Pharnaces
1808:
1152:Naqsh-e Rustam inscription
1075:in the west, and from the
597:
229:in what is today known as
10134:
10035:
9997:Parni conquest of Parthia
9987:
9887:
9827:
9763:
9681:
9585:
9559:
9436:Wars of the Delian League
9272:
9226:
9127:
9078:
9067:
9043:
8962:. New Age International.
8810:Dandamaev, M. A. (1989),
8000:Salomon, Richard (1998).
7839:The cave temples of India
7795:Fergusson, James (1849).
7441:10.1017/S0035869X00048437
7178:Scharfe, Hartmut (1977).
7100:. Routledge. p. 62.
6929:. Routledge. p. 62.
6548:Kistler, John M. (2007).
6370:. Routledge. p. 28.
6259:Freeman, Charles (2014).
5837:Kistler, John M. (2007).
5030:The Making of Roman India
4976:Cambridge Ancient History
3644:The cave temples of India
3473:, especially used in the
3135:South Asia circa 500 BCE.
2472:, circa 5th century BCE.
1838:several comments on India
1445:Achaemenid administration
1405:
1019:, although this could be
677:Inscriptions and accounts
504:, also transliterated as
392:, also transliterated as
340:representing the city of
174:
161:
132:
106:
55:
26:
21:
10168:4th-century BC conflicts
10163:5th-century BC conflicts
10158:6th-century BC conflicts
10050:Against Byzantine Empire
9922:Conquest of Indus Valley
9912:Revolts against Darius I
9869:Siege of Pasargadae Hill
9488:Second conquest of Egypt
9319:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
9165:Palace of Darius in Susa
8936:Olmstead, A. T. (1948),
6956:. Grafikol. p. 50.
6183:A Brief History of India
6180:Daniélou, Alain (2003).
5917:Bosworth, A. B. (1996).
4376:
3760:Allahabad pillar capital
3581:(dated 375-360 BCE) and
2687:
2671:
2630:. The hoard contained a
2460:Strike of an Achaemenid
512:), corresponding to the
456:. Fleming also mentions
262:Greek conquest of Persia
9907:First conquest of Egypt
9640:Districts of the Empire
9442:Battle of the Eurymedon
9360:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
9337:First conquest of Egypt
8699:Alram, Michael (2016),
8320:Gupta, Swarajya Prakash
8280:Gupta, Swarajya Prakash
7973:Marshall, John (2013).
7622:Gupta, Swarajya Prakash
6575:Holt, Frank L. (2003).
5679:Samad, Rafi U. (2011).
5649:Samad, Rafi U. (2011).
5467:Briant, Pierre (2002).
5066:Samad, Rafi U. (2011).
4770:Perfrancesco Callieri,
4716:Thapar, Romila (1990).
4284:Christopher I. Beckwith
3860:, dated circa 260 BCE.
3560:Buddhist caves in India
3394:. The sculpture of the
3172:Followers of the Buddha
1904:Gandaran delegation at
1461:The names of the three
989:National Museum of Iran
849:I became king of them:
316:Background and invasion
10183:4th century BC in Iran
10178:5th century BC in Iran
10173:6th century BC in Iran
9897:Conquest of Asia Minor
9755:Seven Achaemenid clans
9527:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
9513:Siege of Halicarnassus
9499:Battle of the Granicus
8916:Neelis, Jason (2010),
8836:, Peeters Publishers,
8747:Indologica Taurinensia
8167:. BRILL. p. 209.
8116:Sharma, R. S. (2006).
8028:Neelis, Jason (2011).
7539:. BRILL. p. 278.
7211:Early Aryans to Swaraj
7208:Bakshi, S. R. (2005).
7181:Grammatical Literature
6950:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
6807:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
6106:Xerxes: A Persian Life
5347:Livius DNa inscription
5176:Behistun T 02 - Livius
5027:Parker, Grant (2008).
4540:Atlas of World History
4245:
4120:, c. 2nd century BCE.
3869:
3734:Lion Capital of Ashoka
3701:Lion Capital of Ashoka
3387:
3367:
3336:David Brainard Spooner
3270:to gain the throne of
2594:
2505:
2489:
2481:
2307:
2306:(who died in 338 BCE).
2215:
2184:
2153:
2121:
2101:
2067:
1999:
1987:
1957:
1909:
1878:
1827:
1774:
1766:
1646:for his fight against
1470:
1454:
1442:
1422:, above whom lies the
1403:
1371:-wearing Greeks , the
1204:
1149:
1056:
953:
633:
528:
345:
329:
280:, as well as numerous
202:
133:Commanders and leaders
9969:Great Satraps' Revolt
9849:Battle of the Eclipse
9483:Great Satraps' Revolt
9402:Destruction of Athens
9388:Battle of Thermopylae
9239:Old Persian cuneiform
8986:, Ram Sharan Sharma,
8882:10.3764/aja.109.4.711
8489:Vishnu, Asha (1993).
8405:Sant, Urmila (1997).
8356:. BRILL. p. 35.
8244:Vishnu, Asha (1993).
8099:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
8087:Encyclopaedia Iranica
8034:. Brill. p. 98.
7512:. BRILL. p. 41.
7242:Ninan, M. M. (2008).
7009:penelope.uchicago.edu
6953:Buddhist Architecture
6364:Roy, Kaushik (2015).
5685:. Algora Publishing.
5655:. Algora Publishing.
5499:penelope.uchicago.edu
5161:www.iranicaonline.org
5072:. Algora Publishing.
4876:Waters, Matt (2014).
4689:Kerr, Gordon (2017).
4232:
3855:
3744:Hellenistic influence
3554:Rock-cut architecture
3377:
3363:
2581:
2495:
2487:
2459:
2448:Ancient Greek coinage
2301:
2186:
2178:
2166:Destruction of Athens
2125:
2106:
2084:, c. 500 BCE), and a
2072:
2052:
2041:Battle of Thermopylae
1993:
1962:
1938:
1903:
1858:
1818:
1772:
1764:
1460:
1452:
1416:
1259:
1245:(Gandāra) along with
1231:Old Persian cuneiform
1159:
1093:
1065:Old Persian cuneiform
1034:
838:
607:
522:
494:Old Persian cuneiform
335:
323:
192:
175:Casualties and losses
10121:Civil war of 628–632
10089:Civil war of 589–591
9974:Abdashtart I' revolt
9874:Battle of Pasargadae
9822:Ancient Iranian wars
9781:Cappadocian calendar
9395:Battle of Artemisium
9300:Lydian-Persian Wars
9249:Behistun Inscription
9061:History of democracy
8772:Bopearachchi, Osmund
8739:Bopearachchi, Osmund
8273:Page 122: About the
8119:India's Ancient Past
7682:2 April 2015 at the
7533:Boyce, Mary (1982).
7506:Boyce, Mary (1982).
7300:Mookerji, Radhakumud
6521:Yenne, Bill (2010).
4668:. Penn State Press.
4282:Still, according to
4240:Ammianus Marcellinus
4212:Ammianus Marcellinus
3493:site at Pataliputra.
3466:are other examples.
3352:Babylonian astronomy
3342:Scientific knowledge
3166:University of Taxila
3131:class=notpageimage|
2706:class=notpageimage|
2620:Shaikhan Dehri hoard
2610:Shaikhan Dehri hoard
2524:, as well as in the
2510:Chaman Hazouri hoard
2498:Chaman Hazouri hoard
2212:Herodotus VIII, 113.
2179:Indian corps at the
1630:Alexander's invasion
1424:Paropamisus mountain
944:Behistun Inscription
808:Behistun inscription
802:Hecataeus of Miletus
478:Behistun inscription
402:Behistun Inscription
242:Behistun Inscription
10082:Annexation of Yemen
10062:Against Arab tribes
9932:Invasions of Greece
9577:Peace of Antalcidas
9541:Battle of Gaugamela
9150:Gate of All Nations
8312:According to Gupta
8188:Dupree, L. (2014).
7927:Boardman (1998), 13
7904:Mind, Man, and Mask
7743:National Geographic
6726:, pp. 300–301.
6688:Osmund Bopearachchi
6611:Osmund Bopearachchi
5787:. pp. 120–121.
5772:, pp. 291–292.
5609:, pp. 713–714.
5056:, pp. 144–145.
4502:, pp. 116–117.
4312:Indian subcontinent
3625:Barabar caves group
3519:Pataliputra capital
3448:Pataliputra capital
3274:circa 320 BCE. The
3268:Chandragupta Maurya
3257:Alexander the Great
3245:Chandragupta Maurya
3241:Chandragupta Maurya
3154:Alexander the Great
2709:Global location of
2589:Daniel Schlumberger
2577:Daniel Schlumberger
2508:Coins found in the
2340:Battle of Gaugamela
2285:Alexander the Great
1924:(north-west of the
1912:The territories of
1777:The reliefs at the
1648:Alexander the Great
1644:Battle of Gaugamela
983:), on the Egyptian
400:) according to the
266:Alexander the Great
10126:Fall of the Empire
10027:Fall of the Empire
9979:Fall of the Empire
9431:Babylonian revolts
9381:Battle of Marathon
9347:Greco-Persian Wars
9096:Achaemenid coinage
8731:), p. 13-22,
7763:Jarzombek, Mark M.
7759:Ching, Francis D.K
6859:2019-12-25 at the
6136:. pp. VII-26.
5708:, pp. 291–292
5334:2019-07-01 at the
5262:2019-07-01 at the
4939:, pp. 96–97;
4719:A History of India
4520:2018-10-17 at the
4451:Column IV, Line 89
4022:Taxila inscription
3870:
3388:
3255:'s assertion that
3196:, court doctor at
3152:(XV, 1, 62), when
2648:punch-marked coins
2604:Pushkalavati hoard
2598:punch-marked coins
2520:in Gandhara, near
2506:
2490:
2482:
2452:Achaemenid coinage
2308:
2185:
2102:
2000:
1988:
1910:
1828:
1775:
1767:
1471:
1455:
1205:
1089:Apadana coin hoard
1057:
985:Statue of Darius I
967:cartridge reading
688:Statue of Darius I
634:
573:Scylax of Caryanda
529:
346:
330:
203:
10145:
10144:
10116:Battle of Dhi Qar
9964:Cadusian campaign
9949:Peloponnesian War
9917:Scythian campaign
9889:Achaemenid Empire
9789:
9788:
9456:Battle of Cyzicus
9450:Peloponnesian War
9416:Battle of Plataea
9409:Battle of Salamis
9312:Battle of Thymbra
9185:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
9037:Achaemenid Empire
8949:978-0-226-62777-9
8929:978-90-04-18159-5
8843:978-90-6186-037-2
8823:978-90-04-09172-6
8787:978-0-9518399-1-1
8335:978-0-391-02172-3
8295:978-0-391-02172-3
7976:A Guide to Taxila
7637:978-0-391-02172-3
7107:978-1-317-54326-8
6796:, pp. 85–86.
6396:. pp. IX-31.
6248:. pp. IX-32.
5692:978-0-87586-859-2
5662:978-0-87586-859-2
5480:978-1-57506-120-7
5310:. 2012. pp.
5079:978-0-87586-859-2
4747:Old Persian p.164
4675:978-1-57506-574-8
4631:978-0-520-24731-4
4371:Persian Immortals
4306:List of satrapies
4062:Kharoshthi script
4044:("Edict") in the
3796:Rampurva capitals
3756:Sankissa elephant
3726:Achaemenid Persia
3722:Pillars of Ashoka
3716:Pillars of Ashoka
3688:, c. 5th-4th BCE.
3661:named "Pallava".
3652:Achaemenid Empire
3475:Pillars of Ashoka
3452:Rampurva capitals
3412:Pillars of Ashoka
3202:Stephen Batchelor
2181:Battle of Plataea
1615:Ctesias of Cnidus
1585:List of Herodotus
781:
753:
718:
575:to sail down the
460:, in the area of
354:Achaemenid Empire
302:Macedonian Empire
215:Achaemenid Empire
213:into his nascent
187:
186:
118:Achaemenid Empire
102:
101:
10215:
10208:Darius the Great
10138:Military history
10067:Hephthalite Wars
9879:Fall of Ecbatana
9816:
9809:
9802:
9793:
9792:
9776:Xanthian Obelisk
9749:
9735:
9721:
9707:
9672:
9665:
9658:
9634:
9620:
9613:
9606:
9599:
9572:Peace of Callias
9550:
9543:
9536:
9529:
9522:
9515:
9508:
9506:Siege of Miletus
9501:
9477:
9475:Battle of Cnidus
9464:Battle of Cunaxa
9458:
9444:
9425:
9423:Battle of Mycale
9418:
9411:
9404:
9397:
9390:
9383:
9376:
9374:Siege of Eretria
9369:
9362:
9355:
9321:
9314:
9307:
9305:Battle of Pteria
9295:
9288:
9234:Achaemenid music
9217:
9210:
9203:
9195:Tombs at Xanthos
9159:
9152:
9145:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9073:
9035:
9034:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9000:
8999:
8973:
8952:
8932:
8912:
8892:
8846:
8826:
8806:
8790:
8767:
8754:
8717:
8695:
8666:
8665:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8618:
8607:
8606:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8570:
8559:
8558:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8531:
8525:
8524:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8432:
8423:
8422:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8346:
8340:
8339:
8310:
8301:
8299:
8271:
8262:
8261:
8241:
8228:
8227:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8096:
8090:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8052:
8046:
8045:
8024:
8018:
8017:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7970:
7961:
7955:
7949:
7943:
7937:
7934:
7928:
7925:
7919:
7918:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7872:
7866:
7863:
7857:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7792:
7783:
7782:
7755:
7746:
7739:
7733:
7726:
7720:
7715:
7709:
7704:
7698:
7693:
7687:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7661:
7653:
7641:
7616:
7597:
7596:
7560:
7551:
7550:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7476:
7470:
7460:
7418:
7409:
7407:
7387:
7378:
7376:
7364:
7344:
7335:
7334:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7296:
7287:
7286:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7239:
7230:
7229:
7205:
7196:
7195:
7175:
7166:
7165:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6821:
6815:
6814:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6769:, pp. 308-.
6764:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6742:. Archived from
6736:
6727:
6721:
6710:
6709:
6680:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6662:, pp. 57–59
6657:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6437:
6428:
6427:
6407:
6398:
6397:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6318:
6309:
6308:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6240:
6231:
6230:
6209:
6198:
6197:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6147:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6100:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6073:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
5991:
5990:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5941:
5940:
5924:
5914:
5903:
5902:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5834:
5823:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5758:(25 lines later)
5751:
5745:
5739:
5724:
5722:Herodotus III 94
5718:Herodotus III 91
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5646:
5637:
5636:
5627:(1/4): 159–194.
5616:
5610:
5604:
5579:
5578:
5568:
5559:
5554:
5545:
5539:
5530:
5529:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5385:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5275:
5266:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5153:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5095:
5084:
5083:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4970:
4959:
4958:
4930:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4837:
4826:
4825:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4768:
4759:
4757:Old Persian p.25
4754:Old Persian p.17
4750:Old Persian p.13
4743:
4734:
4733:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4659:
4653:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4534:
4525:
4512:
4503:
4497:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4430:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4288:Edicts of Ashoka
4243:
4218:, the father of
4149:
4133:
4113:
4077:
4057:
4046:Edicts of Ashoka
4037:
4024:were written in
4014:Edicts of Ashoka
3991:Major Rock Edict
3929:Edicts of Ashoka
3923:Edicts of Ashoka
3913:Aramaic alphabet
3909:Kharosthi script
3878:Edicts of Ashoka
3831:
3815:
3791:
3697:
3680:Highly polished
3677:
3594:
3572:
3545:
3530:
3514:
3502:
3486:
3416:Maurya sculpture
3408:Chunar sandstone
3125:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3053:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2728:
2692:
2691:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2592:
2571:coinage of India
2504:hoard in Taxila.
2480:hoard in Taxila.
2474:Archer king type
2433:
2417:
2405:
2387:
2375:
2359:
2271:on the tombs of
2219:Battle of Platea
2213:
2170:Battle of Platea
2151:
2119:
2065:
2045:Battle of Platea
1955:
1876:
1805:Tribute payments
1739:
1723:
1707:
1691:
1675:
1659:
1533:Mortimer Wheeler
1440:
1401:
1169:tomb of Darius I
1147:
951:
777:
766:
749:
738:
710:
699:
684:Indian satrapies
490:his inscriptions
287:
223:Darius the Great
153:Darius the Great
151:
142:
116:
68:
65:
57:
56:
43:
40:
31:
19:
18:
10223:
10222:
10218:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10213:
10212:
10148:
10147:
10146:
10141:
10130:
10072:Armenian revolt
10037:Sasanian Empire
10031:
9989:Parthian Empire
9983:
9902:Fall of Babylon
9883:
9859:Battle of Hyrba
9842:Fall of Nineveh
9823:
9820:
9790:
9785:
9759:
9745:
9731:
9717:
9703:
9677:
9668:
9661:
9654:
9630:
9616:
9609:
9602:
9595:
9581:
9567:Earth and water
9555:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9520:Battle of Issus
9518:
9511:
9504:
9497:
9473:
9454:
9440:
9421:
9414:
9407:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9365:
9358:
9351:
9317:
9310:
9303:
9291:
9286:Battle of Hyrba
9284:
9268:
9222:
9213:
9208:Nereid Monument
9206:
9199:
9155:
9148:
9141:
9123:
9114:
9107:
9100:
9074:
9065:
9039:
9029:
9027:
8980:
8970:
8950:
8930:
8910:
8844:
8824:
8788:
8715:
8693:
8675:
8670:
8669:
8662:
8646:
8642:
8635:
8619:
8610:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8587:
8571:
8562:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8532:
8528:
8514:
8510:
8503:
8487:
8483:
8469:
8465:
8451:
8447:
8433:
8426:
8419:
8402:
8398:
8391:
8375:
8371:
8364:
8347:
8343:
8336:
8311:
8304:
8296:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8242:
8231:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8186:
8182:
8175:
8159:
8155:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8114:
8110:
8097:
8093:
8080:
8076:
8069:
8053:
8049:
8042:
8025:
8021:
8014:
7998:
7994:
7987:
7971:
7964:
7956:
7952:
7944:
7940:
7935:
7931:
7926:
7922:
7915:
7894:
7890:
7873:
7869:
7864:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7834:
7830:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7756:
7749:
7740:
7736:
7727:
7723:
7716:
7712:
7705:
7701:
7694:
7690:
7684:Wayback Machine
7675:
7671:
7655:
7654:
7650:Heritage and Us
7638:
7617:
7600:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7531:
7527:
7520:
7504:
7500:
7493:
7477:
7473:
7419:
7412:
7404:
7388:
7381:
7361:
7345:
7338:
7329:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7119:
7115:
7108:
7091:
7087:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7047:
7043:
7036:
7020:
7016:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6991:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6921:
6917:
6909:
6905:
6898:
6882:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6861:Wayback Machine
6851:
6847:
6840:
6822:
6818:
6804:
6800:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6773:
6765:
6758:
6749:
6747:
6738:
6737:
6730:
6722:
6713:
6706:
6681:
6677:
6670:
6666:
6658:
6647:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6519:
6515:
6508:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6408:
6401:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6378:
6362:
6358:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6319:
6312:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6257:
6253:
6242:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6210:
6201:
6194:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6148:
6141:
6128:
6124:
6117:
6101:
6097:
6092:DSf inscription
6090:
6086:
6075:
6074:
6065:
6057:
6053:
6047:, Walser. Also
6043:
6039:
6031:
6027:
6019:
6015:
6007:
5994:
5987:
5971:
5967:
5962:Book III, 89-95
5959:
5944:
5937:
5915:
5906:
5899:
5883:
5879:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5835:
5826:
5812:
5808:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5752:
5748:
5740:
5727:
5716:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5647:
5640:
5617:
5613:
5605:
5582:
5571:Lecoq, Pierre.
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5510:
5506:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5434:
5430:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5386:
5382:
5377:DSm inscription
5375:
5371:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5341:
5336:Wayback Machine
5325:DPh inscription
5323:
5319:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5276:
5269:
5264:Wayback Machine
5255:Also described
5254:
5250:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5209:
5205:
5188:
5184:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5155:
5154:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5096:
5087:
5080:
5064:
5060:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5025:
5021:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4973:
4971:
4962:
4955:
4935:, p. 147;
4931:
4927:
4920:
4916:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4838:
4829:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4769:
4762:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4660:
4656:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4535:
4528:
4522:Wayback Machine
4513:
4506:
4498:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4431:
4423:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4367:
4308:
4244:
4238:
4208:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4125:
4116:"Ethnic head",
4114:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4069:
4058:
4049:
4038:
4012:Several of the
4001:inscription of
3925:
3850:
3843:
3832:
3823:
3816:
3807:
3792:
3772:flame palmettes
3718:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3678:
3667:
3632:James Fergusson
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3573:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3537:
3536:of Pataliputra.
3531:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3503:
3494:
3487:
3418:. According to
3372:
3344:
3164:. The renowned
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2661:
2656:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2587:
2548:
2542:
2454:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2214:
2211:
2152:
2146:
2120:
2114:
2090:Achaemenid army
2088:warrior of the
2066:
2060:
2012:
1984:complete relief
1956:
1946:
1877:
1867:
1813:
1807:
1759:
1754:
1752:Indian tributes
1747:
1740:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1660:
1577:of the tomb of
1506:(Gandhara) and
1447:
1441:
1438:
1408:
1402:
1400:(circa 490 BCE)
1396:inscription of
1392:
1235:DNa inscription
1165:DNa inscription
1154:
1148:
1145:
1100:who are beyond
1085:Kingdom of Kush
1071:in the east to
1029:
1014:
998:
974:
961:
952:
942:
810:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
782:
776:
774:
773:
767:
759:
758:
754:
748:
746:
745:
739:
731:
730:
719:
709:
707:
706:
700:
691:
690:
685:
679:
602:
600:Achaemenid army
594:Achaemenid army
452:and the middle
370:Cyrus the Great
364:Cyrus the Great
358:Cyrus the Great
352:. Finally, the
326:inhabited world
318:
290:Macedonian army
207:Cyrus the Great
146:
144:Cyrus the Great
125:
94:
88:Persian victory
80:
66:
41:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10221:
10211:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10143:
10142:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10129:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10112:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10091:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10041:
10039:
10033:
10032:
10030:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9993:
9991:
9985:
9984:
9982:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9959:Corinthian War
9956:
9951:
9946:
9945:
9944:
9939:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9893:
9891:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9845:
9844:
9833:
9831:
9825:
9824:
9819:
9818:
9811:
9804:
9796:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9767:
9765:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9757:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9738:
9737:
9736:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9710:
9709:
9708:
9696:
9691:
9685:
9683:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9666:
9659:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9636:
9635:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9614:
9607:
9600:
9589:
9587:
9586:Administration
9583:
9582:
9580:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9563:
9561:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9553:
9552:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9502:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9469:Corinthian War
9466:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9433:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9419:
9412:
9405:
9398:
9391:
9384:
9377:
9370:
9367:Battle of Lade
9363:
9356:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9327:Battle of Opis
9324:
9323:
9322:
9315:
9308:
9298:
9297:
9296:
9289:
9280:Persian Revolt
9276:
9274:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9264:Cyrus Cylinder
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9215:Tomb of Payava
9211:
9204:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9180:Naqsh-e Rostam
9177:
9175:Persian column
9172:
9167:
9162:
9161:
9160:
9153:
9146:
9133:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9093:
9088:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9075:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9047:
9045:
9041:
9040:
9026:
9025:
9018:
9011:
9003:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8979:
8978:External links
8976:
8975:
8974:
8968:
8953:
8948:
8933:
8928:
8913:
8908:
8893:
8876:(4): 711–741,
8861:
8847:
8842:
8827:
8822:
8807:
8791:
8786:
8768:
8755:
8735:
8721:Boardman, John
8718:
8713:
8696:
8691:
8674:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8660:
8640:
8633:
8608:
8592:
8585:
8560:
8543:
8526:
8508:
8501:
8481:
8463:
8445:
8424:
8417:
8396:
8389:
8369:
8362:
8341:
8334:
8302:
8294:
8263:
8256:
8229:
8213:
8200:
8180:
8174:978-9004174467
8173:
8153:
8135:
8128:
8108:
8091:
8074:
8067:
8047:
8040:
8019:
8012:
7992:
7985:
7962:
7950:
7938:
7929:
7920:
7913:
7888:
7867:
7858:
7849:
7828:
7808:
7784:
7777:
7747:
7734:
7721:
7710:
7699:
7688:
7669:
7636:
7598:
7577:10.2307/603154
7552:
7545:
7525:
7518:
7498:
7491:
7471:
7435:(3): 416–417.
7410:
7402:
7379:
7359:
7336:
7321:
7314:
7288:
7281:
7261:
7254:
7231:
7224:
7197:
7190:
7167:
7160:
7140:
7133:
7113:
7106:
7085:
7068:
7061:
7041:
7034:
7014:
6996:
6989:
6969:
6962:
6942:
6935:
6915:
6903:
6896:
6876:
6874:, p. 309.
6864:
6845:
6838:
6816:
6813:. p. 311.
6798:
6783:
6781:, p. 308.
6771:
6756:
6728:
6711:
6704:
6675:
6664:
6645:
6634:
6627:
6603:Chaman Hazouri
6594:
6587:
6567:
6561:978-0803260047
6560:
6540:
6533:
6513:
6506:
6486:
6479:
6459:
6452:
6429:
6422:
6399:
6383:
6376:
6356:
6340:
6310:
6294:
6278:
6271:
6251:
6232:
6225:
6199:
6192:
6169:
6162:
6139:
6122:
6115:
6095:
6084:
6063:
6051:
6037:
6025:
6013:
6011:, p. 404.
5992:
5985:
5965:
5942:
5935:
5904:
5897:
5877:
5856:
5850:978-0803260047
5849:
5824:
5806:
5790:
5774:
5762:
5746:
5725:
5710:
5698:
5691:
5668:
5661:
5638:
5611:
5580:
5560:
5546:
5531:
5524:
5504:
5486:
5479:
5456:
5449:
5428:
5423:www.livius.org
5419:"DNa - Livius"
5407:
5400:
5380:
5369:
5350:
5339:
5317:
5297:
5267:
5248:
5243:www.livius.org
5230:
5223:
5203:
5182:
5166:
5129:
5117:
5110:
5085:
5078:
5058:
5046:
5039:
5019:
4992:
4985:
4960:
4953:
4925:
4914:
4895:
4888:
4868:
4859:
4827:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4760:
4735:
4728:
4708:
4701:
4681:
4674:
4654:
4637:
4630:
4610:
4603:
4583:
4576:
4556:
4549:
4526:
4504:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4442:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4314:, including;
4307:
4304:
4277:Zoroastrianism
4236:
4228:Zoroastrianism
4207:
4204:
4165:Mauryan Empire
4151:
4144:
4143:
4138:Mathura Museum
4135:
4128:
4127:
4122:Mathura Museum
4115:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4070:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4039:
4032:
4016:, such as the
3983:𐨣𐨁𐨤𐨁𐨯𐨿𐨟
3935:loanwords (in
3924:
3921:
3902:Greco-Bactrian
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3836:diamond throne
3834:Frieze of the
3833:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3798:, alternating
3793:
3786:
3720:Regarding the
3699:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3613:tomb of Payava
3596:
3589:
3588:
3579:Tomb of Payava
3574:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3471:Mauryan polish
3460:diamond throne
3392:Mauryan Empire
3371:
3368:
3343:
3340:
3308:Mauryan Empire
3306:and found the
3249:Mauryan Empire
3234:
3233:
3210:
3209:
3174:
3173:
3162:Zoroastrianism
3134:
3129:
3128:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2605:
2602:
2585:
2541:
2538:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2332:
2331:
2324:Artaxerxes III
2304:Artaxerxes III
2277:Artaxerxes III
2252:
2251:
2209:
2158:
2157:
2144:
2112:
2100:(480–479 BCE).
2058:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2008:
1998:(480-479 BCE).
1964:Ancient Indian
1944:
1926:Kashmir Valley
1906:Apadana Palace
1865:
1806:
1803:
1779:Apadana Palace
1758:
1757:Apadana Palace
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1744:Artaxerxes III
1741:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1587:
1586:
1567:Artaxerxes III
1525:Kohat District
1488:
1487:
1463:Ancient Indian
1446:
1443:
1436:
1407:
1404:
1394:Naqsh-e Rustam
1390:
1355:, the Greeks (
1215:(Gandara) and
1211:(Sattagydia),
1195:) and India (
1162:Naqsh-e Rustam
1153:
1150:
1143:
1061:Apadana Palace
1043:with the word
1037:Apadana Palace
1028:
1025:
1008:
992:
968:
960:
957:
940:
809:
806:
771:
770:
768:
761:
760:
743:
742:
740:
733:
732:
704:
703:
701:
694:
693:
692:
683:
682:
681:
680:
678:
675:
608:Greek Ionian (
596:
595:
470:
469:
407:Paruparaesanna
366:
365:
317:
314:
306:Indo-Scythians
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
135:
134:
130:
129:
120:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
76:
74:
70:
69:
61:
53:
52:
42: 500 BCE
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10220:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10140:
10139:
10133:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10096:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10077:Aksumite Wars
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10051:
10048:
10047:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10038:
10034:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10012:Scythian Wars
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10002:Seleucid Wars
10000:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9990:
9986:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9927:Ionian Revolt
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9830:
9826:
9817:
9812:
9810:
9805:
9803:
9798:
9797:
9794:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9762:
9756:
9753:
9748:
9744:
9743:
9742:
9739:
9734:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9725:
9720:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9711:
9706:
9702:
9701:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9671:
9667:
9664:
9660:
9657:
9656:Chapar Khaneh
9653:
9652:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9633:
9629:
9628:
9627:
9624:
9619:
9615:
9612:
9608:
9605:
9601:
9598:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9558:
9549:
9545:
9542:
9538:
9535:
9534:Siege of Gaza
9531:
9528:
9524:
9521:
9517:
9514:
9510:
9507:
9503:
9500:
9496:
9495:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9476:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9457:
9453:
9452:
9451:
9448:
9443:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9424:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9406:
9403:
9399:
9396:
9392:
9389:
9385:
9382:
9378:
9375:
9371:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9353:Ionian Revolt
9350:
9349:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9320:
9316:
9313:
9309:
9306:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9294:
9290:
9287:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9271:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9216:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9170:Tomb of Cyrus
9168:
9166:
9163:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9147:
9144:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9117:
9113:
9110:
9106:
9103:
9102:Apadana hoard
9099:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9091:Oxus Treasure
9089:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9077:
9072:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9033:
9024:
9019:
9017:
9012:
9010:
9005:
9004:
9001:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8971:
8969:9788122411980
8965:
8961:
8960:
8954:
8951:
8945:
8941:
8940:
8934:
8931:
8925:
8921:
8920:
8914:
8911:
8909:9780904173161
8905:
8901:
8900:
8894:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8849:Harle, J.C.,
8848:
8845:
8839:
8835:
8834:
8828:
8825:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8789:
8783:
8779:
8778:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8716:
8714:9780199372188
8710:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8694:
8692:9780199587926
8688:
8684:
8683:
8677:
8676:
8663:
8661:9781400866328
8657:
8653:
8652:
8644:
8636:
8634:9781400866328
8630:
8626:
8625:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8604:
8603:
8596:
8588:
8586:9781556352898
8582:
8578:
8577:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8556:
8555:
8547:
8539:
8538:
8530:
8522:
8521:
8512:
8504:
8502:9788170994107
8498:
8494:
8493:
8485:
8477:
8476:
8467:
8459:
8458:
8449:
8441:
8440:
8431:
8429:
8420:
8418:9788173051159
8414:
8410:
8409:
8400:
8392:
8390:9780391022348
8386:
8382:
8381:
8373:
8365:
8363:9789004155374
8359:
8355:
8354:
8345:
8337:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8307:
8297:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8270:
8268:
8259:
8257:9788170994107
8253:
8249:
8248:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8225:
8224:
8217:
8203:
8201:9781400858910
8197:
8193:
8192:
8184:
8176:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8157:
8150:. p. 90.
8149:
8148:
8139:
8131:
8129:9780199087860
8125:
8121:
8120:
8112:
8104:
8103:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8070:
8068:9788172110284
8064:
8060:
8059:
8051:
8043:
8041:9789004194588
8037:
8033:
8032:
8023:
8015:
8013:9780195356663
8009:
8005:
8004:
7996:
7988:
7986:9781107615441
7982:
7978:
7977:
7969:
7967:
7960:
7954:
7948:
7942:
7933:
7924:
7916:
7914:9788173051920
7910:
7906:
7905:
7898:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7871:
7862:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7840:
7832:
7824:
7820:
7819:
7812:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7791:
7789:
7780:
7778:9781118981603
7774:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7754:
7752:
7744:
7738:
7731:
7730:p. 13-22
7725:
7719:
7714:
7708:
7703:
7697:
7692:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7673:
7665:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7559:
7557:
7548:
7546:9789004065062
7542:
7538:
7537:
7529:
7521:
7519:9789004065062
7515:
7511:
7510:
7502:
7494:
7492:9788120804050
7488:
7484:
7483:
7475:
7468:
7467:Mudrarakshasa
7464:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7417:
7415:
7405:
7403:9788170418597
7399:
7395:
7394:
7386:
7384:
7374:
7370:
7362:
7360:9788120804050
7356:
7352:
7351:
7343:
7341:
7332:
7325:
7317:
7315:9788120804050
7311:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7295:
7293:
7284:
7282:9789385563522
7278:
7274:
7273:
7265:
7257:
7255:9781438228204
7251:
7247:
7246:
7238:
7236:
7227:
7225:9788176255370
7221:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7204:
7202:
7193:
7191:9783447017060
7187:
7183:
7182:
7174:
7172:
7163:
7161:9781588369840
7157:
7153:
7152:
7144:
7136:
7134:9781588369840
7130:
7126:
7125:
7117:
7109:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7089:
7081:
7080:
7072:
7064:
7062:9781588369840
7058:
7054:
7053:
7045:
7037:
7035:9781400866328
7031:
7027:
7026:
7018:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6992:
6990:9781588369840
6986:
6982:
6981:
6973:
6965:
6963:9780984404308
6959:
6955:
6954:
6946:
6938:
6936:9781317543268
6932:
6928:
6927:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6899:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6880:
6873:
6868:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6849:
6841:
6839:9780951839911
6835:
6831:
6830:
6820:
6812:
6811:
6802:
6795:
6790:
6788:
6780:
6775:
6768:
6763:
6761:
6746:on 2020-06-10
6745:
6741:
6735:
6733:
6725:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6707:
6705:9780951839911
6701:
6697:
6696:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6668:
6661:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6643:
6638:
6630:
6628:9780951839911
6624:
6620:
6619:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6590:
6588:9780520938786
6584:
6580:
6579:
6571:
6563:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6551:War Elephants
6544:
6536:
6534:9780230106406
6530:
6526:
6525:
6517:
6509:
6507:9781444360158
6503:
6499:
6498:
6490:
6482:
6480:9781849085557
6476:
6472:
6471:
6463:
6455:
6453:9781849085557
6449:
6445:
6444:
6436:
6434:
6425:
6423:9781849085557
6419:
6415:
6414:
6406:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6387:
6379:
6377:9781317586920
6373:
6369:
6368:
6360:
6352:
6351:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6315:
6306:
6305:
6298:
6290:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6272:9780199651917
6268:
6264:
6263:
6255:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6237:
6228:
6226:9788170943754
6222:
6218:
6217:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6195:
6193:9781594777943
6189:
6185:
6184:
6176:
6174:
6165:
6163:9781400866328
6159:
6155:
6154:
6146:
6144:
6135:
6134:
6126:
6118:
6116:9780300180077
6112:
6108:
6107:
6099:
6093:
6088:
6080:
6079:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6041:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6010:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5988:
5986:9780199587926
5982:
5978:
5977:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5938:
5936:9780191589454
5932:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5900:
5898:9780520247314
5894:
5890:
5889:
5881:
5873:
5872:
5863:
5861:
5852:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5840:War Elephants
5833:
5831:
5829:
5820:
5816:
5815:Artaxerxes II
5810:
5802:
5801:
5794:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5766:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5744:, p. 44.
5743:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5694:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5675:
5673:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5643:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5576:
5575:
5567:
5565:
5558:
5553:
5551:
5543:
5538:
5536:
5527:
5525:9780723009061
5521:
5517:
5516:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5482:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5450:9780521770200
5446:
5442:
5441:
5432:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5401:9788172110284
5397:
5393:
5392:
5384:
5378:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5355:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5226:
5224:9788172110284
5220:
5216:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5186:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5127:
5121:
5113:
5111:9781400866328
5107:
5103:
5102:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5042:
5040:9780521858342
5036:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4988:
4986:9780521228046
4982:
4978:
4977:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4956:
4954:9788122411980
4950:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4900:
4891:
4889:9781107009608
4885:
4881:
4880:
4872:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4731:
4729:9780141949765
4725:
4721:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4702:9781843449232
4698:
4694:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4604:9780951839911
4600:
4596:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4550:9780195219210
4546:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4452:
4446:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4210:According to
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4155:
4148:
4139:
4132:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4097:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3862:Taxila Museum
3859:
3854:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3766:pattern, the
3765:
3764:bead and reel
3761:
3757:
3753:
3752:Rampurva bull
3749:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3662:
3660:
3659:Graeco-Indian
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3623:caves in the
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3599:
3593:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3561:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3469:The renowned
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3436:Maurya Empire
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3404:Maurya Empire
3401:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:David Pingree
3357:According to
3355:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:Mudrarakshasa
3273:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2735:
2727:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2698:
2682:
2668:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:According to
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:According to
2329:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:Artaxerxes II
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:At the final
2208:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1986:. c. 480 BCE.
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1763:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1728:Artaxerxes II
1722:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:war elephants
1637:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:Artaxerxes II
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1552:John Marshall
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:Hazara region
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:Swat District
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1467:Artaxerxes II
1464:
1459:
1451:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:Paropamisadae
1415:
1413:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:, the men of
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1004:
997:
996:
990:
987:, now in the
986:
982:
980:
973:
972:
966:
956:
949:
945:
939:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
805:
803:
799:
795:
785:
780:
775:
765:
757:
752:
747:
737:
728:
724:
723:
717:
715:
708:
698:
689:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
631:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
612:
606:
601:
593:
592:
591:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
526:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
467:
466:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
362:
361:
359:
355:
351:
343:
339:
334:
327:
322:
313:
311:
310:Kushan Empire
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
285:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
200:
196:
191:
182:
179:
178:
173:
169:
166:
165:
160:
156:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
136:
131:
128:
124:
121:
119:
115:
111:
110:
105:
97:
92:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
47:
36:
35:ancient India
30:
25:
20:
10136:
10094:Göktürk Wars
10017:Armenian War
10007:Bactrian War
9921:
9829:Median state
9331:
9129:Architecture
8983:
8958:
8938:
8918:
8898:
8873:
8869:
8850:
8832:
8812:
8802:
8776:
8763:
8750:
8746:
8728:
8724:
8704:
8681:
8673:Bibliography
8650:
8643:
8623:
8601:
8595:
8575:
8553:
8550:xxiii. 6 in
8546:
8536:
8529:
8519:
8511:
8491:
8484:
8474:
8466:
8456:
8448:
8438:
8407:
8399:
8379:
8372:
8352:
8344:
8324:
8317:styles." in
8284:
8246:
8222:
8216:
8205:. Retrieved
8190:
8183:
8163:
8156:
8146:
8138:
8118:
8111:
8101:
8094:
8085:
8077:
8057:
8050:
8030:
8022:
8002:
7995:
7975:
7953:
7941:
7932:
7923:
7903:
7896:
7891:
7877:
7870:
7861:
7852:
7838:
7831:
7817:
7811:
7797:
7767:
7742:
7737:
7724:
7713:
7702:
7691:
7672:
7658:cite journal
7649:
7626:
7568:
7564:
7535:
7528:
7508:
7501:
7481:
7474:
7432:
7426:
7392:
7372:
7349:
7324:
7304:
7271:
7264:
7244:
7210:
7180:
7150:
7143:
7123:
7116:
7096:
7088:
7078:
7071:
7051:
7044:
7024:
7017:
7008:
6999:
6979:
6972:
6952:
6945:
6925:
6918:
6906:
6886:
6879:
6867:
6848:
6828:
6819:
6809:
6801:
6774:
6748:. Retrieved
6744:the original
6694:
6678:
6667:
6637:
6617:
6597:
6577:
6570:
6550:
6543:
6523:
6516:
6496:
6489:
6469:
6462:
6442:
6412:
6392:
6386:
6366:
6359:
6349:
6343:
6329:(1/4): 165.
6326:
6322:
6303:
6297:
6287:
6281:
6261:
6254:
6244:
6215:
6182:
6152:
6132:
6125:
6105:
6098:
6087:
6077:
6054:
6040:
6028:
6016:
5975:
5968:
5920:
5887:
5880:
5870:
5839:
5809:
5799:
5793:
5783:
5777:
5765:
5757:
5749:
5713:
5701:
5681:
5651:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5573:
5514:
5507:
5498:
5489:
5469:
5439:
5431:
5422:
5390:
5383:
5372:
5363:DSe - Livius
5362:
5342:
5320:
5306:
5300:
5283:
5279:
5251:
5242:
5233:
5213:
5206:
5192:
5185:
5175:
5169:
5160:
5120:
5100:
5068:
5061:
5049:
5029:
5022:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4975:
4943:
4928:
4917:
4908:DNa - Livius
4907:
4878:
4871:
4862:
4845:
4841:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4791:
4779:
4718:
4711:
4691:
4684:
4664:
4657:
4640:
4620:
4613:
4593:
4586:
4566:
4559:
4539:
4449:For example
4445:
4438:Shahbazgarhi
4425:
4420:Devanampriya
4407:
4400:Shahbazgarhi
4394:
4385:
4336:
4309:
4281:
4265:
4246:
4233:
4209:
4174:
4162:
4041:
4011:
3998:
3994:
3978:
3974:
3958:
3940:
3926:
3906:
3871:
3742:
3740:influence".
3719:
3656:
3643:
3635:
3629:
3606:
3468:
3440:
3389:
3364:
3356:
3345:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3281:
3275:
3265:
3235:
3211:
3175:
3140:
2740:
2731:
2641:
2616:Pushkalavati
2613:
2595:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2549:
2518:Pushkalavati
2507:
2348:
2333:
2309:
2261:Artaxerxes I
2253:
2216:
2193:, save only
2188:
2187:
2159:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2085:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:in 479 BCE.
2018:
2001:
1940:
1939:
1911:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1860:
1859:
1854:Indus valley
1845:
1840:) published
1832:
1829:
1796:
1776:
1696:Artaxerxes I
1634:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1591:
1588:
1556:
1537:
1529:Pushkalavati
1518:
1514:Indus Valley
1507:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1472:
1469:(c.358 BCE).
1417:
1409:
1318:
1310:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1180:
1130:Indus valley
1120:, "Hidauv",
1095:
1094:
1069:Indus valley
1058:
1044:
1016:
1009:
1000:
993:
976:
969:
965:hieroglyphic
962:
954:
840:
839:
833:
821:
811:
797:
791:
778:
769:
751:sꜣ-d-g-wꜣ-ḏꜣ
750:
741:
720:
711:
702:
639:
635:
629:
619:
609:
587:
583:
581:
570:
555:and Western
548:
537:Indus Valley
532:
530:
523:Darius I on
514:Indus Valley
509:
505:
501:
485:
471:
445:
431:
430:, who wrote
405:
397:
393:
389:
377:
367:
347:
259:
239:
227:Jhelum River
204:
107:Belligerents
78:Indus Valley
50:Jhelum River
9699:Mithridatic
9244:Old Persian
9051:Family tree
8275:Masarh lion
8191:Afghanistan
6130:Herodotus.
5819:Alexander's
4341:) include;
4339:Balochistan
4257:Old Persian
4242:, XXIII. 6.
4200:Afghanistan
4096:Mathura art
3989:version of
3971:Old Persian
3955:Old Persian
3917:Indus River
3907:The Indian
3886:Afghanistan
3780:Pataliputra
3621:Lomas Rishi
3583:Lomas Rishi
3443:Pataliputra
3410:, like the
3400:Pataliputra
3396:Masarh lion
3380:Masarh lion
3158:Aristobulus
2632:tetradrachm
2560:Afghanistan
2552:Kabul hoard
2546:Kabul hoard
2470:Afghanistan
2344:Arachotians
1836:(who makes
1746:(c.340 BCE)
1730:(c.370 BCE)
1714:(c.410 BCE)
1698:(c.430 BCE)
1682:(c.480 BCE)
1666:(c.500 BCE)
1575:on the list
1548:Takshashila
1138:Old Persian
1114:Old Persian
1108:, and from
577:Indus River
384:cuneiform:
382:Old Persian
374:Indus river
284:gaṇasaṅghas
219:Indus River
199:Kabul hoard
93:Territorial
46:Indus River
10152:Categories
10057:Kushan War
10045:Roman Wars
10022:Roman Wars
9719:Cappadocia
9713:Ariarathid
9689:Achaemenid
9650:Royal Road
9597:Pasargadae
9201:Harpy Tomb
9137:Persepolis
8859:0300062176
8795:Cribb, Joe
8207:2016-11-27
7571:(4): 638.
6897:0226742210
6750:2018-10-06
6020:Herodotus
5960:Herodotus
5124:Herodotus
4577:0226742210
4460:References
4434:Kharoshthi
4331:Sattagydia
4176:S.P. Gupta
4094:See also:
4007:Persepolis
3987:Kharoshthi
3957:prototype
3818:Frieze of
3794:Frieze of
3730:Persepolis
3714:See also:
3686:Persepolis
3630:Early on,
3558:See also:
3458:, and the
3432:Persepolis
3424:Achaemenid
3420:S.P. Gupta
3384:Achaemenid
3326:, and the
3190:Aṅgulimāla
3146:Bhir Mound
2742:ACHAEMENID
2732:South Asia
2711:Persepolis
2697:Persepolis
2634:minted in
2608:See also:
2544:See also:
2526:Bhir Mound
2502:Bhir Mound
2478:Bhir Mound
2446:See also:
2316:Darius III
2281:Darius III
2269:Persepolis
2250:Depictions
2183:, 479 BCE.
2147:Herodotus
2115:Herodotus
2082:Vix crater
2061:Herodotus
2037:Hellespont
1968:Sattagydia
1928:) and the
1918:Sattagydia
1809:See also:
1783:Persepolis
1636:Darius III
1563:Darius III
1544:Bhir Mound
1493:Sattagydia
1349:Cappadocia
1323:-drinking
1301:Sattagydia
1255:Sattagydia
1239:Persepolis
1227:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁
1197:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁
1177:𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁
1173:Sattagydia
1118:𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺
1041:Persepolis
1017:h-rw-ḫ-d-y
1011:𓉔𓃭𓐍𓂧𓇌
995:𓐠𓂧𓎼𓍯𓍒
971:𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌
927:Sattagydia
891:Cappadocia
879:the Greeks
847:Ahuramazda
830:𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁
826:Sattagydia
779:h-rw-ḫ-d-y
772:𓉔𓃭𓐍𓂧𓇌
756:Sattagydia
744:𓐠𓂧𓎼𓍯𓍒
705:𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌
671:Ethiopians
665:(Greeks),
598:See also:
561:Bhir Mound
502:H-i-du-u-š
498:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁
442:𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁
438:Sattagydia
412:Babylonian
338:Bhir Mound
308:, and the
255:Sattagydia
9694:Pharnacid
9682:Dynasties
9626:Satrapies
9592:Capitals
9560:Diplomacy
9259:Ganjnameh
8922:, BRILL,
8816:, BRILL,
7585:0003-0279
7457:162867863
6910:See also
6854:CNG Coins
6684:Joe Cribb
6672:CNG Coins
6607:Joe Cribb
4816:: 67–72.
4406:) reads:
4358:Drangiana
4346:Arachosia
4275:or early
4261:Zoroaster
4249:Vishtaspa
4216:Hystaspes
4194:based in
4182:city and
4040:The word
3951:Kharosthi
3840:Bodh Gaya
3800:palmettes
3634:, in his
3464:Bodh Gaya
3428:vibrissas
3328:Parasikas
3316:Scythians
3218:Shalatula
3198:Rajagriha
3144:(site of
2969:AUDUMBARA
2915:SAURAṢṬRA
2644:Joe Cribb
2522:Charsadda
2320:Gaugamela
2293:Arachosia
2267:, and at
2265:Darius II
2224:Bactrians
2191:Immortals
2162:Mardonius
2149:VII 64-66
2139:Artabanus
2135:Artyphius
2092:(tomb of
2073:Probable
2004:Gaugamela
1948:Herodotus
1869:Herodotus
1834:Herodotus
1824:Herodotus
1712:Darius II
1571:Gaugamela
1498:Thataguš)
1432:Gedroseni
1329:Babylonia
1325:Scythians
1297:Arachosia
1293:Drangiana
1289:Chorasmia
1167:, on the
1128:", i.e. "
1077:Scythians
1021:Arachosia
931:Arachosia
907:Chorasmia
899:Drangiana
859:Babylonia
798:Periplous
794:Herodotus
667:Egyptians
655:Parthians
651:Scythians
643:Bactrians
630:Parasikas
545:Herodotus
450:Arachosia
336:Ruins at
298:satrapies
264:, led by
9727:Lygdamid
9663:Angarium
9604:Ecbatana
9056:Timeline
8890:54089753
8805:: 80–101
8797:(1983),
8741:(2000),
8322:(1980).
8282:(1980).
8082:"Ashoka"
7680:Archived
7652:(4): 14.
7624:(1980).
7449:25189338
7302:(1966).
6912:this map
6857:Archived
6335:41693244
5633:41693244
5332:Archived
5292:43580364
5286:: 1–28.
5260:Archived
5014:24048427
4854:24048427
4822:24048427
4518:Archived
4408:"(Ayam)
4404:Mansehra
4365:See also
4352:Gedrosia
4300:Mazdaism
4273:Mazdaism
4237:—
4220:Darius I
4206:Religion
4188:Pahlavas
3979:nipesita
3967:Darius I
3963:𐎮𐎡𐎱𐎡
3947:𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺
3882:Pakistan
3866:Pakistan
3820:Sankissa
3758:and the
3738:Sargonid
3491:Kumrahar
3456:Sankissa
3332:Persians
3295:Parasika
3253:Plutarch
3237:Kautilya
3182:Pasenadi
3095:GANDHĀRA
3059:ŚŪRASENA
2987:TRIGARTA
2978:YAUDHEYA
2879:VIDARBHA
2852:APARĀNTA
2628:Pakistan
2624:Charsada
2586:—
2500:and the
2422:Xerxes I
2393:Xerxes I
2364:Xerxes I
2257:Xerxes I
2232:Hermione
2226:and the
2210:—
2195:Hydarnes
2145:—
2113:—
2094:Xerxes I
2059:—
1980:Xerxes I
1972:Gandhara
1945:—
1930:Aparytae
1866:—
1799:Darius I
1680:Xerxes I
1664:Darius I
1604:Aparytae
1480:hyparchs
1437:—
1428:Arachoti
1398:Darius I
1391:—
1383:and the
1251:Thataguš
1241:records
1209:Thataguš
1189:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼
1181:Thataguš
1144:—
1122:locative
1049:locative
948:Darius I
941:—
834:Thataguš
818:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼
814:Darius I
659:Sogdians
616:Scythian
586:(called
525:his tomb
482:Gandhara
474:Darius I
468:Darius I
462:Gedrosia
446:Thataguš
424:Xenophon
420:Gandhara
386:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼
270:Abisares
235:Pakistan
195:Athenian
162:Strength
127:Kambojas
123:Gandhara
73:Location
48:and the
9764:Related
9747:Armenia
9741:Orontid
9670:Angarum
9632:Armenia
9611:Babylon
9273:Warfare
9227:Culture
9157:Tachara
9143:Apadana
9044:History
8314:this is
7642:. Also
6022:III, 89
5327:, also
4646:Bisotun
4402:(or at
4360:satrapy
4354:satrapy
4348:satrapy
4333:satrapy
4327:satrapy
4325:Hindush
4321:satrapy
4319:Gandāra
4253:Avestan
4184:Sarnath
4169:Mathura
4154:Sarnath
4118:Mathura
4066:Aramaic
4026:Aramaic
4020:or the
3995:nipištā
3975:nipista
3937:Aramaic
3933:Iranian
3894:Prakrit
3890:Aramaic
3888:, used
3874:Aramaic
3776:lotuses
3705:Sarnath
3640:Chaitya
3617:Chaitya
3534:Griffin
3348:Babylon
3320:Yavanas
3304:Magadha
3299:Bahlika
3291:Kamboja
3272:Magadha
3226:satrapy
3122:MAGADHA
3086:KAMBOJA
3077:BĀHLIKA
3014:PAÑCĀLA
2924:SAUVĪRA
2897:PULINDA
2888:DAŚARṆA
2861:DAṆḌAKA
2843:KUNTALA
2816:KALIṄGA
2734:500 BCE
2622:) near
2289:Bactria
2244:Chalcis
2236:Eretria
2137:son of
2086:Hindush
2078:hoplite
2075:Spartan
2023:in the
1976:Hindush
1934:Afridis
1922:Dadicae
1914:Gandara
1886:talents
1642:at the
1623:mahouts
1600:Dadicae
1503:Gandāra
1385:Carians
1377:Nubians
1373:Libyans
1369:petasos
1345:Armenia
1333:Assyria
1319:), the
1305:Gandara
1281:Bactria
1273:Parthia
1185:Gandara
1079:beyond
1001:sꜣ-d-g-
923:Scythia
919:Gandara
911:Bactria
895:Parthia
887:Armenia
863:Assyria
784:Gandara
722:Hindush
686:on the
663:Ionians
626:Persian
611:Yavanas
549:Hindush
533:Hindush
510:Hindush
486:"Hidūš"
428:Ctesias
416:Elamite
398:Gandara
378:Gandara
251:Hindush
247:Gandāra
183:Unknown
180:Unknown
170:Unknown
167:Unknown
157:Various
95:changes
33:Map of
9705:Pontus
9109:Danake
8966:
8946:
8926:
8906:
8888:
8857:
8840:
8820:
8784:
8711:
8689:
8658:
8631:
8583:
8499:
8415:
8387:
8360:
8332:
8292:
8254:
8198:
8171:
8126:
8065:
8038:
8010:
7983:
7911:
7775:
7634:
7593:603154
7591:
7583:
7543:
7516:
7489:
7463:Magada
7455:
7447:
7400:
7357:
7312:
7279:
7252:
7222:
7188:
7158:
7131:
7104:
7059:
7032:
6987:
6960:
6933:
6894:
6836:
6702:
6625:
6585:
6558:
6531:
6504:
6477:
6450:
6420:
6374:
6333:
6269:
6223:
6190:
6160:
6113:
6033:'Ινδοι
5983:
5933:
5895:
5847:
5689:
5659:
5631:
5522:
5477:
5447:
5398:
5290:
5221:
5126:VII 65
5108:
5076:
5037:
5012:
5008:: 69.
4983:
4951:
4886:
4852:
4848:: 70.
4820:
4726:
4699:
4672:
4650:Sindhu
4628:
4601:
4574:
4547:
4524:(1999)
4410:Dhrama
4296:Heaven
4268:Buddha
4003:Xerxes
3770:, the
3754:, the
3609:Lycian
3598:Ajanta
3576:Lycian
3324:Greeks
3318:, the
3310:. The
3287:Yavana
3261:Punjab
3222:Attock
3214:Pāṇini
3208:Pāṇini
3194:Jivaka
3186:Kosala
3178:Buddha
3150:Strabo
3142:Taxila
3104:MATSYA
3023:KOSALA
2951:KEKEYA
2933:SINDHU
2906:KACCHA
2870:MŪLAKA
2834:ANDHRA
2825:SAVARA
2780:PUṆḌRA
2762:AVANTĪ
2753:AŚMAKA
2744:EMPIRE
2715:Taxila
2681:Taxila
2636:Athens
2462:siglos
2336:Arrian
2312:Darius
2117:VII 86
2063:VII 65
2029:Sardis
2021:Xerxes
1952:III 91
1873:III 94
1852:, the
1619:Hindūš
1611:Hindūš
1602:, and
1559:Darius
1412:Strabo
1406:Strabo
1375:, the
1367:, the
1365:Thrace
1337:Arabia
1309:Gadāra
1285:Sogdia
1243:Gadāra
1213:Gadāra
1193:Gadāra
1132:") to
1102:Sogdia
1081:Sogdia
1045:Hidauv
977:h-n-d-
915:Sogdia
867:Arabia
851:Persia
843:Darius
822:Gadāra
712:h-n-d-
624:) and
565:Taxila
557:Punjab
553:Taxila
433:Indica
394:Gadāra
390:Gadāra
342:Taxila
304:, the
276:, and
253:, and
231:Punjab
85:Result
9733:Caria
9116:Daric
8886:S2CID
8733:JSTOR
7805:–320.
7589:JSTOR
7453:S2CID
7445:JSTOR
6331:JSTOR
6060:p.713
5629:JSTOR
5314:–181.
5288:JSTOR
5010:JSTOR
4850:JSTOR
4818:JSTOR
4797:p.222
4377:Notes
4292:karma
4251:(the
4192:Sakas
4180:Patna
3999:daiva
3898:Greek
3804:lotus
3768:ovolo
3748:abaci
3703:from
3330:were
3322:were
3314:were
3312:Sakas
3283:Shaka
3220:near
3041:MALLA
3032:VATSA
2996:ŚĀKYA
2960:MADRA
2807:SUHMA
2798:RĀḌHA
2789:VAṄGA
2618:(the
2564:Greek
2556:Kabul
2534:Indus
2530:Greek
2514:Kabul
2466:Kabul
2424:tomb.
2395:tomb.
2366:tomb.
2240:Styra
2228:Sakae
2203:Sacae
2199:Medes
2033:Lydia
1894:Indos
1890:Indoi
1882:Indoi
1862:dust.
1850:Ἰνδός
1846:Indos
1788:dhoti
1596:Ἰνδός
1592:Indos
1509:Hidūš
1357:Yauna
1353:Lydia
1341:Egypt
1321:haoma
1317:Hiduš
1313:India
1265:Media
1247:Hiduš
1223:Hidūš
1217:Hiduš
1201:Hidūš
1134:Lydia
1126:Hiduš
1098:Sacae
1073:Lydia
1053:Hiduš
883:Media
875:Lydia
871:Egypt
841:King
727:India
647:Sakas
621:Sakas
588:Ἰνδός
584:Indus
541:Sindh
506:Hidūš
454:Indus
278:Ambhi
274:Porus
211:India
9618:Susa
8964:ISBN
8944:ISBN
8924:ISBN
8904:ISBN
8855:ISBN
8838:ISBN
8818:ISBN
8782:ISBN
8709:ISBN
8687:ISBN
8656:ISBN
8629:ISBN
8581:ISBN
8497:ISBN
8413:ISBN
8385:ISBN
8358:ISBN
8330:ISBN
8290:ISBN
8252:ISBN
8196:ISBN
8169:ISBN
8124:ISBN
8063:ISBN
8036:ISBN
8008:ISBN
7981:ISBN
7959:p.44
7947:p.87
7909:ISBN
7885:–64.
7773:ISBN
7664:link
7632:ISBN
7581:ISSN
7541:ISBN
7514:ISBN
7487:ISBN
7398:ISBN
7355:ISBN
7310:ISBN
7277:ISBN
7250:ISBN
7220:ISBN
7186:ISBN
7156:ISBN
7129:ISBN
7102:ISBN
7057:ISBN
7030:ISBN
6985:ISBN
6958:ISBN
6931:ISBN
6892:ISBN
6834:ISBN
6700:ISBN
6686:and
6623:ISBN
6609:and
6583:ISBN
6556:ISBN
6529:ISBN
6502:ISBN
6475:ISBN
6448:ISBN
6418:ISBN
6372:ISBN
6267:ISBN
6221:ISBN
6188:ISBN
6158:ISBN
6111:ISBN
5981:ISBN
5931:ISBN
5893:ISBN
5845:ISBN
5687:ISBN
5657:ISBN
5520:ISBN
5475:ISBN
5445:ISBN
5396:ISBN
5257:here
5219:ISBN
5106:ISBN
5074:ISBN
5035:ISBN
4981:ISBN
4949:ISBN
4884:ISBN
4724:ISBN
4697:ISBN
4670:ISBN
4626:ISBN
4599:ISBN
4572:ISBN
4545:ISBN
4414:dipi
4255:and
4224:Magi
4198:and
4196:Iran
4190:and
4080:The
4060:The
4042:Dipi
3959:dipî
3942:Lipī
3927:The
3896:and
3884:and
3872:The
3856:The
3802:and
3517:The
3441:The
3378:The
3113:AṄGA
3068:KĀŚĪ
3050:VṚJI
3005:KURU
2942:ŚIVI
2771:CEDI
2550:The
2450:and
2275:and
2263:and
2242:and
2238:and
2234:and
2201:and
1974:and
1792:yoke
1609:The
1381:Maka
1361:Sakâ
1277:Aria
1269:Elam
1249:and
1160:The
1124:of "
1110:Sind
1106:Kush
1051:of "
935:Maka
933:and
903:Aria
855:Elam
458:Maka
414:and
60:Date
10109:3rd
10104:2nd
10099:1st
9942:2nd
9937:1st
9079:Art
8878:doi
8874:109
8084:in
7844:120
7823:212
7803:316
7573:doi
7569:108
7437:doi
6690:in
6613:in
5927:154
5312:171
4230:):
4005:at
3977:or
3838:of
3462:of
3184:of
2626:in
2512:in
2291:or
1781:in
1546:in
1516:".
1363:),
1311:),
1229:in
1183:),
1104:to
1039:in
1005:-ḏꜣ
946:of
653:),
614:),
563:in
488:in
426:or
10154::
8884:,
8872:,
8868:,
8801:,
8751:25
8749:,
8745:,
8611:^
8563:^
8427:^
8305:^
8266:^
8232:^
7965:^
7883:46
7787:^
7761:;
7750:^
7660:}}
7656:{{
7648:.
7601:^
7587:.
7579:.
7567:.
7555:^
7451:.
7443:.
7433:47
7431:.
7425:.
7413:^
7382:^
7365:;
7339:^
7291:^
7234:^
7218:.
7216:47
7200:^
7170:^
7007:.
6786:^
6759:^
6731:^
6714:^
6648:^
6432:^
6402:^
6327:67
6325:.
6313:^
6235:^
6202:^
6172:^
6142:^
6066:^
5995:^
5945:^
5929:.
5907:^
5859:^
5827:^
5728:^
5720:,
5671:^
5641:^
5625:67
5623:.
5583:^
5563:^
5549:^
5534:^
5497:.
5459:^
5421:.
5410:^
5353:^
5284:15
5282:.
5270:^
5241:.
5159:.
5132:^
5088:^
5004:.
4963:^
4898:^
4844:.
4830:^
4812:.
4763:^
4738:^
4529:^
4507:^
4468:^
4422:"
4263:.
4009:.
3864:,
3782:.
3774:,
3454:,
3386:".
3334:.
3263:.
2600:.
2558:,
2468:,
2464:,
2259:,
2172::
2031:,
1970:,
1950:,
1920:,
1916:,
1871:,
1650:.
1632:.
1500:,
1351:,
1347:,
1343:,
1339:,
1335:,
1331:,
1303:,
1299:,
1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
1283:,
1279:,
1275:,
1271:,
1267:,
1199:,
1191:,
1179:,
1116::
1055:".
1047:,
1015:,
1003:wꜣ
999:,
981:-y
979:wꜣ
929:,
925:,
921:,
917:,
913:,
909:,
905:,
901:,
897:,
893:,
889:,
885:,
881:,
877:,
869:,
865:,
861:,
857:,
853:,
832:,
820:,
729:")
725:("
716:-y
714:wꜣ
669:,
661:,
657:,
645:,
500:,
496::
444:,
388:,
312:.
272:,
257:.
249:,
64:c.
39:c.
37:,
9815:e
9808:t
9801:v
9022:e
9015:t
9008:v
8972:.
8880::
8664:.
8637:.
8605:.
8589:.
8557:.
8505:.
8421:.
8393:.
8366:.
8338:.
8300:.
8298:.
8260:.
8210:.
8177:.
8132:.
8071:.
8044:.
8016:.
7989:.
7917:.
7846:.
7825:.
7781:.
7732:.
7666:)
7640:.
7595:.
7575::
7549:.
7522:.
7495:.
7459:.
7439::
7406:.
7363:.
7333:.
7318:.
7285:.
7258:.
7228:.
7194:.
7164:.
7137:.
7110:.
7065:.
7038:.
7011:.
6993:.
6966:.
6939:.
6900:.
6842:.
6753:.
6708:.
6631:.
6591:.
6564:.
6537:.
6510:.
6483:.
6456:.
6426:.
6380:.
6337:.
6307:.
6291:.
6275:.
6229:.
6196:.
6166:.
6119:.
6081:.
5989:.
5939:.
5901:.
5853:.
5695:.
5665:.
5635:.
5528:.
5501:.
5483:.
5453:.
5425:.
5404:.
5366:.
5294:.
5245:.
5227:.
5200:.
5198:3
5179:.
5163:.
5114:.
5082:.
5043:.
5016:.
5006:7
4989:.
4957:.
4911:.
4892:.
4856:.
4846:7
4824:.
4814:7
4732:.
4705:.
4678:.
4634:.
4607:.
4580:.
4553:.
4440:.
4412:-
4226:(
4156:.
4140:.
4124:.
4068:.
3981:(
3961:(
3945:(
3868:.
3842:.
3822:.
3806:.
3707:.
3297:-
3293:-
3289:-
3285:-
2717:.
2141:.
2080:(
1954:.
1932:(
1908:.
1875:.
1848:(
1826:.
1594:(
1496:(
1387:.
1315:(
1307:(
1253:(
1225:(
1187:(
1175:(
1136:(
1112:(
975:(
950:.
828:(
649:(
628:(
618:(
527:.
492:(
440:(
380:(
201:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.