Cyrus the Great - Knowledge

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city, that after they had served Nebuchadnezzar and his posterity, and after they had undergone that servitude seventy years, he would restore them again to the land of their fathers, and they should build their temple, and enjoy their ancient prosperity. And these things God did afford them; for he stirred up the mind of Cyrus, and made him write this throughout all Asia: "Thus saith Cyrus the king: Since God Almighty hath appointed me to be king of the habitable earth, I believe that he is that God which the nation of the Israelites worship; for indeed he foretold my name by the prophets, and that I should build him a house at Jerusalem, in the country of Judea." This was known to Cyrus by his reading the book which Isaiah left behind him of his prophecies; for this prophet said that God had spoken thus to him in a secret vision: "My will is, that Cyrus, whom I have appointed to be king over many and great nations, send back my people to their own land, and build my temple." This was foretold by Isaiah one hundred and forty years before the temple was demolished. Accordingly, when Cyrus read this, and admired the Divine power, an earnest desire and ambition seized upon him to fulfill what was so written; so he called for the most eminent Jews that were in Babylon, and said to them, that he gave them leave to go back to their own country, and to rebuild their city Jerusalem, and the temple of God, for that he would be their assistant, and that he would write to the rulers and governors that were in the neighborhood of their country of Judea, that they should contribute to them gold and silver for the building of the temple, and besides that, beasts for their sacrifices.

2560: 1310: 2920: 8044: 2294: 1164:, who reigned until 559 BC. Cyrus II "the Great" was a son of Cambyses I, who had named his son after his father, Cyrus I. There are several inscriptions of Cyrus the Great and later kings that refer to Cambyses I as the "great king" and "king of Anshan". Among these are some passages in the Cyrus cylinder where Cyrus calls himself "son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anshan". Another inscription (from CM's) mentions Cambyses I as a "mighty king" and "an Achaemenian", which according to the bulk of scholarly opinion was engraved under Darius and considered as a later forgery by Darius. However, Cambyses II's maternal grandfather Pharnaspes is named by historian 1628: 2606: 2732: 1338:

obey Cyrus' commands. As it was unheard of for the son of a shepherd to commit such an act, Astyages had the boy brought to his court, and interviewed him and his adoptive father. Upon the shepherd's confession, Astyages sent Cyrus back to Persia to live with his biological parents. However, Astyages summoned the son of Harpagus, and in retribution, chopped him to pieces, roasted some portions while boiling others, and tricked his adviser into eating his child during a large banquet. Following the meal, Astyages's servants brought Harpagus the head, hands and feet of his son on platters, so he could realize his inadvertent cannibalism.

1895: 2060:, resting on a table with golden supports, inside of which the body of Cyrus the Great was interred. Upon his resting place, was a covering of tapestry and drapes made from the best available Babylonian materials, utilizing fine Median worksmanship; below his bed was a fine red carpet, covering the narrow rectangular area of his tomb. Translated Greek accounts describe the tomb as having been placed in the fertile Pasargadae gardens, surrounded by trees and ornamental shrubs, with a group of Achaemenian protectors called the "Magi", stationed nearby to protect the edifice from theft or damage. 1205: 1879:, which separated them. Sending him a warning to cease his encroachment (a warning which she stated she expected he would disregard anyway), Tomyris challenged him to meet her forces in honorable warfare, inviting him to a location in her country a day's march from the river, where their two armies would formally engage each other. He accepted her offer, but, learning that the Massagetae were unfamiliar with wine and its intoxicating effects, he set up and then left camp with plenty of it behind, taking his best soldiers with him and leaving the least capable ones. 1856: 1385: 2107: 2622:

biblical prophetic idiom." Mary Joan Winn Leith believes that the decree in Ezra might be authentic and along with the Cylinder that Cyrus, like earlier rulers, was through these decrees trying to gain support from those who might be strategically important, particularly those close to Egypt which he wished to conquer. She also wrote that "appeals to Marduk in the cylinder and to Yahweh in the biblical decree demonstrate the Persian tendency to co-opt local religious and political traditions in the interest of imperial control."

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as the fiercest battle of his career and the ancient world. When it was over, Tomyris ordered the body of Cyrus brought to her, then decapitated him and dipped his head in a vessel of blood in a symbolic gesture of revenge for his bloodlust and the death of her son. However, some scholars question this version, mostly because even Herodotus admits this event was one of many versions of Cyrus's death that he heard from a supposedly reliable source who told him no one was there to see the aftermath.

2071:, Cyrus the Great's tomb was broken into and most of its luxuries were looted. When Alexander reached the tomb, he was horrified by the manner in which the tomb was treated, and questioned the Magi and put them to court. On some accounts, Alexander's decision to put the Magi on trial was more about his attempt to undermine their influence and his show of power in his newly conquered empire, than a concern for Cyrus's tomb. However, Alexander admired Cyrus, from an early age reading Xenophon's 1707: 1548: 1094: 1482: 98: 9265: 2897:, Director of the British Museum, has stated that the cylinder was "the first attempt we know about running a society, a state with different nationalities and faiths – a new kind of statecraft." He explained that "It has even been described as the first declaration of human rights, and while this was never the intention of the document – the modern concept of human rights scarcely existed in the ancient world – it has come to embody the hopes and aspirations of many." 12343: 1974: 3884: 1416:

hostilities lasted for at least three years (553–550 BC), and the final battle resulted in the capture of Ecbatana. This was described in the paragraph that preceded the entry for Nabonidus's year 7, which detailed Cyrus's victory and the capture of his grandfather. According to the historians Herodotus and Ctesias, Cyrus spared the life of Astyages and married his daughter, Amytis. This marriage pacified several vassals, including the

3874: 3864: 9837: 3879: 3869: 2803: 2891:". The British Museum describes the cylinder as "an instrument of ancient Mesopotamian propaganda" that "reflects a long tradition in Mesopotamia where, from as early as the third millennium BC, kings began their reigns with declarations of reforms." The cylinder emphasizes Cyrus's continuity with previous Babylonian rulers, asserting his virtue as a traditional Babylonian king while denigrating his predecessor. 2475: 1886:, who was also her son, and a third of the Massagetian troops, killed the group Cyrus had left there and, finding the camp well stocked with food and the wine, unwittingly drank themselves into inebriation, diminishing their capability to defend themselves when they were then overtaken by a surprise attack. They were successfully defeated, and, although he was taken prisoner, Spargapises committed 2077:, which described Cyrus's heroism in battle and governance as a king and legislator. Regardless, Alexander the Great ordered Aristobulus to improve the tomb's condition and restore its interior. Despite his admiration for Cyrus the Great, and his attempts at renovation of his tomb, Alexander had, six years previously (330 BC), sacked 2463:

one layer of timbers. And let the cost be paid from the royal treasury. Also let the gold and silver utensils of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took from the temple in Jerusalem and brought to Babylon, be returned and brought to their places in the temple in Jerusalem; and you shall put them in the house of God." — (

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In the first year of the reign of Cyrus, which was the seventieth from the day that our people were removed out of their own land into Babylon, God commiserated the captivity and calamity of these poor people, according as he had foretold to them by Jeremiah the prophet, before the destruction of the

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Cyrus's date of death can be deduced from the last two references to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to 12 August and the final from Babylon 12 September 530 BC) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August and or 4 September), but an

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Cyrus has been known for his innovations in building projects; he further developed the technologies that he found in the conquered cultures and applied them in building the palaces of Pasargadae. He was also famous for his love of gardens; the recent excavations in his capital city has revealed the

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In the first year of King Cyrus, Cyrus the king issued a decree: "Concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, let the temple, the place where sacrifices are offered, be rebuilt and let its foundations be retained, its height being 60 cubits and its width 60 cubits; with three layers of huge stones and

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in front of his warriors; the Lydian horses, not used to the dromedaries' smell, would be very afraid. The strategy worked; the Lydian cavalry was routed. Cyrus defeated and captured Croesus. Cyrus occupied the capital at Sardis, conquering the Lydian kingdom in 546 BC. According to Herodotus, Cyrus

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And those who were subject to him, he treated with esteem and regard, as if they were his own children, while his subjects themselves respected Cyrus as their "Father" ... What other man but 'Cyrus', after having overturned an empire, ever died with the title of "The Father" from the people whom he

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once he regained sobriety. Upon learning of what had transpired, Tomyris denounced Cyrus's tactics as underhanded and swore vengeance, leading a second wave of troops into battle herself. Cyrus the Great was ultimately killed, and his forces suffered massive casualties in what Herodotus referred to

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temple dedicated to the chief Babylonian god, Marduk. The text of the cylinder denounces Nabonidus as impious and portrays the victorious Cyrus as pleasing the god Marduk. It describes how Cyrus had improved the lives of the citizens of Babylonia, repatriated displaced peoples, and restored temples

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river into a canal so that the water level dropped "to the height of the middle of a man's thigh", which allowed the invading forces to march directly through the river bed to enter at night. Shortly thereafter, Nabonidus returned from Borsippa and surrendered to Cyrus. On 29 October, Cyrus entered

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delegated the task to Mithradates, one of the shepherds of Astyages, who raised the child and passed off his stillborn son to Harpagus as the dead infant Cyrus. Cyrus lived in secrecy, but when he reached the age of 10, during a childhood game, he had the son of a nobleman beaten when he refused to

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gave a mythological account of Cyrus's early life. In this account, Astyages had two prophetic dreams in which a flood, and then a series of fruit-bearing vines, emerged from his daughter Mandane's pelvis, and covered the entire kingdom. These were interpreted by his advisers as a foretelling that

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adopted the Cyrus cylinder as a political symbol, using it "as a central image in his celebration of 2500 years of Iranian monarchy", and asserting that it was "the first human rights charter in history". This view has been disputed by some as "rather anachronistic" and tendentious, as the modern

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The historical nature of this decree has been challenged. Professor Lester L Grabbe argues that there was no decree but that there was a policy that allowed exiles to return to their homelands and rebuild their temples. He also argues that the archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle",

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on the Tigris, north of Babylon. The Babylonian army was routed, and on 10 October, Sippar was seized without a battle, with little to no resistance from the populace. It is probable that Cyrus engaged in negotiations with the Babylonian generals to obtain a compromise on their part and therefore

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in command of the Median army to conquer Cyrus. However, Harpagus contacted Cyrus and encouraged his revolt against Media, before eventually defecting along with several of the nobility and a portion of the army. This mutiny is confirmed by the Nabonidus Chronicle. The Chronicle suggests that the

2785:"Cyrus the elder, brought up in Woods and Mountains, when time and power enabled, pursued the dictate of his education, and brought the treasures of the field into rule and circum-scription. So nobly beautifying the hanging Gardens of Babylon, that he was also thought to be the authour thereof." 2621:

called the authenticity of the decree "dubious", citing Grabbe and adding that arguing against "the authenticity of Ezra 1.1–4 is J. Briend, in a paper given at the Institut Catholique de Paris on 15 December 1993, who denies that it resembles the form of an official document but reflects rather

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for the Israelites", with a story that "follows in many details the stories of hero and conquerors from elsewhere in the ancient world." Frye writes, "He became the epitome of the great qualities expected of a ruler in antiquity, and he assumed heroic features as a conqueror who was tolerant and

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The translated ancient Roman and Greek accounts give a vivid description of the tomb both geometrically and aesthetically; the tomb's geometric shape has changed little over the years, still maintaining a large stone of quadrangular form at the base, followed by a pyramidal succession of smaller

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and other provinces in the east. In 533 BC, Cyrus the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and collected tribute from the Indus cities. Thus, Cyrus probably had established vassal states in western India. Cyrus then returned with his army to Babylon due to the unrest taking place in and around

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The policies of Cyrus with respect to treatment of minority religions are documented in many historical accounts, particularly Babylonian texts and Jewish sources. Cyrus had a general policy of religious tolerance throughout his vast empire. Whether this was a new policy or the continuation of

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The achievements of Cyrus the Great throughout antiquity are reflected in the way he is remembered today. His own nation, the Iranians, have regarded him as "The Father", the very title that had been used during the time of Cyrus himself, by the many nations that he conquered, as according to

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were different names for the same land. These also agree with other non-Iranian accounts, except on one point from Herodotus which states that Cambyses was not a king but a "Persian of good family". However, in some other passages, Herodotus' account is wrong also on the name of the son of

746:). Cyrus was particularly renowned among contemporary scholars because of his habitual policy of respecting peoples' customs and religions in the lands that he conquered. He was influential in developing the system of a central administration at Pasargadae to govern the Achaemenid Empire's 1501:

The exact dates of the Lydian conquest are unknown, but it must have taken place between Cyrus's overthrow of the Median kingdom (550 BC) and his conquest of Babylon (539 BC). It was common in the past to give 547 BC as the year of the conquest due to some interpretations of the

1443:, therefore would have had to give up his throne. However, this transfer of power within the family seems to have been smooth, and it is likely that Arsames was still the nominal governor of Parsa under Cyrus's authority—more a Prince or a Grand Duke than a King. His son, 2316:

or whether Zoroastrianism only becomes involved with the imperial religion of the Achaemenid empire after him. The evidence in favor of it comes from some of the names of members of Cyrus' family, and similarities between the description of Cyrus in Isaiah 40–48 and the

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While in Sardis, Croesus sent out requests for his allies to send aid to Lydia. However, near the end of the winter, before the allies could unite, Cyrus the Great pushed the war into Lydian territory and besieged Croesus in his capital, Sardis. Shortly before the final

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Many of the Iranian dynasties following the Achaemenid Empire and their kings saw themselves as the heirs to Cyrus the Great and have claimed to continue the line begun by Cyrus. However, there are different opinions among scholars whether this is also the case for the

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Cyrus's date of death can be deduced from the last reference to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to 12 Augustus 530) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August); see R.A. Parker and W.H. Dubberstein,

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and cult sanctuaries. Although some have asserted that the cylinder represents a form of human rights charter, historians generally portray it in the context of a long-standing Mesopotamian tradition of new rulers beginning their reigns with declarations of reforms.

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During his reign, Cyrus maintained control over a vast region of conquered kingdoms, achieved through retaining and expanding the satrapies. Further organization of newly conquered territories into provinces ruled by satraps was continued by Cyrus's successor,

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suggests that "In scope and extent his achievements ranked far above that of the Macedonian king, Alexander, who was to demolish the empire in the 320s but fail to provide any stable alternative." Cyrus has been a personal hero to many people, including

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policies followed by the Babylonians and Assyrians (as Lester Grabbe maintains) is disputed. He brought peace to the Babylonians and is said to have kept his army away from the temples and restored the statues of the Babylonian gods to their sanctuaries.

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king, who administered the region, a 'general' supervised military recruitment and ensured order, and a 'state secretary' kept the official records. The general and the state secretary reported directly to the satrap as well as the central government.

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Herodotus therefore, as I surmise, may have known of the close connection between this type of winged figure and the image of Iranian majesty, which he associated with a dream prognosticating the king's death before his last, fatal campaign across the

2321:. Against the thesis is how Cyrus treated local polytheistic cults, acknowledging their gods and providing funding for the establishment of their temples and other holy sites, as well as a possible late-date for the activity of the Iranian prophet 2163:

narrates a story of the first return of exiles in the first year of Cyrus, in which Cyrus proclaims: "All the kingdoms of the earth hath the LORD, the God of heaven, given me; and He hath charged me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in

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of 2,500 years of monarchy. Just as Alexander the Great before him, the Shah of Iran wanted to appeal to Cyrus's legacy to legitimize his own rule by extension. The United Nations recognizes the tomb of Cyrus the Great and Pasargadae as a UNESCO

2359:. It is Marduk who is praised in the outset of the text, whose direct intervention is thought to be responsible for what happened in recent history, and it is Marduk who summons Cyrus for the purpose of righting the wrongs of his predecessor, 2053:

rectangular stones, until after a few slabs, the structure is curtailed by an edifice, with an arched roof composed of a pyramidal shaped stone, and a small opening or window on the side, where the slenderest man could barely squeeze through.

1271:, and Roxane. Cyrus and Cassandane were known to love each other very much – Cassandane said that she found it more bitter to leave Cyrus than to depart her life. After her death, Cyrus insisted on public mourning throughout the kingdom. The 2020:

visited the tomb twice. Though the city itself is now in ruins, the burial place of Cyrus the Great has remained largely intact, and the tomb has been partially restored to counter its natural deterioration over the centuries. According to

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says that unlike Nabonidus, Cyrus provided proper and even increased the sacrifices for the gods. Additional reliable information may come from the funerary customs around the tomb of Cyrus which indicates a privileged cult honoring

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magnanimous as well as brave and daring. His personality as seen by the Greeks influenced them and Alexander the Great, and, as the tradition was transmitted by the Romans, may be considered to influence our thinking even now."

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The Persian domination and kingdom in the Iranian plateau started as an extension of the Achaemenid dynasty, who expanded their earlier dominion possibly from the 9th century BC onward. The eponymous founder of the dynasty was

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who were part of the Lydian kingdom to revolt against their ruler. The offer was rebuffed, and thus Cyrus levied an army and marched against the Lydians, increasing his numbers while passing through nations in his way. The

6908: 680:. He also led an expedition into Central Asia, which resulted in major military campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception"; Cyrus allegedly died in battle with the 2716:, comprising many dozens of countries, races, religions, and languages, were ruled under a single administration headed by a central government. This system lasted for centuries, and was retained both by the invading 3044:

notes the change in his title from "King of Anshan" to "King of Persia". Assyriologist François Vallat wrote that "When Astyages marched against Cyrus, Cyrus is called 'King of Anshan", but when Cyrus crosses the

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design, but with a reduced weight (8.06 grams, instead of the standard 10.7 grams of the original version issued by King Croesus) due to the need for larger amounts of these coins, for a much larger population.

2516:, God is described as saying, "I will raise up Cyrus in my righteousness: I will make all his ways straight. He will rebuild my city and set my exiles free, but not for a price or reward, says God Almighty." ( 1694:, had ordered cult statues from outlying Babylonian cities to be brought into the capital, suggesting that the conflict had begun possibly in the winter of 540 BC. Just before October 539 BC, Cyrus fought the 7476: 7424: 2084:

The edifice has survived the test of time, through invasions, internal divisions, successive empires, regime changes, and revolutions. The last prominent Persian figure to bring attention to the tomb was

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British Museum explanatory notes, "Cyrus Cylinder": In Iran, the cylinder has appeared on coins, banknotes and stamps. Despite being a Babylonian document it has become part of Iran's cultural identity."

2251:, Cyrus—whose abilities as conqueror and administrator Frye says are attested by the longevity and vigor of the Achaemenid Empire—held an almost mythic role among the Persian people "similar to that of 1639:, however he was decisively defeated and departed Gedrosia. Gedrosia was most likely conquered during the reign of Darius I. After the failed attempt to conquer Gedrosia, Cyrus attacked the regions of 1571:

was entrusted by Cyrus the Great to send Croesus's treasury to Persia. However, soon after Cyrus's departure, Pactyas hired mercenaries and caused an uprising in Sardis, revolting against the Persian

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the Great spared Croesus's life and kept him as an advisor, but this account conflicts with some translations of the contemporary Nabonidus Chronicle which interpret that the king of Lydia was slain.

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Visual representation of the divine and the numinous in early Achaemenid Iran: old problems, new directions; Mark A. Garrison, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas; last revision: 3 March 2009,

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concept of human rights would have been quite alien to Cyrus's contemporaries and is not mentioned by the cylinder. The cylinder has, nonetheless, become seen as part of Iran's cultural identity.

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wrote that given the poor information we have, "it seems quite reckless to try to reconstruct what the religion of Cyrus might have been." It is also debated whether he was a practitioner of

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O man, whoever you are and wherever you come from, for I know you will come, I am Cyrus who won the Persians their empire. Do not therefore begrudge me this bit of earth that covers my bones.

825:, Cyrus is also recognized for his achievements in human rights, politics, and military strategy. The Achaemenid Empire's prestige in the ancient world would eventually extend as far west as 931:

root "to humiliate", and accordingly, the name "Cyrus" means "humiliator of the enemy in verbal contest". Another possible Iranian derivation would mean "the young one, child", similar to

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and by Herodotus holds that Cyrus the Great was an Achaemenid. However, M. Waters has suggested that Cyrus is unrelated to the Achaemenids or Darius the Great, and that his family was of

1613:, using the technique of building earthworks to breach the walls of besieged cities, a method unknown to the Greeks. He ended his conquest of the area in 542 BC and returned to Persia. 6233: 2523:) As the text suggests, Cyrus did ultimately release the nation of Israel from its exile without compensation or tribute. These particular passages (Isaiah 40–55, often referred to as 455: 7557: 5400:, Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s'engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l'armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l'affrontement armé." 1283:

has said that Cyrus was originally named Agradates by his step-parents. It is possible that, when reuniting with his original family, following the naming customs, Cyrus's father,

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continued the conquest of Asia Minor but died of unknown causes during his campaign in Ionia. Cyrus sent Harpagus to complete Mazares's conquest of Asia Minor. Harpagus captured

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By his own account, generally believed now to be accurate, Cyrus was preceded as king by his father Cambyses I, grandfather Cyrus I, and great-grandfather Teispes. Cyrus married

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Cyrus the Great succeeded to the throne in 559 BC following his father's death; however, Cyrus was not yet an independent ruler. Like his predecessors, Cyrus had to recognize

4244: 2240:, one with parallel Greek and Latin translations on facing pages showing substantial Jefferson markings that signify the amount of influence the book has had on drafting the 1172:'s account in his Cyropædia names Cambyses's wife as Mandane and mentions Cambyses as king of Iran (ancient Persia). These agree with Cyrus's own inscriptions, as Anshan and 4978: 3828: 483: 7025: 5812: 3993: 1848:

in their dress and mode of living; they fought on horseback and on foot. In order to acquire her realm, Cyrus first sent an offer of marriage to their ruler, the empress

6947: 4916: 507: 7285: 6015: 1112:." Scholars doubting that it depicts Cyrus note the inscription was inscribed in a later period and that the same inscription is found on other palaces in the complex. 2081:, the opulent city that Cyrus may have chosen the site for, and either ordered its burning as an act of pro-Greek propaganda or set it on fire during drunken revels. 6157: 2755:. Pasargadae was a place for two magnificent palaces surrounded by a majestic royal park and vast formal gardens; among them was the four-quartered wall gardens of " 1820:

provides the second-longest detail, in which Cyrus met his fate in a fierce battle with the Massagetae, a Scythian tribal confederation from the southern deserts of

2960: 7415: 2442:, the God of heaven given me; and He hath charged me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whosoever there is among you of all His people – the L 1871:

He then commenced his attempt to take Massagetae territory by force (c. 529 BC), beginning by building bridges and towered war boats along his side of the river

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Cyrus the Great's dominions composed the largest empire the world had ever seen to that point. At the end of Cyrus's rule, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from

12786: 2591:. They accused the Jews of conspiring to rebel, so Cyrus in turn stopped the construction, which would not be completed until 515 BC, during the reign of 448: 1455:. Cyrus the Great thus united the twin Achaemenid kingdoms of Parsa and Anshan into Persia proper. Arsames lived to see his grandson become Darius the Great, 1071:

origin, in honour of the Indo-Aryan Kuru and Kamboja mercenaries from eastern Afghanistan and Northwest India that helped in the conquest of the Middle East.

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was composed in the name of Cyrus with him as the first-person speaker. The Cylinder is highly religious and is framed around the interventions of the god

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E. Yarshater, for example, rejects that Sassanids remembered Cyrus, whereas R.N. Frye do propose remembrance and line of continuity: See A. Sh. Shahbazi,

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states that Babylonia mourned Cassandane for six days (identified as 21–26 March 538 BC). After his father's death, Cyrus inherited the Persian throne at

5332: 5146: 833:, Cyrus played a crucial role in defining the national identity of the Iranian nation; the Achaemenid Empire was instrumental in spreading the ideals of 5193: 4799: 637:

to create what would soon become the largest polity in human history at the time. The Achaemenid Empire's largest territorial extent was achieved under

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The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 21 edited by Hugh Chrisholm, b1911, pp. 206–07

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The administration of the empire through satrap, and much more belonging to the form or spirit of the government, was the work of Cyrus ...

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The United Nations has declared the relic to be an "ancient declaration of human rights" since 1971, approved by then Secretary General Sithu

6321:, Namey-e Iran-e Bastan, Vol. 1, No. 1 pp. 61–73; M. Boyce, "The Religion of Cyrus the Great" in A. Kuhrt and H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, eds., 7541: 3036:

His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and

2392:, further indicating the reverence of Cyrus for this deity. Additional evidence further indicates the connection between Cyrus and Mithra. 2090: 7472: 9686: 8207: 6787: 4283: 3083: 1579:, one of his commanders, to subdue the insurrection but demanded that Pactyas be returned alive. Upon Mazares's arrival, Pactyas fled to 8663: 8507: 7943: 7271:"The Ancient Near East, Volume I: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures". Vol. 1. Ed. James B. Pritchard. Princeton University Press, 1973. 5675: 4400: 4361: 1921:

explains this statement by Herodotus and its connection with the four winged bas-relief figure of Cyrus the Great in the following way:

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had conquered many kingdoms. In addition to Babylonia, Cyrus probably incorporated its sub-national entities into his Empire, including

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displaced peoples and restored temples and cult sanctuaries. Although not mentioned specifically in the text, the repatriation of the

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The Babylonians regarded him as "The Liberator", as they were offended by their previous ruler, Nabonidus, for committing sacrilege.

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A compendium of classical literature:comprising choice extracts translated from Greek and Roman writers, with biographical sketches

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which should really be "Kurush", an Indo-aryan name (cf. "Kuru" of the Mahabharata legend). Thus Cambyses was really "Kambujiya"

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had brought under his power? For it is plain fact that this is a name for one that bestows, rather than for one that takes away!

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From old Revelation to new: a tradition-historical and redaction-critical study of temporal transitions in prophetic prediction

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his grandson would one day rebel and supplant him as king. Astyages summoned Mandane, at the time pregnant with Cyrus, back to

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and as a soldier. Due in part to the political infrastructure he created, the Achaemenid Empire endured long after his death.

1940:(AD 1166–1199) Cyrus was killed by his wife Tomyris, queen of the Massagetae (Maksata), in the 60th year of Jewish captivity. 1812:

and their war-elephants. According to him, this event took place northeast of the headwaters of the Syr Darya. The account of

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Cyrus's standard, described as a golden eagle mounted upon a "lofty shaft", remained the official banner of the Achaemenids.

8438: 8405: 8240: 6009: 5204: 4491: 2970:), circa 545–520 BC. It only weighs 8.06 grams, compared to the standard 10.7 grams of the original Croeseid minted by King 9436: 1435:

With Astyages out of power, all of his vassals (including many of Cyrus's relatives) were now under his command. His uncle

12745: 6444: 6391: 6141: 2416:. Cyrus is represented positively and as an agent of Yahweh, even though he is said to "not know" Yahweh (Isaiah 45:4–5). 1951:

contradicts the others, claiming that Cyrus died peacefully at his capital. The final version of Cyrus's death comes from

1595:. The fate of Pactyas is unknown, but after capture, he was probably sent to Cyrus and put to death after being tortured. 1411:

launched an attack against Cyrus, "king of Ansan". According to the historian Herodotus, it is known that Astyages placed

829:, where upper-class Greeks adopted aspects of the culture of the ruling Persian class as their own. As the founder of the 12766: 12821: 7229: 4652: 2232:

era, and the forefathers of the United States of America sought inspiration from Cyrus the Great through works such as

2633:

is a representation of Cyrus the Great, but the scholarly consensus is that he is a development of legends concerning

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A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1

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avoid an armed confrontation. Nabonidus, who had retreated to Sippar following his defeat at Opis, fled to Borsippa.

12735: 5087: 12668: 12397: 9891: 8482: 7718: 6757: 5633:"Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Queen Tomyris of the Massagetai and the Defeat of the Persians under Cyrus" 12720: 2814:

One of the few surviving sources of information that can be dated directly to Cyrus's time is the Cyrus Cylinder (

2181:

The rise of Persia under Cyrus's rule had a profound impact on the course of world history, including in forms of

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Oded Lipschitz; Manfred Oeming, eds. (2006). "The "Persian Documents" in the Book of Ezra: Are They Authentic?".

6007: 5949:, translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (Penguin Classics, 1973), p. 326.; similar inscriptions give Arrian and Strabo. 5900: 3076: 2363:. Furthermore, Cyrus offers respect not only to the cult of Marduk but also to local cults. One inscription from 1937: 1917:) with wings upon his shoulders, shadowing with the one wing Asia, and with the other wing Europe. Archaeologist 1459:

of Persia, after the deaths of both of Cyrus's sons. Cyrus's conquest of Media was merely the start of his wars.

12730: 7499: 1635:

After the conquest of Lydia, Cyrus campaigned in the east between around 545 BC to 540 BC. Cyrus first tried to

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or an impostor posing as Bardiya, who became the sole ruler of Persia for seven months, until he was killed by

1444: 8915: 8892: 7995: 5835: 5325: 5130: 2919: 1309: 12791: 9155: 8818:

Lawrence, John M. (1982). "Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Attitudes Towards Foreigners and Their Religion".

5190: 4796: 1725:'s troops entered Babylon, again without any resistance from the Babylonian armies, and detained Nabonidus. 12370: 10706: 10228: 9369: 9357: 9289: 5401: 4678: 2288: 2284: 2041:

for the Empire, but soon died after only seven years of rule. He was succeeded either by Cyrus's other son

1527:

was effectively a stalemate, with both sides suffering heavy casualties by nightfall. Croesus retreated to

1506:, but this position is currently not much held. The Lydians first attacked the Achaemenid Empire's city of 928: 502: 6492: 2782:

ruled Britain. However, despite being featured in the title, Cyrus was not a main focus of Browne's work.

2580: 1518:

besieged and captured the city enslaving its inhabitants. Meanwhile, the Persians invited the citizens of

1153:, who also succeeded his father as "king of Anshan". Cyrus I had a full brother whose name is recorded as 12811: 12617: 11484: 10710: 10595: 10280: 10120: 6366:

Nadon, Christopher (2001), Xenophon's Prince: Republic and Empire in the Cyropaedia, Berkeley: UC Press,

4499: 3818: 2123: 795: 685: 658: 1933:

says that Persians may have taken Cyrus's body back from the Massagetae, unlike what Herodotus claimed.

12801: 12658: 11552: 10050: 9672: 3069: 2293: 2013: 1989: 1729:

explains that to accomplish this feat, the Persians, using a basin dug earlier by the Babylonian queen

1690:. The Nabonidus Chronicle records that, prior to the battle(s), the king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, 40: 7960: 3049:

on his way to Lydia, he is 'King of Persia.' The coup therefore took place between these two events."

1627: 891:. The name and its meaning have been recorded within ancient inscriptions in different languages. The 12622: 12597: 12346: 12289: 12136: 11913: 11235: 10728: 10483: 10213: 10191: 3023:

in 547 BC. Cyrus (Kūruš) made the Croeseid the standard gold coin of his vast empire, using the same

2605: 1393: 7097: 5551: 5467: 5377: 2731: 12771: 12535: 12483: 12282: 12268: 12082: 11614: 11207: 10761: 9881: 9417: 9309: 9148: 9130: 8986:

Full Babylonian text of the Cyrus Cylinder as it was known in 2001; translation; brief introduction

7819: 3900:

dates the last official reign of Cyrus to 4 December 530 BC; see R.A. Parker and W.H. Dubberstein,

3852:

In more recent years, historians have moved away from identifying this figure with Cyrus the Great.

2564: 1588: 1476: 924: 529: 258: 80: 70: 6058: 2984:

as a currency denomination for coinage goes back to the 6th century BC, dating to the time of the

876: 12781: 12653: 12612: 12363: 12317: 12226: 11973: 11906: 11377: 10766: 9998: 9988: 9806: 9092: 9073: 9046: 7706: 7222: 6995: 6815: 6562:"The Achaemenid Kings and the Worship of Ahura Mazda: Proto-Zoroastrianism in the Persian Empire" 2547: 1804:, has the longest account, which says Cyrus met his death while putting down resistance from the 846: 159: 75: 11592: 7591: 6333:, Published by I. B. Tauris in association with the British Institute of Persian Studies, 1998, 6082: 4654:

Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War

2763:, designed to fill small basins at every 16 meters and water various types of wild and domestic 2033:

Cuneiform evidence from Babylon proves that Cyrus died around December 530 BC, and that his son

1894: 12796: 12776: 12254: 12129: 11994: 11987: 11959: 11331: 11290: 11222: 10669: 10293: 10085: 9978: 9705: 9473: 9264: 9192: 9111: 7890:

The Cambridge Ancient History IV: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525–479 B.C

3058: 2599: 2348:, and inscriptions, though these were written in later periods and so must be used carefully. 1084: 960: 225: 50: 8191: 8172: 6782: 6113: 5268: 4605: 4267: 2207:

was himself infatuated with and admired Cyrus the Great, from an early age reading Xenophon's

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following the Persian conquest in 539 BC. It was discovered in 1879 and is kept today in the

2341: 2132: 2086: 1742: 1352: 868: 677: 646: 573: 5704: 5698: 4306: 2669:

system. A satrapy was an administrative unit, usually organized on a geographical basis. A '

1204: 12043: 11402: 11382: 11326: 11230: 11183: 10556: 10288: 10218: 10027: 9391: 9294: 8976: 8292: 7772: 3799: 3001: 2954: 2935: 2869: 2332:

Information about religion and ritual during the reign of Cyrus is also available from the

2229: 2111: 1397: 1189: 1068: 767: 584: 85: 55: 8331:

The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East

6008:((grk.) Lucius Flavius Arrianus), (en.) Arrian (trans.), Charles Dexter Cleveland (1861). 2576: 8: 12581: 12470: 12155: 12008: 11892: 11501: 11466: 11407: 11240: 11148: 10478: 10125: 9796: 9386: 8720:

Fried, Lisbeth S. (2002). "Cyrus the Messiah? The Historical Background to Isaiah 45:1".

7764: 7623: 6530: 6331:

The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Persia: New Light on the Parthian and Sasanian Empires

5358:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV – Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean

4093:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

3041: 2775: 2634: 2264: 2248: 2221: 2204: 2064: 2017: 1930: 1730: 1503: 1404: 1272: 791: 8533: 6256: 6052: 4213: 2617:

taking place over perhaps decades, resulting in a maximum population of perhaps 30,000.

2106: 1855: 1384: 1051:. Elamite scribes, on the other hand, would not have had a reason to change an original 12699: 12632: 12488: 11952: 11933: 11868: 11763: 11734: 11354: 11336: 11260: 11188: 11163: 11138: 10426: 10090: 9009: 8848: 8793: 8737: 8708: 8596: 8560: 8471: 8386: 8095: 7799: 7782: 6181: 6031: 5929: 5281:

The life and travels of Herodotus, Volume 2, by James Talboys Wheeler, 1855, pp. 271–74

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Herodotus, Herodotus, trans. A.D. Godley, vol. 4, book 8, verse 98, pp. 96–97 (1924).

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The traditional view based on archaeological research and the genealogy given in the

939: 830: 826: 650: 626: 610: 569: 524: 365: 124: 107: 8681:

Nabonidus and Belshazzar: A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire

7394:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV – Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean

6413: 5882:

A political history of the Achaemenid empire, By M.A. Dandamaev, Brill, 1989, p. 67.

2602:

who was convinced to stop the construction of the temple in Jerusalem. (Ezra 4:7–24)

11924: 11651: 11427: 11397: 11387: 11265: 11250: 11245: 11108: 10201: 9776: 9593: 9299: 9209: 8840: 8785: 8729: 8700: 8588: 8552: 8463: 8365: 8361: 8226:

King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BC - 651 CE)

7826: 7701: 7695: 7641: 7528: 6811: 5226: 4126: 2826: 2815: 2807: 2779: 2665:. He allowed a certain amount of regional autonomy in each state, in the form of a 2618: 2530: 2272: 2198: 2190: 2136: 2128: 2037:

had become king. Cambyses continued his father's policy of expansion, and captured

1760:

After taking Babylon, Cyrus the Great proclaimed himself "king of Babylon, king of

1524: 1468: 1224:

languages. It is known as the "CMa inscription", carved in a column of Palace P in

1126: 1028: 1003: 973: 950: 932: 872: 838: 763: 662: 638: 519: 426: 9664: 8556: 8223:

Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).

8060: 6819: 5201: 2012:

give nearly identical descriptions of the tomb, based on the eyewitness report of

12637: 12602: 12540: 12073: 12058: 12036: 11840: 11564: 11495: 11447: 11422: 11412: 11346: 11280: 11193: 11173: 11133: 11075: 11006: 10957: 10845: 10653: 10422: 10008: 9848: 9816: 9633: 9284: 9219: 8983: 8861: 8422: 8399: 8224: 7843: 7730: 7579: 7233: 7106: 6825: 6791: 6469: 5866: 5734: 5558: 5474: 5408: 5384: 5254: 5233: 5208: 5197: 5191:

The Median "Empire", the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 B.C.

5091: 4960: 4803: 4518: 4495: 4488: 2748: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2701:

unit, consisting of 10,000 highly trained soldiers. He also formed an innovative

2646: 1829: 1765: 1677: 1507: 1142: 982: 751: 700:, which served as the Achaemenid ceremonial capital. He was succeeded by his son 546: 497: 305: 35: 8776:

Irannejad, A. Mani (2022). "The Ancient Iranian Perception of Cyrus the Great".

7156:

Persepolis Recreated, Publisher: NEJ International Pictures; 1st edition (2005)

4937: 696:

claimed that Cyrus did not die fighting and had instead returned to the city of

12386: 11883: 11833: 11679: 11559: 11417: 11178: 11153: 11128: 11065: 11057: 11037: 10488: 10391: 10337: 9993: 9811: 9628: 9481: 9459: 9362: 9340: 9314: 9279: 7683: 7677: 7648: 6383: 4784:

Naming the grandson after the grandfather was a common practice among Iranians.

2894: 2888: 2846: 2797: 2630: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2502: 2447: 2431: 2352: 2313: 2095: 1769: 1695: 1673: 892: 834: 807: 803: 787: 783: 779: 755: 732: 724: 541: 490: 433: 192: 45: 9428: 8733: 2860:. It describes how Cyrus had improved the lives of the citizens of Babylonia, 2712:

Cyrus's conquests began a new era in the age of empire building, where a vast

2520: 2467: 2168: 558: 12760: 11826: 11787: 11621: 11508: 11303: 11298: 11024: 10972: 10962: 10926: 10659: 10580: 10543: 10383: 10360: 10303: 10045: 9983: 9931: 9623: 9352: 7923: 7322:, pp. 383–84, ed. Barbara T. Hoffman. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 6991: 6228: 4624:, ed. Curtis & Stewart, I.B.Tauris-British Museum, London, ç2005, p.13-22 4562: 4140: 3883: 2771: 2706: 2702: 2588: 2505: 2309: 2268: 2038: 1977: 1968: 1864: 1809: 1366: 1255:

who was an Achaemenian and the daughter of Pharnaspes who bore him two sons,

1146: 1145:" after seizing the city Anshan and enlarging his kingdom further to include 822: 818: 709: 314: 120: 60: 8763:

Harmatta, J. (1971). "The Rise of the Old Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great".

7543:

The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia

7226: 7021: 3010: 2965: 2944: 2533:

to have been added by another author toward the end of the Babylonian exile

1772:, an inscription on a cylinder that was deposited in the foundations of the 1547: 1481: 1181:, which he mentions as Cambyses but according to modern scholars, should be 1093: 593: 12310: 12296: 12174: 11798: 11792: 11659: 11600: 11584: 11432: 11364: 11318: 11275: 11123: 11113: 11052: 11042: 10934: 10903: 10873: 10639: 10396: 10378: 10345: 10259: 10105: 10003: 9936: 9911: 9901: 9786: 9603: 9374: 8688: 7865: 7689: 7380: 7357: 6981: 6354: 5798:

The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods, Volume 2

5750: 4156: 3897: 3873: 3863: 2861: 2778:

in 1658 in which Cyrus is depicted as an archetypal wise ruler – while the

2691: 2464: 2455: 2165: 2160: 2004:

tomb (built around 540–530 BC) still exists, which many believe to be his.

1918: 1706: 1583:, where he had hired more mercenaries. Mazares marched his troops into the 1020: 771: 705: 634: 111: 5619:

A history of Greece, Volume 2, By Connop Thirlwall, Longmans, 1836, p. 174

5445:

The date depends on when exactly the lunar month was deemed to have begun.

4269:

Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity

4131: 4114: 2720:

during their control of Persia, and later Iranian dynasties including the

2697:

Through his military savvy, Cyrus created an organized army including the

2438:

Thus saith Cyrus, king of Persia: All the kingdoms of the earth hath the L

1844:

to attack them in their own territory. The Massagetae were related to the

12689: 12303: 12240: 12198: 12122: 12110: 12089: 11750: 11674: 11669: 11570: 11527: 11143: 11118: 11098: 11070: 11032: 10921: 10898: 10893: 10883: 10473: 10406: 10269: 10110: 10100: 9916: 9886: 9766: 9578: 9235: 9056: 8573:

The Greeks and The Persians: From the Sixth Century to the Fourth Century

8132:

The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 2; The Median and Achaemenian periods

5923: 5661:

The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions

5084: 3878: 3868: 3718: 2225: 2110:

Cyrus the Great is said in the Bible to have liberated the Jews from the

2034: 1883: 1785: 1295:

that claimed Agradates adopted the name Cyrus after the Cyrus river near

1256: 1213: 1109: 1063:

probably represents the original form. Another scholarly opinion is that

1013: 999: 884: 799: 750:, which worked for the profit of both rulers and subjects. Following the 701: 672:

After conquering the Median Empire, Cyrus led the Achaemenids to conquer

666: 373: 152: 8994: 8789: 8390: 8374: 4195:, 2nd edition, published by The University Press, 1927. p. 15. Excerpt: 1996:

Cyrus the Great's remains may have been interred in his capital city of

12694: 12627: 12525: 12261: 12247: 12233: 12205: 12143: 11853: 11577: 11442: 11088: 10858: 10449: 10444: 10365: 10355: 10322: 10239: 10223: 10186: 10061: 9973: 9958: 9896: 9821: 9756: 9733: 9726: 9638: 9568: 9545: 9538: 9381: 9346: 9335: 9214: 9204: 9066: 8852: 8610:

Rituals of royalty : power and ceremonial in traditional societies

8600: 8579:

Bickermann, Elias J. (September 1946). "The Edict of Cyrus in Ezra 1".

8475: 7742: 7713: 7448:

Imaginary kings: royal images in the ancient Near East, Greece and Rome

7058: 6868:

From text to tradition: a history of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism

6470:"Cyrus II Encyclopædia Britannica 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online" 3823: 3457: 3337: 3110: 2713: 2650: 2486: 2385: 2384:. Some have also identified the figure depicted in the bas-relief from 2333: 2263:

His rule was studied and admired by many of the great leaders, such as

2209: 2175: 2078: 2073: 2068: 1997: 1981: 1973: 1913:

also recounts that Cyrus saw in his sleep the oldest son of Hystaspes (

1903: 1837: 1833: 1805: 1511: 1456: 1296: 1284: 1276: 1252: 1241: 1225: 1209: 1173: 1161: 1154: 1118: 1105: 1101: 1080: 1027:

in origin and that the name meant "he who bestows care" in the extinct

849:

serving as a spot of reverence for millions of the country's citizens.

697: 681: 416: 358: 347: 332: 177: 103: 97: 65: 8493:

Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC

6074: 5896: 4234: 4148: 1955:, who only reports that Cyrus met his death while warring against the 1539:

between the two rulers, Harpagus advised Cyrus the Great to place his

12673: 12545: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12219: 12191: 12022: 11846: 11819: 11812: 11805: 11684: 11607: 11520: 10967: 10949: 10944: 10888: 10878: 10853: 10629: 10615: 10611: 10585: 10561: 10439: 10434: 10370: 10327: 10264: 10181: 10095: 10075: 10070: 9968: 9963: 9921: 9801: 9791: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9499: 9404: 9250: 9123: 8805:

Lawrence, John M. (1985). "Cyrus: Messiah, Politician, and General".

8168: 7838: 7789: 7653: 7450:. Vol. Oriens et occidens 11. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 33. 6933:

Words Remembered, Texts Renewed: Essays in Honour of John F.A. Sawyer

6842: 4601: 4079: 3748: 2853: 2760: 2479: 2409: 2360: 2345: 2322: 2115: 2001: 1910: 1876: 1860: 1845: 1825: 1813: 1734: 1726: 1691: 1656: 1644: 1564: 1540: 1325: 1268: 1165: 1019:

Some scholars, however, believe that neither Cyrus nor Cambyses were

1008: 741: 717: 689: 630: 383: 276: 8844: 8592: 8467: 1228:. These inscriptions on behalf of Cyrus were probably made later by 1043:, so it would make sense for Persian speakers to change an original 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12275: 11781: 11769: 11544: 11080: 10991: 10977: 10939: 10868: 10720: 10679: 10633: 10551: 10527: 10468: 10244: 10147: 10115: 10080: 10040: 9926: 9866: 9781: 9598: 9514: 9509: 9180: 9085: 8902: 8883: 8704: 8349: 7814: 7759: 7737: 6329:, by Frye p. 371; and the debates in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, et al. 5728:

Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae, Defeats Cyrus the Great in Battle

5360:, pp. 112–38. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. 4480: 3704: 2985: 2950: 2927: 2906: 2756: 2662: 2584: 2543: 2371:

mentons that he "returned the gods to their shrines". Another from

2337: 2302: 2298: 2144: 2022: 1952: 1944: 1914: 1821: 1781: 1757:, although there is no direct evidence to support this assumption. 1660: 1622: 1412: 1408: 1362: 1334: 1330: 1318: 1314: 1245: 1229: 1169: 1088: 911:), a concept which has been interpreted as meaning "like the Sun" ( 900: 814:; he is the only non-Jewish figure to be revered in this capacity. 693: 406: 210: 9836: 9140: 8193:

The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period

6050: 5132:

Sparda by the bitter sea: imperial interaction in western Anatolia

4347:

The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period

4304: 2980: 2914: 12576: 12555: 12504: 12355: 11757: 11047: 11014: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10663: 10649: 10619: 10590: 10572: 10522: 10509: 10498: 10493: 10317: 10254: 10233: 10173: 10163: 10152: 10035: 10013: 9876: 9871: 9861: 9856: 9771: 9751: 9746: 9740: 9588: 9583: 9563: 9558: 9552: 9494: 9240: 9104: 8993:, translated by Henry Graham Dakyns and revised by F.M. Stawell, 7871: 7665: 6758:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Chronicles 36 - New Living Translation" 5658:

Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012).

4964:

The Earthly republic: Italian humanists on government and society

4505: 3979:

The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods

3738: 3729: 3447: 3347: 3218: 2989: 2971: 2884: 2838: 2830: 2802: 2740: 2736: 2687: 2654: 2583:), there was Jewish criticism of him after he was lied to by the 2509: 2498: 2423: 2372: 2217: 2042: 1899: 1887: 1849: 1841: 1797: 1773: 1714: 1640: 1598: 1576: 1568: 1556: 1515: 1490: 1452: 1436: 1421: 1417: 1378: 1369:

and Cyrus's grandfather, may have ruled over the majority of the

1288: 1260: 1217: 1193: 1182: 1178: 1150: 1138: 896: 775: 642: 401: 378: 243: 11706: 8691:(October 1974). "Sargon, Cyrus, and Mesopotamian Folk History". 7013: 1149:

proper. Ancient documents mention that Teispes had a son called

11019: 10863: 10673: 10532: 10401: 10350: 10168: 9826: 9657:

indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.

9643: 9504: 9245: 7850: 7777: 7445: 7396:, p. 124. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. 6987: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3758: 3046: 2857: 2852:

The text of the cylinder denounces the deposed Babylonian king

2834: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2610: 2572: 2494: 2490: 2389: 2381: 2376: 2356: 2318: 2089:(Shah of Iran) the last official monarch of Persia, during his 2057: 2009: 2005: 1648: 1606: 1592: 1584: 1572: 1552: 1528: 1448: 1429: 1292: 1280: 1264: 1130: 747: 654: 614: 388: 336: 309: 8629:

The ancient Near East : historical sources in translation

8543:

Beckman, Daniel (2018). "The Many Deaths of Cyrus the Great".

7255:, ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995. 7065:. The Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press. 4961:

Benjamin G. Kohl; Ronald G. Witt; Elizabeth B. Welles (1978).

2705:

throughout the empire, based on several relay stations called

2474: 1567:

was incorporated into Persia in 546 BC. Later, a Lydian named

12394: 12096: 10623: 10460: 10205: 10136: 9330: 8350:"Astyages, Cyrus and Zoroaster: Solving a Historical Dilemma" 7860: 7725: 7500:"A 2,600-year-old icon of freedom comes to the United States" 6307:

Cyrus Kadivar (25 January 2002). "We are Awake". The Iranian.

4415: 3829:

List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

2993: 2931: 2764: 2752: 2626: 2413: 2367:

states "(Cyrus) loves Esangil and Ezida", while another from

2256: 1956: 1761: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1631:

Painting from Charles Texier for Cyrus The Great, Paris, 1852

1610: 1602: 1580: 1519: 1486: 1440: 1439:, who had been the king of the city-state of Parsa under the 1432:

into the empire during his military campaigns of 546–539 BC.

1374: 1358: 978: 858: 736: 713: 673: 622: 8612:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8421:

Toorawa, Shawkat M. (2011). "Islam". In Allen, Roger (ed.).

7392:

See also Amélie Kuhrt, "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in

6607: 5894: 5530:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 231. 5425:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 230. 4008: 3947: 3945: 3916:

is also attested as an Elamite name before Cyrus's lifetime.

2434:

from Babylon along with a commission to rebuild the temple.

1808:

infantry, aided by other Scythian archers and cavalry, plus

12509: 10643: 7584: 6631: 6629: 5398:

Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus

5314:

Chronology of the Ancient World, by H. E. L. Mellersh, 1994

4778:

Schmitt, R. "Iranian Personal Names i.-Pre-Islamic Names".

3000:

and spread in a wide geographical area by Cyrus the Great (

2865: 2856:

as impious and portrays Cyrus as pleasing to the chief god

2658: 2430:

with the decree of Cyrus, which returned the exiles to the

2364: 1985: 1872: 1699: 1687: 1683: 1652: 1428:. Herodotus notes that Cyrus also subdued and incorporated 1425: 1134: 1024: 954: 842: 817:

In addition to his influence on the traditions of both the

759: 318: 8097:

The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World

7916:

Proceedings of the London 1985 Achaemenid History Workshop

7473:"Cyrus Cylinder a Reminder of Persian Legacy of Tolerance" 6734:

Monotheism, power, justice: collected Old Testament essays

6701: 6414:"Cyrus Cylinder: How a Persian monarch inspired Jefferson" 5295:(in French). Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. pp. 111–124. 4078:

Chapter 3c. p. 170. The quote is from the Greek historian

2822:), a document in the form of a clay cylinder inscribed in 758:, in which he authorized and encouraged the return of the 625:

and embracing all of the previous civilized states of the

10705:

In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by

8229:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. 6936:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 219. 6713: 6353:: "Cyrus the Great in Icelandic epic: A literary study". 5111:, Canberra: Australian National University Press, p. 12, 5029: 4463: 4461: 4265: 4235:

The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS) (24 August 2015).

4168: 4166: 3942: 3019:, who defeated King Croesus and conquered Lydia with the 2988:, the world's first gold coin, originally minted by King 2401: 2220:

and colonial America. Many of the thinkers and rulers of

904: 8086:

The Cyrus Cylinder: The Great Persian Edict from Babylon

7929:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

7099:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

6653: 6626: 6384:"Cyrus and Jefferson: Did they speak the same language?" 6139: 5837:

Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians

4634: 4632: 4630: 4175:

Cyrus (iii. Cyrus the Great) Cyrus's religious policies.

3982:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 404. 1733:

to protect Babylon against Median attacks, diverted the

5564: 5065: 4813: 4811: 4582: 2872:" has been interpreted as part of this general policy. 2759:" with over 1000 meters of channels made out of carved 2368: 1768:, king of the four corners of the world" in the famous 1039:. Meanwhile, Old Persian did not allow names to end in 927:

has suggested a translation based on the meaning of an

8831:

Mallowan, Max (1972). "Cyrus the Great (558–529 BC)".

6689: 6677: 6665: 6641: 5657: 5005: 4458: 4210:"Messiah – Roots of the concept: From Josiah to Cyrus" 4163: 2489:

honored him as a dignified and righteous king. In one

1959:

archers northwest of the headwaters of the Syr Darya.

1279:, which was a vassal of Astyages. The Greek historian 915:) by noting its relation to the Persian noun for Sun, 782:, a migratory event in which the Jews returned to the 12479:

Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children

8607: 7127: 7040: 6510: 5017: 4627: 2236:. Thomas Jefferson, for example, owned two copies of 1031:. One reason is that, while Elamite names may end in 966: 629:, expanding vastly and eventually conquering most of 563: 8933:

King of the world : the life of Cyrus the Great

8535:

Light from the East: Or the witness of the monuments

7320:

Art and Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy, and Practice

7059:

John Curtis; Julian Reade; Dominique Collon (1995).

5601: 5448: 5356:

Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in

5053: 4993: 4889: 4823: 4808: 4702: 4095:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 3957: 1447:, who was also Cyrus's second cousin, was then made 9694: 7805:

Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus

7369:John Curtis, Nigel Tallis, Beatrice Andre-Salvini. 7318:Neil MacGregor, "The whole world in our hands", in 6839:

History of the Jewish People: The Second Temple Era

6291: 5528:

The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 536–539 B.C

5490:

Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations

5423:

The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 536–539 B.C

5305:

Ancient India, by Vidya Dhar Mahajan, 2019, pp. 203

4650: 4544:

Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.)

4382: 3930: 1125:). Achaemenids are "descendants of Achaemenes", as 8901: 8882: 8454:Waters, Matt (2004). "Cyrus and the Achaemenids". 8158: 8094: 7414: 7251:H.F. Vos, "Archaeology of Mesopotamia", p. 267 in 6587:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 80. 6541: 6468: 6180: 6178: 6105: 5128: 4189:The foundation and extension of the Persian empire 1248:, King of Media, during the period of 600–599 BC. 1035:, no Elamite texts spell the name this way — only 8754:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 6075:Ralph Griffiths; George Edward Griffiths (1816). 5290: 2216:Cyrus's legacy has been felt even as far away as 1287:, named him Cyrus after his grandfather, who was 998:). Some pieces of evidence suggest that Cyrus is 12758: 7914:. In Kuhrt, A.; Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. (eds.). 7373:, p. 59. University of California Press, 2005. ( 6929: 5794: 3975: 2974:of Lydia, which was the world's first gold coin. 463: 16:Founder of the Achaemenid Empire (c. 600–530 BC) 9458: 8891:. London: University of Sydney. pp. 1–27. 8646:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2010). 8222: 7539: 7130:Rome's Enemies: Parthians And Sassanid Persians 5801:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 392–98. 4967:. Manchester University Press ND. p. 198. 4610:. Translated by Sachau, C. Edward. p. 152. 4421: 4187:p. 42. See also: G. Buchaman Gray and D. Litt, 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4039:I. IX; see also M. A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II", in 2829:. It had been placed in the foundations of the 2810:proclaiming Cyrus as legitimate king of Babylon 1462: 1108:. An inscription says "I am Cyrus the King, an 1059:, since both forms were acceptable. Therefore, 8496:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–272. 8375:"Solomon at Pasargadae: Some New Perspectives" 7470: 6971:"Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period" 6930:Philip R. Davies (1995). John D Davies (ed.). 6319:Early Sassanians' Claim to Achaemenid Heritage 6103: 5952: 5833: 4745: 4207: 2446:, his God, be with him – let him go there. — ( 2067:'s invasion of Persia and after the defeat of 1796:The details of Cyrus's death vary by account. 1341: 12787:6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire 12371: 10736: 9680: 9444: 9156: 8954:. Azizeh Azodi, trans. London: I. B. Tauris. 8645: 8401:The Presbyterian review and religious journal 7412: 7253:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 6306: 5756:The historian's craft in the age of Herodotus 5258:: Fifth and last king of the Mermnad dynasty. 5219: 5217: 4723:"HERZFELD, ERNST ii. HERZFELD AND PASARGADAE" 4305:Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis; Sarah Stewart (2005). 3077: 2609:Statue of Cyrus the Great at Olympic Park in 2404:by Cyrus during their exile in Babylon after 2301:behind him, as he receives the submission of 1160:In 600 BC, Cyrus I was succeeded by his son, 958: 449: 11708:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224) 8026:A political history of the Achaemenid empire 7540:François Vallat (2013). Perrot, Jean (ed.). 7305: 7303: 6736:. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 158. 6036:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5749: 5587:"British Museum Website, The Cyrus Cylinder" 5493:. Cornell University Press. pp. 22–23. 5107:Kirill Nourzhanov, Christian Bleuer (2013), 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4343: 4066:Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty) 4046: 2625:Some modern Muslims have suggested that the 1859:Achaemenid soldiers (left) fighting against 1196:and Anshanite origin instead of Achaemenid. 990: 8952:Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD 8884:"Cyrus the Great and the Kingdom of Anshan" 7342:, p. 39. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. 6610:Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period 6199:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Cyrus legacy. 6051:Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1906). 5873:, on the reliability of Xenophon's account. 5858:, p. 250. See also H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg " 5759:. Oxford University Press US. p. 155. 4690: 4389:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 38–40. 4272:. Cambridge University Press. p. 243. 2454:This edict is also fully reproduced in the 1698:in or near the strategic riverside city of 1244:, King of Anshan, and Mandane, daughter of 12378: 12364: 10743: 10729: 9687: 9673: 9451: 9437: 9163: 9149: 8949: 8578: 8287:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 8058: 7446:Hekster, Olivier; Fowler, Richard (2005). 7312: 7265: 6968: 6099: 6097: 6095: 5664:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. 5214: 5109:Tajikistan: a Political and Social History 4023: 3084: 3070: 2770:The English physician and philosopher Sir 2640: 2297:Cyrus the Great (center) with his General 2278: 2118:, earning him an honored place in Judaism. 1741:Prior to Cyrus's invasion of Babylon, the 1232:in order to affirm his lineage, using the 456: 442: 8935:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 8820:Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 8807:Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 8775: 8678: 8329:. In Curtis, John; Simpson, John (eds.). 8134:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8023: 8006:Persia and the Persian Question, Volume 2 7999:. London: Seeley, Jackson & Halliday. 7892:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7497: 7300: 6865: 6323:Achaemenid History III. Method and Theory 5992: 5326:"Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology" 5237:, 440 BC. Translated by George Rawlinson. 4883: 4600: 4576: 4540: 4523: 4473: 4130: 3794: 3792: 3790: 2587:, who wanted to halt the building of the 2242:United States Declaration of Independence 1377:frontier in the west to the lands of the 1047:into the more grammatically correct form 8863:Cyrus the Great: A Biography of Kingship 8859: 8830: 8817: 8804: 8762: 8626: 8372: 8347: 8273:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8052:Cyrus the Great: An Ancient Iranian King 6976:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 6836: 6707: 6582: 6463: 6461: 6254: 6143:Alexander the Great: the invisible enemy 5961:Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. – A.D. 75 5696: 5581: 5579: 4841: 4720: 4178: 3963: 3902:Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. – A.D. 75 2918: 2900: 2801: 2735:17th-century bust of Cyrus the Great in 2730: 2649:empire governed by four capital states; 2604: 2558: 2473: 2292: 2105: 1972: 1893: 1854: 1705: 1667: 1626: 1546: 1480: 1383: 1308: 1203: 1092: 557: 8608:Cannadine, David; Price, Simon (1987). 8542: 8420: 8324: 8315: 8290: 8148: 8065:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7 8042: 7128:Wilcox, Peter; MacBride, Angus (1986). 7046: 6962: 6719: 6695: 6683: 6647: 6559: 6092: 5854:VII. 7; M.A. Dandamaev, "Cyrus II", in 5790: 5788: 5627: 5625: 5525: 5420: 5240: 5011: 4752: 4467: 4112: 4063: 3951: 1713:circa 540 BC, prior to the invasion of 12759: 10789: 8930: 8899: 8489: 8462:. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 91–102. 8453: 8283:Palou, Christine; Palou, Jean (1962). 8259:, VI. New York: Peter Bedrick Books . 8083: 8002: 7922: 7510:from the original on 25 September 2013 7479:from the original on 22 September 2013 6890: 6671: 6659: 6635: 6516: 6224:"The Cyrus cylinder: Diplomatic whirl" 5570: 5454: 5071: 5059: 4895: 4829: 4817: 4768:e. g. Cyrus Cylinder Fragment A. ¶ 21. 4638: 3936: 3787: 1333:to have the child killed. His general 12359: 11705: 10724: 9668: 9432: 9144: 8880: 8719: 8687: 8424:Islam; A Short Guide for the Faithful 8189: 8165:The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC 8156: 8071:from the original on 17 November 2018 7981:from the original on 17 November 2011 7906: 6547: 6528: 6458: 6146:. Psychology Press. pp. 100–01. 6112:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 5895:UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2006). 5890: 5888: 5678:from the original on 22 November 2020 5607: 5576: 5486: 5323: 5035: 5023: 4999: 4944:, Routledge Publishers, 1995, p.661, 4942:The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC 4864:from the original on 17 November 2017 4708: 4657:. Pen and Sword Military. p. 3. 4386:Defining Iran: Politics of Resistance 4193:The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV 4185:The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV 3896:undocumented tablet from the city of 3769: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3745: 3728: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3702: 3700: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3566: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3334: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3266: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3038:King of the Four Corners of the World 2934:, under the rule of Cyrus the Great ( 2174:Cyrus was distinguished equally as a 2063:Years later, in the chaos created by 972: 903:stated that Cyrus was named from the 883:), which itself was derived from the 437: 81:King of the Four Corners of the World 10750: 8531: 8510:from the original on 15 October 2021 8441:from the original on 15 October 2021 8397: 8303:from the original on 3 December 2015 8054:. Afshar Publishing. pp. 25–42. 7560:from the original on 15 October 2021 7498:MacGregor, Neil (24 February 2013). 7427:from the original on 11 January 2022 7288:from the original on 4 December 2009 7079:from the original on 15 October 2021 6870:. KTAV Publishing. pp. 35, 36. 6731: 6394:from the original on 26 October 2015 6160:from the original on 15 October 2021 6087:Cyrus influence on persian identity. 6018:from the original on 15 October 2021 5815:from the original on 11 October 2021 5785: 5703:. Rutgers University Press. p. 5690: 5622: 5507:from the original on 15 October 2021 4981:from the original on 15 October 2021 4919:from the original on 1 November 2020 4850:. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. 4727:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition 4683:. the University of Michigan. 1951. 4588: 4325:from the original on 12 January 2022 4247:from the original on 26 January 2015 4172: 3996:from the original on 11 October 2021 2645:Cyrus founded the empire as a multi- 2598:According to the Bible, it was King 1616: 1100:that may depict Cyrus, known from a 778:due to his role in facilitating the 686:Eastern Iranian tribal confederation 9170: 8683:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 8327:"Changes in Achaemenid Royal Dress" 8119:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 6794:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 1995, 6183:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran 5149:from the original on 17 August 2021 4777: 4622:Birth of the Persian Empire, Vol. I 4547:. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 528–9. 4433: 4403:from the original on 8 January 2016 4364:from the original on 8 January 2016 2887:, after he "was given a replica by 2819: 2806:The Cyrus cylinder, a contemporary 1828:in the southernmost portion of the 1721:Around 12 October, Persian general 1682:By the year 540 BC, Cyrus captured 1074: 991: 114:, traditionally identified as Cyrus 13: 12385: 12072: 11005: 9835: 8991:Cyropaedia: the education of Cyrus 8895:from the original on 31 July 2022. 8860:Mitchell, Lynette (30 June 2023). 8679:Dougherty, Raymond Philip (1929). 8575:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969. 8524: 8299:. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. 8151:Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles 7996:Stories of the East From Herodotus 7967:. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. 7958: 7615: 7028:from the original on 27 April 2021 6950:from the original on 27 April 2021 6911:from the original on 27 April 2021 6275: 5885: 5048:Stories of the East From Herodotus 4266:Margaret Christina Miller (2004). 2694:from the many parts of his realm. 1587:country and subdued the cities of 1002:, a legendary Persian king of the 794:, which had been destroyed by the 786:following Cyrus' establishment of 14: 12838: 11733: 11480: 8970: 8918:from the original on 22 June 2021 8666:from the original on 10 June 2021 8408:from the original on 10 June 2021 8333:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 255–272. 8243:from the original on 14 June 2022 8210:from the original on 10 June 2021 8003:Curzon, George Nathaniel (2018). 7909:"The religion of Cyrus the Great" 7880: 7580:"Family Tree of Darius the Great" 7242:, Vol. VII, Fasc. 3, pp. 312–315. 6973:. 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Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. 7719:History of the Peloponnesian War 7572: 7533: 7522: 7491: 7464: 7439: 7406: 7386: 7363: 7332: 7282:"British Museum: Cyrus Cylinder" 7274: 7245: 7216: 7199:"The Garden of Cyrus: Chapter I" 7191: 7174:"The Garden of Cyrus: Chapter I" 7166: 7150: 7121: 7112: 7091: 7052: 6923: 6897:. T & T Clark. p. 355. 6884: 6859: 6830: 6805: 6775: 6750: 6725: 6601: 6576: 6553: 6522: 6485: 6445:"The Papers of Thomas Jefferson" 6442: 6436: 6406: 6376: 6360: 6344: 6311: 6300: 6285: 6268: 6248: 6216: 6204: 6172: 6133: 6068: 6044: 5972: 5083:Antoine Simonin. (8 Jan 2012). " 4733:from the original on 11 May 2021 4344:Amelie Kuhrt (3 December 2007). 4115:"The Death of Cyrus the Younger" 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 2512:to be so referred. Elsewhere in 1346: 641:, whose rule stretched from the 96: 12561:Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego 9047:King of Kings of Persian Empire 8693:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 8627:Chavalas, Mark W., ed. (2007). 8061:"Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great" 7610: 7471:Barbara Slavin (6 March 2013). 6969:Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) . 5966: 5936: 5915: 5876: 5844: 5827: 5743: 5721: 5651: 5613: 5544: 5519: 5480: 5460: 5439: 5414: 5390: 5370: 5350: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5284: 5275: 5261: 5183: 5174: 5161: 5135:. Scholars Press. p. 137. 5122: 5101: 5077: 5041: 4954: 4931: 4909:"Pasargadae, Palace P - Livius" 4901: 4876: 4835: 4789: 4771: 4762: 4714: 4671: 4644: 4614: 4594: 4569: 4427: 4376: 4337: 4298: 4259: 4228: 4201: 4106: 4091:Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). 4085: 4069: 3907: 3889: 3798:Unconfirmed rulers, due to the 2395: 1938:Chronicle of Michael the Syrian 1882:The general of Tomyris's army, 1098:The four-winged guardian figure 8736:(inactive 25 September 2024). 8652:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–160. 8581:Journal of Biblical Literature 8379:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8366:10.1080/05786967.2012.11834712 8271:History of the Persian Empire 8028:. Leiden: Brill. p. 373. 8009:. Cambridge University Press. 7887: 7633:The Verse account of Nabonidus 7413:The telegraph (16 July 2008). 6128:Alexander admiration of cyrus. 5947:Plutarch: The Age of Alexander 5795:Ilya Gershevitch, ed. (1985). 4184: 4075: 4029: 3976:Ilya Gershevitch, ed. (1985). 3969: 3855: 3846: 3052: 2889:the sister of the Shah of Iran 2686:. Cyrus's empire was based on 2571:While Cyrus is praised in the 2529:) are believed by most modern 2325:, who founded Zoroastrianism. 1575:of Lydia, Tabalus. Cyrus sent 1291:. There is also an account by 1141:, who took the title "King of 841:. He remains a cult figure in 1: 9018: 8557:10.1080/00210862.2017.1337503 8320:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 8045:"Religion of Cyrus the Great" 6493:"Cyrus the Great Biography |" 6140:John Maxwell O'Brien (1994). 5840:– via Internet Archive. 5167:A. Sh. Sahbazi, "Arsama", in 5098:. Retrieved 1 September 2016. 4113:Bassett, Sherylee R. (1999). 3923: 2567:and Cyrus before the Idol Bel 1199: 796:Babylonian siege of Jerusalem 790:and subsequently rebuilt the 774:and left a lasting legacy on 692:in December 530 BC. However, 599: 572:, featuring the Shahbaz (see 562:Standard of Cyrus the Great ( 298: 8532:Ball, Charles James (1899). 8129: 8092: 7888:Boardman, John, ed. (1994). 6866:Schiffman, Lawrence (1991). 6612:. Eisenbrauns. p. 542. 6292:Richard Nelson Frye (1963). 6210: 6187:. Chelsea House Publishers. 5526:Bealieu, Paul-Alain (1989). 5421:Bealieu, Paul-Alain (1989). 5096:Ancient History Encyclopedia 4696: 4651:Eric G. L. Pinzelli (2022). 4383:Shabnam J. Holliday (2011). 4212:. livius.org. Archived from 4076:Cambridge Ancient History IV 3011: 2966: 2945: 2774:penned a discourse entitled 2751:and a network of irrigation 2747:existence of the Pasargadae 2289:Cyrus the Great in the Quran 2285:Cyrus the Great in the Bible 1943:An alternative account from 1463:Lydian Empire and Asia Minor 1302: 1263:along with three daughters, 957:, Cyrus' name is spelled as 852: 742: 594: 7: 12664:Historicist interpretations 9599:Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I) 9594:Darius the Great (Darius I) 8931:Waters, Matthew W. (2022). 8889:Birth of the Persian Empire 8649:Birth of the Persian Empire 7961:"Babylon under Achaemenids" 6327:The History of Ancient Iran 6325:, Leiden, 1988, p. 30; and 6179:James D. Cockcroft (1989). 5129:Jack Martin Balcer (1984). 4680:The Modern Review Volume 89 4308:Birth of the Persian Empire 3819:2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 3812: 2501:(lit. "His anointed one") ( 1906:receiving the head of Cyrus 1852:, a proposal she rejected. 1342:Rise and military campaigns 1023:, proposing that Cyrus was 981:, he is referred to in the 967: 847:Tomb of Cyrus at Pasargadae 752:Persian conquest of Babylon 564: 479:Battles against the Satraps 330:4 December 530 BC (aged 70) 10: 12843: 12767:Battles of Cyrus the Great 9833: 9574:Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) 9041:Not previously established 8950:Wiesehöfer, Josef (1996). 8722:Harvard Theological Review 8348:Soudavar, Abolala (2012). 8130:Gershevitch, Ilya (1985). 7993:Church, Alfred J. (1881). 7546:. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. 7529:Classical Numismatic Group 6891:Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). 5979:World History Encyclopedia 4311:. I.B. Tauris. p. 7. 3056: 3005: 2958: 2939: 2904: 2795: 2282: 2014:Aristobulus of Cassandreia 1990:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1966: 1840:, following the advice of 1671: 1620: 1466: 1381:and Persians in the east. 1350: 1078: 856: 737: 621:to power by defeating the 588: 102:"Winged Genius" statue at 12822:Monarchs killed in action 12741:American Standard Version 12708: 12682: 12647:Christian interpretations 12646: 12623:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 12598:Abomination of desolation 12590: 12569: 12518: 12497: 12469: 12393: 12339: 12057: 11923: 11914:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 11882: 11867: 11718: 11714: 11701: 11635: 11465: 11363: 11345: 11317: 11289: 11221: 11206: 10990: 10912: 10844: 10829: 10780: 10776: 10756: 10703: 10604: 10570: 10541: 10507: 10458: 10421: 10356:Queen Amoashtart (regent) 10336: 10302: 10278: 10200: 10134: 10059: 10022: 9945: 9846: 9713: 9703: 9652: 9523: 9480: 9471: 9413: 9323: 9272: 9261: 9228: 9200: 9191: 9178: 9128: 9120: 9109: 9101: 9090: 9082: 9071: 9063: 9053: 9044: 9035: 9003: 8881:Potts, Daniel T. (2005). 8734:10.1017/S0017816002000251 8631:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 8316:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2010). 8291:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1983). 8115:Frye, Richard N. (1962). 8093:Freeman, Charles (1999). 8024:Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). 6473:. Original.britannica.com 6276:Babylon under Achaemenids 5700:The Empire of the Steppes 4350:. Routledge. p. 47. 3694: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3616: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3502: 3404: 3402: 3394: 3392: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3166: 3164: 3031: 2996:. The Croeseid was later 2101: 1962: 1394:Claude Audran the Younger 1208:"I am Cyrus the King, an 1104:on a doorway pillar from 992: 959: 923:as a suffix of likeness. 770:. He is mentioned in the 609:, was the founder of the 476: 422: 412: 400: 364: 354: 342: 326: 294: 290: 282: 272: 264: 257: 249: 239: 231: 224: 216: 206: 198: 191: 183: 173: 165: 158: 148: 138: 130: 119: 95: 30: 23: 12807:Kings of Anshan (Persia) 11208:Middle Babylonian period 10762:List of kings of Babylon 8908:Ancient History Bulletin 8866:. Taylor & Francis. 8398:Tait, Wakefield (1846). 8373:Stronach, David (2010). 8269:Olmstead, A. T. (1948). 8043:Daryaee, Touraj (2013). 7820:The Histories (Polybius) 7754:Library of World History 6837:Goldwurm, Hersh (1982). 6824:20 December 2011 at the 6063:tomb of cyrus the great. 5865:17 November 2011 at the 5733:29 December 2014 at the 5557:26 December 2018 at the 5473:26 December 2018 at the 5383:26 December 2018 at the 5269:"Syria - Urartu 612-501" 5207:6 September 2013 at the 4842:Dandamev, M. A. (1990). 4729:. Encyclopædia Iranica. 4721:Stronach, David (2003). 4517:23 November 2016 at the 3839: 2780:Protectorate of Cromwell 2114:to resettle and rebuild 2016:, who at the request of 1791: 1477:Siege of Sardis (547 BC) 806:, Cyrus was anointed by 766:, officially ending the 708:led to the conquests of 11378:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 8427:. Eerdmans. p. 8. 8255:Moorey, P.R.S. (1991). 8084:Finkel, Irving (2013). 7707:Antiquities of the Jews 7638:The Prayer of Nabonidus 7223:Alireza Shapur Shahbazi 6996:Oxford University Press 6816:Antiquities of the Jews 6560:Shannon, Avram (2007). 6104:Ulrich Wilcken (1967). 6054:Persia past and present 6014:. Biddle. p. 313. 5697:Grousset, Rene (1970). 5291:Herodotus, A. Barguet. 5196:4 February 2012 at the 4757:i. The clan and dynasty 4541:Tavernier, Jan (2007). 4208:Jona Lendering (2012). 4119:The Classical Quarterly 2641:Politics and management 2548:Antiquities of the Jews 2508:), making him the only 2305:(18th century tapestry) 2279:Religion and philosophy 2247:According to Professor 1531:the following morning. 1390:Cyrus Hunting Wild Boar 938:("son, little boy") or 720:during his short rule. 704:, whose campaigns into 76:King of Sumer and Akkad 12484:Susanna and the Elders 11995:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 11988:Seleucus IV Philopator 11960:Seleucus II Callinicus 11332:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 10294:Alexander I of Macedon 9840: 8325:Sekunda, N.V. (2010). 8190:Kuhrt, Amélie (2013). 8157:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). 8117:The Heritage of Persia 7675:The biblical books of 7376:restricted online copy 7353:restricted online copy 6790:8 January 2016 at the 6732:Lind, Millard (1990). 6294:The Heritage of Persia 5975:"Behistun Inscription" 5487:Potts, Daniel (1996). 5202:The End of Lydia: 547? 3059:Achaemenid family tree 3015:), the founder of the 2998:continued to be minted 2975: 2811: 2743: 2613: 2568: 2557: 2550:, book 11, chapter 1: 2482: 2472: 2452: 2306: 2154: 2119: 2031: 1993: 1928: 1907: 1868: 1832:regions of modern-day 1718: 1632: 1560: 1498: 1485:Victory of Cyrus over 1400: 1322: 1237: 1113: 1085:Achaemenid family tree 577: 12817:Kings of the Universe 12746:World English Version 12104:Antiochus VII Sidetes 11967:Seleucus III Ceraunus 11900:Philip III Arrhidaeus 11637:Neo-Babylonian Empire 11539:Marduk-apla-iddina II 11534:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 11515:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10831:Old Babylonian Empire 9951:Hellespontine Phrygia 9839: 9822:Darius III Codomannus 9639:Darius III Codomannus 8900:Waters, Matt (1996). 8490:Waters, Matt (2014). 8483:registration required 8404:. Oxford University. 8297:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7965:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7959:Cardascia, G (1988). 7832:Bibliotheca historica 7750:Quintus Curtius Rufus 7628:Babylonian Chronicles 7239:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7203:penelope.uchicago.edu 7178:penelope.uchicago.edu 6818:, Book 11, Chapter 1 6781:Simon John De Vries: 6531:"Achaemenid Religion" 5871:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5856:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5550:Nabonidus Chronicle, 5466:Nabonidus Chronicle, 5376:Nabonidus Chronicle, 5200:"; Lendering, Jona, " 5169:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5090:21 April 2021 at the 4848:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4802:26 March 2010 at the 4780:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4041:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3057:Further information: 2922: 2901:Currency denomination 2805: 2734: 2673:' (governor) was the 2608: 2562: 2552: 2477: 2460: 2436: 2400:The treatment of the 2296: 2149: 2133:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2109: 2087:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2027: 1976: 1923: 1897: 1867:impression (drawing). 1858: 1743:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1738:the city of Babylon. 1709: 1672:Further information: 1668:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1630: 1621:Further information: 1551:Croesus on the pyre. 1550: 1484: 1467:Further information: 1387: 1353:Medo-Persian conflict 1312: 1207: 1168:as "an Achaemenian". 1137:and was succeeded by 1096: 949:(young bull). In the 857:Further information: 762:to what had been the 678:Neo-Babylonian Empire 605:), commonly known as 574:List of Iranian flags 561: 536:Invasion of Babylonia 12792:Babylonian captivity 12044:Demetrius II Nicator 11403:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 11383:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 11327:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 11231:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 11184:Marduk-apla-iddina I 10557:Hydarnes the Younger 10289:Amyntas I of Macedon 9812:Artaxerxes III Ochus 9807:Artaxerxes II Mnemon 9708:- Achaemenid Kingdom 9629:Artaxerxes III Ochus 9624:Artaxerxes II Mnemon 8982:22 July 2017 at the 8293:"Achaemenid dynasty" 8101:. New York: Viking. 8067:. pp. 516–521. 7907:Boyce, Mary (1988). 7773:Nicolaus of Damascus 7592:Encyclopædia Iranica 7232:26 July 2020 at the 7225:(15 December 1994), 7105:22 July 2011 at the 6535:Encyclopedia Iranica 6529:Boyce, Mary (2014). 6280:Encyclopedia Iranica 5834:Michael the Syrian. 5253:30 July 2013 at the 5232:29 June 2011 at the 5189:Rollinger, Robert, " 4494:29 June 2011 at the 4440:Encyclopædia Iranica 4422:Llewellyn-Jones 2017 3800:Behistun Inscription 2978:The use of the name 2870:Babylonian captivity 2112:Babylonian captivity 2025:, his epitaph read: 1514:. The king of Lydia 1398:Palace of Versailles 1190:Behistun Inscription 1133:in the southwest of 831:first Persian empire 768:Babylonian captivity 756:Edict of Restoration 743:Kŷros ho Presbýteros 514:Invasion of Anatolia 86:King of the Universe 12009:Antiochus V Eupator 11974:Antiochus III Megas 11502:Tiglath-Pileser III 11467:Neo-Assyrian period 11408:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 11241:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 11149:Shagarakti-Shuriash 10707:Hellenistic satraps 10605:Other known satraps 10060:Greek Governors of 9827:Artaxerxes V Bessus 9817:Artaxerxes IV Arses 9644:Artaxerxes V Bessus 9634:Artaxerxes IV Arses 9387:Cyrus the Great Day 8790:10.1017/irn.2022.54 8571:Bengtson, Hermann. 7624:Nabonidus Chronicle 7421:The Daily Telegraph 7340:The History of Iran 6845:. pp. 26, 29. 6108:Alexander the Great 5589:. Britishmuseum.org 5407:8 July 2018 at the 5038:, p. 1.107-21. 4237:"Cyrus the Messiah" 4216:on 31 December 2011 4132:10.1093/cq/49.2.473 4026:, pp. 516–521. 3042:Nabonidus Chronicle 2776:The Garden of Cyrus 2635:Alexander the Great 2412:is reported in the 2265:Alexander the Great 2249:Richard Nelson Frye 2222:Classical Antiquity 2205:Alexander the Great 2065:Alexander the Great 2018:Alexander the Great 1931:Muhammad Dandamayev 1784:in the west to the 1504:Nabonidus Chronicle 1405:Nabonidus Chronicle 1365:, last king of the 1321:to kill young Cyrus 1273:Nabonidus Chronicle 1006:and a character in 945:("to be born") and 810:for this task as a 792:Temple in Jerusalem 754:, Cyrus issued the 738:Κῦρος ὁ Πρεσβύτερος 676:and eventually the 665:in the west to the 12812:Kings of the Lands 12736:King James Version 12700:Codex Chisianus 45 12633:Territorial spirit 12608:Belshazzar's feast 12489:Bel and the Dragon 11953:Antiochus II Theos 11934:Seleucus I Nicator 11869:Hellenistic period 11764:Nebuchadnezzar III 11355:Mar-biti-apla-usur 11337:Shirikti-shuqamuna 11261:Marduk-shapik-zeri 11236:Itti-Marduk-balatu 11189:Zababa-shuma-iddin 11164:Kadashman-Harbe II 11139:Kadashman-Enlil II 10713:from around 330 BC 10711:Hellenistic rulers 9841: 9370:Cyrus in the Quran 9358:Cyrus in the Bible 9010:Achaemenid dynasty 8257:The Biblical Lands 7783:Anabasis Alexandri 7284:. British Museum. 6078:The Monthly review 5930:Anabasis Alexandri 5396:Tolini, Gauthier, 4699:p. 392. and p. 417 4591:, p. 342-343. 4434:Schmitt, Rüdiger. 3954:, p. 268–271. 2976: 2924:Achaemenid version 2911:Achaemenid coinage 2875:In the 1970s, the 2843:foundation deposit 2812: 2744: 2614: 2569: 2483: 2478:The Cyrus Street, 2448:2 Chronicles 36:23 2307: 2183:Iranian philosophy 2122:British historian 2120: 1994: 1908: 1869: 1863:, 5th century BC. 1719: 1717:by Cyrus the Great 1633: 1561: 1499: 1401: 1323: 1240:Cyrus was born to 1238: 1234:Old Persian script 1121:(from Old Persian 1114: 953:and especially in 727:, he was known as 694:Xenophon of Athens 661:) and the rest of 619:Achaemenid dynasty 581:Cyrus II of Persia 578: 568:), founder of the 143:Empire established 12802:Founding monarchs 12754: 12753: 12551:Nebuchadnezzar II 12353: 12352: 12335: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12326: 12064:(141 BC – AD 224) 12053: 12052: 12030:Demetrius I Soter 12016:Demetrius I Soter 11941:Antiochus I Soter 11863: 11862: 11776:Nebuchadnezzar IV 11709: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11665:Nebuchadnezzar II 11631: 11630: 11461: 11460: 11453:Nabu-suma-ukin II 11438:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 11393:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 11309:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 11271:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 11256:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 11202: 11201: 11169:Adad-shuma-iddina 11159:Enlil-nadin-shumi 11104:Kadashman-Enlil I 11094:Kadashman-Harbe I 10986: 10985: 10825: 10824: 10718: 10717: 9907:Cyrus the Younger 9718:Achaemenid Empire 9697:Achaemenid Empire 9662: 9661: 9426: 9425: 9400:Ciro riconosciuto 9259: 9258: 9185:Achaemenid Empire 9139: 9138: 9054:Succeeded by 8995:Project Gutenberg 8914:. London: 11–18. 8873:978-1-000-87439-6 8659:978-0-85771-092-5 8638:978-0-631-23580-4 8503:978-1-107-65272-9 8434:978-0-8028-6600-4 8340:978-0-85771-801-3 8318:CYRUS i. The Name 8236:978-0-692-86440-1 8203:978-1-136-01694-3 8016:978-1-108-08085-9 7939:978-1-57506-120-7 7918:. pp. 15–31. 7794:Stratagems in War 7553:978-1-84885-621-9 7457:978-3-515-08765-0 7338:Elton L. Daniel, 7162:978-964-06-4525-3 7134:Osprey Publishing 7072:978-0-7141-1140-7 6943:978-1-85075-542-5 6904:978-0-567-08998-4 6877:978-0-88125-372-6 6812:Josephus, Flavius 6800:978-0-8028-0683-3 6743:978-0-936273-16-7 6619:978-1-57506-104-7 6594:978-0-7910-9636-9 6420:. 11 March 2013. 6341:, pp. 1–8, 38–51. 6255:Xenophon (1855). 6232:. 23 March 2013. 6194:978-1-55546-847-7 6153:978-0-415-10617-7 6123:978-0-393-00381-9 5943:Life of Alexander 5808:978-0-521-20091-2 5766:978-0-19-924050-0 5671:978-1-107-01652-1 5573:, pp. 44–49. 5500:978-0-8014-3339-9 5142:978-0-89130-657-3 5117:978-1-925021-15-8 5074:, pp. 31–33. 4974:978-0-7190-0734-7 4396:978-1-4094-0524-5 4357:978-1-134-07634-5 4318:978-1-84511-062-8 4279:978-0-521-60758-2 4101:978-0-691-13589-2 3989:978-0-521-20091-2 3810: 3809: 3775: 3774: 3742:ruled as Smerdis) 3092:Cyrus family tree 3021:Battle of Thymbra 3017:Achaemenid Empire 2963: 2531:critical scholars 2497:refers to him as 2428:Second Chronicles 2406:Nebuchadnezzar II 2253:Romulus and Remus 1936:According to the 1711:Ancient Near East 1686:and its capital, 1617:Eastern Campaigns 1537:Battle of Thymbra 1495:Battle of Thymbra 1473:Battle of Thymbra 1403:According to the 1371:Ancient Near East 1313:Painting of king 974:[kuːˈɾoʃ] 871:derived from the 627:ancient Near East 617:, he brought the 611:Achaemenid Empire 603: 600–530 BC 570:Achaemenid Empire 555: 554: 432: 431: 125:Achaemenid Empire 56:King of the World 12834: 12731:Wycliffe Version 12380: 12373: 12366: 12357: 12356: 12345: 12344: 12070: 12069: 12066: 12065: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11731: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11716: 11715: 11707: 11703: 11702: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11553:Aššur-nādin-šumi 11478: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11428:Marduk-apla-usur 11398:Nabu-apla-iddina 11388:Shamash-mudammiq 11266:Adad-apla-iddina 11251:Enlil-nadin-apli 11246:Nebuchadnezzar I 11219: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11109:Burna-Buriash II 11003: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10931:Unknown king (?) 10842: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10817: 10812: 10805: 10787: 10786: 10778: 10777: 10751:Kings of Babylon 10745: 10738: 10731: 10722: 10721: 9777:Darius the Great 9689: 9682: 9675: 9666: 9665: 9619:Darius II Nothus 9531: 9530: 9488: 9487: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9430: 9429: 9267: 9210:Mandane of Media 9198: 9197: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9142: 9141: 9121:Preceded by 9102:Preceded by 9083:Preceded by 9064:Preceded by 9031: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9005:Cyrus the Great 9001: 9000: 8965: 8946: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8905: 8896: 8886: 8877: 8856: 8827: 8814: 8801: 8772: 8759: 8753: 8745: 8716: 8684: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8642: 8623: 8604: 8568: 8539: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8486: 8479: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8394: 8369: 8344: 8321: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8285:La Perse Antique 8252: 8250: 8248: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8186: 8162: 8153: 8149:Grayson (1975), 8145: 8112: 8100: 8089: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8055: 8049: 8039: 8020: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7919: 7913: 7903: 7827:Diodorus Siculus 7811: 7765:Plutarch's Lives 7702:Flavius Josephus 7642:Dead Sea scrolls 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7588: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7537: 7531: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7418: 7416:"Cyrus Cylinder" 7410: 7404: 7390: 7384: 7371:Forgotten Empire 7367: 7361: 7336: 7330: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7263: 7249: 7243: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7170: 7164: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7110: 7109:by Pierre Briant 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 6985: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6834: 6828: 6809: 6803: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6729: 6723: 6722:, p. 33–36. 6717: 6711: 6710:, p. 49–52. 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6662:, p. 23–24. 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6638:, p. 93–96. 6633: 6624: 6623: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6497:Biography Online 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6443:Boyd, Julian P. 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6380: 6374: 6364: 6358: 6348: 6342: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6296:. World Pub. Co. 6289: 6283: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6186: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6111: 6101: 6090: 6089: 6081:. 1816. p. 6072: 6066: 6065: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6035: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6005: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5973:Mark, Joshua J. 5970: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5940: 5934: 5927:15.3.7; Arrian, 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5892: 5883: 5880: 5874: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5747: 5741: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5629: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5583: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5484: 5478: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5418: 5412: 5394: 5388: 5374: 5368: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5324:Tavernier, Jan. 5321: 5315: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5244: 5238: 5221: 5212: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5172: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5126: 5120: 5105: 5099: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4958: 4952: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4806: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4538: 4521: 4489:classics.mit.edu 4477: 4471: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4205: 4199: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4134: 4110: 4104: 4089: 4083: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4044: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3940: 3934: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3802: 3796: 3705:Darius the Great 3100: 3099: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3063: 3062: 3014: 3009: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2948: 2943: 2821: 2808:cuneiform script 2718:Seleucid dynasty 2684:Darius the Great 2619:Philip R. Davies 2540: 2445: 2441: 2273:Thomas Jefferson 2199:Sassanid Dynasty 2137:David Ben-Gurion 2129:Thomas Jefferson 2047:Darius the Great 2000:, where today a 1919:Sir Max Mallowan 1637:conquer Gedrosia 1525:Battle of Pteria 1469:Battle of Pteria 1236:he had designed. 1127:Darius the Great 1075:Dynastic history 1029:Elamite language 1004:Kayanian dynasty 997: 996: 994: 976: 970: 964: 963: 951:Persian language 812:biblical messiah 764:Kingdom of Judah 745: 740: 739: 663:Southeast Europe 647:Eastern Bulgaria 639:Darius the Great 604: 601: 597: 592: 567: 471: 469: 458: 451: 444: 435: 434: 427:Mandane of Media 322: 303: 300: 100: 21: 20: 12842: 12841: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12772:Cyrus the Great 12757: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12704: 12678: 12642: 12638:Watcher (angel) 12603:Ancient of Days 12586: 12565: 12541:Darius the Mede 12531:Cyrus the Great 12514: 12493: 12465: 12389: 12384: 12354: 12349: 12323: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12059:Parthian period 12049: 12037:Alexander Balas 11919: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11859: 11724: 11723: 11722: 11710: 11689: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11627: 11593:Šamaš-šuma-ukin 11565:Mushezib-Marduk 11496:Nabu-mukin-zeri 11489: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11457: 11448:Nabu-nadin-zeri 11423:Marduk-bel-zeri 11413:Baba-aha-iddina 11373:Nabû-mukin-apli 11359: 11341: 11313: 11285: 11281:Nabu-shum-libur 11212: 11211: 11210: 11198: 11194:Enlil-nadin-ahi 11174:Adad-shuma-usur 11134:Kadashman-Turgu 11076:Kashtiliash III 10996: 10995: 10994: 10982: 10958:Peshgaldaramesh 10908: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10808: 10800: 10792: 10783: 10772: 10771: 10752: 10749: 10719: 10714: 10699: 10654:Greater Phrygia 10600: 10566: 10537: 10503: 10454: 10417: 10332: 10298: 10274: 10196: 10130: 10055: 10018: 10009:Pharnabazus III 9941: 9842: 9831: 9762:Cyrus the Great 9715: 9709: 9699: 9693: 9663: 9658: 9648: 9528: 9527: 9519: 9485: 9484: 9476: 9467: 9457: 9427: 9422: 9409: 9393:Cyrus the Great 9319: 9268: 9255: 9224: 9187: 9174: 9172:Cyrus the Great 9169: 9134: 9131:King of Babylon 9126: 9115: 9107: 9096: 9088: 9077: 9069: 9059: 9050: 9042: 9039: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9013: 9006: 8984:Wayback Machine 8973: 8968: 8962: 8943: 8921: 8919: 8874: 8845:10.2307/4300460 8778:Iranian Studies 8747: 8746: 8669: 8667: 8660: 8639: 8620: 8593:10.2307/3262665 8545:Iranian Studies 8527: 8525:Further reading 8522: 8513: 8511: 8504: 8480: 8468:10.2307/4300665 8444: 8442: 8435: 8411: 8409: 8341: 8306: 8304: 8246: 8244: 8237: 8213: 8211: 8204: 8183: 8142: 8109: 8074: 8072: 8047: 8036: 8017: 7984: 7982: 7975: 7949: 7947: 7940: 7911: 7900: 7883: 7878: 7844:Deipnosophistae 7809: 7731:Laws (dialogue) 7618: 7616:Ancient sources 7613: 7608: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7554: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7480: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7444: 7440: 7430: 7428: 7411: 7407: 7391: 7387: 7368: 7364: 7337: 7333: 7317: 7313: 7308: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7250: 7246: 7234:Wayback Machine 7221: 7217: 7207: 7205: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7180: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7126: 7122: 7117: 7113: 7107:Wayback Machine 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7073: 7057: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7031: 7029: 7006: 6998:. p. 285. 6979: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6944: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6835: 6831: 6826:Wayback Machine 6810: 6806: 6792:Wayback Machine 6780: 6776: 6766: 6764: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6730: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6585:Cyrus the Great 6581: 6577: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6388:www.payvand.com 6382: 6381: 6377: 6365: 6361: 6349: 6345: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6301: 6290: 6286: 6274:Cardascia, G., 6273: 6269: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6154: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6102: 6093: 6073: 6069: 6049: 6045: 6029: 6028: 6021: 6019: 6006: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5953: 5941: 5937: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5867:Wayback Machine 5849: 5845: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5809: 5793: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5767: 5748: 5744: 5735:Wayback Machine 5726: 5722: 5715: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5635:. 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Vol. 4. 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4574: 4570: 4555: 4539: 4524: 4519:Wayback Machine 4496:Wayback Machine 4478: 4474: 4466: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4206: 4202: 4191:, Chapter I in 4183: 4179: 4171: 4164: 4111: 4107: 4090: 4086: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4047: 4034: 4030: 4024:Dandamayev 1993 4022: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3990: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3894: 3890: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3797: 3788: 3776: 3763: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3737:(imposter 3736: 3733: 3724: 3712: 3706: 3576: 3571: 3569:Cyrus the Great 3562: 3462: 3461:Ruler of Anshan 3452: 3451:Ruler of Persia 3352: 3351:Ruler of Anshan 3342: 3341:Ruler of Persia 3224: 3116: 3093: 3090: 3061: 3055: 3034: 2917: 2903: 2833:(the temple of 2800: 2794: 2643: 2534: 2443: 2439: 2398: 2291: 2283:Main articles: 2281: 2224:as well as the 2124:Charles Freeman 2104: 1971: 1965: 1830:Eurasian Steppe 1794: 1680: 1678:Fall of Babylon 1670: 1625: 1619: 1479: 1465: 1451:of Parthia and 1355: 1349: 1344: 1305: 1202: 1091: 1077: 983:Hebrew language 861: 855: 837:as far east as 798:. According to 729:Cyrus the Elder 613:. Hailing from 607:Cyrus the Great 602: 565:Derafsh Shahbaz 556: 551: 508:Pasargadae Hill 472: 468:Cyrus the Great 467: 464: 462: 396: 350: 331: 312: 304: 301: 259:King of Babylon 115: 90: 71:King of Babylon 25: 24:Cyrus the Great 17: 12: 11: 5: 12840: 12830: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12782:600s BC births 12779: 12774: 12769: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12712: 12710: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12686: 12684: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12650: 12648: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12573: 12571: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12522: 12520: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12512: 12507: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12475: 12473: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12402: 12400: 12391: 12390: 12387:Book of Daniel 12383: 12382: 12375: 12368: 12360: 12351: 12350: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12314: 12307: 12300: 12293: 12290:Parthamaspates 12286: 12279: 12272: 12265: 12258: 12251: 12244: 12237: 12230: 12223: 12216: 12209: 12202: 12195: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12171: 12164: 12159: 12152: 12147: 12140: 12137:Mithridates II 12133: 12126: 12119: 12114: 12107: 12100: 12093: 12086: 12078: 12076: 12067: 12055: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12047: 12040: 12033: 12026: 12019: 12012: 12005: 11998: 11991: 11984: 11977: 11970: 11963: 11956: 11949: 11944: 11937: 11929: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11917: 11910: 11903: 11896: 11888: 11886: 11877: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11850: 11844: 11837: 11834:Artaxerxes III 11830: 11823: 11816: 11809: 11802: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11778: 11773: 11766: 11761: 11754: 11747: 11739: 11737: 11728: 11720:Persian period 11712: 11711: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11687: 11682: 11680:Labashi-Marduk 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11656: 11654: 11645: 11633: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11625: 11618: 11615:Sîn-šumu-līšir 11611: 11604: 11597: 11588: 11581: 11574: 11567: 11562: 11560:Nergal-ushezib 11557: 11548: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11524: 11517: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11463: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11418:Ninurta-apla-X 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11369: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11351: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11295: 11293: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11227: 11225: 11216: 11204: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11154:Kashtiliash IV 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11129:Nazi-Maruttash 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11066:Burnaburiash I 11063: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11038:Kashtiliash II 11035: 11030: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11011: 11009: 11000: 10997:(1729–1157 BC) 10992:Kassite period 10988: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10929: 10924: 10918: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10850: 10848: 10839: 10836:(1894–1595 BC) 10827: 10826: 10823: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10806: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10784: 10781: 10774: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10747: 10740: 10733: 10725: 10716: 10715: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10697: 10687: 10677: 10667: 10657: 10647: 10637: 10627: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10577: 10575: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10548: 10546: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10514: 10512: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10489:Pherendates II 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10465: 10463: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10431: 10429: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10415: 10414:Abdashtart III 10412: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10392:Baalshillem II 10389: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10342: 10340: 10338:Kings of Sidon 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10285: 10283: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10210: 10208: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10141: 10139: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10067: 10065: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10032: 10030: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9994:Pharnabazus II 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9955: 9953: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9892:Artaphernes II 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9853: 9851: 9844: 9843: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9722: 9720: 9714:Kings of Kings 9711: 9710: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9695:Rulers in the 9692: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9669: 9660: 9659: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9549: 9542: 9534: 9532: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9456: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9433: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9363:Edict of Cyrus 9355: 9350: 9343: 9341:Cyrus Cylinder 9338: 9333: 9331:"Cyrus" (name) 9327: 9325: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9290:Persian Border 9287: 9282: 9280:Persian Revolt 9276: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9168: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9145: 9137: 9136: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9108: 9103: 9099: 9098: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9074:King of Persia 9070: 9065: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9052: 9043: 9040: 9033: 9032: 9007: 9004: 8999: 8998: 8987: 8977:Cyrus Cylinder 8972: 8971:External links 8969: 8967: 8966: 8960: 8947: 8941: 8928: 8897: 8878: 8872: 8857: 8828: 8815: 8802: 8784:(2): 231–253. 8773: 8760: 8717: 8705:10.1086/372377 8685: 8676: 8658: 8643: 8637: 8624: 8618: 8605: 8576: 8569: 8540: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8520: 8502: 8487: 8451: 8433: 8418: 8395: 8370: 8345: 8339: 8322: 8313: 8288: 8281: 8267: 8253: 8235: 8220: 8202: 8187: 8181: 8154: 8146: 8140: 8127: 8113: 8107: 8090: 8088:. I.B. Tauris. 8081: 8056: 8040: 8034: 8021: 8015: 8000: 7991: 7973: 7956: 7938: 7924:Briant, Pierre 7920: 7904: 7898: 7884: 7882: 7881:Modern sources 7879: 7877: 7876: 7858: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7797: 7787: 7775: 7769: 7757: 7747: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7673: 7663: 7651: 7649:Cyrus Cylinder 7645: 7635: 7630: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7571: 7552: 7532: 7521: 7490: 7475:. Al-Monitor. 7463: 7456: 7438: 7405: 7385: 7362: 7331: 7311: 7299: 7273: 7264: 7244: 7215: 7190: 7165: 7149: 7142: 7136:. p. 14. 7120: 7111: 7090: 7071: 7062:Art and empire 7051: 7039: 7004: 6961: 6942: 6922: 6903: 6883: 6876: 6858: 6851: 6829: 6804: 6774: 6749: 6742: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6674:, p. 120. 6664: 6652: 6640: 6625: 6618: 6600: 6593: 6575: 6566:Studia Antiqua 6552: 6540: 6521: 6509: 6484: 6457: 6435: 6405: 6375: 6359: 6343: 6310: 6299: 6284: 6267: 6258:The Cyropaedia 6247: 6215: 6203: 6193: 6171: 6152: 6132: 6122: 6091: 6067: 6043: 5991: 5965: 5951: 5935: 5914: 5884: 5875: 5843: 5826: 5807: 5784: 5765: 5742: 5720: 5713: 5689: 5670: 5650: 5621: 5612: 5610:, p. 647. 5600: 5575: 5563: 5543: 5536: 5518: 5499: 5479: 5459: 5447: 5438: 5431: 5413: 5389: 5369: 5349: 5331:. p. 27. 5316: 5307: 5298: 5283: 5274: 5260: 5239: 5213: 5182: 5173: 5160: 5141: 5121: 5100: 5076: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5014:, p. 111. 5004: 5002:, p. 106. 4992: 4973: 4953: 4930: 4913:www.livius.org 4900: 4888: 4884:Dandamaev 1989 4875: 4856: 4834: 4822: 4807: 4788: 4770: 4761: 4744: 4713: 4711:, p. 177. 4701: 4689: 4670: 4663: 4643: 4641:, p. 171. 4626: 4613: 4593: 4581: 4577:Dandamaev 1989 4568: 4553: 4522: 4472: 4470:, p. 515. 4457: 4436:"Cyrus (name)" 4426: 4414: 4395: 4375: 4356: 4336: 4317: 4297: 4278: 4258: 4227: 4200: 4177: 4162: 4125:(2): 473–483. 4105: 4084: 4068: 4064:Schmitt (1983) 4045: 4028: 4007: 3988: 3968: 3956: 3941: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3906: 3888: 3854: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3734: 3727: 3725: 3723:King of Persia 3722: 3715: 3713: 3711:King of Persia 3710: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575:King of Persia 3574: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223:King of Persia 3222: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115:King of Persia 3114: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3054: 3051: 3033: 3030: 2961:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 2902: 2899: 2895:Neil MacGregor 2847:British Museum 2798:Cyrus Cylinder 2796:Main article: 2793: 2792:Cyrus Cylinder 2790: 2749:Persian Garden 2642: 2639: 2631:Dhu al-Qarnayn 2526:Deutero-Isaiah 2421:Jewish Bible's 2397: 2394: 2353:Cyrus Cylinder 2314:Zoroastrianism 2280: 2277: 2103: 2100: 2096:World Heritage 1967:Main article: 1964: 1961: 1793: 1790: 1770:Cyrus Cylinder 1755:Arabia Petraea 1696:Battle of Opis 1674:Battle of Opis 1669: 1666: 1618: 1615: 1464: 1461: 1361:overlordship. 1351:Main article: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1304: 1301: 1201: 1198: 1076: 1073: 1067:was a name of 919:, while using 873:Greek-language 869:Latinized form 854: 851: 835:Zoroastrianism 804:Book of Isaiah 788:Yehud Medinata 784:Land of Israel 780:return to Zion 690:Syr Darya 553: 552: 550: 549: 544: 533: 532: 527: 522: 511: 510: 505: 503:Persian Border 500: 491:Persian Revolt 487: 486: 477: 474: 473: 461: 460: 453: 446: 438: 430: 429: 424: 420: 419: 414: 410: 409: 404: 398: 397: 395: 394: 391: 386: 381: 376: 370: 368: 362: 361: 356: 352: 351: 346: 344: 340: 339: 328: 324: 323: 296: 292: 291: 288: 287: 284: 280: 279: 274: 270: 269: 266: 262: 261: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 222: 221: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 160:King of Persia 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 117: 116: 101: 93: 92: 89: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 41:King of Persia 38: 36:King of Anshan 32: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12839: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12797:City founders 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12777:530 BC deaths 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12726:Latin Vulgate 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12685: 12681: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12645: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12613:Four kingdoms 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12589: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12568: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12517: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12496: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12472: 12468: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12381: 12376: 12374: 12369: 12367: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12348: 12338: 12320: 12319: 12315: 12313: 12312: 12308: 12306: 12305: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12287: 12285: 12284: 12283:Vologases III 12280: 12278: 12277: 12273: 12271: 12270: 12269:Artabanus III 12266: 12264: 12263: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12252: 12250: 12249: 12245: 12243: 12242: 12238: 12236: 12235: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12224: 12222: 12221: 12217: 12215: 12214: 12210: 12208: 12207: 12203: 12201: 12200: 12196: 12194: 12193: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12176: 12172: 12170: 12169: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12157: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12145: 12141: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12132: 12131: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12112: 12108: 12106: 12105: 12101: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12083:Mithridates I 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12071: 12068: 12060: 12056: 12046: 12045: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12034: 12032: 12031: 12027: 12025: 12024: 12020: 12018: 12017: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12006: 12004: 12003: 11999: 11997: 11996: 11992: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11983: 11982: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11957: 11955: 11954: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11942: 11938: 11936: 11935: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11922: 11916: 11915: 11911: 11909: 11908: 11904: 11902: 11901: 11897: 11895: 11894: 11893:Alexander III 11890: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11878: 11870: 11866: 11856: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11842: 11841:Artaxerxes IV 11838: 11836: 11835: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11827:Artaxerxes II 11824: 11822: 11821: 11817: 11815: 11814: 11810: 11808: 11807: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11788:Shamash-eriba 11786: 11784: 11783: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11771: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11759: 11755: 11753: 11752: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11704: 11700: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11649: 11646: 11638: 11634: 11624: 11623: 11622:Sinsharishkun 11619: 11617: 11616: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11598: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11589: 11587: 11586: 11582: 11580: 11579: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11547: 11546: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11529: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11509:Shalmaneser V 11506: 11504: 11503: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11479: 11476: 11468: 11464: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11304:Ea-mukin-zeri 11302: 11300: 11299:Simbar-shipak 11297: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11288: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11217: 11213:(1157–732 BC) 11209: 11205: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085:Kadashman-Sah 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11025:Kashtiliash I 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11008: 11004: 11001: 10993: 10989: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10973:Melamkurkurra 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10963:Ayadaragalama 10961: 10959: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10927:Itti-ili-nibi 10925: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10814: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10803:foreign ruler 10798: 10797: 10794: 10788: 10785: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10755: 10746: 10741: 10739: 10734: 10732: 10727: 10726: 10723: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10661: 10660:Phrataphernes 10658: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10641: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10581:Syennesis III 10579: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10569: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10540: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10457: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10411:Abdashtart II 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10384:Baalshillem I 10382: 10380: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10361:Eshmunazar II 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10304:Kings of Tyre 10301: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10277: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10133: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10058: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10046:Mithrobuzanes 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9984:Pharnabazus I 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9932:Autophradates 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9887:Artaphernes I 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9845: 9838: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9731: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9698: 9690: 9685: 9683: 9678: 9676: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9656: 9651: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9447: 9442: 9440: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9266: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9161: 9159: 9154: 9152: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9133: 9132: 9125: 9119: 9114: 9113: 9112:King of Lydia 9106: 9100: 9095: 9094: 9093:King of Media 9087: 9081: 9076: 9075: 9068: 9062: 9058: 9049: 9048: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9022: 600 BC 9017: 9012: 9011: 9002: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8963: 8961:1-85043-999-0 8957: 8953: 8948: 8944: 8942:9780190927172 8938: 8934: 8929: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8699:(4): 387–93. 8698: 8694: 8690: 8689:Drews, Robert 8686: 8682: 8677: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8630: 8625: 8621: 8619:0-521-33513-2 8615: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8587:(3): 249–75. 8586: 8582: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8509: 8505: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8452: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8419: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8286: 8282: 8280: 8279:0-226-62777-2 8276: 8272: 8268: 8266: 8265:0-87226-247-2 8262: 8258: 8254: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8196:. Routledge. 8195: 8194: 8188: 8184: 8182:0-415-16763-9 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8147: 8143: 8141:0-521-20091-1 8137: 8133: 8128: 8126: 8125:1-56859-008-3 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8108:0-7139-9224-7 8104: 8099: 8098: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8035:90-04-09172-6 8031: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8008: 8007: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7980: 7976: 7974:0-939214-78-4 7970: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7910: 7905: 7901: 7899:0-521-22804-2 7895: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771:Fragments of 7770: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7659:The Histories 7655: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7594: 7593: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7536: 7530: 7525: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7453: 7449: 7442: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7409: 7403: 7402:0-521-22804-2 7399: 7395: 7389: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7366: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7348:0-313-30731-8 7345: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7328:0-521-85764-3 7325: 7321: 7315: 7306: 7304: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7268: 7262: 7261:0-8028-3781-6 7258: 7254: 7248: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7145: 7143:0-85045-688-6 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7115: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7094: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7005:0-19-513937-2 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6926: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6887: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6852:0-89906-454-X 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6763: 6762:Bible Gateway 6759: 6753: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6716: 6709: 6708:Soudavar 2012 6704: 6698:, p. 33. 6697: 6692: 6686:, p. 27. 6685: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6650:, p. 31. 6649: 6644: 6637: 6632: 6630: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6519:, p. 94. 6518: 6513: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6471: 6464: 6462: 6446: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6372:0-520-22404-3 6369: 6363: 6357:. 1974: 49–50 6356: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6339:1-86064-045-1 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6303: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6264: 6261:. H.G. Bohn. 6260: 6259: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6229:The Economist 6225: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6175: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6136: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6071: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6039: 6033: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5918: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5889: 5879: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5791: 5789: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5739:The Histories 5736: 5732: 5729: 5724: 5716: 5714:0-8135-1304-9 5710: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5588: 5582: 5580: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5539: 5537:0-300-04314-7 5533: 5529: 5522: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5457:, p. 41. 5456: 5451: 5442: 5434: 5432:0-300-04314-7 5428: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5366:0-521-22804-2 5363: 5359: 5353: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5278: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5220: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5177: 5170: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5125: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5062:, p. 31. 5061: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4957: 4951: 4950:0-415-16762-0 4947: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4898:, p. 97. 4897: 4892: 4885: 4879: 4863: 4859: 4857:0-7100-9132-X 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4832:, p. 92. 4831: 4826: 4820:, p. 63. 4819: 4814: 4812: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4664:9781399070157 4660: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4617: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4579:, p. 71) 4578: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4554:9789042918337 4550: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4424:, p. 67. 4423: 4418: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3965: 3964:Stronach 2010 3960: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3939:, p. 75. 3938: 3933: 3929: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3772: 3760: 3750: 3740: 3731: 3721: 3720: 3709: 3708: 3699: 3696: 3688: 3686: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3667: 3652: 3628: 3611: 3609: 3573: 3570: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3497: 3495: 3459: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3387: 3385: 3349: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3221: 3220: 3209: 3207: 3155: 3153: 3113: 3112: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3026: 3025:lion and bull 3022: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2820:استوانه کوروش 2817: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772:Thomas Browne 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2707:Chapar Khaneh 2704: 2703:postal system 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2593:Darius I 2590: 2589:Second Temple 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Isaiah 45:1–6 2574: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2435: 2433: 2432:Promised Land 2429: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2310:Pierre Briant 2304: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2269:Julius Caesar 2266: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:Enlightenment 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:Tomb of Cyrus 1975: 1970: 1969:Tomb of Cyrus 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1865:Cylinder seal 1862: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1788:in the east. 1787: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:Median Empire 1364: 1360: 1354: 1347:Median Empire 1339: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:Iranian names 1017: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1001: 988: 984: 980: 975: 969: 962: 956: 952: 948: 944: 941: 937: 934: 930: 929:Indo-European 926: 925:Karl Hoffmann 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 893:ancient Greek 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 860: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823:Western world 820: 819:Eastern world 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 760:Jewish people 757: 753: 749: 744: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 669:in the east. 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623:Median Empire 620: 616: 612: 608: 596: 591: 586: 582: 575: 571: 566: 560: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 537: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 516: 515: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495: 494: 493: 492: 485: 484:Assyrian Camp 482: 481: 480: 475: 470: 465:Campaigns of 459: 454: 452: 447: 445: 440: 439: 436: 428: 425: 421: 418: 415: 411: 408: 405: 403: 399: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 369: 367: 363: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 338: 334: 329: 325: 320: 316: 315:Fars Province 313:(present-day 311: 307: 302: 600 BC 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 278: 275: 271: 267: 263: 260: 256: 252: 248: 245: 242: 238: 234: 230: 227: 226:King of Lydia 223: 219: 215: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 194: 193:King of Media 190: 186: 182: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 157: 154: 151: 147: 144: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 122: 121:King of Kings 118: 113: 109: 105: 99: 94: 91: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 62: 61:King of Kings 59: 57: 54: 52: 51:King of Lydia 49: 47: 46:King of Media 44: 42: 39: 37: 34: 33: 29: 22: 19: 12716:Hebrew Bible 12530: 12318:Artabanus IV 12316: 12311:Vologases VI 12309: 12302: 12297:Vologases IV 12295: 12288: 12281: 12274: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12246: 12239: 12232: 12227:Artabanus II 12225: 12218: 12211: 12204: 12197: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175:Phraates III 12173: 12166: 12161: 12154: 12149: 12142: 12135: 12128: 12121: 12116: 12109: 12102: 12095: 12088: 12081: 12042: 12035: 12028: 12021: 12014: 12007: 12000: 11993: 11986: 11979: 11972: 11965: 11958: 11951: 11946: 11939: 11932: 11912: 11907:Alexander IV 11905: 11898: 11891: 11874:(331–141 BC) 11852: 11839: 11832: 11825: 11818: 11811: 11804: 11799:Artaxerxes I 11797: 11793:Bel-shimanni 11780: 11768: 11756: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11725:(539–331 BC) 11660:Nabopolassar 11642:(626–539 BC) 11620: 11613: 11606: 11601:Ashurbanipal 11599: 11591: 11590: 11585:Ashurbanipal 11583: 11576: 11569: 11551: 11550: 11543: 11526: 11519: 11507: 11500: 11472:(732–626 BC) 11433:Eriba-Marduk 11276:Marduk-zer-X 11124:Kurigalzu II 11114:Kara-hardash 11062:Unknown king 11053:Harba-Shipak 11043:Urzigurumash 11029:Unknown king 10935:Damqi-ilishu 10904:Samsu-Ditana 10874:Sin-Muballit 10809: 10802: 10799:Kings 10767:Royal titles 10670:Ariobarzanes 10640:Satibarzanes 10397:Abdashtart I 10379:Tetramnestos 10346:Eshmunazar I 10250:Artemisia II 10160:Teththiweibi 10106:Themistocles 10051:Ariarathes I 10004:Artabazus II 9999:Ariobarzanes 9989:Pharnaces II 9937:Spithridates 9912:Tissaphernes 9902:Tissaphernes 9787:Artaxerxes I 9761: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9654: 9604:Artaxerxes I 9573: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9529:(550–330 BC) 9486:(728–550 BC) 9395:(screenplay) 9392: 9375:Dhul-Qarnayn 9345: 9171: 9129: 9110: 9091: 9072: 9045: 9036: 9027: 9015: 9008: 8990: 8951: 8932: 8920:. Retrieved 8911: 8907: 8888: 8862: 8836: 8832: 8823: 8819: 8810: 8806: 8781: 8777: 8768: 8765:Acta Antiquo 8764: 8750:cite journal 8725: 8721: 8696: 8692: 8680: 8668:. Retrieved 8648: 8628: 8609: 8584: 8580: 8572: 8548: 8544: 8534: 8512:. Retrieved 8492: 8459: 8455: 8443:. Retrieved 8423: 8412:28 September 8410:. Retrieved 8400: 8382: 8378: 8360:(1): 45–78. 8357: 8353: 8330: 8317: 8307:21 September 8305:. Retrieved 8296: 8284: 8270: 8256: 8247:28 September 8245:. Retrieved 8225: 8212:. Retrieved 8192: 8164: 8150: 8131: 8116: 8096: 8085: 8075:28 September 8073:. Retrieved 8064: 8051: 8025: 8005: 7994: 7985:21 September 7983:. Retrieved 7964: 7948:. Retrieved 7928: 7915: 7889: 7870: 7866:Dhul-Qarnayn 7864: 7854: 7842: 7830: 7818: 7810:(in English) 7804: 7793: 7781: 7763: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7669: 7657: 7640:(one of the 7637: 7632: 7611:Bibliography 7596:. Retrieved 7590: 7574: 7562:. Retrieved 7542: 7535: 7524: 7514:21 September 7512:. Retrieved 7503: 7493: 7483:21 September 7481:. Retrieved 7466: 7447: 7441: 7429:. Retrieved 7420: 7408: 7393: 7388: 7381:Google Books 7379:, p. 59, at 7374: 7370: 7365: 7358:Google Books 7356:, p. 39, at 7351: 7339: 7334: 7319: 7314: 7290:. Retrieved 7276: 7267: 7252: 7247: 7237: 7218: 7206:. Retrieved 7202: 7193: 7181:. Retrieved 7177: 7168: 7152: 7129: 7123: 7114: 7098: 7093: 7083:28 September 7081:. Retrieved 7061: 7054: 7049:, p. 8. 7047:Toorawa 2011 7042: 7030:. Retrieved 6982:Google Books 6975: 6964: 6952:. Retrieved 6932: 6925: 6913:. Retrieved 6893: 6886: 6867: 6861: 6838: 6832: 6807: 6783: 6777: 6765:. Retrieved 6761: 6752: 6733: 6727: 6720:Daryaee 2013 6715: 6703: 6696:Daryaee 2013 6691: 6684:Daryaee 2013 6679: 6667: 6655: 6648:Daryaee 2013 6643: 6609: 6603: 6584: 6578: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6543: 6534: 6524: 6512: 6500:. Retrieved 6496: 6487: 6475:. Retrieved 6448:. Retrieved 6438: 6426:. Retrieved 6417: 6408: 6396:. Retrieved 6387: 6378: 6362: 6355:Acta Iranica 6351:Jakob Jonson 6350: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6302: 6293: 6287: 6279: 6270: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6238:. Retrieved 6227: 6218: 6211:Freeman 1999 6206: 6198: 6182: 6174: 6162:. Retrieved 6142: 6135: 6127: 6107: 6086: 6077: 6070: 6062: 6053: 6046: 6020:. Retrieved 6010: 5982:. Retrieved 5978: 5968: 5960: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5922: 5917: 5905:. Retrieved 5897:"Pasargadae" 5878: 5870: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5836: 5829: 5817:. Retrieved 5797: 5775:. Retrieved 5755: 5751:Nino Luraghi 5745: 5738: 5723: 5699: 5692: 5680:. Retrieved 5660: 5653: 5641:. Retrieved 5615: 5603: 5591:. Retrieved 5566: 5546: 5527: 5521: 5509:. Retrieved 5489: 5482: 5462: 5450: 5441: 5422: 5416: 5397: 5392: 5372: 5357: 5352: 5340:. Retrieved 5319: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5286: 5277: 5263: 5246: 5242: 5224: 5185: 5176: 5168: 5163: 5153:28 September 5151:. Retrieved 5131: 5124: 5108: 5103: 5095: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5012:Grayson 1975 5007: 4995: 4983:. Retrieved 4963: 4956: 4941: 4938:Amélie Kuhrt 4933: 4921:. Retrieved 4912: 4903: 4891: 4886:, p. 9) 4878: 4868:21 September 4866:. Retrieved 4847: 4837: 4825: 4797:see page: 11 4791: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4764: 4756: 4753:Schmitt 1983 4747: 4735:. Retrieved 4726: 4716: 4704: 4697:Max Mallowan 4692: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4653: 4646: 4621: 4616: 4606: 4596: 4584: 4571: 4543: 4503: 4484: 4475: 4468:Schmitt 2010 4448:. Retrieved 4439: 4429: 4417: 4405:. Retrieved 4385: 4378: 4366:. Retrieved 4346: 4339: 4329:28 September 4327:. Retrieved 4307: 4300: 4290:28 September 4288:. Retrieved 4268: 4261: 4249:. Retrieved 4241:bib-arch.org 4240: 4230: 4218:. Retrieved 4214:the original 4203: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4092: 4087: 4071: 4040: 4036: 4031: 3998:. Retrieved 3978: 3971: 3966:, p. 9. 3959: 3952:Sekunda 2010 3932: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3891: 3857: 3848: 3781: 3717: 3703: 3568: 3567: 3217: 3109: 3035: 3024: 2979: 2977: 2930:, minted in 2893: 2882: 2877:Shah of Iran 2874: 2868:from their " 2851: 2813: 2787: 2784: 2769: 2745: 2711: 2696: 2680: 2644: 2624: 2615: 2597: 2570: 2563:Painting of 2553: 2542: 2536: 2524: 2484: 2461: 2456:Book of Ezra 2453: 2437: 2418: 2399: 2396:Jewish texts 2350: 2331: 2327: 2308: 2262: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2195: 2180: 2173: 2161:Book of Ezra 2158: 2155: 2150: 2141: 2121: 2091:celebrations 2083: 2072: 2062: 2055: 2051: 2032: 2028: 1995: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1924: 1909: 1881: 1870: 1817: 1801: 1795: 1779: 1759: 1740: 1720: 1681: 1634: 1597: 1562: 1533: 1500: 1434: 1402: 1389: 1356: 1324: 1306: 1250: 1239: 1187: 1159: 1122: 1115: 1097: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1018: 1012:, a Persian 1007: 986: 946: 942: 935: 920: 916: 912: 908: 888: 880: 864: 862: 816: 800:Chapter 45:1 772:Hebrew Bible 728: 722: 706:North Africa 688:, along the 684:, a nomadic 671: 667:Indus Valley 635:Central Asia 633:and much of 606: 580: 579: 535: 534: 513: 512: 489: 488: 478: 466: 142: 112:Hemhem crown 108:braided hair 31: 18: 12690:Papyrus 967 12683:Manuscripts 12659:Historicism 12304:Vologases V 12255:Vologases I 12241:Gotarzes II 12199:Phraates IV 12130:Artabanus I 12123:Hyspaosines 12111:Phraates II 12090:Phraates II 11751:Cambyses II 11675:Neriglissar 11670:Amel-Marduk 11571:Sennacherib 11528:Sennacherib 11179:Meli-Shipak 11144:Kudur-Enlil 11119:Nazi-Bugash 11099:Kurigalzu I 11071:Ulamburiash 11058:Shipta'ulzi 11033:Abi-Rattash 10922:Ilum-ma-ili 10899:Ammi-Saduqa 10894:Ammi-Ditana 10884:Samsu-iluna 10810:vassal king 10571:Satraps of 10542:Satraps of 10508:Satraps of 10474:Pherendates 10459:Satraps of 10407:Evagoras II 10270:Orontobates 10229:Lygdamis II 10135:Dynasts of 10111:Archeptolis 10101:Aristagoras 10086:Eurysthenes 9979:Artabazus I 9917:Tithraustes 9847:Satraps of 9767:Cambyses II 9706:Family tree 9579:Cambyses II 9474:Family tree 9236:Cambyses II 9135:539–530 BC 9116:547–530 BC 9097:550–530 BC 9078:559–530 BC 9057:Cambyses II 8670:10 November 8551:(1): 1–21. 8514:10 November 8445:14 November 7950:10 November 7431:15 December 7032:14 December 6954:10 November 6915:10 November 6672:Finkel 2013 6660:Finkel 2013 6636:Briant 2002 6572:(2): 79–85. 6517:Briant 2002 6477:30 December 6398:26 December 6263:cyropaedia. 6164:10 November 6022:10 November 5924:Geographica 5907:26 December 5819:10 November 5737:Herodotus, 5682:21 February 5643:30 December 5593:30 December 5571:Briant 2002 5511:10 November 5455:Briant 2002 5223:Herodotus, 5072:Briant 2002 5060:Briant 2002 5050:, pp. 79–80 4896:Waters 2004 4830:Waters 2004 4818:Briant 2002 4639:Waters 2014 4620:D.T.Potts, 4504:Epitome of 4000:10 November 3937:Curzon 2018 3719:Cambyses II 3053:Family tree 3002:Old Persian 2967:Dārayavaʰuš 2955:Old Persian 2936:Old Persian 2862:repatriated 2849:in London. 2581:Ezra 1:1–11 2255:in Rome or 2226:Renaissance 2035:Cambyses II 1884:Spargapises 1786:Indus River 1555:red-figure 1541:dromedaries 1373:, from the 1257:Cambyses II 1214:Old Persian 1210:Achaemenian 1110:Achaemenian 1000:Kay Khosrow 895:historians 885:Old Persian 845:, with the 702:Cambyses II 585:Old Persian 374:Cambyses II 286:Cambyses II 273:Predecessor 253:Cambyses II 240:Predecessor 220:Cambyses II 207:Predecessor 187:Cambyses II 174:Predecessor 153:Cambyses II 139:Predecessor 12761:Categories 12721:Septuagint 12695:Papyrus 62 12628:Son of man 12618:Lion's den 12526:Belshazzar 12262:Pacorus II 12248:Vonones II 12234:Vardanes I 12213:Orodes III 12206:Phraates V 12181:Piriustana 12168:Sinatruces 12150:Asi'abatar 12144:Gotarzes I 11854:Darius III 11578:Esarhaddon 11443:Nabonassar 11089:Karaindash 10859:Sumu-la-El 10479:Achaemenes 10450:Orontes II 10445:Darius III 10366:Bodashtart 10314:Boulomenus 10240:Hecatomnus 10224:Pisindelis 10214:Lygdamis I 10187:Mithrapata 10178:Artembares 10121:Amyntas II 10062:Asia Minor 10041:Ariamnes I 10028:Cappadocia 9974:Oebares II 9959:Mitrobates 9897:Pissuthnes 9757:Cambyses I 9734:Ariaramnes 9727:Achaemenes 9569:Cambyses I 9546:Ariaramnes 9539:Achaemenes 9525:Achaemenid 9464:Achaemenid 9382:Kay Bahman 9347:Cyropaedia 9336:Pasargadae 9295:Pasargadae 9215:Cassandane 9205:Cambyses I 9067:Cambyses I 8989:Xenophon, 8922:9 February 8171:. p. 7743:Cyropaedia 7714:Thucydides 7423:. London. 7292:28 October 6548:Boyce 1988 6502:5 December 5860:Cyropaedia 5852:Cyropaedia 5850:Xenophon, 5608:Kuhrt 1995 5000:Kuhrt 2013 4844:"Cambyses" 4709:Kuhrt 2013 4512:livius.org 4485:Artaxerxes 4450:8 February 4220:26 January 4173:Dandamayev 4035:Xenophon, 3924:References 3824:Kay Bahman 3707:(Darius I) 3572:(Cyrus II) 3458:Cambyses I 3338:Ariaramnes 3111:Achaemenes 3007:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 2941:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 2905:See also: 2714:superstate 2692:conscripts 2651:Pasargadae 2629:figure of 2600:Artaxerxes 2408:destroyed 2386:Pasargadae 2334:Cyropaedia 2238:Cyropaedia 2234:Cyropaedia 2210:Cyropaedia 2187:literature 2079:Persepolis 2074:Cyropaedia 2069:Darius III 1998:Pasargadae 1982:Pasargadae 1949:Cyropaedia 1904:Massagetae 1838:Uzbekistan 1834:Kazakhstan 1782:Asia Minor 1512:Cappadocia 1457:Shahanshah 1388:Detail of 1297:Pasargadae 1285:Cambyses I 1277:Pasargadae 1253:Cassandane 1242:Cambyses I 1226:Pasargadae 1200:Early life 1162:Cambyses I 1155:Ariaramnes 1119:Achaemenes 1106:Pasargadae 1102:bas-relief 1081:Achaemenes 1079:See also: 1069:Indo-Aryan 977:). In the 698:Pasargadae 682:Massagetae 590:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 417:Cambyses I 359:Cassandane 348:Pasargadae 333:Pasargadae 268:539–530 BC 235:547–530 BC 202:549–530 BC 178:Cambyses I 169:559–530 BC 134:550–530 BC 104:Pasargadae 66:Great King 26:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 12674:Preterism 12546:Jehoiakim 12471:Additions 12220:Vonones I 12192:Orodes II 12186:Teleuniqe 12162:Ispubarza 12023:Timarchus 12002:Antiochus 11981:Antiochus 11847:Nidin-Bel 11820:Darius II 11813:Sogdianus 11806:Xerxes II 11685:Nabonidus 11608:Kandalanu 11521:Sargon II 10968:Akurduana 10950:Gulkishar 10945:Shushushi 10889:Abi-Eshuh 10879:Hammurabi 10854:Sumu-abum 10616:Abrocomas 10612:Megabyzus 10586:Camisares 10562:Atropates 10518:Hystaspes 10440:Orontes I 10435:Artasyrus 10371:Yatonmilk 10328:Azemilcus 10311:Mattan IV 10281:Macedonia 10279:Kings of 10265:Pixodarus 10219:Artemisia 10182:Artumpara 10126:Philiscus 10096:Histiaeus 10076:Demaratus 10071:Miltiades 9969:Megabates 9964:Megabazus 9922:Tiribazus 9802:Darius II 9797:Sogdianus 9792:Xerxes II 9614:Sogdianus 9609:Xerxes II 9500:Phraortes 9405:Cyropolis 9251:Artystone 9124:Nabonidus 9051:?–530 BC 9037:New title 8798:252353659 8742:162589455 8713:162226226 8565:164674586 8169:Routledge 7839:Athenaeus 7790:Polyaenus 7654:Herodotus 6843:ArtScroll 6767:9 October 6450:18 August 6240:26 August 6032:cite book 5945:, 69, in 5293:L'Enquête 5036:Herodotus 5024:Herodotus 4604:(1879) . 4602:Al-Biruni 4589:Tait 1846 4563:167407632 4508:' Persica 4141:0009-8388 4080:Herodotus 3749:Artystone 3732:(Smerdis) 3558:Hystaspes 2854:Nabonidus 2827:cuneiform 2761:limestone 2757:Paradisia 2726:Sasanians 2722:Parthians 2699:Immortals 2493:passage, 2480:Jerusalem 2410:Jerusalem 2361:Nabonidus 2346:Herodotus 2342:Histories 2323:Zoroaster 2176:statesman 2116:Jerusalem 2002:limestone 1911:Herodotus 1877:Amu Darya 1861:Scythians 1846:Scythians 1826:Kyzyl Kum 1818:Histories 1816:from his 1814:Herodotus 1800:, in his 1735:Euphrates 1727:Herodotus 1692:Nabonidus 1664:Babylon. 1657:Chorasmia 1645:Arachosia 1565:Commagene 1445:Hystaspes 1422:Parthians 1418:Bactrians 1379:Parthians 1326:Herodotus 1303:Mythology 1269:Artystone 1179:Chishpish 1166:Herodotus 1131:Parsumash 1123:Haxāmaniš 1009:Shahnameh 863:The name 853:Etymology 718:Cyrenaica 659:Macedonia 631:West Asia 384:Artystone 283:Successor 277:Nabonidus 250:Successor 217:Successor 184:Successor 149:Successor 12827:Teispids 12669:Idealism 12654:Futurism 12406:Daniel 1 12398:chapters 12347:Category 12276:Osroes I 12156:Orodes I 11947:Seleucus 11782:Xerxes I 11770:Darius I 11744:Cyrus II 11545:Bel-ibni 11081:Agum III 10978:Ea-gamil 10954:DIŠ+U-EN 10940:Ishkibal 10869:Apil-Sin 10680:Abulites 10634:Hyrcania 10552:Hydarnes 10528:Masistes 10469:Aryandes 10323:Evagoras 10245:Mausolus 10236:(satrap) 10157:Harpagus 10148:Kybernis 10116:Aridolis 10081:Gongylos 9927:Struthas 9867:Harpagus 9782:Xerxes I 9515:Astyages 9510:Cyaxares 9418:Category 9229:Children 9181:Teispids 9086:Astyages 8980:Archived 8916:Archived 8893:Archived 8839:: 1–17. 8826:: 27–40. 8664:Archived 8508:Archived 8439:Archived 8406:Archived 8391:43896116 8385:: 1–14. 8301:Archived 8241:Archived 8214:16 March 8208:Archived 8069:Archived 7979:Archived 7944:Archived 7926:(2002). 7815:Polybius 7760:Plutarch 7738:Xenophon 7696:Nehemiah 7598:28 March 7564:11 March 7558:Archived 7508:Archived 7477:Archived 7425:Archived 7286:Archived 7230:Archived 7227:"DERAFŠ" 7208:21 April 7183:21 April 7103:Archived 7077:Archived 7026:Archived 7022:44650958 7014:98016042 6992:New York 6948:Archived 6909:Archived 6822:Archived 6802:, p. 126 6788:Archived 6422:Archived 6418:BBC News 6392:Archived 6234:Archived 6213:: p. 188 6158:Archived 6016:Archived 5921:Strabo, 5901:Archived 5863:Archived 5813:Archived 5771:Archived 5753:(2001). 5731:Archived 5676:Archived 5637:Archived 5555:Archived 5505:Archived 5471:Archived 5405:Archived 5381:Archived 5342:13 March 5333:Archived 5251:Archived 5230:Archived 5205:Archived 5194:Archived 5147:Archived 5088:Archived 5085:Sogdiana 4979:Archived 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