819:
2192:– According to Hdt. 1.7 the dynasty which preceded that of Croesus on the throne of Sardes traced their descent from Alcaeus, the son of Herakles by a slave girl. It is a curious coincidence that Croesus, like his predecessor or ancestor Herakles, is said to have attempted to burn himself on a pyre when the Persians captured Sardes. See Bacch. 3.24–62, ed. Jebb. The tradition is supported by the representation of the scene on a red-figured vase, which may have been painted about forty years after the capture of Sardis and the death or captivity of Croesus. See Baumeister, Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums, ii.796, fig. 860. Compare Adonis, Attis, Osiris, 3rd ed. i.174ff. The Herakles whom Greek tradition associated with Omphale was probably an Oriental deity identical with the Sandan of Tarsus. See Adonis, Attis, Osiris, i.124ff.
526:. The ruling dynasty of Ephesus had engaged in friendly relations with Lydia consolidated by diplomatic marriages from the reign of Gyges until that of Alyattes: the Ephesian tyrant Pindar, who had previously supported Pantaleon in the Lydian succession struggle, was the son of a daughter of Alyattes, and was thus a nephew of Croesus. After Pindar rejected an envoy by Croesus demanding Ephesus to submit to Lydia, the Lydian king started to pressure the city and demanded that Pindar leave it and go into exile. After Pindar accepted these terms, Croesus annexed Ephesus into the Lydian Empire. Once Ephesus was under Lydian rule, Croesus provided patronage for the reconstruction of the
1047:
704:. However information only about the relations between the Lydians and the Phrygians is attested in both literary and archaeological sources, and there is no available data concerning relations between the other mentioned peoples and the Lydian kings; moreover, given this was the situation detailed by Herodotus under the reign of Croesus, it is very likely that a number of these populations had already been conquered under Alyattes. The only populations Herodotus claimed were independent of the Lydian Empire were the
1012:
1115:
1276:
1128:
602:, with the possibility that he may have rebuilt this city and placed a Phrygian ruler there: Pteria's strategic location would have been useful in protecting the Lydian Empire from attacks from the east, and its proximity to the Royal Road would have made of the city an important centre from which caravans could be protected. Phrygia under Lydian rule would continue to be administered by its local elites, such as the ruler of Midas City who held Phrygian royal titles such as
803:
of
Croesus to the sanctuary of Apollo, the Lydians obtained precedence in consulting its oracle, were exempt from taxes, were allowed to sit at the first rank, and were granted the permission to become Delphian priests. These exchanges of gifts for privileges in turn meant that strong relations of hospitality existed between Lydia and Delphi due to which the Delphians had the duty to welcome, protect, and ensure the well-being of Lydian ambassadors.
460:
1197:
2735:
40:
934:, in which King Midas supposedly washed away his ability to turn all he touched into gold. In reality, Alyattes' tax revenues may have been the real 'Midas touch' financing his and Croesus' conquests. Croesus' wealth remained proverbial beyond classical antiquity: in English, expressions such as "rich as Croesus" or "richer than Croesus" are used to indicate great wealth to this day. The earliest known such usage in English was
2747:
2577:
634:
The presence of Atys at the court of this Midas might have inspired the legend recounted by
Herodotus, according to which Croesus had a dream in which Atys was killed by an iron spear, after which he prevented his son from leading military activities, but Atys nevertheless found death while hunting a
1184:
Although the dates for the battles of Pteria and
Thymbra and of end of the Lydian empire have been traditionally fixed to 547 BC, more recent estimates suggest that Herodotus's account being unreliable chronologically concerning the fall of Lydia means that there are currently no ways of dating the
802:
in Delphi on continental Greece first established by his great-great-grandfather Gyges and maintained by his father
Alyattes, and just like his ancestors, Croesus offered the sanctuary rich presents in dedication, including a lion made of gold and weighing ten talents. In exchange for the offerings
622:
empires, and according to which the Lydian king imposed on the vassal rulers a "treaty of vassalage" which allowed the local
Phrygian rulers to remain in power, in exchange of which the Phrygian vassals had the duty to provide military support and sometimes offer rich tribute to the Lydian kingdom.
1151:
telling
Croesus to ally with the strongest of all Greeks, whom Croesus found out to be the state to which he had previously offered the gold which they had used for the gilding of a statue of the god Apollo, Sparta, shortly after its victory over its fellow Greek city-state of Argos in 547 BC. The
1221:
claimed that
Croesus either tried to commit suicide on a pyre or was condemned by the Persians to be burnt at the stake until a thunderstorm's rain water extinguished the fire after either his or his son's prayers to the god Apollo (or after Cyrus heard Croesus calling the name of Solon). In most
1303:
The historian Kevin Leloux instead maintained the reading of the
Nabonidus Chronicle as referring to a campaign of Cyrus against Lydia to argue that Croesus was indeed executed by Cyrus. According to him, the story of Croesus and the pyre would have been imagined by the Greeks based on the fires
732:
as having been set as the border between the Lydian and the Median kingdom, which appears to have been a retroactive narrative construction based on symbolic role assigned by Greeks to the Halys as the separation between Lower Asia and Upper Asia as well as on the Halys being a later provincial
630:
at the court of one local ruler of Midas City himself named Midas. At Midas City, Atys held the position of priest of the sacred fire of the mother goddess
Aryastin, and through him Croesus provided patronage to the building of the religious monument in the city now known as the Midas Monument.
565:
The
Lydians had already conquered Phrygia under the rule of Alyattes, who took advantage of the weakening of the various polities all across Anatolia by the Cimmerian raids and used the lack of a centralised Phrygian state and the traditionally friendly relations between the Lydian and Phrygian
513:
During Croesus's tenure as governor of Adramyttium itself, a rivalry had developed between him and his step-brother Pantaleon, who might have been intended by Alyattes to be his successor. Following Alyattes's death in 585 BC, this rivalry became an open succession struggle out of which Croesus
533:
Meanwhile the Ionian city of Miletus had been willingly sending tribute to Mena in exchange of being spared from Lydian attacks because the overthrow of the city's last tyrants, Thoas and Damasenor, and the replacement of the tyranny by a system of magistrates had annulated the relations of
1251:, extrapolated to be the first syllable of an Akkadian name for Lydia. This passage in the Nabonidus Chronicle would thus have referred to a campaign by Cyrus against Lydia around 547 BC during which he "marched against the country, killed its king, took his possessions, and put there a
1500:
refers to Croesus to explain about living a righteous life. With time, wealth will vanish as did with Croesus. So, the question one should ask to determine whether one lived a good life is “Was he loved or was he hated? Is his death felt as a loss or does a kind of joy come of it?”
1164:, the capital of a Phrygian state vassal to the Lydians which might have attempted to rebel against Lydian suzerainty and instead declare its allegiance to the new Persian Empire of Cyrus. Cyrus retaliated by intervening in Cappadocia and attacking the Lydians at Pteria in a
553:, but he abandoned his plans of annexing the Greek city-states on the islands and he instead concluded treaties of friendship with them, which might have helped him participate in the lucrative trade the Aegean Greeks carried out with Egypt at
1259:
could be used both in the sense "to kill" and "to destroy as a military power", making any precise deduction of the fate of Croesus from it impossible. More recent studies have moreover concluded that the non-erased cuneiform sign was not
1143:. In a likely legendary event recounted by Herodotus, Croesus responded by consulting the oracle of Delphi, who told him that he would "destroy a great empire" should he attack Cyrus. This answer of the Delphian oracle remains one of the
1370:
accomplished many military deeds, which include the capture of Croesus and the conquest of the Lydian kingdom (2.12–13). References to Croesus' legendary power and wealth, often as a symbol of human vanity, are numerous in literature.
716:. Modern estimates nevertheless suggest that it is not impossible that the Lydians might have subjected Lycia, given that the Lycian coast would have been important for the Lydians because it was close to a trade route connecting the
1307:
In 2003, Stephanie West argued that the historical Croesus did in fact die on the pyre, and that the stories of him as a wise advisor to the courts of Cyrus and Cambyses are purely legendary, showing similarities to the sayings of
614:(commander of the armies), but were under the authority of the Lydian kings of Sardis and had a Lydian diplomatic presence at their court, following the framework of the traditional vassalage treaties used since the period of the
874:
While the pyre was burning, it is said that a cloud passed under Hercules and with a peal of thunder wafted him up to heaven. Thereafter, he obtained immortality... by Omphale he had Agelaus, from whom the family of Croesus was
1299:
argued that there is no evidence that Cyrus the Great killed Croesus, in particular rejected the account of burning on a pyre, and interpreted Bacchylides' narration as Croesus attempting suicide and then being saved by Cyrus.
1348:. These late croesid coins bearing "bull and lion" images used under Cyrus differed from previous Mermnad croesids in that they were lighter and their weight was closer to those of the early golden darics and silver sigloi.
1168:
in which Croesus was defeated. After this first battle, Croesus burnt down Pteria to prevent Cyrus from using its strategic location and returned to Sardis. However, Cyrus followed Croesus and defeated the Lydian army again
761:, who thus became Croesus's brother-in-law, while a daughter of Cyaxares might have been married to Croesus. Croesus continued these good relations with the Medes after he succeeded Alyattes and Astyages succeeded Cyaxares.
1030:
and showed him his enormous wealth. Croesus, secure in his own wealth and happiness, asked Solon who the happiest man in the world was, and was disappointed by Solon's response that three had been happier than Croesus:
1156:
that Croesus, Amasis, and Nabonidus formed a defensive alliance against Cyrus of Persia appears to have been a retroactive exaggeration of the existing diplomatic and trade relations between Lydia, Egypt, and Babylon.
1070:
The interview is in the nature of a philosophical disquisition on the subject "Which man is happy?" It is legendary rather than historical. Thus, the "happiness" of Croesus is presented as a moralistic
1058:
Solon goes on to explain that Croesus cannot be the happiest man because the fickleness of fortune means that the happiness of a man's life cannot be judged until after his death. Sure enough, Croesus'
779:
with the Greeks, including with the Milesians who were under Lydian authority. These trade relations also functioned as an access point for Greek mercenaries serving the Saite pharaohs.
1748:
burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.
1181:, thus bringing an end to the rule of the Mermnad dynasty and to the Lydian Empire. Lydia would never regain its independence and would remain a part of various successive empires.
753:
after five years of war in 585 BC, shortly before both their respective deaths that same year. As part of the peace treaty ending the war between Media and Lydia, Croesus's sister
1913:
Accepting Dale's dating of Croesus's reign starting in 585 BC and Leloux's assumption of Croesus being 35 years old at the beginning of his reign provides a birth date of 620 BC
1316:
word Qλdãnś, both meaning 'king' and the name of a god, and pronounced /kʷɾʲ'ðãns/ with four consecutive Lydian sounds unfamiliar to ancient Greeks, could correspond to Greek
646:, whose various city-states had since Gyges been allied to the Mermnad dynasty, and from where Croesus's own mother originated, under the direct control of the Lydian Empire.
926:
In Greek and Persian cultures the name of Croesus became a synonym for a wealthy man. He inherited great wealth from his father Alyattes, who had become associated with the
227:
566:
elites to extend Lydian rule eastwards to Phrygia. Lydian presence in Phrygia is archaeologically attested by the existence of a Lydian citadel in the Phrygian capital of
1878:
La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure
1602:
La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure
1600:
1876:
1328:. If the identification is correct it might have the interesting historical consequence that king Croesus chose suicide at the stake and was subsequently deified.
810:, to whom he provided the gold they needed to gild a statue of the god Apollo after the oracle of Delphi told them they would obtain this gold from Croesus.
737:. The eastern border of the kingdom of Croesus would thus have instead been further to the east of the Halys, at an undetermined point in eastern Anatolia.
486:
Under his father's reign, Croesus had been a governor of Adramyttium, which Alyattes had rebuilt as a centre of operations for military actions against the
2363:
Solone e Creso : variazioni letterarie, filosofiche e inconografiche su un tema erodoteo : atti della giornata di studi - Macerata 10 marzo 2015
335:. In 2019, D. Sasseville and K. Euler published a research of Lydian coins apparently minted during his rule, where the name of the ruler was rendered as
1545:
Kearns, J.M. (1997). "A Lydian Etymology for the Name of Croesus". In Disterheft, Dorothy; Huld, Martin E.; Greppin, John A.C.; Polomé, Edgar C. (eds.).
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2238:
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2386:
1268:, making untenable the interpretation of the text as talking of a campaign against Lydia, and instead suggesting that the campaign was against
2757:
862:. She was likely one of Alyettes’ wives, so may have been Croesus’ mother, because the bull imagery on the croeseid symbolises the Hellenic
2975:
1241:
was long held to have referred to a military campaign of Cyrus against a country whose name has been largely erased except for the first
2854:
818:
541:
Croesus continued his attacks against the other Greek cities of the western coast of Asia Minor until he had subjugated all of mainland
590:, which would have provided to the Lydian kingdom access to the produce and roads of Phrygia. The presence of a Lydian ivory plaque at
319:. The fall of Croesus had a profound effect on the Greeks, providing a fixed point in their calendar. "By the fifth century at least",
1427:, where the king is reimagined as a CGI skeleton, who has returned from the dead to give some of his money away to lucky contestants.
2955:
806:
Croesus further increased his contacts with the Greeks on the European continent by establishing relations with the city-state of
1222:
versions of the story, Cyrus kept Croesus as his advisor, although Bacchylides claimed that the god Zeus carried Croesus away to
2810:
1081:, a theme that gathered strength from the fourth century, revealing its late date. The story was later retold and elaborated by
510:. As governor of Adramyttium, Croesus had to provide his father with Ionian Greek mercenaries for a military campaign in Caria.
1144:
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season 6 episode 8, Dan Halen remarks that he paid Early Cuyler, who he said "left with cash in hand, rich as Croesus".
2002:
1304:
started during the Persian capture of Sardis throughout the lower city, where the buildings were made largely of wood.
1039:
who died peacefully in their sleep after their mother prayed for their perfect happiness because they had demonstrated
2189:
211:
1139:
In 550 BC, Croesus's brother-in-law, the Median king Astyages, was overthrown by his own grandson, the Persian king
635:
wild boar which was ravaging Lydia, during which he was accidentally hit by the spear thrown by the Phrygian prince
626:
This situation continued under the rule of Croesus, with one inscription attesting of the presence of Croesus's son
522:
Once Croesus's position as king was secure, he immediately launched a military campaign against the Ionian city of
323:
has remarked, "Croesus had become a figure of myth, who stood outside the conventional restraints of chronology."
2797:
439:, perhaps meaning "master, lord, noble". According to J. M. Kearns, Croesus's real personal name would have been
498:, and attacked Lydia over the course of several invasions during which they killed Alyattes's great-grandfather
254:
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260:
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708:, who lived in a mountainous country which would not have been accessible to the Lydian armies, and the
579:
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2708:
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2541:
1051:
649:
Thus, according to Herodotus, Croesus ruled over all the peoples to the west of the Halys River - the
2269:
1769:
1362:
320:
1067:, his wife's suicide at the fall of Sardis, not to mention his defeat at the hands of the Persians.
2970:
2751:
1643:"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings"
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595:
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1312:. A similar conclusion is drawn in a recent article that makes a case for the proposal that the
728:. Modern studies also consider doubtful the Graeco-Roman historians' traditional account of the
1419:" is a popular French saying to describe the wealthiest of the wealthy, and gave its name to a
619:
535:
393:
312:
249:
1885:
1609:
1487:) to Croesus, "Oh I remember this berk... rich as Croesus, loves the sound of his own voice."
2618:
2282:
1118:
Silver croeseid issued by King Croesus of Lydia (561–545 BC), obverse: lion and bull protomes
1100:
1063:
happiness was reversed by the tragic deaths of his accidentally killed son and, according to
783:
713:
627:
491:
132:
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Herodots babylonischer Logos. (= Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Sonderheft 84)
1740:
Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the
1492:
1409:
1344:
would continue under Cyrus, and would end only after Darius the Great replaced them by the
1218:
8:
1256:
1238:
1161:
1046:
639:, who had previously exiled himself to Lydia after accidentally killing his own brother.
599:
578:. Lydian troops might have been stationed in the aforementioned locations as well as in
2848:
2770:"Les alliances lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", in Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207
2501:
2380:
1956:
1834:
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95:
1461:“With what you take out of that bar, you must be sitting on money like King Croesus.”
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2173:
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1998:
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1817:[The identity of the Lydian Qλdan and its cultural-historical consequences].
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claimed that Cyrus appointed Croesus as the governor of the city of Barene in Media.
1170:
1132:
1036:
940:
835:
798:
Croesus also continued the good relations between Lydia and the sanctuary of the god
734:
530:, to which he offered a large number of marble columns as dedication to the goddess.
527:
239:
168:
126:
85:
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suggests that Alyattes's control of Phrygia might have extended to the east of the
2692:
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2680:
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2533:
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2403:
2263:
2115:
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2067:
2043:
1948:
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1700:
1689:"Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages"
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1437:
1395:
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839:
764:
Under Croesus's rule, Lydia continued its good relations started by Gyges with the
182:
1265:
2930:
2814:
2564:
Stephanie West, "Croesus' Second Reprieve and Other Tales of the Persian Court",
2408:"The Median 'Empire', the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 BC"
2243:
1510:
1454:
1402:
that is a retelling of the account of Croesus as told by Herodotus and Plutarch.
1313:
1140:
920:
693:
550:
370:
352:
332:
304:
220:
139:
17:
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coinage as the main currency of his kingdom. The use of croesid coins under the
2782:, containing links to both English and Greek versions). Croesus was the son of
2111:
1518:
1497:
1246:
1114:
916:
846:
coins). Indeed, the invention of coinage had passed into Greek society through
822:
Gold coin of Croesus, Lydian, around 550 BC, found in what is now modern Turkey
775:. Both Croesus and Amasis had common interests in fostering trade relations at
583:
503:
499:
369:, which was thought to be the ancient Hellenic adaptation of the reconstructed
356:
349:
2598:
2321:
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus; Evelyn-White, Hugh G. (Hugh Gerard) (Feb 21, 1919).
1704:
1011:
790:, which ensured the transition of Lydian products towards Babylonian markets.
475:
noblewoman whose name is still unknown. Croesus had at least one full sister,
2944:
2843:
2151:, (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37
1830:
1658:
1480:
1345:
851:
459:
2829:
2465:"The Nabonidus Chronicle and the fall of Lydia. Consensus with feet of clay"
2423:
2031:
1275:
1127:
2529:
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1815:"Die Identität des lydischen Qλdãns und seine kulturgeschichtlichen Folgen"
1466:
1449:
1432:
1296:
1040:
847:
570:, as well as Lydian architectural remains in northwest Phrygia, such as in
495:
311:, he reigned 14 years. Croesus was renowned for his wealth; Herodotus and
2239:"Longtermism: How good intentions and the rich created a dangerous creed"
2177:
1547:
Studies in Honor of Jaan Puhvel-Part One: Ancient Languages and Philology
1458:
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765:
670:
331:
The name of Croesus was not attested in contemporary inscriptions in the
2779:
2505:
2489:
1712:
1688:
1147:. Likely legendary were also the responses of the oracles of Delphi and
870:. Zeus, through Hercules, was the divine forefather of his family line.
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487:
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1936:
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507:
410:
364:
308:
2345:
2071:
1814:
1642:
1196:
1952:
1549:. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man. pp. 23–28.
1252:
1227:
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880:
843:
831:
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468:
39:
2585:
Greek Texts and Armenian Traditions: An Interdisciplinary Approach
2836:
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1231:
1209:
Croesus's fate after the Persian conquest of Lydia is uncertain:
1190:
1104:
1064:
782:
Croesus also established trade and diplomatic relations with the
769:
754:
709:
705:
689:
685:
678:
658:
650:
567:
523:
480:
476:
472:
292:
21:
2072:"The Western Expansion of the Median 'Empire': A Re-Examination"
1937:"The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications"
1230:
similarly claimed that Cyrus kept Croesus as his advisor, while
1189:; theoretically, it may even have taken place after the fall of
534:
friendship initiated by Alyattes and the former Milesian tyrant
20:. For the Roman political leader also famed for his wealth, see
2746:
2036:
Polemos: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research on War and Peace
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546:
316:
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2221:"BBC - A History of the World - Object: Gold coin of Croesus"
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643:
587:
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359:
296:
271:
58:
2764:"L'alliance lydo-spartiate", in Ktèma, 39, 2014, pp. 271–288
2758:
Crésus. Le plus riche des rois de Lydie, Perrin, Paris, 2023
2581:
Croesus' Story in the History of Armenia of Movsēs Xorenac'i
2011:
451:
would have been a honorific name meaning "The noble Karoś".
1337:
1091:
896:
884:
863:
859:
265:
200:
2203:"A History of the World-Episode 25 – Gold coin of Croesus"
2164:. Kershaw, Stephen. (Abridged) ed. London: Penguin Books.
1974:
1916:
16:
This article is about the Lydian king. For the opera, see
2833:
2297:"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 1, chapter 29, section 1"
2023:
1420:
479:, as well as a step-brother named Pantaleon, born from a
2839:
from the series: "A History of the World in 100 Objects"
2803:
930:
myth because Lydian precious metals came from the river
830:
with a standardised purity for general circulation, the
44:
Depiction of Croesus, Attic red-figure amphora, painted
1043:
by drawing her to a festival in an oxcart themselves.
879:
Moreover, the first coins were quite crude and made of
1035:, who died fighting for his country, and the brothers
891:. The composition of these first coins was similar to
609:
603:
243:
2600:
Horae lyricae: poems, chiefly of the lyric kind ... /
2498:
Archiv für Orientforschung/Institut für Orientalistik
749:
concluded by his father Alyattes and the Median king
212:
203:
197:
188:
2867:
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440:
434:
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404:
387:
381:
233:
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154:
2090:: S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria. pp. 1–12.
185:
2262:
1808:
1806:
1336:After defeating Croesus, Cyrus adopted the use of
745:Croesus continued the friendly relations with the
2587:(TiC Suppl, Vol. 39), Berlin-Boston 2016, 83–113.
2261:
2942:
2344:Gazzano, Francesca; Castelnuovo, Luisa Moscati.
1122:
826:Croesus is credited with issuing the first true
561:Other domains of the Lydian Empire under Croesus
2084:Continuity of Empire (?) Assyria, Media, Persia
1812:
1803:
919:, were made from gold purified by heating with
2683:(1991). "The Native Kingdoms of Anatolia". In
2583:, in F. Gazzano, L. Pagani, G. Traina (eds.),
2343:
1479:season 1 episode 5, Julian Fawcett (played by
1200:Croesus vanquished, standing in front of Cyrus
2162:The Penguin dictionary of classical mythology
1483:) compares Barclays Beg-Chetwynde (played by
883:, a naturally occurring pale yellow alloy of
793:
2858:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2487:
2398:
2396:
427:
413:
397:
374:
224:
144:
2568:(n.s.) 53(2003): 416–437, esp. pp. 419–424.
2524:
2522:
2360:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1323:
1255:of his own". However, the verb used in the
343:
275:
2619:"Horae Lyricae (Isaac Watts) – ChoralWiki"
2385:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1997:. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 23–26.
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
740:
38:
2645:
2443:
2402:
2393:
2110:
2066:
2017:
1992:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1813:Sasseville, David; Euler, Katrin (2019).
1383:Thus mingled still with wealth and state,
1360:(c. 410–490s AD), who wrote a monumental
757:had married Cyaxares's son and successor
2842:
2528:
2519:
2361:Castelnuovo, Luisa Moscati (June 2016).
2347:Μᾶλλον ὁ Φρύξ. Creso e la sapienza greca
1941:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1274:
1245:character which had been interpreted as
1195:
1126:
1113:
1050:Croesus showing his treasures to Solon.
1045:
1010:
817:
458:
2679:
2462:
2323:"Ausonius, with an English translation"
1980:
1851:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1686:
1563:
1204:
1006:
467:Croesus was born in 620 BC to the king
315:noted that his gifts were preserved at
2943:
2603:. New York : Printed and sold by
2029:
1874:
1636:
1634:
1598:
1544:
1378:, is from the poem "False Greatness":
1145:famous oracular statements from Delphi
2776:Herodotus' account of Croesus; 1.6–94
2596:
1995:The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories
1768:
1531:
1351:
1026:, Croesus encountered the Greek sage
915:. Later coins, including some in the
2798:An in-depth account of Croesus' life
2283:participating institution membership
1751:
1640:
1356:According to the Armenian historian
1177:and capturing the Lydian capital of
947:
854:, claimed descent from the original
768:Egyptian kingdom, then ruled by the
712:, who had already been conquered by
299:, who reigned from 585 BC until his
2470:American Journal of Ancient History
1631:
1440:lives at the corner of Croesus and
1095:(entry "Μᾶλλον ὁ Φρύξ," which adds
850:. Hermodike II, the daughter of an
574:, and in the Phrygian Highlands at
13:
2976:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
2365:(Primaizione ed.). Macerata.
1387:His true dimensions and his weight
471:of Lydia and one of his queens, a
463:Lydia's borders under King Croesus
14:
2992:
2727:
2444:Cornelius, F. (1957). "Kroisos".
454:
2745:
2733:
2209:from the original on 2010-02-27.
2149:An Encyclopedia of World History
1408:, is a tragedy in five parts by
1389:Are far inferior to their show.
993:Than would a bare straw amount.
969:Than wolde a bare straw amonte.
181:
2956:6th-century BC monarchs in Asia
2868:
2611:
2590:
2571:
2558:
2481:
2456:
2437:
2354:
2337:
2314:
2289:
2251:
2231:
2213:
2195:
2183:
2154:
2142:
2133:
2104:
2060:
2030:Leloux, Kevin (December 2016).
1986:
1693:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1385:Croesus himself can never know;
981:That if the treasure of Croesus
502:, and possibly his grandfather
307:in 547 or 546 BC. According to
155:
2786:and continued the conquest of
2638:
2488:Oelsner, Joachim (1999–2000).
2074:. In Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.;
1935:Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978).
1907:
1734:
1680:
963:Of Perles and of riche stones,
961:Forth with the richesse Yndien
834:(following on from his father
396:consisting of the proper name
1:
2916:
2909:
2701:The Cambridge Ancient History
2655:The Cambridge History of Iran
2538:The Cambridge History of Iran
2350:– via www.academia.edu.
2333:– via Internet Archive.
1993:Strassler, Robert B. (2009).
1525:
1394:Another literary example is "
1123:War against Persia and defeat
1087:The Masque of the Seven Sages
989:Were altogether mine at once,
987:Of pearls and of rich stones,
281:
68:
45:
2825:Ancient History Encyclopedia
985:Forth with the riches Indian
967:I sette it at nomore acompte
965:Were al togedre myn at ones,
957:That if the tresor of Cresus
610:
604:
517:
490:, a nomadic people from the
447:
441:
435:
422:
405:
388:
382:
365:
266:
244:
234:
7:
2699:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
2032:"The Battle of the Eclipse"
1774:"What Happened to Croesus?"
1687:Wallace, Robert W. (2016).
1504:
1412:, first published in 1845.
991:I set it at no more account
10:
2997:
2794:that his father had begun.
2709:Cambridge University Press
2663:Cambridge University Press
2542:Cambridge University Press
1318:
1052:Frans Francken the Younger
983:And all the gold Octavian,
813:
794:Votive offerings to Delphi
428:
414:
398:
375:
360:
253:
225:
145:
15:
2923:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2865:
2270:Oxford English Dictionary
1705:10.1017/S0075426916000124
1331:
1131:Defeat of Croesus at the
959:And al the gold Octovien,
907:), which ran through the
426:) and of the Lydian term
164:
138:
125:
115:
105:
101:
91:
81:
64:
56:
37:
32:
2780:from the Perseus Project
1831:10.1515/kadmos-2019-0007
1659:10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008
1641:Dale, Alexander (2015).
868:Europa (consort of Zeus)
2855:Encyclopædia Britannica
2424:10.2143/AWE.7.0.2033252
2412:Ancient West & East
2275:Oxford University Press
2160:Grimal, Pierre (1991).
1476:Ghosts (2019 TV series)
1160:Croesus first attacked
741:International relations
598:to include the city of
392:was also analyzed as a
326:
2738:Quotations related to
2205:. BBC British Museum.
1875:Leloux, Kevin (2018).
1599:Leloux, Kevin (2018).
1392:
1324:
1292:
1201:
1136:
1119:
1055:
1019:
996:
972:
923:to remove the silver.
903:river (made famous by
877:
823:
464:
344:
276:
2597:Watts, Isaac (1762).
2325:. London W. Heinemann
2301:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1778:The Classical Journal
1406:Crœsus, King of Lydia
1380:
1279:Croesus on the pyre,
1278:
1199:
1130:
1117:
1101:Seven Sages of Greece
1077:of the fickleness of
1049:
1014:
978:
954:
872:
821:
784:Neo-Babylonian Empire
714:Neo-Babylonian Empire
642:Croesus also brought
462:
2830:Gold Coin of Croesus
2754:at Wikimedia Commons
2711:. pp. 619–665.
2649:(1985). "Media". In
2544:. pp. 392–419.
2494:by Robert Rollinger"
2463:Cargill, J. (1977).
1884:(PhD). Vol. 1.
1608:(PhD). Vol. 2.
1521:("Croesus treasure")
1453:season 4 episode 6,
1410:Alfred Bate Richards
1398:", a short story by
1366:, the Armenian king
1219:Nicolaus of Damascus
1205:Later life and death
1107:in his short story "
1007:Interview with Solon
514:emerged victorious.
303:by the Persian king
2566:Classical Quarterly
2273:(Online ed.).
2139:Herodotus, I, p. 80
2116:"Alyattes of Lydia"
1886:University of Liège
1610:University of Liège
1257:Nabonidus Chronicle
1239:Nabonidus Chronicle
1237:A passage from the
1018:in front of Croesus
109:7th/6th century BCE
2926:Position abolished
2813:2013-07-30 at the
2800:, by Carlos Parada
2665:. p. 36-148.
2500:. 46/47: 373–380.
2247:. 4 December 2022.
2020:, p. 125–126.
1983:, p. 643–655.
1417:riche comme Crésus
1374:The following, by
1363:History of Armenia
1352:In popular culture
1293:
1202:
1137:
1120:
1056:
1020:
824:
733:border within the
483:wife of Alyattes.
465:
96:Cyrus II of Persia
2981:Temple of Artemis
2939:
2938:
2934:
2924:Succeeded by
2817:by Jona Lendering
2750:Media related to
2718:978-1-139-05429-4
2693:Hammond, N. G. L.
2689:Edwards, I. E. S.
2672:978-0-521-20091-2
2651:Gershevitch, Ilya
2551:978-0-521-20091-2
2534:Gershevitch, Ilya
2404:Rollinger, Robert
2372:978-88-6056-460-3
2281:(Subscription or
2258:Confessio amantis
2097:978-9-990-93968-2
2080:Rollinger, Robert
2068:Rollinger, Robert
1895:on 9 October 2022
1619:on 9 October 2022
1556:978-0-941-69454-4
1485:Geoffrey McGivern
1358:Movses Khorenatsi
1133:Battle of Thymbra
1037:Kleobis and Biton
1003:
1002:
976:Modern spelling:
941:Confessio amantis
893:alluvial deposits
852:Agamemnon of Cyme
735:Achaemenid Empire
528:Temple of Artemis
264:
174:
173:
169:Alyattes of Lydia
160:
86:Alyattes of Lydia
2988:
2931:Persian conquest
2928:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2894:Preceded by
2884:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2851:
2749:
2737:
2722:
2676:
2647:Diakonoff, I. M.
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2594:
2588:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2490:"Reviewed Work:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2266:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1932:
1926:
1925:, p. 94–55.
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1888:. Archived from
1883:
1872:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1825:(1/2): 125–156.
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1766:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1612:. Archived from
1607:
1596:
1561:
1560:
1542:
1438:Montgomery Burns
1396:Croesus and Fate
1327:
1321:
1320:
1109:Croesus and Fate
948:
840:invented minting
613:
607:
494:who had invaded
450:
444:
438:
433:
432:
431:
425:
419:
418:
417:
408:
403:
402:
401:
391:
385:
380:
379:
378:
377:𐤨𐤭𐤬𐤥𐤦𐤮𐤠𐤮
368:
363:
362:
347:
290:
286:
283:
279:
269:
259:
257:
247:
237:
232:
231:
230:
228:𐤨𐤭𐤬𐤥𐤦𐤮𐤠𐤮
215:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
158:
157:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:𐤨𐤭𐤬𐤥𐤦𐤮𐤠𐤮
77:
73:
70:
50:
47:
42:
30:
29:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2971:Mermnad dynasty
2941:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2878:
2877:
2875:Mermnad dynasty
2872:
2849:"Croesus"
2815:Wayback Machine
2772:by Kevin Leloux
2766:by Kevin Leloux
2760:by Kevin Leloux
2730:
2725:
2719:
2703:. Vol. 3.
2673:
2657:. Vol. 2.
2641:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2595:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2527:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2486:
2482:
2461:
2457:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2401:
2394:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2359:
2355:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2256:
2252:
2244:TheGuardian.com
2237:
2236:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2112:Lendering, Jona
2109:
2105:
2098:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1881:
1873:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1811:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1770:Evans, J. A. S.
1767:
1752:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1605:
1597:
1564:
1557:
1543:
1532:
1528:
1507:
1455:Ralph Cifaretto
1391:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1354:
1334:
1207:
1141:Cyrus the Great
1125:
1009:
1004:
995:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
971:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
952:Original text:
816:
796:
743:
563:
520:
506:and his father
457:
429:
415:
399:
376:
353:transliteration
348:comes from the
333:Lydian language
329:
305:Cyrus the Great
288:
284:
226:
213:
184:
180:
151:
146:
120:
119:6th century BCE
110:
75:
71:
52:
48:
28:
25:
18:Croesus (opera)
12:
11:
5:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:Kings of Lydia
2963:
2961:Archaic Greece
2958:
2953:
2951:540s BC deaths
2937:
2936:
2925:
2922:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2889:Regnal titles
2886:
2885:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2846:, ed. (1911).
2844:Chisholm, Hugh
2840:
2827:
2818:
2801:
2795:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2743:
2729:
2728:External links
2726:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2697:Sollberger, E.
2685:Boardman, John
2677:
2671:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
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2212:
2194:
2182:
2153:
2141:
2132:
2103:
2096:
2059:
2042:(2). Polemos.
2022:
2018:Diakonoff 1985
2010:
2004:978-1400031146
2003:
1985:
1973:
1953:10.2307/599752
1947:(4): 400–409.
1927:
1923:Diakonoff 1985
1915:
1906:
1850:
1802:
1750:
1733:
1679:
1630:
1562:
1555:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:Karun Treasure
1516:
1506:
1503:
1498:John Steinbeck
1436:, the wealthy
1381:
1353:
1350:
1342:Persian Empire
1333:
1330:
1206:
1203:
1124:
1121:
1054:, 17th century
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
979:
973:
955:
946:
917:British Museum
858:who conquered
815:
812:
795:
792:
742:
739:
584:Afyonkarahisar
562:
559:
519:
516:
456:
455:Life and reign
453:
328:
325:
321:J. A. S. Evans
172:
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2624:
2623:www2.cpdl.org
2620:
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2530:Mallowan, Max
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2234:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2190:Perseus 1:2.7
2186:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
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2150:
2145:
2136:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:Roaf, Michael
2073:
2069:
2063:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:(in German).
1820:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
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1755:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1722:
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1714:
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1517:
1515:
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1494:
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1486:
1482:
1481:Simon Farnaby
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1460:
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1452:
1451:
1445:
1443:
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1426:
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1418:
1413:
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1407:
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1397:
1390:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1346:Persian daric
1343:
1339:
1329:
1326:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
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1271:
1267:
1264:, but rather
1263:
1258:
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1150:
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1134:
1129:
1116:
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1102:
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1068:
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1062:
1053:
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1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
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1025:
1022:According to
1017:
1013:
999:
994:
977:
974:
970:
953:
950:
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943:
942:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:found in the
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
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804:
801:
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789:
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778:
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723:
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711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
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671:Paphlagonians
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
640:
638:
632:
629:
624:
621:
617:
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544:
539:
537:
531:
529:
525:
515:
511:
509:
505:
501:
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493:
492:Pontic steppe
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
461:
452:
449:
443:
437:
424:
412:
407:
395:
394:compound term
390:
384:
372:
367:
358:
354:
351:
346:
340:
338:
334:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289: 546 BC
278:
273:
268:
262:
256:
251:
250:Ancient Greek
246:
241:
236:
229:
222:
218:
217:
208:
178:
170:
167:
163:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:2, including
130:
128:
124:
118:
114:
111:Lydia Kingdom
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
76: 546 BC
67:
63:
60:
55:
41:
36:
31:
27:King of Lydia
23:
19:
2902:
2880:
2874:
2853:
2742:at Wikiquote
2700:
2654:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2613:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2579:F. Gazzano,
2573:
2565:
2560:
2537:
2509:. Retrieved
2497:
2491:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2458:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2415:
2411:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:
2291:
2268:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2197:
2185:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2106:
2083:
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2039:
2035:
2025:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1981:Mellink 1991
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1944:
1940:
1930:
1918:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1877:
1842:. Retrieved
1822:
1818:
1793:. Retrieved
1784:(1): 34–40.
1781:
1777:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1696:
1692:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1650:
1646:
1621:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1601:
1546:
1511:
1496:Chapter 34,
1493:East of Eden
1491:
1489:
1474:
1472:
1467:Squidbillies
1465:
1463:
1450:The Sopranos
1448:
1446:
1433:The Simpsons
1431:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1382:
1373:
1361:
1355:
1335:
1306:
1302:
1297:Max Mallowan
1295:The scholar
1294:
1261:
1247:
1236:
1208:
1183:
1159:
1138:
1090:
1086:
1072:
1069:
1057:
1041:filial piety
1021:
997:
980:
975:
956:
951:
939:
925:
878:
875:descended...
873:
848:Hermodike II
825:
805:
797:
781:
763:
744:
720:region, the
648:
641:
633:
625:
592:Kerkenes Daǧ
564:
540:
532:
521:
512:
496:Western Asia
485:
466:
341:
336:
330:
176:
175:
2681:Mellink, M.
2639:Works cited
2260:, v. 4730.
2225:BBC History
2048:2268/207259
1726:14 November
1699:: 168–181.
1672:10 November
1653:: 151–166.
1459:Artie Bucco
1400:Leo Tolstoy
1376:Isaac Watts
1283:red-figure
1215:Bacchylides
1213:, the poet
1193:in 539 BC.
921:common salt
730:Halys River
702:Pamphylians
608:(king) and
596:Halys River
536:Thrasybulus
280:; reigned:
82:Predecessor
2945:Categories
2913: 585
2792:Asia Minor
2790:cities of
2628:2016-12-20
2605:Hugh Gaine
2452:: 364–366.
2285:required.)
2170:0140512357
2053:2019-04-30
1966:25 October
1899:5 December
1844:2021-03-14
1526:References
1423:game show
1368:Artaxias I
1224:Hyperborea
1171:at Thymbra
1149:Amphiaraus
1103:), and by
936:John Gower
828:gold coins
663:Mariandyni
580:Hacıtuğrul
576:Midas City
488:Cimmerians
400:𐤨𐤠𐤭𐤬𐤮
291:) was the
287: – c.
285: 585
245:Akriaewais
74: – c.
72: 585
49: 500
2933:of Lydia)
2705:Cambridge
2659:Cambridge
2477:: 97–116.
2446:Gymnasium
2418:: 51–66.
2381:cite book
2264:"Croesus"
1839:220368367
1721:164546627
1667:165043567
1444:Streets.
1243:cuneiform
1211:Herodotus
1175:besieging
1154:Herodotus
1152:claim of
1135:, 546 BC.
1089:, in the
1061:hubristic
1024:Herodotus
911:capital,
856:Agamemnon
788:Nabonidus
777:Naucratis
773:Amasis II
710:Cilicians
682:Thracians
655:Phrygians
605:lawagetai
572:Dascylium
555:Naucratis
518:Conquests
508:Sadyattes
342:The name
313:Pausanias
309:Herodotus
261:romanized
92:Successor
2903:King of
2897:Alyattes
2869:Krowisas
2811:Archived
2784:Alyattes
2532:(1968).
2506:41668490
2406:(2008).
2207:Archived
2178:25246340
2114:(2003).
2082:(eds.).
2070:(2003).
1772:(1978).
1713:44157500
1505:See also
1253:garrison
1228:Xenophon
1185:fall of
1099:and the
1083:Ausonius
1074:exemplum
944:(1390):
932:Pactolus
901:Pactolus
881:electrum
844:electrum
836:Alyattes
832:Croeseid
759:Astyages
751:Cyaxares
698:Aeolians
667:Chalybes
637:Adrastus
620:Assyrian
611:wanaktei
469:Alyattes
448:Krowisas
445:, while
430:𐤦𐤮𐤠𐤮
389:Krowisas
383:Krowisas
240:Phrygian
235:Krowisas
156:Krowisas
57:King of
2837:podcast
2821:Croesus
2808:Croesus
2752:Croesus
2740:Croesus
2653:(ed.).
2536:(ed.).
2329:Feb 19,
2306:Feb 19,
1790:3296933
1514:(opera)
1512:Croesus
1415:To be "
1325:Croesus
1319:Κροισος
1291:(G 197)
1285:amphora
1232:Ctesias
1191:Babylon
1173:before
1105:Tolstoy
1065:Ctesias
899:of the
814:Coinage
770:pharaoh
755:Aryenis
706:Lycians
694:Dorians
690:Ionians
686:Carians
679:Bithyni
659:Mysians
651:Lydians
616:Hittite
568:Gordion
524:Ephesus
477:Aryenis
409:, of a
366:Kroisos
361:Κροισος
355:of the
345:Croesus
277:Croesus
267:Kroisos
263::
255:Κροῖσος
177:Croesus
51:–490 BC
33:Croesus
22:Crassus
2883:625 BC
2879:
2804:Livius
2788:Ionian
2715:
2669:
2548:
2511:12 May
2504:
2429:12 May
2369:
2176:
2168:
2120:Livius
2094:
2001:
1961:599752
1959:
1837:
1819:Kadmos
1795:11 May
1788:
1746:Delphi
1742:temple
1719:
1711:
1665:
1647:Kadmos
1553:
1457:tells
1442:Mammon
1425:Crésus
1332:Legacy
1314:Lydian
1310:Ahiqar
1289:Louvre
1270:Urartu
1187:Sardis
1179:Sardis
1166:battle
1162:Pteria
1033:Tellus
998:
938:'s in
913:Sardis
909:Lydian
889:silver
808:Sparta
800:Apollo
726:Cyprus
724:, and
722:Levant
718:Aegean
700:, and
600:Pteria
586:, and
549:, and
547:Aeolis
481:Ionian
473:Carian
371:Lydian
337:Qλdãns
317:Delphi
301:defeat
221:Lydian
165:Father
140:Lydian
2905:Lydia
2881:Died:
2502:JSTOR
2279:
2125:7 May
2088:Padua
1957:JSTOR
1893:(PDF)
1882:(PDF)
1835:S2CID
1786:JSTOR
1717:S2CID
1709:JSTOR
1663:S2CID
1623:1 May
1617:(PDF)
1606:(PDF)
1322:, or
1281:Attic
1097:Aesop
1079:Tyche
1028:Solon
1016:Aesop
928:Midas
905:Midas
866:—see
842:with
766:Saite
747:Medes
675:Thyni
644:Caria
588:Konya
551:Doris
543:Ionia
504:Ardys
500:Gyges
442:Karoś
411:glide
406:Karoś
373:name
357:Greek
350:Latin
297:Lydia
272:Latin
127:Issue
65:Reign
59:Lydia
2713:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2513:2022
2431:2022
2387:link
2367:ISBN
2331:2023
2308:2023
2174:OCLC
2166:ISBN
2127:2022
2092:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1968:2021
1901:2021
1797:2022
1728:2021
1674:2021
1625:2022
1551:ISBN
1338:gold
1217:and
1092:Suda
897:silt
887:and
885:gold
864:Zeus
860:Troy
838:who
677:and
628:Atys
618:and
436:iśaś
327:Name
293:king
216:-səs
214:KREE
133:Atys
116:Died
106:Born
2834:BBC
2823:on
2420:doi
2044:hdl
1949:doi
1827:doi
1744:at
1701:doi
1697:136
1655:doi
1490:In
1473:In
1464:In
1447:In
1430:On
1421:TF1
1111:".
1085:in
786:of
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