1061:
865:
89:
1045:
662:
2013:
1030:
781:
508:
609:
1006:
966:) and Massaga. So enraged was Alexander about the resistance put up by the Assakenoi that he killed the entire population of Massaga and reduced its buildings to rubble. A similar slaughter then followed at Ora, another stronghold of the Assakenoi. The stories of these slaughters reached numerous Assakenians, who began fleeing to Aornos, a hill-fort located between
765:
confirms that his empire had inherited this region from conquests carried out earlier by Cyrus, with the annexation under Cyrus being limited to Gandhāra proper, after which the peoples of the Punjab region previously under Gāndhārī authority took advantage of the new power vacuum to form their own
997:
After conquering
Gandhara and solidifying his supply line back to Bactria, Alexander combined his forces with the King Ambhi of Taxila and crossed the River Indus in July 326 BC to begin the Archosia (Punjab) campaign. Alexander nominated officers as Satraps of the new provinces, and in Gandhara,
1114:
The
Bactrians in the army wore a headgear most like to the Median, carrying their native bows of reed, and short spears. (...) The Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicae in the army had the same equipment as the Bactrians. The Parthians and Chorasmians had for their commander
745:
had in fact been defeated by Pukkusāti's Gāndhārī kingdom. Therefore, following
Prakash's position, the Achaemenids would have been able to conquer Gandhāra only after a period of decline of Gandhāra after the reign of Pukkusāti, combined with the growth of Achaemenid power under the kings
721:
advanced that Cyrus had conquered only the trans-Indus borderlands around
Peshawar which had belonged to Gandhāra while Pukkusāti remained a powerful king who maintained his rule over the rest of Gandhāra and the western Punjab. However, according to the scholar
950:, who initiated a fierce battle against Alexander, in which he himself was wounded in the shoulder by a dart. However, the Aspasioi eventually lost and 40,000 people were enslaved. Alexander then continued in a southwestern direction where he encountered the
974:. Alexander followed close behind their heels and besieged the strategic hill-fort, eventually capturing and destroying the fort and killing everyone inside. The remaining smaller tribes either surrendered or like the Astanenoi tribe of
808:
Under
Persian rule, a system of centralized administration, with a bureaucratic system, was introduced into the Indus Valley for the first time. Provinces or "satrapy" were established with provincial capitals.
982:) were quickly neutralized where 38,000 soldiers and 230,000 oxen were captured by Alexander. Eventually Alexander's smaller force would meet with the larger force which had come through the Khyber Pass met at
1671:
The
Gandarians thus make their last appearance as Persian tribute paying subjects in the lists of Artaxerxes, though the land continued to be known under the name of Gandhara down to classic Indian times
373:
359:
345:
331:
317:
303:
278:
264:
769:
It is unknown whether Pukkusāti remained in power after the
Achaemenid conquest as a Persian vassal or if he was replaced by a Persian satrap (governor), although
831:
alphabet, derived from the one used for
Aramaic (the official language of Achaemenids), developed here and remained the national script of Gandhara until 200 CE.
545:
During the 6th century BCE, Gandhāra was an important imperial power in north-west Iron Age South Asia, with the other states of the Punjab region, such as the
986:. With the conquest of Gandhara complete, Alexander switched to strengthening his military supply line, which by now stretched dangerously vulnerable over the
679:. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east. Such coins were circulating in the area as currency, at least as far as the
1706:
939:
satrapy complied, but the remaining tribes and clans in the former satraps of
Gandhara, Arachosia, Sattagydia and Gedrosia rejected Alexander's offer.
1333:
O. Bopearachchi, “Premières frappes locales de l’Inde du Nord-Ouest: nouvelles données,” in Trésors d’Orient: Mélanges offerts à Rika
Gyselen, Fig. 1
723:
1728:
962:
valleys in April 326 BC. The Assakenoi fought bravely and offered stubborn resistance to Alexander and his army in the cities of Ora, Bazira (
1363:
2023:
1238:
One should, therefore, be careful to distinguish the limited geographical unit of Gandhāra from the political one bearing the same name
2012:
931:
In the winter of 327 BC, Alexander invited all the chieftains in the remaining five Achaemenid satraps to submit to his authority.
1436:
Young, T. Cuyler (1988). "The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses". In
598:
437:
198:
855:
495:
versions of the Behistun inscription. The extent of the province was apparently wider than the actual geographical region of
1664:
1549:
1497:
1469:
1318:
1231:
1736:
1721:
581:
region, and who were threatened by his expansionist policy. Pukkusāti also engaged in friendly relations with the king
1145:
provinces including Gandāra still appear in trilingual cuneiform labels above their respective figures on the tomb of
1068:
Gandhara symbol representing 6 weapons with one point between two weapons; At the bottom of the point, a hollow moon.
1400:
1094:
648:
789:
401:
1863:
1695:
1597:
630:
1682:
823:). Gandhara Satrapy was established in the general region of the old Gandhara grave culture, in what is today
2049:
1867:
1714:
1517:
1437:
565:, who reigned around 550 BCE, engaged in expansionist ventures which brought him into conflict with the king
1419:
Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)
1349:
Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)
1589:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys.
1124:
1106:
846:. By about 380 BC the Persian hold on the region had weakened. Many small kingdoms sprang up in Gandhara.
1392:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
971:
1641:
1134:
1009:
Coin of Early Gandhara Janapada: AR Shatamana and one-eighth Shatamana (round), Taxila-Gandhara region,
626:
1541:
1461:
1207:
2002:
1759:
864:
1367:
918:
of the Persian Empire. The expeditions of Alexander were recorded by his court historians and by
619:
573:. Pukkusāti was successful in this struggle with Pradyota, but war broke out between him and the
1060:
1565:
1116:
570:
464:
416:
since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as
773:
sources claim that he renounced his throne and became a monk after becoming a disciple of the
1969:
1587:
812:
793:
711:
88:
1182:
269:
1959:
1823:
1747:
1192:
1189:
1185:
762:
441:
49:
1181:
Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian, and are shown with a raised letter.
8:
1838:
1525:
1445:
1310:
1188:. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants
911:
661:
488:
1044:
1899:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1627:, Vol I, 1997, p 229, Punjabi University, Patiala (editors): Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi;
1272:
924:
824:
2054:
1843:
1833:
1818:
1788:
1741:
1660:
1593:
1545:
1493:
1465:
1396:
1314:
1227:
1158:
859:
730:
695:
429:
324:
94:
63:
1646:
1521:
1441:
1334:
1029:
891:
801:
751:
492:
449:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1654:
1611:
History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Unity, Foreign Invasion
1390:
1389:
Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992).
1221:
797:
738:
699:
445:
310:
153:
1939:
1929:
1887:
1755:
1529:
1449:
955:
903:
835:
774:
185:
166:
2043:
1798:
1146:
1142:
562:
456:
127:
24:
531:
457:
423:
417:
411:
405:
1485:
975:
947:
883:
816:
718:
676:
554:
507:
338:
1513:
780:
758:
747:
684:
574:
397:
1276:
1260:
1987:
1944:
1751:
987:
899:
733:
into north-west South Asia. This hypothesis posits that the army which
726:, Pukkusāti might have acted as a bulwark against the expansion of the
633: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
433:
1101:, rather akin to that of the Bactrians, and were under the command of
2028:
1872:
1858:
1793:
1537:
1457:
1120:
1102:
1090:
979:
951:
828:
820:
582:
472:
1417:
1347:
1064:
A monetary silver coin of the satrapy of Gandhara about 500–400 BC.
608:
366:
41:
1934:
1904:
1779:
1050:
1035:
999:
943:
770:
742:
734:
727:
692:
566:
496:
352:
283:
113:
20:
1964:
1949:
1914:
1848:
1676:
1119:, the Sogdians Azanes son of Artaeus, the Gandarians and Dadicae
1098:
967:
963:
936:
879:
869:
839:
586:
517:
296:
59:
1997:
1992:
1954:
1876:
983:
919:
665:
578:
546:
525:
1853:
1828:
1763:
1306:
1302:
991:
959:
932:
757:
However, the presence of Gandhāra, referred to as Gandāra in
707:
703:
680:
558:
550:
478:
1141:
The depiction of Indian soldiers and the names of the three
1005:
440:. It appears in various Achaemenid inscriptions such as the
1979:
1882:
120:
540:
928:
and by other chroniclers many centuries after the event.
714:, marched into Gandhara and annexed it into his empire.
1097:
around 480 BC. They had a different equipment from the
761:, among the list of Achaemenid provinces in Darius's
1388:
1265:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
838:
near Persepolis records Gadāra (Gandāra) along with
1002:was nominated to the position of Satrap in 326 BC.
561:being under Gāndhārī suzerainty. The Gāndhārī king
482:
1659:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 291–292.
868:"Victory coin" of Alexander the Great, minted in
815:satrapy, established 518 BCE with its capital at
691:By the later 6th century BCE, the founder of the
2041:
1488:(2000). "To Pāṇini's Time from Pāṇini's Place".
1395:. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59.
834:The inscription on Darius' (521–486 BC) tomb at
1623:Curtius in McCrindle, p. 192, J. W. McCrindle;
1084:
1697:Les inscriptions de la perse achemenide (1997)
428:) was one of the easternmost provinces of the
1722:
1223:Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan
1053:tomb, Gandāra soldier, circa 470 BC (detail).
93:Gandāra was the easternmost territory of the
2024:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
1608:
1729:
1715:
1210:, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December 2004.
1175:
1093:, soldiers of Gandāra participated to the
942:The first tribe they encountered were the
87:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1220:Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975).
1219:
914:conquered Gandhara as well as the Indian
649:Learn how and when to remove this message
1652:
1415:
1345:
1202:
1200:
1059:
1004:
863:
849:
779:
660:
506:
1258:
599:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
541:Gandhara before the Achaemenid conquest
438:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
199:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
2042:
1492:. Aditya Prakashan. pp. 121–172.
1484:
1431:
1429:
1243:
1022:Gandāra soldier of the Achaemenid army
856:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
592:
1710:
1687:
1512:
1435:
1409:
1197:
935:, then ruler of Taxila in the former
455:The province was also referred to as
1339:
1296:
1038:tomb, Gandāra soldier, circa 470 BC.
631:adding citations to reliable sources
602:
1426:
1226:. Peeters Publishers. p. 177.
13:
1653:Olmstead, Albert Ten Eyck (1948).
14:
2066:
1693:
1683:Inscription A2Pa of Artaxerxes II
1382:
1095:Second Persian invasion of Greece
2011:
1043:
1028:
607:
371:
357:
343:
329:
315:
301:
276:
262:
1634:
1617:
1602:
1592:Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 32
1580:
1558:
1506:
1478:
842:(Hənduš, Sindh) in the list of
618:needs additional citations for
1700:(in French). pp. 271–272.
1516:(1988). "The Indus Lands". In
1356:
1327:
1290:
1213:
1208:INDIA ii. Historical Geography
827:. During Achaemenid rule, the
702:, soon after his conquests of
1:
1656:History of the Persian Empire
1631:, 2005, p. 134, Kirpal Singh.
1534:The Cambridge Ancient History
1454:The Cambridge Ancient History
1169:
1010:
890:: Alexander being crowned by
878:, following his campaigns in
872:
669:
220:
204:
143:
77:
70:
1297:Jain, Kailash Chand (1972).
1085:Gandarans in Achaemenid Army
532:
526:
473:
458:
424:
418:
412:
406:
396:in Achaemenid inscriptions (
7:
1486:Sethna, Kaikhosru Danjibuoy
1152:
898:: Alexander attacking king
483:
10:
2071:
1542:Cambridge University Press
1462:Cambridge University Press
1364:"US Department of Defense"
1117:Artabazus son of Pharnaces
853:
719:Kaikhosru Danjibuoy Sethna
683:, during the reign of the
596:
502:
468:
18:
2020:
2009:
1774:
1629:Kambojas Through the Ages
1490:Problems of Ancient India
902:on his elephant. Silver.
410:, also transliterated as
241:
237:
233:
229:
213:
195:
191:
181:
177:
173:
160:
140:
136:
119:
107:
100:
86:
69:
58:
34:
27:kingdom of the same name.
1259:Prakash, Buddha (1951).
1164:
19:Not to be confused with
1206:Perfrancesco Callieri,
922:(around 175 AD) in his
569:of the rising power of
42:
1416:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
1346:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
1299:Malwa Through the Ages
1139:
1081:
1016:
907:
805:
688:
537:
215:• Disestablished
1970:Hellespontine Phrygia
1111:
1063:
1008:
867:
850:Conquest by Alexander
794:Old Persian cuneiform
783:
673: 500/490–485 BC
664:
577:tribe located in the
510:
162:• 359/8–338 BCE
2050:Achaemenid satrapies
1544:. pp. 194–210.
763:Behistun Inscription
627:improve this article
442:Behistun Inscription
1568:. www.palikanon.com
1352:. pp. 300–301.
1313:. pp. 98–104.
1311:Motilal Banarsidass
912:Alexander the Great
593:Achaemenid Gandhara
367:Kingdom of Assacani
353:Kingdom of Abisares
35:Achaemenid Gandhāra
16:Achaemenid province
1984:Samaritan Province
1082:
1017:
925:Anabasis Alexandri
908:
825:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
806:
689:
538:
297:Kingdom of Taxiles
2037:
2036:
1742:Achaemenid Empire
1740:Provinces of the
1666:978-0-226-62777-9
1625:History of Punjab
1551:978-0-521-22804-6
1522:Hammond, N. G. L.
1499:978-8-177-42026-5
1471:978-0-521-22804-6
1464:. pp. 1–52.
1442:Hammond, N. G. L.
1320:978-8-120-80824-9
1233:978-90-6186-037-2
1183:Old Persian p.164
1159:India (Herodotus)
1128:
1014: 600–300 BC
860:Macedonian Empire
731:Achaemenid Empire
696:Achaemenid Empire
659:
658:
651:
430:Achaemenid Empire
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
289:
288:
219:August/September
109: • Type
95:Achaemenid Empire
64:Achaemenid Empire
2062:
2032:
2015:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1609:Mukerjee, R. K.
1606:
1600:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1422:. pp. 308–.
1413:
1407:
1406:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1366:. Archived from
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1256:
1241:
1240:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1193:Old Persian p.25
1190:Old Persian p.17
1186:Old Persian p.13
1179:
1137:
1113:
1047:
1032:
1015:
1012:
877:
874:
802:Darius the Great
675:) discovered in
674:
671:
654:
647:
643:
640:
634:
611:
603:
535:
529:
522:
521:
520:
486:
476:
470:
461:
450:Darius the Great
436:, following the
427:
421:
415:
409:
375:
374:
361:
360:
347:
346:
333:
332:
319:
318:
311:Kingdom of Porus
305:
304:
293:
292:
280:
279:
266:
265:
259:
258:
243:
242:
225:
222:
209:
206:
148:
145:
110:
91:
82:
79:
75:
72:
53:
45:
39:
32:
31:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2016:
2007:
1993:Skudra (Thrace)
1974:Greater Phrygia
1770:
1769:
1735:
1705:
1694:Lecoq, Pierre.
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1586:Rafi U. Samad,
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1536:. Vol. 4.
1514:Bivar, A. D. H.
1511:
1507:
1500:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1456:. Vol. 4.
1434:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1370:on 10 June 2020
1362:
1361:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1257:
1244:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1155:
1138:
1132:
1087:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1013:
875:
862:
854:Main articles:
852:
804:(circa 500 BC).
798:DNa inscription
672:
655:
644:
638:
635:
624:
612:
601:
595:
543:
536:
530:
524:
515:
514:
513:
505:
459:Para-uparisaina
446:DNa inscription
372:
358:
344:
330:
316:
302:
277:
263:
223:
216:
207:
201:
163:
150:
146:
126:
108:
92:
80:
73:
54:
47:
40:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2035:
2034:
2027:(according to
2021:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1756:Naqsh-e Rustam
1744:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1686:
1675:
1665:
1645:
1633:
1616:
1601:
1579:
1557:
1550:
1518:Boardman, John
1505:
1498:
1477:
1470:
1438:Boardman, John
1425:
1408:
1401:
1381:
1355:
1338:
1326:
1319:
1289:
1271:(1): 198–233.
1242:
1232:
1212:
1196:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1143:Ancient Indian
1130:
1086:
1083:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
904:British Museum
851:
848:
836:Naqsh-i-Rustam
766:small states.
724:Buddha Prakash
657:
656:
615:
613:
606:
597:Main article:
594:
591:
542:
539:
511:
504:
501:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
369:
363:
362:
355:
349:
348:
341:
335:
334:
327:
321:
320:
313:
307:
306:
299:
290:
287:
286:
281:
273:
272:
267:
255:
254:
249:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
224: 338 BCE
217:
214:
211:
210:
208: 535 BCE
202:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
186:Achaemenid era
183:
182:Historical era
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:Artaxerxes III
164:
161:
158:
157:
151:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
102:
98:
97:
84:
83:
81: 338 BCE
74: 535 BCE
67:
66:
56:
55:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2067:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1766:inscriptions)
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1613:. p. 46.
1612:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1402:9780951839911
1398:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1147:Artaxerxes II
1144:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:According to
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1007:
1003:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:Pushkalavati
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:tribe of the
953:
949:
946:tribe of the
945:
940:
938:
934:
929:
927:
926:
921:
917:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876: 322 BC
871:
866:
861:
857:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
778:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
686:
682:
678:
667:
663:
653:
650:
642:
639:February 2021
632:
628:
622:
621:
616:This section
614:
610:
605:
604:
600:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
534:
528:
523:
519:
509:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
484:Paropamisadae
480:
475:
474:Paropamisádai
469:Παροπαμισάδαι
466:
465:Ancient Greek
462:
460:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:or sometimes
420:
414:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
370:
368:
365:
364:
356:
354:
351:
350:
342:
340:
337:
336:
328:
326:
323:
322:
314:
312:
309:
308:
300:
298:
295:
294:
291:
285:
282:
275:
274:
271:
268:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
218:
212:
203:
200:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
159:
155:
152:
139:
135:
131:
129:
128:King of Kings
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
106:
103:
99:
96:
90:
85:
68:
65:
61:
57:
51:
44:
33:
30:
26:
22:
1893:
1762: /
1758: /
1754: /
1750: /
1696:
1689:
1678:
1670:
1655:
1648:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1588:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1560:
1533:
1526:Lewis, D. M.
1508:
1489:
1480:
1453:
1446:Lewis, D. M.
1418:
1411:
1391:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1358:
1348:
1341:
1329:
1298:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1268:
1264:
1237:
1222:
1215:
1177:
1149:(c.358 BC).
1140:
1112:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
996:
994:in Bactria.
948:Kunar Valley
941:
930:
923:
915:
910:In 327 BCE,
909:
895:
887:
884:Indus Valley
843:
833:
817:Pushkalavati
811:
807:
785:
768:
756:
741:had lost in
717:The scholar
716:
690:
677:Pushkalavati
645:
636:
625:Please help
620:verification
617:
544:
512:
454:
393:
389:
388:
252:Succeeded by
251:
246:
123:
29:
25:Mahajanapada
1566:"Pukkusāti"
1530:Ostwald, M.
1450:Ostwald, M.
1074:Dimensions:
759:Old Persian
748:Cambyses II
685:Achaemenids
400:cuneiform:
398:Old Persian
339:Peucelaotis
247:Preceded by
50:Old Persian
2044:Categories
1988:Sattagydia
1945:Massagetae
1896:(Gandhara)
1824:Cappadocia
1778:Akaufaka (
1752:Persepolis
1640:Herodotus
1598:0875868592
1170:References
1133:Herodotus
988:Hindu Kush
527:h-rw-ḫ-d-y
516:𓉔𓃭𓐍𓂧𓇌
489:Babylonian
434:South Asia
147: 535
101:Government
2029:Herodotus
2022:See also
1960:Phoenicia
1873:Eber-Nari
1868:2nd Egypt
1864:1st Egypt
1859:Drangiana
1839:Chorasmia
1814:Babylonia
1794:Arachosia
1642:VII 64-66
1538:Cambridge
1458:Cambridge
1374:7 October
1335:CNG Coins
1135:VII 64-66
1125:Artabanus
1121:Artyphius
1107:Artabanus
1105:, son of
1103:Artyphius
1091:Herodotus
980:Charsadda
952:Assakenoi
916:satrapies
844:satrapies
829:Kharosthi
821:Charsadda
796:) in the
784:The name
712:Babylonia
583:Bimbisāra
563:Pukkusāti
487:) in the
444:, or the
149:-530 BCE
2055:Gandhara
1935:Margiana
1905:Hyrcania
1900:Gedrosia
1834:Carmania
1780:Quhistan
1748:Behistun
1532:(eds.).
1452:(eds.).
1277:41784590
1153:See also
1131:—
1051:Xerxes I
1036:Xerxes I
1000:Oxyartes
990:back to
972:Kohistan
944:Aspasioi
882:and the
813:Gandhara
790:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼
771:Buddhist
752:Darius I
743:Gedrosia
737:claimed
735:Nearchus
567:Pradyota
555:Uśīnaras
551:Madrakas
497:Gandhara
402:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼
325:Gandaris
270:Gandhāra
154:Cyrus II
114:Monarchy
38:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼
21:Gandhara
1965:Phrygia
1950:Parthia
1915:Hindush
1894:Gandāra
1890:(Nubia)
1849:Colchis
1844:Cilicia
1819:Bactria
1809:Assyria
1804:Armenia
1785:Amyrgoi
1572:26 July
1282:12 June
1261:"Poros"
1123:son of
1099:Hindush
1078:Weight:
1072:Empty.
968:Shangla
964:Barikot
937:Hindush
896:Reverse
888:Obverse
880:Bactria
870:Babylon
840:Hindush
728:Persian
693:Persian
587:Magadha
575:Pāṇḍava
547:Kekayas
533:Gaⁿdāra
503:History
493:Elamite
425:Gandara
419:Gandāra
413:Gaⁿdāra
390:Gandāra
284:Kamboja
197:•
156:(first)
142:•
62:of the
60:Satrapy
43:Gaⁿdāra
1998:Sogdia
1955:Persis
1877:Levant
1789:Arabia
1663:
1596:
1548:
1496:
1468:
1399:
1317:
1275:
1230:
1080:1.4 g.
1076:14 mm
984:Attock
958:&
920:Arrian
786:Gadāra
775:Buddha
710:, and
668:coin (
666:Athens
579:Punjab
571:Avanti
559:Shivis
557:, and
407:Gadāra
394:Gadāra
169:(last)
132:
46:
23:, the
2003:Yehud
1940:Media
1925:Lydia
1920:Libya
1910:Ionia
1854:Dahae
1829:Caria
1764:Daeva
1307:India
1303:Delhi
1273:JSTOR
1165:Notes
992:Balkh
960:Buner
933:Ambhi
900:Porus
739:Cyrus
708:Lydia
704:Media
700:Cyrus
681:Indus
479:Latin
392:, or
1980:Saka
1930:Maka
1888:Kush
1883:Elam
1799:Aria
1760:Susa
1661:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1574:2020
1546:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1376:2018
1315:ISBN
1284:2022
1228:ISBN
1070:Rev:
1066:Obv:
970:and
956:Swat
892:Nike
858:and
750:and
491:and
121:King
800:of
792:in
629:by
585:of
448:of
432:in
2046::
1866:/
1782:?)
1669:.
1540::
1528:;
1524:;
1520:;
1460::
1448:;
1444:;
1440:;
1428:^
1309::
1305:,
1301:.
1269:32
1267:.
1263:.
1245:^
1236:.
1199:^
1011:c.
894:.
886:.
873:c.
777:.
754:.
706:,
698:,
687:.
670:c.
589:.
553:,
549:,
518:𓈉
499:.
481::
477:;
471:,
467::
452:.
404:,
221:c.
205:c.
144:c.
124:or
78:c.
71:c.
2031:)
1879:)
1875:(
1746:(
1730:e
1723:t
1716:v
1576:.
1554:.
1502:.
1474:.
1405:.
1378:.
1323:.
1286:.
1127:.
1109::
978:(
906:.
819:(
788:(
652:)
646:(
641:)
637:(
623:.
463:(
76:–
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
