3845:
1655:
2509:
3432:
3528:
7923:
suggests that the term should be discarded altogether, holding that there is no justification whatsoever for any such grouping (in addition to the term itself having a problematic history of use), and prefers to make a finer classification of these languages into smaller genealogical groups directly under the IA heading, a classification we shall return to shortly... Zoller identifies the Dardic languages as the modern successors of the Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) language
Gandhari (also Gandhari Prakrit), but along with Bashir, Zoller concludes that the family tree model alone will not explain all the historical developments.
3242:
3798:
2651:
948:
1947:
3786:
3813:
2636:
7998:... It might be going too far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages, it shows the closest resemblance to it. A glance at the map in the Linguistic Survey of India shows that the area at present covered by "Kohistani" is the nearest to that area around Peshawar, where, as stated above, there is most reason to believe was the original home of the Niya Prakrit. That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects.
2527:
1427:
9663:
3825:
64:
1275:
2779:
3691:
1019:
7953:...This leads us to the conclusion that the ancient dialects of the Peshawar District, the country between Tirah and Swât, must have belonged to the Tirahi-Kohistani type and that the westernmost Dardic language, Pashai, which probably had its ancient centre in Laghmân, has enjoyed a comparatively independent position since early times". …Today the Kohistâni languages descendent from the ancient dialects that developed in these valleys have all been displaced from their original homelands, as described below.
3564:
2310:
98:
3615:
3731:
3747:
3580:
3651:
3762:
3639:
3703:
3719:
3596:
3552:
3675:
3774:
3663:
3627:
2947:
2886:
3540:
2327:
3220:
2101:
72:
137:
105:
153:
121:
4798:
Greater
Gandhara can be understood as a primarily linguistic rather than a political term, that is, as comprising the regions where Gandharl was the indigenous or adopted language'. Accordingly, it includes places such as Bamiyan where over two hundred of fragments of manuscripts in Gandharl have been discovered along with a larger group of manuscripts in Sanskrit.
1934:, a descendant of Vijayakamitra, approximately half a century subsequent to the initial inscription, is credited with its restoration following inflicted damage. He is presumed to have gained the throne in c. 2 BCE after succeeding Visnuvarma, with a reign of three decades lasting til c. 32 CE before being succeeded by his son
6564:
picture of my father and grandfather, they accompanied me, many of them armed with swords and bows, and our numbers increased daily; and when we reached this city, the inhabitants, with torches lit at the altar of the Sun, and singing the praises of my father and grandfather, came out and welcomed me, and brought me hither.
4860:, in Science 365 (6 September 2019), p. 11: "...we estimate the date of admixture into the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age individuals from the Swat District of northernmost South Asia to be, on average, 26 generations before the date that they lived, corresponding to a 95% confidence interval of ~1900 to 1500 BCE..."
5505:. p. Alexander while reconnoitring the fortifications, and unable to fix on a plan of attack, since nothing less than a vast mole, necessary for bringing up his engines to the walls, would suffice to fill up the chasms, was wounded from the ramparts by an arrow which chanced to hit him in the calf of the leg.
6520:
How on this his father, then sixteen years of age, fled to the king beyond the
Hydaspes, a greater king than himself, who received him kindly... he requested to be sent to the Brahmans; and how the Brahmans educated him; and how in time he married the daughter of the Hydaspian king, and received with
5576:
he bought the boy by paying on the spot 1000 kdrshapanas. Kautilya(Chanakya) then took the boy with him to his native city of
Takshasila (Taxila), then the most renowned seat of learning in India, and had him educated there for a period of seven or eight years in the humanities and the practical arts
8031:
In the
Peshawar district, there does not remain any Indian dialect continuing this old Gandhari. The last to disappear was Tirahi, still spoken some years ago in Afghanistan, in the vicinity of Jalalabad, by descendants of migrants expelled from Tirah by the Afridis in the 19th century. Nowadays, it
6477:
The king then told how his father, the son of a king, had been left very young an orphan; and how during his minority two of his relatives according to Indian custom acted as regents, but with so little regard to law, that some nobles conspired against them, and slow them as they were sacrificing to
6265:
Philostratus comments that the people who live between the River Kophen and Taxila have a coinage not of gold and silver but of
Orichalcum and black brass. He describes the houses as designed so that if you look at them from the outside, they appear to have only one storey, but if you go inside they
5387:
The regions beyond the, river Indus on the west are inhabited, up to the river Kophen, by two Indian tribes, the
Astakenoi and the Assakenoi...In the dominions of the Assakanoi there is a great city called Massaka, the seat of the sovereign power which controls the whole realm. And there is an other
4797:
The
Greater Gandhara of philologists, or at least of Salomon, extends beyond the western foothills of the Hindu Kush and the Karakorum Highway to include parts of Bactria and even parts of the region around the Tarim Basin. As Salomon specifies in The Buddhist Literature from Ancient Gandhara, 'thus
4335:
Three local chiefs had their reasons for supporting him. One of these, Sisicottus, came from Swat and was later rewarded by an appointment in this locality. Sangaeus from
Gandhara had a grudge against his brother Astis, and to improve his chances of royalty, sided with Alexander. The ruler of Taxila
3326:
Paul
Harrison has worked on some of the texts that are arguably the earliest versions we have of the Mahāyāna sūtras, those translated into Chinese in the last half of the second century AD by the Indo-Scythian translator Lokakṣema. Harrison points to the enthusiasm in the Lokakṣema sūtra corpus for
2700:, a high centre of learning, which never recovered from the destruction. Virtually all of the Alchon coins found in the area of Taxila were found in the ruins of burned down monasteries, where some of the invaders died alongside local defenders during the wave of destructions. It is thought that the
2991:
script in 1838. Chinese records provided locations and site plans for Buddhist shrines. Along with the discovery of coins, these records provided clues necessary to piece together the history of Gandhara. In 1848 Cunningham found Gandhara sculptures north of Peshawar. He also identified the site of
6089:
The name of Aspavarma occurs four times in the eighth avadana of the above mentioned Buddhist manuscripts. The story in the avadana text involves some interaction between Aspavarman and Jhadamitra (a Saka noble) with regard to the provision of a place for the monks to stay during the rainy season.
5689:
In the Gupta epoch, again, some of the provinces were administered by princes of the royal blood designated kumaras. The same was the case in the time of Asoka. Three instances of such Kumara governorship are known from his edicts. Thus one kumara was stationed at Takshasila to govern the frontier
5668:
Ashoka arrived in Taxila at the head of an armed contingent, the swords remained in their scabbards: the citizenry, instead of offering resistance came out of their city and on its roads to welcome him, saying 'we did not want to rebel against the prince.. nor even against King Bundusara; but evil
5366:
Buhler had shown that the KharoshthI characters are derived from Aramaic, which Origin of was in common use for official purposes all over the Achaemenian empire during the KharoshthI period when it comprised north-western India... And Buhler is right in assuming that KharoshthI is ' the result of
7922:
Palula belongs to a group of Indo-Aryan (IA) languages spoken in the Hindukush region that are often referred to as "Dardic" languages... It has been and is still disputed to what extent this primarily geographically defined grouping has any real classificatory validity... On the one hand, Strand
5741:
Subhagasena seems to be the successor of Virasena, who came to the throne after Ashoka, according to Taranatha. It appears that after the secession of the north-western half of India from the Maurya empire after the death of Ashoka, Virasena entrenched his hold over it while the other eastern and
6563:
When I crossed the Hydraotis, I heard that, of the usurpers, one was already dead, and the other besieged in this very palace; so I hurried on, proclaiming to the villages I passed through who I was, and what were my rights : and the people received me gladly, and declaring I was the very
5428:
Taxiles and the others came to meet him, bringing gifts reckoned of value among the Indians. They presented him with the twenty-five elephants....and when they reached the Indus, they were to make all necessary preparations for the passage of the army. Taxiles and the other chiefs marched with
3482:, as well as stone, were widely used by sculptors in Gandhara for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings. Buddhist imagery combined with some artistic elements from the cultures of the Hellenistic world. An example is the youthful Buddha, his hair in wavy curls, similar to statutes of
6434:
Phraotes, in answer, said that he was moderate because his wants were few, and that as he was wealthy, he employed his wealth in doing good to his friends, and in subsidizing the barbarians, his neighbours, to prevent them from themselves ravaging, or allowing other barbarians to ravage his
4818:
Other scholars had alternately equated Jibin with Kapisa and more frequently with Kashmir. Kuwayama concludes that while this identification might prove correct for some sources, the Gaoseng zhuan s fourth and fifth century placement of Jibin coincides clearly with the narrower geographical
4756:
although Saifur Rahman Dar sought in 2007 to extend the geographical frame to the left bank of the Jhelum river, on account of six Buddhist images discovered at the sites of Mehlan, Patti Koti, Burarian, Cheyr and Qila Ram Kot (Dar 2007: 45-59), evidence remains insufficient to support his
7450:
The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi
4675:
The Ramayana places Gandhara on both banks of the Indus....According to Strabo, Gandharites lay along the river Kophes, between the Khoaspes and the Indus. Ptolemy places Gandhara between Suastos (Swat) and the Indus including both banks of Koa immediately above its junction with the
2271:
also recounts that his father, being the son of a king, had become an orphan from a young age. In accordance with Indian customs, two of his relatives assumed responsibility for his upbringing until they were killed by rebellious nobles during a ritualistic ceremony along the
1360:
had been defeated by Pukkusāti's Gāndhārī kingdom. Therefore, following Prakash's position, the Achaemenids would have been able to conquer Gandhāra only after a period of decline after the reign of Pukkusāti, combined with the growth of Achaemenid power under the kings
4373:
Chanakya, who is described as a resident of the city of Taxila, returned to his native city with the boy and had him educated for a period of 7 or 8 years at that famous seat of learning where all the ' sciences and arts ' of the times were taught, as we know from the
6744:
The state of Gaofu to the southwest of Da Yuezhi and is also a large state. Its way of life resembles that of Tianzhu and the people are weak and easily conquered. They excel in commerce, and internally they are very wealthy. Their political allegiance has never been
5524:
When many were thus wounded and not a few killed, the women, taking the arms of the fallen, fought side by side with the men for the imminence of the danger and the great interests at stake forced them to do violence to their nature, and to take an active part in the
5996:
A silver drinking vessel with an animal style ibex figure formerly belonging to the "Yagu king" Kharaosta that was rededicated as a Buddhist reliquary by Indravarman may indicate this object was given to the apracas as a gift in exchange for some form of tribute or
2974:
In the 19th century, British soldiers and administrators started taking an interest in the ancient history of the Indian Subcontinent. In the 1830s coins of the post-Ashoka period were discovered, and in the same period, Chinese travelogues were translated.
5126:
Bimbisara and his son Ajatasatru, he did not probably come to the throne before 540 or 530 bc, and Pukkusati also may be regarded as ruling in Gandhara about that time. He would be thus a contemporary of Cyrus who established his power and authority in 549
992:. It has been regarded as a token of the Indo-Aryan migrations but has also been explained by local cultural continuity. Backwards projections, based on ancient DNA analyses, suggest ancestors of Swat culture people mixed with a population coming from
5904:
The first was dedicated by Prahodi, the woman of the inner court of Vijayamitra, and is dated 32 Vijayamitra (30/31 CE)...This year represents in all likelihood one of Vijayamitra's last as ruler, for the throne would subsequently be given to his son
3404:
goes further to say that Prajñāpāramitā had great success in the north-west during the Kushan period, and may have been the "fortress and hearth" of early Mahāyāna, but not its origin, which he associates with the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism.
1116:, according to which they received Brahmanic consecration, but their family's attitude towards ritual is mentioned negatively, with the royal family of Gandhāra during this period following non-Brahmanical religious traditions. According to the
9044:
8032:
must be entirely extinct and in the NWFP can only found modern Iranian languages brought in by later immigrants (Baluch, Pashto) or Indian languages brought in by the paramount political power (Urdu, Panjabi) or by Hindu traders (Hindko).
3322:. Lokaksema's translations continue to provide insight into the early period of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This corpus of texts often includes and emphasizes ascetic practices forest dwelling, and absorption in states of meditative concentration:
6110:
the Reliquary Inscription of Ariaśrava et al (No. 31), dated 98 Azes (50/51 CE), whose donor, Ariaśrava, stipulates her relic dedication was made in the reign of Gondopahres' nephew Abdagases and the General Aśpavarma, son of Indravarma
2029:
reliquary, indicating was a gift in exchange for tribute or assistance. According to another reliquary inscription Indravarma is noted as the Lord of Gandhara and general during the reign of Vijayamitra. According to Apracha chronology,
5597:
This tradition is curiously confirmed by Plutarch's statement that Chandragupta as a youth had met Alexander during his campaigns in the Panjab. This was possible because Chandragupta was already living in that locality with Kautilya
2300:
against the usurpers. With fervent support from the populace, Phraotes led a triumphant entry into the residence of the usurpers, whilst the citizens brandished torches, swords, and bows in a display of unified resistance.
5555:
The Mauryan empire proper, north of the line of the Nerbudda and the Vindhya mountains, had pivoted upon three great cities: pataliputra the capital and the seat of the emperor, Taxila the seat of the viceroy of the North
3331:). Meditation and meditative states seem to have occupied a central place in early Mahāyāna, certainly because of their spiritual efficacy but also because they may have given access to fresh revelations and inspiration.
1688:, the initial Mauryan emperor. Under Chanakya's tutelage, Chandragupta received a comprehensive education at Taxila, encompassing various arts of the time, including military training, for a duration spanning 7–8 years.
2962:
By the time Gandhara had been absorbed into the empire of Mahmud of Ghazni, Buddhist buildings were already in ruins and Gandhara's art had been forgotten. After Al-Biruni, the Kashmiri writer Kalhaṇa wrote his book
1483:
Under Persian rule, a system of centralized administration, with a bureaucratic system, was introduced into the Indus Valley for the first time. Provinces or "satrapy" were established with provincial capitals. The
3127:, identifying shared phonological, morphological, and syntactical features that trace back to Prakrit languages. Inscriptions and manuscripts from the Gandhara region show linguistic patterns that link ancient
7388:
It is the same Mihirkula who is referred to in the Rajatarangini, the History of Kashmir, by Kalhana, as a wicked king who was opposed to the local Brahmins and·who imported Gandhara Brahmins into Kashmir and
5469:
Alexander then crossed the River Guraeus (the Panchkora, in Dir District). Beyond the Karmani pass lies the Talash valley. The Assacenians, identified with the Asvakas of Sanskrit literature, tried to defend
3824:
5763:
Polybius states: "He (Antiochus the Great) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India, renewed his friendship with Sophogsenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had 150 altogether
5856:
The apracas were also connected by marital alliance with the Odi kings in the Swat valley since a royal relative and officer named Suhasoma in a Buddhist reliquary inscription of Senavarman was married to
3013:
made several discoveries in the Peshawar and Swat Valley. Excavation of many of the sites of the Gandhara Civilization is being done by researchers from Peshawar and several universities around the world.
1970:(Scythians) who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and ruled a kingdom that stretched from Gandhara to
1879:
Local Greek rulers still exercised a feeble and precarious power along the borderland, but the last vestige of the Greco-Indian rulers was finished by a people known to the old Chinese as the Yeuh-Chi.
6131:
The interesting additional information we get from these coins is that Sasan, a former associate of Gondophares and afterwards one of his successors in the Taxila region, was the son of Aspa's brother
3304:
began translating some of the first Buddhist sutras into Chinese. The earliest of these translations show evidence of having been translated from the Gāndhārī language. Lokakṣema translated important
3150:, now all being displaced from their original homelands, were once more widespread in the region and most likely descend from the ancient dialects of the region of Gandhara. The last to disappear was
5169:
The Persians indeed summoned the Hydrakai from India to serve as mercenaries, but they did not lead an army into the country and only approached its borders when Kyros marched against the Massagatai.
2623:
noble hunters, together with two Alchon hunters and one of the Alchons inside a medallion. At one point, the Kidarites withdrew from Gandhara, and the Alchons took over their mints from the time of
1642:
arrow, peace terms were negotiated between the Queen of Massaga and Alexander. However, when the defenders had vacated the fort, a fierce battle ensued when Alexander broke the treaty. According to
5106:
This man of good family read the message sent by his friend King Bimbisāra and after completely renouncing his one hundred yojana-wide domain of Takkasīla, he became a monk out of reverence for Me.
8118:
5618:
According to tradition he began by strengthening his position by an alliance with the Himalayan chief Parvataka, as stated in both the Sanskrit and Jaina texts, Mudradkshasa and Parisishtaparvan.
5516:
5499:
5482:
5461:
5441:
5420:
5400:
4348:
4327:
2296:
king, whilst having one son who was Phraotes himself. Phraotes proceeds to narrate the opportune moment he seized to reclaim his ancestral kingdom, sparked by a rebellion of the citizens of
6917:"The entry of the Kidarites into India may firmly be placed some time round about the end of the rule of Chandragupta II or beginning of the rule of Kumaragupta I (circa 410–420 a.d.)" in
1804:
8430:
2411:. However, the text also characterizes them as weak and easily conquered with their political allegiance never being constant. Over time, the region underwent successive annexations by
2423:
during periods of their respective strength, only to be lost when these powers experienced a decline. The Xiyu Zhuan describes Tianzhu's customs as bearing similarities to that of the
9711:
1876:
It is during this period that the fusion of Hellenistic and South Asian mythological, artistic and religious elements becomes most apparent, especially in the region of Gandhara.
2353:
fragmented the region of Bactria into five distinct territories, with each tribe of the Yuezhi assuming dominion over a separate kingdom. However, a century after this division,
4831:
9137:
8577:
A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline
4834:, in Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., et al., "Supplementary Materials for the formation of human populations in South and Central Asia", Science 365 (6 September 2019), pp. 137–164.
2572:. It is probably the rise of the Hephthalites and the defeats against the Sasanians which pushed the Kidarites into northern India. Their last ruler in Gandhara was Kandik,
5324:
The Parthians and Chorasmians had for their commander Artabazus son of Pharnaces, the Sogdians Azanes son of Artaeus, the Gandarians and Dadicae Artyphius son of Artabanus.
3844:
1057:
in a hymn asking fever to leave the body of the sick man and instead go those aforementioned tribes. The tribes listed were the furthermost border tribes known to those in
8217:
11547:
6223:
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017
5089:
According to the Buddhist account Pukkusati, king of Taksasila, sent an embassy and a letter to king Bimbisara of Magadha and he also defeated Pradyota, king of Avanti.
2564:
and parts of the northwest Indian subcontinent including Gandhara probably sometime between 390 and 410 from Kushan empire, around the end of the rule of Gupta Emperor
7622:
Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols)
6790:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6760:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6729:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6699:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6669:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6639:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6609:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6579:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
4857:
7414:
5755:
5733:
3400:
attended the council at Jālandhra monastery during the time of Kaniṣka, suggesting some institutional strength for Mahāyāna in the north-west during this period.
6624:
More than a hundred years later, the xihou of guishuang(kushan) named Qiujiuque(Kujula) attacked and destroyed the other four xihou and established himself king.
5449:
Then crossing the mountains Alexander descended to a city called Arigaeum , and found that this had been set on fire by the inhabitants, who had afterwards fled.
4813:
The Geography Of Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd-23rd March, 2018
4792:
The Geography Of Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd-23rd March, 2018
2526:
10146:
9132:
2438:
flourished and produced some of the best pieces of sculpture from the Indian subcontinent. Gandhara's culture peaked during the reign of the great Kushan king
2247:
and Black brass, and their houses appearing as single-story structures from the outside, but upon entering, underground rooms were also present. They describe
2076:
noble, Jhadamitra, engaged in discussions concerning the establishment of accommodation for monks during the rainy seasons, displaying that he was a patron of
1618:
documented their implementation of a scorched earth strategy, evidenced by the city ablaze upon Alexander's arrival, with its inhabitants already fleeing. The
1419:, it further states that the Persians summoned mercenaries specifically from the Oxydrakai tribe, who were previously known to have resisted the incursions of
6047:
Since Aspavarman's coins overlap with late or post-humous issues of Azes II and the Indo-parthian ruler Gondophares, he probably flourished from ca. 20-50 CE.
2486:
were built and old ones were enlarged. Huge statues of the Buddha were erected in monasteries and carved into the hillsides. Kanishka also built the 400-foot
10016:
9814:
8759:
2872:
was conquered. The following Shahi rulers all resisted the Ghaznavids but were ultimately unsuccessful, resulting in the downfall of the empire in 1026 CE.
10121:
9704:
4736:
While according to the recent research, the cultural influence of Gandhāra even reached up to the valley of the Jhelum River in the east (Dar 2007: 54-55).
4394:
Chanakya was a native of Takkasila, the son of a brahmin, learned in the three Vedas and mantras, skilled in political expedients, deceitful, a politician.
1444:. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east. Such coins were circulating in the area as currency, at least as far as the
2192:, after having ascended from a subordinate governance role to a recognized position as one of Gondophares's successors. He assumed the position following
10296:
9356:
4315:
The Behistun inscription of the Achaemenid emperor Darius indicates that Gandhara was conquered by the Persians in the later part of the 6th century BCE.
4308:
6975:
6151:
The coins further show that Sasan, who was at first a subordinate ruler under Gondophares, subsequently assumed independent or quasi-independent status.
10487:
10046:
9894:
9834:
8703:
Filigenzi, Anna (2000). "Reviewed Work: A Catalogue of the Gandhāra Sculpture in the British Museum, Vol. I: Text, Vol. II: Plates by Wladimir Zwalf".
4593:
760:), meaning "perfume" and "referring to the spices and aromatic herbs which they (the inhabitants) traded and with which they anointed themselves". The
7142:
5180:
O. Bopearachchi, "Premières frappes locales de l'Inde du Nord-Ouest: nouvelles données", in Trésors d'Orient: Mélanges offerts à Rika Gyselen, Fig. 1
4605:
1795:
descended into India to renew his ties with King Subhagasena in 206 BCE, subsequently receiving a substantial gift of 150 elephants from the monarch.
825:
The geographical location of Gandhara has undergone alterations throughout history, with the general understanding being the region situating between
10251:
10176:
10076:
5538:
2502:
who visited the country. The stupa was built during the Kushan era to house Buddhist relics and was among the tallest buildings in the ancient world.
3277:
in the third-century BCE. Various monks were dispatched to different parts of the empire and the missionary dispatched to Gandhara specifically was
1622:
fiercely contested Alexander's forces, resulting in their eventual defeat. Subsequently, Alexander traversed the River Guraeus in the contemporary
1342:
2723:
from 630 CE explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of Buddhism and the expulsion of monks. The Buddhist art of Gandhara, in particular
9849:
9697:
9034:
11562:
10271:
9378:
5638:
The army of Malayaketu (Parvataka) comprised recruits from the following peoples : Khasa, Magadha, Gandhara, Yavana, Saka, Chedi and Huna.
2508:
11461:
5870:
5210:
4777:
Here he had to depend upon and appoint Indians as his satraps, viz., Ambhi, king of Taxila, to rule from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum).
3527:
8764:
8099:
7368:
The Brahmanas of Gandhara accepted from him gift of agraharas; they no doubt, too, were similar as his own and were the meanest Brahmanas.
6945:"The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas" in
2719:, over one thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed. In particular, the writings of Chinese monk
9673:
8404:
6843:
Marshall, John H. (1909): "Archaeological Exploration in India, 1908–9." (Section on: "The stūpa of Kanishka and relics of the Buddha").
2704:, one of the most famous and tallest buildings in antiquity, was destroyed by them during their invasion of the area in the 460s CE. The
6788:
6758:
6727:
6697:
6667:
6637:
6607:
6577:
4696:
The Ramayana places Gandhara on both banks of the Indus with its two royal cities Pushkalavati for the west and Takshasila for the east.
9181:
8923:
6684:
and his son yangouzhen(Vima takto) succeeded him as king. He in his turn destroyed Tianzhu and installed a general there to control it.
4617:
670:. The zenith of Gandhara's cultural and political influence transpired during Kushan rule, before succumbing to devastation during the
11508:
7771:
6030:
5979:
5949:
5839:
5826:
The domain of the Apracas was probably centred in Bajaur and extended to Swat, Gandhara, Taxila and other parts of Eastern Afghanistan
5809:
4629:
3674:
11572:
8512:
9662:
8754:
3579:
1646:, the Asvakas, including women fighting alongside their husbands, valiantly resisted Alexander's army but were ultimately defeated.
2080:. A reliquary inscription dedicated to 50 CE, by a woman named Ariasrava, describes that her donation was made during the reign of
8586:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
6950:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
6032:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
5981:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
5951:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
5841:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
5811:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
3690:
2844:. He is depicted as a great ruler with strength to the standard where kings of other regions would seek shelter in his capital of
697:
11587:
10728:
10686:
8832:
8772:
3797:
3746:
1269:
8221:
4407:
3702:
3002:
and monasteries. These discoveries helped to piece together much more of the chronology of the history of Gandhara and its art.
10480:
10354:
2276:. This event led to the usurpation of the throne, compelling Phraotes' father to seek refuge with the king situated beyond the
1748:
but rather against oppressive ministers. In Ashoka's subsequent tenure as emperor, he appointed his son as the new governor of
1527:
1022:
Kingdoms and cities of ancient Buddhism, with Gandhara located in the northwest of this region, during the time of the Buddha (
8745:
3785:
3650:
11597:
8994:
8594:
8502:
8082:
8055:
8024:
7946:
7915:
7888:
7861:
7657:
7630:
7344:
6985:
6868:
6798:
6768:
6737:
6707:
6677:
6647:
6617:
6587:
6258:
6231:
6204:
6174:
6040:
5989:
5959:
5880:
5849:
5819:
5713:
5661:
5548:
5065:
5039:
4925:
4417:
4210:
4183:
4156:
4129:
3730:
3614:
3486:. Sacred artworks and architectural decorations used limestone for stucco composed by a mixture of local crushed rocks (i.e.
2316:
8560:
1595:
with significant gifts, esteemed among the Indian populace, and subsequently accompanied him on the expedition crossing the
1231:
being part of the kingdom. Due to this important position, Buddhist texts listed the Gandhāra kingdom as one of the sixteen
11567:
9127:
7380:
2998:
excavated at Taxila between 1912 and 1934. He discovered separate Greek, Parthian, and Kushan cities and a large number of
2967:
in 1151. He recorded some events that took place in Gandhara and provided details about its last royal dynasty and capital
1706:
region, possibly during his time at the university. Subsequent to Alexander's death, Chanakya and Chandragupta allied with
9386:
5101:
11577:
8913:
6594:
Formerly, when the Yuezhi had been destroyed by the Xiongnu, they moved to Daxia and divided the country into five Xihou.
6350:
They are taken to the palace. They found the city divided by narrow streets, well-arranged, and reminding them of Athens.
5380:
5162:
4748:
8662:
7217:
4059:
2407:
were extremely wealthy and excelled in commerce, with their cultural practices bearing resemblance to those observed in
9371:
9014:
8918:
8804:
8546:
8538:
8283:
7402:
6775:
The three states of Tianzhu Jibin and Anxi had possessed it when they were strong and have lost it when they were weak.
5775:
Rapson, Edward James; Haig, Sir Wolseley; Burn, Sir Richard; Dodwell, Henry; Wheeler, Sir Robert Eric Mortimer (1968).
5703:
4289:
3812:
3210:
528:
63:
4728:
3626:
11592:
10473:
9019:
9009:
8672:
8478:
8128:
7317:
7290:
7265:
7227:
7200:
7023:
6958:
6930:
6902:
6828:
5776:
5247:
4554:
4520:
2933:
2868:, however, he was eventually defeated. During his rule and that of his son and successor, Anandapala, the kingdom of
2430:
The Kushan period is considered the Golden Period of Gandhara. Peshawar Valley and Taxila are littered with ruins of
1465:
7423:, p. 187 and Pl. V B., "the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top".
2915:
721:
9288:
3831:
3761:
3638:
2611:, confirming the Alchon presence in this area around 450–500 CE. The numismatic evidence as well as the so-called "
1227:. During the 6th century BCE, Gandhāra was an important imperial power in north-west Iron Age South Asia, with the
8464:
The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing
6248:
6194:
6164:
5296:
The Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicae in the army had the same equipment as the Bactrians.
9513:
9335:
3083:. The Gandhara region's dynamic cultural and political shifts influenced Hindko's linguistic development. Today,
2014:
1990:
5925:
More likely is that Indravasu governed until c. 50 CE, whereafter he was succeeded by his grandson Indravarma II
3595:
3123:
took birth from, preserving its historical significance and reflecting the region's enduring linguistic legacy.
2150:. These kings have traditionally been referred to as Indo-Parthians, as their coinage was often inspired by the
1888:
The Apracharajas were a historical dynasty situated in the region of Gandhara, extending from the governance of
11325:
10678:
10096:
8074:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
5651:
5346:
3718:
3360:
sect as well for its compilation, and in this sutra, there are many elements in common with the Lokottaravādin
2911:
97:
6221:
4231:
3662:
2267:
is reported to have subsidized both barbarians and neighbouring states, to avert incursions into his kingdom.
755:
11602:
11557:
9517:
9364:
9253:
9024:
6991:
3563:
2995:
2992:
Taxila in the 1860s. From then on a large number of Buddhist statues were discovered in the Peshawar valley.
5266:
Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)
5196:
Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)
3327:
the extra ascetic practices, for dwelling in the forest, and above all for states of meditative absorption (
11181:
10795:
10618:
9769:
8366:"Geological overwiew of Gandharan sites and petrographical analysis on Gandharan stucco and clay artefacts"
5338:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys.
4024:
3108:
993:
4468:
4409:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
1740:
to quell the uprising. Upon entering the city, the populace conveyed that their rebellion was not against
8517:(in Greek and English). With an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
7734:
7697:
5239:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
4832:'Late Bronze – Iron Age Swat Protohistoric Graves (Gandhara Grave Culture), Swat Valley, Pakistan (n-99)'
3132:
3038:
1654:
1638:, became a focal point. Despite an initial standoff which led to Alexander being struck in the leg by an
1136:
972:
and lasted until 800 BCE, and named for their distinct funerary practices. It was found along the Middle
611:
11300:
8622:
The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography
5308:
5280:
4455:
3551:
1904:, this assertion is supported by swathes of discovered donations within their principal domain, between
558:
10347:
7647:
6977:
Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534)
3830:
The Seated Buddha, dating from 300 to 500 CE, was found near Jamal Garhi, and is now on display at the
3467:
period, from the 1st to the 5th centuries, but it declined and was destroyed after the invasion of the
2151:
2115:
1389:. The annexation under Cyrus was limited to the Western sphere of Gandhāra as only during the reign of
1377:
remained in power after the Achaemenid conquest as a Persian vassal or if he was replaced by a Persian
1127:, Nagnajit, or Naggaji, was a prominent king who had adopted Jainism and was comparable to Dvimukha of
724:, also transliterated as Gadāra since the nasal "n" before consonants were omitted in Old Persian). In
8608:
Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty
4654:
2619:, suggests a period of peaceful coexistence between the Kidarites and the Alchons, as it features two
10600:
8989:
7772:"https://medium.com/@ancient.marvel/buddha-from-the-regions-of-afghanistan-and-pakistan-b5afc50a995f"
7480:
Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".
3301:
2907:
884:
The term Greater Gandhara describes the cultural and linguistic extent of Gandhara and its language,
438:
28:
8522:
7794:
7757:
7720:
7682:
4219:
3773:
11263:
11001:
10917:
10761:
10714:
10624:
10496:
10166:
9689:
9652:
9409:
8837:
8603:
7649:
https://books.google.com/books?id=eUEiEAAAQBAJ&dq=en&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q=en&f=false
6061:"Social Background of Buddhism in Gandhara(c.2 Nd Century Bce to the Middle of the 4th Century Ce)"
3982:
3431:
3310:
3241:
2968:
2896:
2670:
hunters wearing characteristic crowns, as well as two Alchon hunters (one of them shown here, with
2064:
whilst also describing him as 'Stratega' or general of the Aprachas. In accordance with a Buddhist
1779:, and Virasena emerged as its king. Noteworthy for his diplomatic endeavors, Virasena's successor,
650:
and later assumed control with his support. Subsequently, Gandhara was successively annexed by the
3378:
3293:
2255:, being walled like a Greek city whilst also being shaped with Narrow roads, and further describe
11463:
Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
11321:
9340:
9176:
8144:
5214:
4843:
Coningham, Robin, and Mark Manuel, (2008). "Kashmir and the Northwest Frontier", Asia, South, in
3173:
claimed that Tirahi is "probably the remnant of a dialect group extending from Tirah through the
2900:
2650:
2612:
1955:
1792:
1202:
765:
8459:
2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
7851:
2824:. Lalliya replaced Samanta soon after and re-conquered Kabul whilst also subduing the region of
2715:
sources to have been a "terrible persecutor of their religion" in Gandhara. During the reign of
2184:, emerged as a figure of significance. Aspavarman, a preceding Apracharaja contemporaneous with
2142:) as their residence, but during their last few years of existence, the capital shifted between
1912:. Archaeological evidence also establishes dynastic affiliations between them and the rulers of
10389:
10111:
9283:
8847:
8797:
8620:
8611:
5139:
4098:
3539:
3266:
3010:
1971:
1853:
area of Gandhara, mentioned on a 1st-century CE signet ring, bearing the Kharoṣṭhī inscription
1811:
1631:
1557:
1243:
952:
947:
938:
583:
8584:
8492:
8045:
7620:
7307:
7190:
7173:
6948:
6892:
6818:
6017:
the Lord Vijayamitra Apracarāja, and Indravarma the General, Ruler of Gandhāra, are worshipped
5029:
4915:
4544:
4510:
4200:
1946:
1385:
sources claim that he renounced his throne and became a monk after becoming a disciple of the
11582:
11083:
10967:
10938:
10838:
10340:
10036:
9899:
9619:
9208:
8494:
Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia
8072:
7905:
7878:
7257:
7251:
6858:
5937:
5336:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4471:
4249:
4173:
4146:
3353:
3120:
3068:
2374:
2320:
2170:
2123:
1635:
10399:
8737:
8490:
8365:
4433:
4237:
3315:
1148:
1009:
20:
10281:
10141:
9934:
9609:
9473:
9397:
4443:
4440:
4436:
2984:
2770:
and India and states that he had given thousands of villages to these Brahmins in Kashmir.
2442:(127 CE – 150 CE). The cities of Taxila (Takṣaśilā) at Sirsukh and Purushapura (modern-day
2346:
1814:(205–171 BCE), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquest of the Indus valley
1408:
1370:
942:
788:
542:
6894:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
6805:
its customs are the same as those of Yuezhi...the inhabitants ride on elephants in warfare
4439:. In particular, Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants
4432:
Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian and are shown with a raised letter.
4261:
3388:
records that Kaniṣka of the Kushan Empire presided over the establishment of the Mahāyāna
3341:
was compiled in the age of the Kushan Empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, by order of
1065:, the Āṅgeyas and Māgadhīs in the east, and the Mūjavants and Gandhārīs in the north. The
869:
discoveries however further evidence is needed to support this, though during the rule of
8:
11346:
11284:
10736:
10531:
10404:
10276:
9488:
6392:
and was the residence of a sovereign who ruled over what of old was the kingdom of Porus.
4729:"Decorative Motifs on Pedestals of Gandharan Sculptures: A Case Study of Peshawar Museum"
4083:
3570:
3456:
3337:
3170:
3147:
2813:
ruler, Lagaturman. Samanta succeeded him, and it was during his reign that the region of
2228:
2048:
is situated between 20 and 50 CE, during which numismatic evidence overlaps him with the
1714:. This alliance resulted in the formation of a composite army, comprising Gandharans and
1699:
1695:
1685:
1603:
1592:
1426:
1420:
1212:
1188:
870:
810:
639:
623:
326:
6181:
In the Indus valley Gondophares was succeeded by his nephew Abdagases and then by Sases.
4811:
4790:
11095:
10922:
10866:
10822:
10191:
9944:
9549:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9308:
9273:
9263:
9188:
9166:
9039:
8903:
8852:
8712:
8691:
8346:
7989:
7667:
7594:
7115:
7069:
6554:
6511:
6468:
6425:
6383:
6341:
6299:
6103:"Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE"
6080:
6010:"Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE"
5918:"Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE"
5897:"Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE"
4991:
4145:
Kulke, Professor of Asian History Hermann; Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004).
3753:
3475:
3460:
3414:
3214:
3072:
3071:, has deep roots in the region's rich cultural and intellectual heritage. Derived from
2724:
2439:
2435:
1922:
The dynasty is argued to have been founded by Vijayakamitra, identified as a vassal to
1893:
1808:
1369:. However, the presence of Gandhāra among the list of Achaemenid provinces in Darius's
989:
225:
8582:
8466:. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.
7464:
7434:
6144:
6124:
5682:
5631:
5611:
5590:
5569:
5119:
5082:
4900:
4770:
4709:
4689:
4668:
4387:
4366:
4225:
2738:
and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins. It is also noted by
2635:
1829:
His empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last independent Greek king,
565:, the region attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century CE under the
11552:
11334:
11330:
11288:
11277:
11255:
11223:
11209:
10894:
10236:
10186:
9864:
9493:
9483:
9468:
9438:
9391:
9303:
8790:
8668:
8590:
8542:
8534:
8498:
8474:
8396:
8388:
8338:
8311:
8279:
8124:
8078:
8051:
8020:
7981:
7942:
7911:
7884:
7857:
7779:
7742:
7705:
7653:
7626:
7340:
7313:
7286:
7261:
7223:
7196:
7107:
7019:
6981:
6954:
6926:
6898:
6864:
6824:
6794:
6764:
6733:
6703:
6673:
6643:
6613:
6583:
6546:
6503:
6460:
6417:
6375:
6333:
6291:
6254:
6227:
6200:
6170:
6072:
6036:
5985:
5955:
5876:
5845:
5815:
5709:
5657:
5544:
5359:
5342:
5243:
5061:
5035:
4921:
4550:
4516:
4413:
4285:
4281:
4206:
4179:
4152:
4125:
4088:
3586:
3511:
3426:
3186:
3174:
3042:
3028:
3006:
2802:. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of
2671:
2479:
1662:
1658:
1531:
1497:
1412:
1373:
confirms that his empire had inherited this region from Cyrus. It is unknown whether
1349:
1093:
885:
607:
538:
492:
8742:
5966:
Another important member of the Apraca lineage was the general (stratega) Aspavarman
3494:) which resulted compatible with the outcrops located in the mountains northwest of
3374:
3246:
2482:
flourished and Buddha was represented in human form. Under the Kushans new Buddhist
2208:, whilst a numismatic hoard had found coins of Sasan together with smaller coins of
976:
course, even though earlier research considered it to be expanded to the Valleys of
11219:
11204:
11200:
11153:
11149:
11109:
11075:
11071:
10890:
10321:
10311:
10256:
10136:
10116:
9874:
9784:
8887:
8827:
8664:
The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections
8380:
6654:
This king invaded Anxi(Parthia) and took Gaofu(Kabul) and destroyed Puda and Jibin.
5720:...3/4 of a mile to the north of this place there was a great stupa built by Ashoka
5181:
4496:
3194:
3143:
3112:
3054:
2865:
2864:. Jayapala then gained control and was brought into conflict with the newly formed
2663:
2378:
2354:
2209:
2135:
1841:
invasion of Bactria and relocated to Gandhara, pushing the Indo-Greeks east of the
1753:
1707:
1643:
1579:, formed an alliance with Alexander, motivated by a longstanding animosity towards
1505:
1390:
1366:
1274:
1251:
1013:
826:
814:
780:
725:
610:
though Gandhara eventually succumbed as a tributary to the Achaemenids. During the
546:
512:
24:
8769:
8531:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes, 1st to 2nd centuries CE
4575:
4310:
History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India From The Stone Age To The 12th Century
4280:. Melbourne: Monash University Press. pp. 1–18, map visible online page 2 of
3501:
The artistic traditions of Gandhara art can be divided into the following phases:
3357:
2852:. Bhimadeva, the next most notable ruler, is most significant for vanquishing the
2778:
2403:
According to the Xiyu Zhuan, the inhabitants residing in the upper reaches of the
1672:
era, Gandhara held a pivotal position as a core territory within the empire, with
1630:, as chronicled in Sanskrit literature. The primary stronghold among the Asvakas,
1556:
and Astakanoi whom he describes as 'Indian' and occupying the two great cities of
1415:
never conquered India and had only approached its borders after battling with the
11457:
11338:
11296:
11292:
11259:
11231:
11227:
11173:
11079:
11011:
10973:
10779:
10211:
10196:
10126:
10101:
10091:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10021:
10006:
9981:
9971:
9949:
9914:
9909:
9889:
9869:
9854:
9824:
9809:
9574:
9569:
9559:
9324:
9318:
8776:
8749:
8273:
8014:
7936:
7334:
7013:
6920:
5237:
5236:
Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992).
5055:
4641:
4276:
Di Castro, Angelo Andrea; Hope, Colin A. (2005). "The Barbarisation of Bactria".
4119:
4043:
3448:
3305:
3151:
3116:
3096:
2821:
2565:
2478:
of China. Buddhist art spread from Gandhara to other parts of Asia. In Gandhara,
2412:
2408:
2397:
2330:
2217:
2155:
1909:
1784:
1607:
1541:
1338:
1304:
997:
761:
671:
599:
504:
410:
10394:
7040:
6102:
6009:
5917:
5896:
5367:
the intercourse between the offices of the Satraps and of the native authorities
4830:
Olivieri, Luca M., Roberto Micheli, Massimo Vidale, and Muhammad Zahir, (2019).
3049:, Gāndhārī spread into adjoining regions of South and Central Asia. It used the
2450:
became the capital of the great empire stretching from Central Asia to Northern
888:. In later historical contexts, Greater Gandhara encompassed the territories of
519:, though the cultural influence of Greater Gandhara extended westwards into the
11193:
11066:
10963:
10564:
10449:
10434:
10316:
10286:
10221:
10206:
10156:
10106:
10041:
10031:
9976:
9959:
9939:
9929:
9924:
9884:
9764:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9589:
9579:
9537:
9405:
9345:
9298:
9268:
9258:
9142:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8908:
8862:
8857:
8842:
7147:
3894:
3505:
3422:
3389:
3348:
which flourished in the Gandhāra region. However, it is likely that the longer
3234:
3230:
2976:
2861:
2853:
2833:
2809:
The history of the Hindu Shahis begins in 843 CE with Kallar deposing the last
2705:
2701:
2683:
2642:
2616:
2487:
2313:
2277:
2061:
2049:
2018:
1963:
1927:
1822:(reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of Gandhara and beyond the
1386:
1330:
1303:
and achieved victories over neighbouring kingdoms such as that of the realm of
1228:
1172:
went to learn the three Vedas and the eighteen branches of knowledge, with the
1120:
981:
797:
659:
655:
570:
251:
10613:
8523:"Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the
8400:
7361:
857:, Gandhara's territorial extent at a certain period encompassed the region of
11541:
11523:
11510:
11342:
11145:
11105:
11006:
10989:
10942:
10927:
10913:
10886:
10882:
10842:
10827:
10816:
10768:
10429:
10291:
10231:
10226:
10181:
10171:
10026:
10001:
9986:
9919:
9819:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9754:
9448:
9330:
9278:
9233:
9004:
8999:
8954:
8867:
8392:
8342:
7985:
7111:
6550:
6507:
6464:
6421:
6379:
6337:
6295:
6076:
4012:
3924:
3835:
3464:
3297:
3178:
3046:
2980:
2837:
2829:
2759:
2675:
2569:
2197:
1951:
1917:
1862:
1776:
1719:
1681:
1669:
1521:
1374:
1308:
1292:
1233:
1018:
913:
866:
737:
733:
667:
635:
603:
591:
566:
290:
7096:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
7058:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
5783:..with whom Antiochus the Great renewed an ancestral relationship in 206 BCE
3296:
were brought from the Gandhāra region to China as early as 147 CE, when the
3185:". Nowadays, it must be entirely extinct and the region is now dominated by
11061:
10934:
10834:
10704:
10642:
10607:
10589:
10581:
10525:
10465:
10419:
10363:
10261:
10216:
10086:
10071:
9991:
9879:
9859:
9839:
9749:
9218:
9213:
9122:
9112:
9097:
9059:
8949:
7572:
7556:
7540:
7524:
7508:
7492:
7409:
He gave thousands of villages in Vijayeahvara to the Brahmanas of Gandhara.
4562:
4121:
The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate
4093:
3969:
3868:
3444:
3401:
3182:
2799:
2783:
2467:
2386:
2224:
2174:
2111:
1842:
1761:
1733:
1711:
1623:
1588:
1584:
1565:
1489:
1441:
1398:
1324:
1159:
977:
862:
854:
850:
679:
663:
634:, resisted. Following the Macedonian downfall, Gandhara became part of the
587:
562:
239:
8120:
The Making of Early Kashmir: Intercultural Networks and Identity Formation
7404:
Rajatarangini of Kalhana - English - Jogesh Chunder Dutt Volumes 1 & 2
6521:
her seven villages as pin-money, and had issue one son, himself, Phraotes.
5936:
The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67
5872:
Greco-Buddhist Relations in the Hellenistic Far East: Sources and Contexts
5388:
city, Peukalaitis, which is also of great size and not far from the Indus.
2162:
proper, and there is no evidence that all the kings who assumed the title
1291:
During the 6th century BCE, Gandhara was governed under the reign of King
1219:, Uddālaka Āruṇi himself favourably referred to Gāndhārī education to the
896:
which had splintered from Gandhara proper and also extended into parts of
746:
485:
11482:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
11250:
11243:
11126:
11100:
10908:
10878:
10539:
9722:
9313:
9293:
9228:
9223:
9171:
9158:
9074:
8984:
8882:
8877:
8872:
4069:
3941:
3881:
3737:
3709:
3602:
3468:
3397:
3371:
3278:
3270:
3249:
3226:
3064:
2810:
2795:
2674:), suggesting a period of peaceful coexistence between the two entities.
2592:
2475:
2404:
2366:
2309:
2273:
2236:
2193:
2185:
2127:
2085:
2081:
2057:
2035:
2022:
2006:
1931:
1923:
1889:
1803:
1780:
1596:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1449:
1405:
1394:
1362:
1097:
1058:
1042:
905:
901:
842:
838:
834:
773:
713:
675:
651:
631:
575:
508:
500:
468:
247:
182:
178:
8716:
8695:
7698:"https://books.google.com/books?id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ&q=lahnda+shauraseni"
7119:
7095:
7073:
7057:
6558:
6534:
6515:
6491:
6472:
6448:
6429:
6405:
6387:
6363:
6345:
6321:
6303:
6279:
6084:
6060:
4995:
4979:
3367:
1764:, Western Gandhara, the location of which remains undiscovered to date.
11312:
11122:
10246:
9966:
9774:
9637:
9594:
9401:
9147:
9069:
8964:
8959:
7735:"https://testpoint.pk/mcqs/26648/language-of-Gandhara-civilization-was"
5382:
Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian by Mccrindle, J. W
5164:
Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian by Mccrindle, J. W
4048:
3517:
3452:
3418:
3342:
2856:
in Ghazni and Kabul in response to their conquests, his grand-daughter
2825:
2818:
2747:
2727:, became extinct around this period. When Xuanzang visited Gandhara in
2716:
2692:
The Alchons undertook the mass destruction of Buddhist monasteries and
2596:
2382:
2244:
2201:
2180:, as described on numismatic evidence identifying him as the nephew of
2041:
2031:
2010:
2002:
1983:
1823:
1819:
1416:
1345:, Pukkusāti might have acted as a bulwark against the expansion of the
973:
917:
595:
380:
9543:
8561:"Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India"
8384:
8350:
8326:
8260:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
8247:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
7993:
7969:
5009:
1997:, designating the title "Stratega," denoting a position equivalent to
1263:
11055:
10151:
9678:
9522:
9508:
9443:
9203:
9054:
9029:
5742:
southern half of the country passed under the domination of Samprati.
4589:
3872:
3495:
3393:
3362:
3319:
3155:
3104:
3050:
2988:
2845:
2751:
2667:
2620:
2604:
2557:
2533:
2204:
is known through numismatic evidence to have overstruck the coins of
2181:
2108:
2089:
2069:
2045:
1935:
1846:
1834:
1830:
1768:
1757:
1745:
1725:
1619:
1611:
1553:
1501:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1461:
1334:
965:
Gandhara's first recorded culture was the Grave Culture that emerged
524:
143:
9719:
8363:
5264:
5194:
4809:
4788:
4707:
4687:
4666:
2946:
2885:
2357:
of the Kushan tribe emerged victorious by destroying the other four
2092:, describing the joint rule by the Aprachas and the Indo-parthians.
1938:
and then further by Indravasu's grandson Indravarma II in c. 50 CE.
1833:, disappeared around 10 CE. Around 125 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian king
1606:'s military campaign progressed to Arigaum, situated in present-day
803:
717:
627:
11133:
11016:
10874:
10700:
10692:
10646:
10444:
10439:
10409:
10241:
10131:
10081:
9904:
9829:
9779:
9584:
9554:
9429:
8940:
6090:
This shows that the Aspavarman was a patron of the Buddhist Samgha.
4202:
A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation
4003:
3990:
3977:
3964:
3950:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3902:
3898:
3889:
3876:
3605:
3282:
3265:
As per Pali sources, Buddhism first reached Gandhara following the
3223:
3166:
3154:, still spoken some years ago in a few villages in the vicinity of
3080:
2955:
2951:
2803:
2735:
2720:
2712:
2679:
2624:
2588:
2561:
2537:
2499:
2495:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2293:
2285:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2232:
2213:
2147:
2139:
2105:
2077:
2026:
1998:
1913:
1901:
1788:
1715:
1691:
1677:
1457:
1423:, but they never entered their armies into the region of Gandhara.
1382:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1315:
in width, approximately 500 to 800 miles wide, with his capital at
1296:
1278:
1144:
1140:
1108:
1104:
893:
878:
792:
691:
647:
550:
532:
496:
464:
392:
362:
243:
229:
111:
7938:
Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush
7332:
5408:
The ruler of Taxila wanted to satisfy his own grudge against Porus
5361:
Kharoshthi Inscriptions Except Those Of Asoka Vol.ii Part I (1929)
4954:
4952:
2734:, he reported that Buddhism had drastically declined in favour of
2235:
in 46 AD, that during this time the Gandharans living between the
2126:
was ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty, named after its first ruler
1760:
script and commissioned the construction of a monumental stupa in
845:. The prominent urban centres within this geographical scope were
11214:
11140:
11041:
11022:
10870:
10743:
10696:
10658:
10651:
10424:
10266:
10161:
10051:
10011:
9614:
9599:
9564:
9498:
9198:
9193:
9117:
9107:
9102:
9064:
9049:
8457:
Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang.
8186:
8184:
6539:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6496:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6453:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6410:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6368:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6326:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6284:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
4052:
3960:
3956:
3911:
3681:
3491:
3345:
3158:
in eastern Afghanistan, by descendants of migrants expelled from
3128:
3034:
2841:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2743:
2739:
2447:
2420:
2362:
2342:
2338:
2326:
2289:
2252:
2159:
2065:
2053:
1897:
1627:
1509:
1469:
1300:
1247:
1179:
1128:
1117:
1070:
1054:
1034:
985:
897:
858:
769:
703:
666:, retained governance during this period until the ascent of the
615:
308:
10332:
7974:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
4939:
4937:
3219:
3193:. Among the modern day Indo-Aryan languages still spoken today,
2361:
tribes and consolidating his reign as king. Kujula then invaded
2288:
states that his father received an education facilitated by the
2130:. For most of their history, the leading Gondopharid kings held
11177:
10748:
10663:
10595:
10521:
10414:
10384:
10306:
10201:
9954:
9804:
9759:
9647:
9642:
9604:
9526:
9092:
9084:
4949:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3973:
3937:
3933:
3907:
3885:
3851:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3274:
3190:
3163:
3136:
3124:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3060:
2869:
2787:
2697:
2693:
2600:
2491:
2471:
2424:
2393:
2358:
2350:
2297:
2281:
2248:
2240:
2212:
It has also been discovered that Sasan overstruck the coins of
2131:
2100:
1994:
1905:
1850:
1838:
1772:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1703:
1673:
1639:
1615:
1576:
1572:
1537:
1472:. Herodotus states that during the battle they were led by the
1430:
1378:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1224:
1220:
1163:
1132:
1085:
874:
846:
830:
643:
619:
516:
159:
127:
8241:
8239:
8181:
6308:
Taxila was about the size of Ninovoh, walled like a Greek city
6146:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
6126:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5684:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5633:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5613:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5592:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5571:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
4858:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
4772:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
2828:. He is additionally noteworthy for coming into conflict with
10454:
10301:
9996:
9503:
9478:
9413:
8682:
Rehman, Abdur (2009). "A Note on the Etymology of Gandhāra".
6980:, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Section 4,
5057:
History of ancient India: on the basis of Buddhist literature
4934:
4364:
4238:
Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan 1975
4064:
3986:
3946:
3804:
3286:
3253:
3159:
3100:
2857:
2849:
2814:
2798:
ruled Gandhara until 843 CE when they were overthrown by the
2608:
2599:
from the Kidarites. Coins of the Alchons rulers Khingila and
2463:
2451:
2416:
2389:
2370:
2260:
2205:
2189:
2177:
2143:
2013:
is additionally noteworthy for receiving the above-mentioned
1975:
1967:
1580:
1445:
1166:
had become an important centre of knowledge where the men of
921:
909:
889:
861:. The Eastern border of Gandhara has been proposed to be the
729:
586:, characterized by a distinctive burial practice. During the
554:
520:
344:
212:
208:
197:
193:
87:
Location of Gandhara in South Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan)
8711:(1/4). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente: 584–586.
4870:
Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).
4549:. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 219.
4543:
Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1995).
2782:
Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the
2284:, a ruler esteemed greater than Phraotes' father. Moreover,
1242:("great realms") of Iron Age South Asia. It was the home of
224:
Approximate geographical region of Gandhara centered on the
10708:
10549:
10379:
9629:
9532:
8782:
8640:. Reprint: Mushiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi. 1973.
8418:
8236:
7299:
4901:"Rigveda 1.126:7, English translation by Ralph TH Griffith"
4226:
Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks 2010
3314:, as well as rare, early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as
2073:
1979:
1870:
1050:
1049:, the Gandhārīs are mentioned alongside the Mūjavants, the
1033:
The first mention of the Gandhārīs is attested once in the
606:
governed the region and was most notable for defeating the
480:
265:
1544:, the area corresponding to Gandhara situated between the
1352:
into Gandhara. This hypothesis posits that the army which
744:
One proposed origin of the name is from the Sanskrit word
2595:
ruler, emerged and took control of the routes across the
2292:
upon request to the king and married the daughter of the
1211:
claims that his son Śvetaketu also studied there. In the
1162:, the situation had changed, and the Gāndhārī capital of
674:. However, the region experienced a resurgence under the
626:, while the Western Gandharan tribes, exemplified by the
6919:
Gupta, Parmeshwari Lal; Kulashreshtha, Sarojini (1994).
4913:
3435:
Lid with seated male figure, Gandhara. (1st–2nd century)
8473:. London, 1875. Reprint: Sang-e-Meel Publications 1999
4716:
One Jataka story even includes Kasmira within Gandhara.
4278:
Cultural Interaction in Afghanistan c 300 BCE to 300 CE
2154:
dynasty, but they probably belonged to wider groups of
549:, acted as the lingua franca of the region and through
7465:"The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North"
7135:
5309:"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 57‑137"
5281:"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 57‑137"
4810:
Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart (15 March 2019).
4789:
Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart (15 March 2019).
2490:
at Peshawar. This tower was reported by Chinese monks
2005:
who was a general during the reign of the Apracharaja
1234:
1213:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1121:
1109:
1059:
1043:
1035:
8016:
History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.
7935:
Cacopardo, Alberto M.; Cacopardo, Augusto S. (2001).
7853:
History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.
7326:
6220:
Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (14 March 2018).
5774:
3656:
The Great Departure from the Palace (2nd–3rd century)
2836:, resulting in his victory and the latter's death in
1676:
serving as the provincial capital of the North West.
1468:
and were described as clothed similar to that of the
8738:
Gandharan Connections Project (Cambridge, 2016–2021)
8145:"The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue"
7435:"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis"
7333:
Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (11 May 2007).
5577:
and crafts of the time, including the military arts.
5235:
5053:
4984:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
4476:
Taken as Gandhavat the name is explained as meaning
4144:
4063:
is a Buddhist pacifist organization in the Japanese
2427:
and the inhabitants riding on elephants in warfare.
2220:, this line of coinage dating between 40 and 78 CE.
2166:, which means "Holder of Glory", were even related.
1257:
1205:
was among the famous students of Takṣaśila, and the
1084:), while the region is mentioned in the Zoroastrian
11475:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
6532:
6489:
6446:
6403:
6361:
6319:
6277:
4480:or "scent-action" from the word gandha which means
3381:which were made in Gandhāra during the Kushan era.
2766:of South Asia and imported Gandharan Brahmins into
2034:was the son of Visnuvarma, an Aprachraja preceding
1333:that Pukkusāti would have been contemporary to the
11548:States and territories disestablished in the 1000s
8192:Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Biographical Notes.
7934:
7366:. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 267.
6918:
6856:
6714:occupied Gandhara around 60 CE and Taxila by 78 CE
6250:On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World
6196:On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World
6166:On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World
4250:"UW Press: Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara"
3197:shows the closest linguistic affinity possible to
3075:, a Middle Indo-Aryan language of northern India,
1930:. This epigraphic source further articulates that
1206:
1196:
1149:
662:though a regional Gandharan kingdom, known as the
8364:Carlo Rosa; Thomas Theye; Simona Pannuzi (2019).
4469:"On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D."
4365:Rajkamal Publications Limited, New Delhi (1943).
3864:Major cities of ancient Gandhara are as follows:
3696:Scene of the life of the Buddha (2nd–3rd century)
1680:, a prominent figure in the establishment of the
1488:satrapy, established 518 BCE with its capital at
1041:as a tribe that has sheep with good wool. In the
527:range. The region was a central location for the
11539:
8779:- National Fund for Cultural Heritage (Pakistan)
8638:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India (A.D. 629–645)
5242:. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59.
4893:
4349:"3 alexander and his successors in central asia"
4328:"3 alexander and his successors in central asia"
3620:Wine-drinking and music, Hadda (1st–2nd century)
2454:with Gandhara being in the midst of it. Emperor
1728:reign witnessed a rebellion among the locals of
529:spread of Buddhism to Central Asia and East Asia
8760:University of Washington's Gandharan manuscript
8275:Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts
6219:
3474:Siddhārtha shown as a bejeweled prince (before
3057:, and it died out about in the 4th century CE.
924:was often considered synonymous with Gandhara.
920:. However during the 5th and 6th centuries CE,
904:. Oddiyana was situated in the vicinity of the
495:civilization centred in present-day north-west
16:Ancient Indo-Aryan civilization of Sapta Sindhu
8725:The Rediscovery and Reception of Gandharan Art
8723:Rienjang, Wannaporn, and Peter Stewart (eds),
8660:
8579:. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965.
8559:
8218:"Gandharan Sculptural Style: The Buddha Image"
8091:
8044:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007).
7970:"The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit"
7359:
7312:. Harvard University Press. pp. 241–242.
7038:
5795:
5517:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5500:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5483:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5462:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5442:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5421:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5401:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5117:
5080:
5015:
4884:
4869:
4542:
4466:
4282:Hestia, a Tabula Iliaca and Poseidon's trident
2446:) reached new heights. Purushapura along with
1591:. Omphis, in a gesture of goodwill, presented
1485:
1069:, after which it is named, is attested in the
1000:ancestry, sometime between 1900 and 1500 BCE.
753:
728:, Gandhara was known as Jiāntuóluó, kɨɐndala,
695:
614:, the region was split into two factions with
10481:
10348:
9705:
9372:
8798:
8205:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
8176:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
7305:
7188:
7011:
6890:
4907:
4708:University Of Pittsburg Press U.s.a. (1961).
4688:University Of Pittsburg Press U.s.a. (1961).
4667:University Of Pittsburg Press U.s.a. (1961).
4275:
3632:Maya's white elephant dream (2nd–3rd century)
3142:Linguistic evidence links some groups of the
2950:Many stupas, such as the Shingerdar stupa in
1583:, who governed the region encompassed by the
1299:accounts, he had forged diplomatic ties with
707:
503:. The core of the region of Gandhara was the
10495:
8727:(Archaeopress, 2022) ISBN 978-1-80327-233-7.
8667:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
8602:
6891:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996).
6850:
5756:"Studies In Indian History And Civilization"
5734:"Studies In Indian History And Civilization"
4958:
4943:
4889:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 4.
3463:flourished and achieved its peak during the
2708:was also vandalized during their invasions.
1900:. Renowned for their significant support of
582:The history of Gandhara originates with the
11456:
9674:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
8043:
7363:The Hunas In India Vol-lviii (1967) Ac 4776
7015:The Political History of the Hūṇas in India
6535:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6492:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6449:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6406:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6364:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6322:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6280:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
5543:. Cambridge University Press. p. 152.
5031:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
4508:
4426:
4336:wanted to satisfy his grudge against Porus.
4038:is an action RPG released in Japan in 1987.
3079:evolved from one of the key vernaculars of
2954:, are scattered throughout the region near
2914:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2259:kingdom as containing the old territory of
1826:, becoming king shortly after his victory.
1775:, the northwestern region seceded from the
1147:sources instead claim that he had achieved
10488:
10474:
10355:
10341:
9712:
9698:
9379:
9365:
8805:
8791:
7910:. Language Science Press. pp. 13–14.
7856:Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. 64–67.
6246:
6192:
6162:
6065:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
5875:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 134–135.
5701:
5021:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4657:, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December 2004.
3854:'s relics, above a Gandhara fortified city
3237:Bodhisattva. 2nd–3rd century CE, Gandhāra.
2711:Mihirakula in particular is remembered by
2458:was a great patron of the Buddhist faith;
2025:, which he subsequently re-dedicated as a
1515:
1107:and his son Svarajit are mentioned in the
590:Gandhara gained recognition as one of the
8705:Wladimir Zwalf, Review by: Anna Filigenzi
8702:
8643:
8625:(Thesis). Australian National University.
8556:, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1983.
8510:
8491:Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975),
8487:, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1958.
8379:(1). Firenze University Press: Abstract.
7903:
7195:. Harvard University Press. p. 241.
7132:Iaroslav Lebedynsky, "Les Nomades", p172.
6478:the Indus, and seized upon the government
5702:Cunningham, Alexander (6 December 2022).
5537:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010).
4588:
4385:
3767:Hellenistic scene, Gandhara (1st century)
3680:The Buddha preaching at the Deer Park in
3644:The birth of Siddhārtha (2nd–3rd century)
2934:Learn how and when to remove this message
2786:. The headgear has been interpreted as a
2400:before installing a general as a satrap.
1634:, characterized as strongly fortified by
1610:, marking the initial encounter with the
1552:was inhabited by two tribes noted as the
932:
523:in Afghanistan, and northwards up to the
11470:
8331:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
8271:
8265:
7645:
7280:
7249:
5656:. Harvard University Press. p. 67.
5262:
5192:
5047:
4856:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., et al. (2019).
4124:. Oxford University Press. p. 138.
3430:
3335:Some scholars believe that the Mahāyāna
3240:
3218:
2945:
2848:, a change from the previous capital of
2777:
2773:
2603:were found at the Buddhist monastery of
2325:
2308:
2099:
2095:
1945:
1941:
1802:
1653:
1425:
1273:
1017:
946:
8833:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
8306:
8304:
8302:
8077:. Oxford University Press. p. 79.
8070:
7462:
7045:. Chowkhamba Prakashan. pp. 52–55.
6058:
5054:Khoinaijam Rita Devi (1 January 2007).
4977:
4964:
4711:Cultural History Of Kapisa And Gandhara
4691:Cultural History Of Kapisa And Gandhara
4670:Cultural History Of Kapisa And Gandhara
4614:(in Greek). Translated by A. D. Godley.
4171:
3668:The end of asceticism (2nd–3rd century)
3589:, supporting a Buddhist monument, Hadda
2263:. Following an exchange with the king,
1270:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
19:For the historical kingdom proper, see
11540:
11479:
11045:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
8681:
8618:
8019:Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 65.
8008:
8006:
7967:
7963:
7961:
7904:Liljegren, Henrik (26 February 2016).
7876:
7646:Mesthrie, Rajend (14 September 2018).
7592:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7432:
7420:
7167:
7165:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
6973:
6946:
6863:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 82–.
6837:
6142:
6122:
6028:
5977:
5947:
5868:
5837:
5807:
5705:Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II
5680:
5649:
5629:
5609:
5588:
5567:
5034:, Infobase Publishing, pp. 209–,
5027:
4920:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–.
4768:
4647:
4638:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
4205:. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.
4198:
4117:
3533:Standing Bodhisattva (1st–2nd century)
3439:Gandhāra is noted for the distinctive
3189:brought in by later migrants, such as
3009:and the Archaeology Department at the
1845:. The last known Indo-Greek ruler was
1528:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
1311:'s kingdom was described as being 100
1187:went north to study. According to the
809:, meaning "beyond the Hindu Kush") in
11563:Ancient empires and kingdoms of India
11447:
11242:
11059:
10988:
10961:
10912:
10907:
10469:
10336:
9720:Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the
9693:
9360:
8786:
8549:. CreateSpace, North Charleston, S.C.
8407:from the original on 15 February 2020
8324:
8097:
8071:Salomon, Richard (10 December 1998).
7880:Himalayan Languages: Past and Present
7695:
7619:Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019).
7274:
7256:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
7243:
7171:
7093:
7055:
6857:Rai Govind Chandra (1 January 1979).
5788:
5708:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 90.
5378:
5357:
5256:
5186:
5160:
4405:
4303:
4301:
4029:
3724:A sculpture from Hadda, (3rd century)
2377:seceded Gandhara to the Kushans with
2365:and annexed the upper reaches of the
1861:was the Greek transliteration of the
1798:
1787:. This engagement is corroborated by
8633:, The Guidebook Co., Hong Kong, 1989
8327:"Stucco Sculpture from Central Asia"
8299:
8116:
8012:
7849:
7618:
7574:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7558:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7549:
7542:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7526:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7517:
7510:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7501:
7494:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7485:
6845:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
6786:
6756:
6725:
6695:
6665:
6635:
6605:
6575:
6533:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6490:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6447:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6404:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6362:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6320:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6278:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
5536:
4448:
4192:
4175:Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage
4138:
3752:Hellenistic decorative scrolls from
3260:
2912:adding citations to reliable sources
2879:
2470:and the Far East across Bactria and
1989:Some Aprachas are documented on the
8914:Hellenistic influence on Indian art
8575:Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886.
8003:
7958:
7696:Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972).
7593:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
7581:
7565:
7400:
7309:Political Violence in Ancient India
7209:
7192:Political Violence in Ancient India
7162:
7080:
7018:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
6247:Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007).
6193:Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007).
6163:Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007).
5801:
5753:
5731:
4269:
4165:
3514:; 1st century BCE to 1st century CE
3508:; 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE
2118:) constructed by the Indo-Parthians
1954:showing Scythian soldiers dancing.
1837:, son of Eucratides, fled from the
1752:. During this time, Ashoka erected
1649:
13:
8919:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
8654:
8554:An Illustrated History of Pakistan
8123:. Taylor and Francis. p. 82.
7839:. George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain.
7215:
6816:
6029:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5978:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5948:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5838:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5808:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5650:Lahiri, Nayanjot (5 August 2015).
5229:
5102:"Part 2 - Story of King Pukkusāti"
4412:. Algora Publishing. p. 138.
4379:
4298:
3520:; 1st century CE to 4th century CE
3311:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
3211:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3053:script, which is derived from the
2341:after having been defeated by the
2304:
14:
11614:
10362:
8731:
7883:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 35.
5118:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1974).
5081:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1974).
4914:Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1997).
4885:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1978).
4872:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects
4546:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects
4368:Chandragupta Maurya And His Times
4018:
3740:and Chandeka, Hadda (5th century)
2840:and was the first Shahi noted by
1466:Second Persian invasion of Greece
1460:, Gandharan troops were noted by
1258:Pukkusāti and Achaemenid Gandhāra
1003:
136:
11573:Archaeological sites in Pakistan
11428:
11419:
11410:
11401:
11392:
11383:
11374:
11365:
11355:References and sources for table
9661:
9289:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
8648:. New York: Infobase Publishing.
8533:. 2015. John E. Hill. Volume I,
8423:
8357:
8318:
8252:
8210:
8197:
8168:
8155:
8137:
8110:
8104:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
8064:
8037:
7928:
7897:
7870:
7843:
7829:
7815:
7801:
7764:
7727:
7689:
7639:
7612:
7533:
7456:
7426:
7394:
7373:
7353:
7182:
7126:
7049:
7032:
7005:
6967:
6939:
6925:. D.K. Printworld. p. 122.
6911:
6884:
6810:
6780:
6750:
6719:
6689:
6659:
6629:
6599:
6569:
6526:
6483:
6440:
6397:
6226:. Archaeopress. pp. 16–17.
5669:ministers came and oppressed us'
4917:A History of Sanskrit Literature
4874:. John Murray. pp. 218–219.
4845:Encyclopedia of Archaeology 2008
4749:"The geography of Gandharan art"
3843:
3823:
3811:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3745:
3729:
3717:
3701:
3689:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3594:
3578:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3476:Siddhārtha renounces palace life
3281:who originated from the city of
2884:
2649:
2634:
2525:
2507:
2434:and monasteries of this period.
1791:, who records an instance where
1783:, maintained relations with the
1684:, played a key role by adopting
553:, the language spread as far as
151:
135:
119:
104:
103:
96:
71:
70:
62:
23:. For the kingdom in Epics, see
9336:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
8755:The Buddhist Manuscript project
6355:
6313:
6271:
6266:have underground rooms as well.
6240:
6213:
6186:
6156:
6143:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
6136:
6123:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
6116:
6095:
6052:
6022:
6002:
5971:
5941:
5930:
5910:
5889:
5862:
5831:
5768:
5747:
5725:
5695:
5681:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5674:
5643:
5630:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5623:
5610:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5603:
5589:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5582:
5568:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5561:
5540:The Greeks in Bactria and India
5530:
5509:
5492:
5475:
5454:
5434:
5413:
5393:
5372:
5351:
5341:Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 32
5329:
5301:
5273:
5203:
5174:
5154:
5132:
5111:
5094:
5074:
4878:
4863:
4850:
4837:
4824:
4803:
4782:
4769:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
4762:
4741:
4721:
4701:
4681:
4660:
4582:
4568:
4536:
4529:City, south central Afghanistan
4502:
4460:
4399:
4358:
4341:
4320:
3859:
3447:, which shows the influence of
3396:wrote that in this region, 500
3318:, and meditation on the Buddha
3107:, primarily spoken in parts of
2860:was also the last ruler of the
2762:how Mihirakula oppressed local
2345:and forced to retreat from the
1974:. The first Indo-Scythian king
1883:
1246:, the princess and her brother
1201:, the famous Vedic philosopher
602:. In the 6th century BCE, King
573:, ushering the period known as
11588:Historical regions of Pakistan
8684:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
8619:Rehman, Abdur (January 1976).
7401:Kalhana, Jogesh Chunder Dutt.
7381:"Modi_History of the Huns.pdf"
5869:Kubica, Olga (14 April 2023).
5778:The Cambridge History of India
4655:INDIA ii. Historical Geography
4255:
4243:
4199:Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000).
4118:Bryant, Edwin Francis (2002).
4111:
4055:, serving as their 7th single.
3953:appears in the Chinese sources
2875:
2666:" from Gandhara, features two
2582:
1710:king Parvataka to conquer the
912:corresponded to the region of
535:pilgrims visiting the region.
152:
120:
1:
9254:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
7339:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 60.
4386:Trautmann, Thomas R. (1971).
4104:
4047:" is a 1978 song by Japanese
3557:Buddha head (4th–6th century)
3067:, the ancient capital of the
2728:
2573:
2541:
2515:
2317:standing Buddha from Gandhara
1434:
1341:and according to the scholar
1282:
1074:
1023:
966:
956:
511:extending as far east as the
426:
371:
353:
335:
317:
299:
281:
47:
11598:Locations in Hindu mythology
11484:, Cambridge University Press
11452:, Cambridge University Press
11182:Decline of Buddhism in India
10619:Northern Black Polished Ware
8812:
8563:. Digital South Asia Library
8163:India in Early Central Asia.
7877:Saxena, Anju (12 May 2011).
7463:Meister, Michael W. (2005).
5781:. CUP Archive. p. 512.
5060:. Akansha Publishing House.
4389:Kautilya And The Arthasastra
4025:list of people from Gandhara
3708:The death of the Buddha, or
3392:teachings in the northwest.
3109:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
2615:" from Gandhara, now in the
2568:or beginning of the rule of
2551:
2331:Casket of Kanishka the Great
1094:seventh most beautiful place
994:Inner Asia Mountain Corridor
820:
685:
594:, or 'great realms', within
7:
11568:Ancient history of Pakistan
11450:An Introduction to Hinduism
8646:A Brief History of Pakistan
8431:"Gandhara:Buddha no Seisen"
8312:"Buddhism and Buddhist Art"
8161:Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath.
7178:. CUP Archive. p. 791.
5954:. BRILL. pp. 118–119.
4077:
3779:A stone plate (1st century)
3366:. There are also images of
3338:Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra
3256:. 3rd century CE, Gandhāra.
3204:
3022:
2996:Archaeologist John Marshall
2474:, where his empire met the
2169:During the dominion of the
1393:did the region between the
1235:
1214:
1207:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1150:
1122:
1110:
1060:
1044:
1036:
747:
612:Wars of Alexander the Great
569:which had their capital at
486:
228:, in present-day northwest
10:
11619:
11578:Buddhist sites in Pakistan
11473:Hinduism. Past and present
11343:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
11301:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10693:Rise of Shramana movements
8765:Coins of Gandhara janapada
8448:
8278:. UBC Press. p. 241.
8050:. Routledge. p. 991.
8013:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2001).
7850:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2001).
7837:Languages of Ancient India
7283:Handbuch der Orientalistik
7281:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004).
7172:Ghosh, Amalananda (1965).
5211:"US Department of Defense"
5016:Macdonell & Keith 1912
4887:Reflections on the Tantras
4022:
3412:
3208:
3041:" dialect, usually called
3033:Gandhara's language was a
3026:
3017:
2746:of Gandhara accepted from
2369:before further conquering
2251:as being the same size as
2116:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1732:to which according to the
1525:
1519:
1500:rule of Gandhara that the
1496:). It was also during the
1464:to have taken part in the
1448:, during the reign of the
1356:claimed Cyrus had lost in
1267:
1261:
1007:
936:
927:
853:. According to a specific
642:receiving an education in
18:
11480:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
11352:
11249:
11228:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
11213:
11192:
11167:
11139:
11099:
11094:
11035:
10921:
10856:
10814:
10793:
10777:
10766:
10759:
10742:
10726:
10712:
10683:
10676:
10622:
10604:
10601:Painted Grey Ware culture
10586:
10578:
10562:
10538:
10535:
10530:
10517:
10512:
10503:
10370:
9730:
9670:
9659:
9424:
9246:
9156:
9083:
8939:
8932:
8924:Art of Gandhara by museum
8896:
8820:
8644:Wynbrandt, James (2009).
8636:Watters, Thomas. 1904–5.
7253:The Empire of the Steppes
6823:. Grafikol. p. 180.
5121:The Achaemenids And India
5084:The Achaemenids And India
4036:Gandhara:Buddha no Seisen
3791:"Laughing boy" from Hadda
3545:Buddha head (2nd century)
3201:, a dialect of Gāndhārī.
3063:, historically spoken in
2545: 2nd–3rd century CE
2158:tribes who lived east of
1771:, following the death of
865:based on arachaeological
841:also extending along the
817:in the same inscription.
776:, and later Vedic texts.
754:
696:
460:
456:
452:
448:
435:
420:
416:
406:
402:
398:
386:
368:
350:
332:
314:
296:
278:
274:
264:
257:
235:
91:
57:
46:
38:
29:Gandhara (disambiguation)
11593:Kingdoms in the Ramayana
11448:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
11037:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
11002:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
10918:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
10679:Persian-Greek influences
10497:Middle kingdoms of India
8838:Greek conquests in India
8604:Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra
8047:The Indo-Aryan Languages
7809:The Indo Aryan Languages
7577:. 1976. p. 128-130.
7529:. 1976. p. 110-111.
7497:. 1976. pp. 96–101.
7100:The Numismatic Chronicle
7062:The Numismatic Chronicle
6922:Kuṣāṇa Coins and History
6793:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6763:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6732:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6702:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6672:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6642:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6612:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6582:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6059:Khettry, Sarita (2014).
5028:Higham, Charles (2014),
4978:Prakash, Buddha (1951).
3818:Marine deities, Gandhara
1966:were descended from the
1896:to the era of the early
1568:in modern day Peshawar.
736:, Gandhara was known as
716:, Gandhara was known as
559:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
388:• 964 – 1001
150:
134:
118:
102:
69:
11471:Michaels, Axel (2004),
11169:Late-Classical Hinduism
10373:(c. 600 BCE–c. 300 BCE)
9341:Hephthalite silver bowl
8775:19 January 2020 at the
8661:Lerner, Martin (1984).
8325:Siple, Ella S. (1931).
8272:Behrendt, Kurt (2011).
8117:Wani, Muhammad (2023).
7360:Thakur Upender (1967).
7250:Grousset, Rene (1970).
7143:"British Museum notice"
7094:ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014).
7056:Alram, Michael (2014).
7039:Upendra Thakur (1967).
6897:. UNESCO. p. 122.
5653:Ashoka in Ancient India
5018:, p. 218-219, 432.
4819:definition of Gandhara.
4653:Perfrancesco Callieri,
4512:Placenames of the World
4467:Thomas Watters (1904).
4406:Samad, Rafi U. (2011).
4252:. Retrieved April 2018.
2641:The silver bowl in the
2514:Head of a bodhisattva,
2396:and further conquering
1982:hegemony by conquering
1956:Cleveland Museum of Art
1793:Antiochus III the Great
1718:, as documented in the
1516:Macedonian era Gandhāra
1508:, was born through the
1281:tomb, Gandāra soldier,
804:
561:. Famed for its unique
10555:Middle Gangetic Plain
9284:Saptarishi Tila statue
8848:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
8612:University of Calcutta
8583:Neelis, Jason (2010),
8497:, Peeters Publishers,
8098:Lopez, Donald (2014).
7941:. IsIAO. p. 253.
7625:. BRILL. p. 327.
7433:Rahman, Abdul (2002).
7336:The Spread of Buddhism
7306:Upinder Singh (2017).
7216:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
7189:Upinder Singh (2017).
7012:Atreyi Biswas (1971).
6953:. BRILL. p. 162.
6947:Neelis, Jason (2010).
6847:, 1909, pp. 1056–1061.
6817:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
6253:. BRILL. p. 107.
6199:. BRILL. p. 115.
6169:. BRILL. p. 106.
6035:. BRILL. p. 119.
5984:. BRILL. p. 119.
5844:. BRILL. p. 119.
5814:. BRILL. p. 118.
5690:province of Gandhara..
5263:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
5193:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
4265:, Encyclopædia Iranica
4099:History of Afghanistan
3803:Bodhisattva seated in
3436:
3408:
3333:
3267:Third Buddhist council
3257:
3238:
3011:University of Peshawar
2959:
2791:
2347:Central Asian steppes.
2337:The Kushans conquered
2334:
2333:, with Buddhist motifs
2323:
2231:upon their visit with
2119:
1959:
1815:
1694:accounts suggest that
1665:
1504:script, the script of
1453:
1438: 500/490–485 BCE
1288:
1030:
962:
953:Gandhara grave culture
939:Gandhara grave culture
933:Gandhāra grave culture
708:
690:Gandhara was known in
598:playing a role in the
584:Gandhara grave culture
563:Gandharan style of art
27:. For other uses, see
11084:Western Ganga Dynasty
10951: 1st century BCE
10939:Early Pandyan kingdom
10904: 2nd century BCE
10864:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
10858:Preclassical Hinduism
10839:Early Pandyan kingdom
10811: 3rd century BCE
10756: 4th century BCE
10723: 5th century BCE
10633: 6th century BCE
10558:Lower Gangetic Plain
10546:Upper Gangetic Plain
10371:Great Indian Kingdoms
9620:Hellespontine Phrygia
8770:Gandhara Civilization
8373:Restauro Archeologico
7219:Buddhist Architecture
6974:Bakker, Hans (2017),
6820:Buddhist Architecture
5313:penelope.uchicago.edu
5285:penelope.uchicago.edu
5104:. 11 September 2019.
4472:Royal Asiatic Society
3478:) is a common motif.
3434:
3324:
3244:
3222:
3209:Further information:
3169:in the 19th century.
3121:Gandhara Civilization
3069:Gandhara Civilization
2949:
2781:
2774:Turk and Hindu Shahis
2519: 4th century CE
2329:
2321:Tokyo National Museum
2312:
2124:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
2103:
2096:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1949:
1942:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
1806:
1756:in the region in the
1657:
1636:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1429:
1277:
1021:
950:
592:sixteen Mahajanapadas
11603:Prehistoric Pakistan
11558:Achaemenid satrapies
11434:Michaels (2004) p.41
11425:Michaels (2004) p.40
11407:Michaels (2004) p.39
11389:Michaels (2004) p.39
11326:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
10958: 1st century CE
8748:19 July 2013 at the
8521:Hill, John E. 2003.
8462:Beal, Samuel. 1911.
8455:Beal, Samuel. 1884.
7561:. 1976. p. 113.
7545:. 1976. p. 107.
7513:. 1976. p. 110.
6860:Indo-Greek Jewellery
6787:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6757:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6726:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6696:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6666:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6636:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6606:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6576:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6015:. pp. 204–205.
5385:. pp. 179–180.
5358:Konow, Sien (1929).
4509:Adrian Room (1997).
4172:Warikoo, K. (2004).
4151:. Psychology Press.
3471:in the 5th century.
3455:influences from the
3352:owes greatly to the
3273:during the reign of
2985:Alexander Cunningham
2908:improve this section
1818:The Indo-Greek king
1754:numerous rock edicts
1698:encountered a young
1626:, engaging with the
1456:During the reign of
1371:Behistun Inscription
1123:Uttarādhyayana-sūtra
1096:on earth created by
943:Indo-Aryan migration
795:, was translated as
789:Behistun inscription
11524:33.7560°N 72.8291°E
11520: /
11285:Rashtrakuta dynasty
10737:Shaishunaga dynasty
10687:Second Urbanisation
10532:Indo-Gangetic Plain
8743:Livius.org: Gandara
8471:Kashmir and Kashgar
8224:on 18 December 2014
7968:Burrow, T. (1936).
7907:A grammar of Palula
7823:A Grammar of Hindko
7595:"GĀNDHĀRĪ LANGUAGE"
5199:. pp. 300–301.
5142:. www.palikanon.com
4847:, Elsevier, p. 740.
4240:, pp. 175–177.
4084:History of Pakistan
3171:Georg Morgenstierne
3148:Kohistani languages
3146:with Gandhari. The
3119:, especially where
2591:, the most notable
2536:under the guise of
2319:(1st–2nd century),
2229:Apollonius of Tyana
2188:, was succeeded by
1995:Sirkap, near Taxila
1926:, according to the
1807:The founder of the
1700:Chandragupta Maurya
1696:Alexander the Great
1686:Chandragupta Maurya
1604:Alexander the Great
1593:Alexander the great
1560:located around the
1421:Alexander the Great
1323:as stated in early
871:Alexander the Great
787:, mentioned in the
640:Chandragupta Maurya
624:Alexander the Great
543:Indo-Aryan language
422:• Established
327:Chandragupta Maurya
11416:Hiltebeitel (2002)
11398:Hiltebeitel (2002)
11096:Hephthalite Empire
10932:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
10923:Satavahana dynasty
10909:Indo-Greek Kingdom
10832:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
10823:Satavahana dynasty
10796:Spread of Buddhism
10518:Northwestern India
9634:Samaritan Province
9309:Treasure of Begram
9274:Buddhas of Bamiyan
9264:Kanishka reliquary
8904:Greco-Buddhist art
8853:Indo-Greek kingdom
8511:Herodotus (1920).
8190:Nakamura, Hajime.
8100:"Kashmir-Gandhāra"
7042:The Hūṇas in India
6994:on 11 January 2020
5796:Imperial Gazetteer
4961:, p. 146-147.
4673:. pp. 12–13.
4576:"Gandara – Livius"
4148:A History of India
4030:In popular culture
3754:Hadda, Afghanistan
3437:
3415:Greco-Buddhist art
3269:which was held in
3258:
3239:
3215:Gandharan Buddhism
3087:which is known as
3073:Shauraseni Prakrit
2960:
2792:
2758:also noted in his
2725:Greco-Buddhist art
2440:Kanishka the Great
2335:
2324:
2120:
2001:, such as that of
1960:
1894:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1816:
1809:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1799:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1666:
1454:
1411:, states that the
1289:
1215:Chāndogya Upaniṣad
1191:Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa
1175:Kauśītaki Brāhmaṇa
1103:The Gāndhārī king
1031:
1010:Gandhāra (kingdom)
963:
783:form of the name,
531:with many Chinese
439:Battle of Peshawar
21:Gandhāra (kingdom)
11503:
11502:
11498:
11497:
11494:
11493:
11335:Eastern Chalukyas
11331:Kalyani Chalukyas
11289:Eastern Chalukyas
11278:Gurjara-Pratihara
11271: 9th century
11256:Eastern Chalukyas
11239: 8th century
11224:Eastern Chalukyas
11210:Mlechchha dynasty
11189: 7th century
11171:(ca. CE 650-1100)
11118: 6th century
11091: 5th century
11051: 4th century
10997: 3rd century
10985: 2nd century
10895:Mahayana Buddhism
10862:"Hindu Synthesis"
10729:Persian conquests
10614:Shramanic culture
10550:Ganga-Yamuna doab
10463:
10462:
10330:
10329:
9687:
9686:
9392:Achaemenid Empire
9390:Provinces of the
9354:
9353:
9304:Rukhuna reliquary
9242:
9241:
9177:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
9128:Lalchak monastery
8631:Pakistan Handbook
8596:978-90-04-18159-5
8504:978-90-6186-037-2
8483:Caroe, Sir Olaf,
8385:10.13128/RA-25095
8084:978-0-19-535666-3
8057:978-1-135-79710-2
8026:978-969-35-1231-1
7948:978-88-6323-149-6
7917:978-3-946234-31-9
7890:978-3-11-089887-3
7863:978-969-35-1231-1
7811:. Colin P Masica.
7787:External link in
7750:External link in
7713:External link in
7675:External link in
7659:978-0-429-78579-5
7632:978-90-04-39186-4
7599:iranicaonline.org
7346:978-90-474-2006-4
7285:. Leiden: BRILL.
6987:978-90-6984-715-3
6870:978-81-7017-088-4
6800:978-7-100-19365-8
6770:978-7-100-19365-8
6739:978-7-100-19365-8
6709:978-7-100-19365-8
6679:978-7-100-19365-8
6649:978-7-100-19365-8
6619:978-7-100-19365-8
6589:978-7-100-19365-8
6260:978-90-474-2049-1
6233:978-1-78491-855-2
6206:978-90-474-2049-1
6176:978-90-474-2049-1
6042:978-90-04-18159-5
5991:978-90-04-18159-5
5961:978-90-04-18159-5
5882:978-1-000-86852-4
5851:978-90-04-18159-5
5821:978-90-04-18159-5
5754:Prakesh, Buddha.
5732:Prakesh, Buddha.
5715:978-3-368-13568-3
5663:978-0-674-91525-1
5550:978-1-108-00941-6
5488:. pp. 74–75.
5379:Mccrindle, J. W.
5161:Mccrindle, J. W.
5067:978-81-8370-086-3
5041:978-1-4381-0996-1
4959:Raychaudhuri 1953
4944:Raychaudhuri 1953
4927:978-81-208-0095-3
4434:Old Persian p.164
4419:978-0-87586-860-8
4354:. pp. 74–77.
4263:GĀNDHĀRĪ LANGUAGE
4212:978-87-7876-177-4
4185:978-81-86505-66-3
4158:978-0-415-32919-4
4131:978-0-19-565361-8
4089:History of Punjab
3712:(2nd–3rd century)
3684:(2nd–3rd century)
3512:Indo-Scythian art
3427:Indo-Scythian art
3386:Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa
3261:Mahāyāna Buddhism
3245:Bronze statue of
3187:Iranian languages
3175:Peshawar district
3133:Middle Indo Aryan
3039:Middle Indo-Aryan
3029:Gandhari language
3007:Ahmed Hassan Dani
2944:
2943:
2936:
2672:skull deformation
2480:Mahayana Buddhism
1767:According to the
1571:The sovereign of
1532:Macedonian Empire
1498:Achaemenid Empire
1350:Achaemenid Empire
1229:valley of Kaśmīra
1151:paccekabuddhayāna
877:stretched to the
768:mentioned in the
608:Kingdom of Avanti
491:) was an ancient
474:
473:
11610:
11535:
11534:
11532:
11531:
11530:
11529:33.7560; 72.8291
11525:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11516:
11513:
11485:
11476:
11467:
11458:Hiltebeitel, Alf
11453:
11435:
11432:
11426:
11423:
11417:
11414:
11408:
11405:
11399:
11396:
11390:
11387:
11381:
11378:
11372:
11369:
11220:Badami Chalukyas
11215:Adivasi (tribes)
11205:Empire of Harsha
11201:Vakataka dynasty
11154:Kalabhra dynasty
11150:Badami Chalukyas
11141:Adivasi (tribes)
11110:Kalabhra dynasty
11076:Kalabhra dynasty
11072:Andhra Ikshvakus
11039:(ca. CE 320-650)
11023:Adivasi (tribes)
10891:Smarta Tradition
10744:Adivasi (tribes)
10659:Adivasi (tribes)
10515:cultural period
10510:
10509:
10506:
10505:
10490:
10483:
10476:
10467:
10466:
10357:
10350:
10343:
10334:
10333:
9714:
9707:
9700:
9691:
9690:
9682:
9665:
9381:
9374:
9367:
9358:
9357:
8937:
8936:
8888:Ghaznavid Empire
8828:Gandhara kingdom
8807:
8800:
8793:
8784:
8783:
8720:
8699:
8678:
8649:
8626:
8615:
8599:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8518:
8507:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8427:
8421:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8370:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8337:(342): 140–145.
8322:
8316:
8315:
8308:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8269:
8263:
8256:
8250:
8243:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8220:. Archived from
8214:
8208:
8203:Williams, Paul.
8201:
8195:
8188:
8179:
8174:Williams, Paul.
8172:
8166:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8149:www.acmuller.net
8141:
8135:
8134:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8041:
8035:
8034:
8010:
8001:
8000:
7980:(2/3): 419–435.
7965:
7956:
7955:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7775:
7774:. 10 March 2024.
7768:
7762:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7738:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7711:
7709:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7673:
7671:
7663:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7590:
7579:
7578:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7472:Ancient Pakistan
7469:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7442:Ancient Pakistan
7439:
7430:
7424:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7385:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7169:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7139:
7133:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7091:
7078:
7077:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7009:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6990:, archived from
6971:
6965:
6964:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6854:
6848:
6841:
6835:
6834:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6107:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5945:
5939:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5901:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5805:
5799:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5738:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5521:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5355:
5349:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5269:. pp. 308–.
5260:
5254:
5253:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5213:. Archived from
5207:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4975:
4962:
4956:
4947:
4946:, p. 59-62.
4941:
4932:
4931:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4867:
4861:
4854:
4848:
4841:
4835:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4664:
4658:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4540:
4534:
4533:At Google Books.
4532:
4506:
4500:
4497:Internet Archive
4494:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4444:Old Persian p.25
4441:Old Persian p.17
4437:Old Persian p.13
4430:
4424:
4423:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4273:
4267:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4115:
4013:Hazara, Pakistan
3847:
3832:Asian Art Museum
3827:
3815:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3749:
3733:
3721:
3705:
3693:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3598:
3582:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3379:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
3370:Buddha with the
3294:Pure Land sutras
3144:Dardic languages
3113:Pothohar Plateau
2939:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2888:
2880:
2866:Ghaznavid Empire
2817:was lost to the
2733:
2730:
2664:Hephthalite bowl
2656:Alchon horseman.
2653:
2638:
2613:Hephthalite bowl
2587:Around 430 King
2578:
2575:
2546:
2543:
2529:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2379:Kujula Kadphises
2355:Kujula Kadphises
2280:, in modern-day
2223:It was noted by
2210:Kujula Kadphises
2134:(in the present
2015:Silver Reliquary
1991:Silver Reliquary
1932:King Vijayamitra
1736:, he dispatched
1659:Major Rock Edict
1650:Mauryan Gandhāra
1644:Diodorus Siculus
1506:Gandhari prakrit
1440:) discovered in
1439:
1436:
1401:become annexed.
1391:Darius the Great
1287:
1284:
1252:Gandhara Kingdom
1238:
1217:
1210:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1153:
1125:
1113:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1047:
1039:
1028:
1025:
1014:Gandhara Kingdom
996:, which carried
971:
968:
961:
958:
881:(Jhelum river).
829:in contemporary
807:
759:
758:
750:
732:, and Kipin. In
711:
701:
700:
672:Hunnic Invasions
547:Kharosthi script
513:Pothohar Plateau
489:
444:27 November 1001
431:
428:
376:
373:
358:
355:
340:
337:
322:
319:
304:
301:
286:
283:
155:
154:
139:
138:
123:
122:
107:
106:
100:
74:
73:
66:
52:
49:
36:
35:
25:Gandhara Kingdom
11618:
11617:
11613:
11612:
11611:
11609:
11608:
11607:
11538:
11537:
11528:
11526:
11522:
11519:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11499:
11490:
11489:
11488:
11438:
11433:
11429:
11424:
11420:
11415:
11411:
11406:
11402:
11397:
11393:
11388:
11384:
11379:
11375:
11370:
11366:
11356:
11345:
11341:
11339:Medieval Cholas
11337:
11333:
11324:
11299:
11297:Medieval Cholas
11295:
11293:Pandyan kingdom
11291:
11287:
11262:
11260:Pandyan kingdom
11258:
11230:
11226:
11222:
11203:
11180:
11174:Advaita Vedanta
11172:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11125:
11112:
11108:
11082:
11080:Kadamba Dynasty
11078:
11074:
11065:
11044:
11040:
11012:Western Satraps
10974:Kuninda Kingdom
10966:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10931:
10925:
10916:
10893:
10865:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10831:
10825:
10762:Greek conquests
10695:
10691:
10617:
10611:
10599:
10593:
10547:
10519:
10514:
10499:
10494:
10464:
10459:
10435:Maccha (Matsya)
10385:Asmaka (Assaka)
10372:
10366:
10361:
10331:
10326:
9870:Haihaya kingdom
9810:Dakshina Kosala
9726:
9718:
9688:
9683:
9676:
9666:
9657:
9643:Skudra (Thrace)
9624:Greater Phrygia
9420:
9419:
9385:
9355:
9350:
9325:Brussels Buddha
9319:Standing Buddha
9238:
9182:Tapa-i Kafariha
9152:
9079:
8928:
8892:
8816:
8811:
8777:Wayback Machine
8750:Wayback Machine
8734:
8675:
8657:
8655:Further reading
8652:
8597:
8566:
8564:
8529:. 2nd Edition:
8505:
8451:
8446:
8445:
8435:
8433:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8410:
8408:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8323:
8319:
8310:
8309:
8300:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8270:
8266:
8258:Ray, Reginald.
8257:
8253:
8245:Ray, Reginald.
8244:
8237:
8227:
8225:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8202:
8198:
8189:
8182:
8173:
8169:
8160:
8156:
8143:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8115:
8111:
8096:
8092:
8085:
8069:
8065:
8058:
8042:
8038:
8027:
8011:
8004:
7966:
7959:
7949:
7933:
7929:
7918:
7902:
7898:
7891:
7875:
7871:
7864:
7848:
7844:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7825:. Elena Bashir.
7821:
7820:
7816:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7777:
7776:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7740:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7703:
7702:
7694:
7690:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7644:
7640:
7633:
7617:
7613:
7603:
7601:
7591:
7582:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7523:
7522:
7518:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7467:
7461:
7457:
7437:
7431:
7427:
7419:
7415:
7399:
7395:
7386:. p. 342.
7383:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7358:
7354:
7347:
7331:
7327:
7320:
7304:
7300:
7293:
7279:
7275:
7268:
7248:
7244:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7214:
7210:
7203:
7187:
7183:
7170:
7163:
7153:
7151:
7141:
7140:
7136:
7131:
7127:
7092:
7081:
7054:
7050:
7037:
7033:
7026:
7010:
7006:
6997:
6995:
6988:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6944:
6940:
6933:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6889:
6885:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6855:
6851:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6785:
6781:
6771:
6755:
6751:
6740:
6724:
6720:
6710:
6694:
6690:
6680:
6664:
6660:
6650:
6634:
6630:
6620:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6574:
6570:
6531:
6527:
6488:
6484:
6445:
6441:
6402:
6398:
6360:
6356:
6318:
6314:
6276:
6272:
6261:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6191:
6187:
6177:
6161:
6157:
6149:. p. 215.
6141:
6137:
6129:. p. 215.
6121:
6117:
6108:. p. 163.
6105:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6057:
6053:
6043:
6027:
6023:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6003:
5992:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5931:
5923:. p. 220.
5920:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5902:. p. 207.
5899:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5867:
5863:
5852:
5836:
5832:
5822:
5806:
5802:
5793:
5789:
5773:
5769:
5761:. p. 155.
5758:
5752:
5748:
5739:. p. 157.
5736:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5700:
5696:
5679:
5675:
5664:
5648:
5644:
5628:
5624:
5608:
5604:
5587:
5583:
5566:
5562:
5551:
5535:
5531:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5377:
5373:
5356:
5352:
5335:Rafi U. Samad,
5334:
5330:
5317:
5315:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5289:
5287:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5217:on 10 June 2020
5209:
5208:
5204:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5167:. p. 109.
5159:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5116:
5112:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4976:
4965:
4957:
4950:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4912:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4883:
4879:
4868:
4864:
4855:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4829:
4825:
4808:
4804:
4787:
4783:
4767:
4763:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4734:. p. 173.
4731:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4706:
4702:
4686:
4682:
4665:
4661:
4652:
4648:
4642:Perseus Project
4628:
4616:
4604:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4557:
4541:
4537:
4523:
4507:
4503:
4474:. p. 200.
4465:
4461:
4456:Book III, 89–95
4453:
4449:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4404:
4400:
4384:
4380:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4313:. p. 604.
4307:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4080:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4011:, somewhere in
3862:
3855:
3850:Sharing of the
3848:
3839:
3828:
3819:
3816:
3807:
3801:
3792:
3789:
3780:
3777:
3768:
3765:
3756:
3750:
3741:
3734:
3725:
3722:
3713:
3706:
3697:
3694:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3666:
3657:
3654:
3645:
3642:
3633:
3630:
3621:
3618:
3609:
3599:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3567:
3558:
3555:
3546:
3543:
3534:
3531:
3457:Gangetic Valley
3429:
3411:
3306:Mahāyāna sūtras
3263:
3252:. Fearlessness
3217:
3207:
3117:Hazara Division
3031:
3025:
3020:
2987:deciphered the
2940:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2905:
2889:
2878:
2822:Saffarid empire
2776:
2731:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2662:The so-called "
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2607:, southeast of
2585:
2576:
2566:Chandragupta II
2554:
2547:
2544:
2532:The Buddha and
2530:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2409:Tianzhu (India)
2398:Tianzhu (India)
2385:succeeding the
2373:. In 78 CE the
2307:
2305:Kushan Gandhāra
2243:had coinage of
2218:Western Satraps
2098:
1944:
1886:
1873:" or "King")).
1855:"Su Theodamasa"
1801:
1785:Seleucid Greeks
1652:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1437:
1339:Cyrus the Great
1329:It is noted by
1295:. According to
1285:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1208:Setaketu Jātaka
1198:Uddālaka Jātaka
1178:recording that
1139:, and Bhīma of
1135:, Karakaṇḍu of
1082: 1200 BCE
1081:
1077:
1026:
1016:
1008:Main articles:
1006:
970: 1200 BCE
969:
960: 1200 BCE
959:
955:, Swat Valley,
951:Cremation urn,
945:
937:Main articles:
935:
930:
916:, south of the
873:the kingdom of
823:
805:Para-upari-sena
762:Gandhari people
688:
622:, allying with
600:Kurukshetra War
545:written in the
499:and north-east
467:
441:
430: 1200 BCE
429:
423:
389:
377:
374:
359:
356:
341:
338:
323:
320:
305:
302:
287:
284:
250:
246:
242:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
211:
203:
202:
201:
196:
188:
187:
186:
181:
173:
172:
171:
164:
163:
162:
156:
148:
147:
146:
140:
132:
131:
130:
124:
116:
115:
114:
108:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
75:
67:
51: 1200 BCE
50:
42:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11616:
11606:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11501:
11500:
11496:
11495:
11492:
11491:
11487:
11486:
11477:
11468:
11454:
11444:
11437:
11436:
11427:
11418:
11409:
11400:
11391:
11382:
11373:
11363:
11357:
11354:
11353:
11350:
11349:
11328:
11319:
11317:
11315:
11310:
11304:
11303:
11282:
11280:
11275:
11273:
11267:
11266:
11253:
11248:
11246:
11241:
11235:
11234:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11198:
11196:
11194:Indo-Sassanids
11191:
11185:
11184:
11166:
11158:
11157:
11143:
11138:
11136:
11131:
11129:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11087:
11086:
11069:
11067:Varman dynasty
11058:
11053:
11047:
11046:
11034:
11026:
11025:
11020:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10993:
10992:
10987:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10976:
10971:
10968:Indo-Parthians
10964:Indo-Scythians
10960:
10954:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10920:
10911:
10906:
10900:
10899:
10897:
10855:
10847:
10846:
10820:
10813:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10799:
10792:
10784:
10783:
10780:HISTORICAL AGE
10775:
10774:
10772:
10765:
10758:
10752:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10739:
10734:
10732:
10725:
10719:
10718:
10711:
10682:
10675:
10667:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10654:
10649:
10640:
10635:
10629:
10628:
10621:
10603:
10585:
10577:
10569:
10568:
10560:
10559:
10556:
10553:
10543:
10542:
10540:Southern India
10537:
10536:Central India
10534:
10529:
10516:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10493:
10492:
10485:
10478:
10470:
10461:
10460:
10458:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10376:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10360:
10359:
10352:
10345:
10337:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10112:Parama Kamboja
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9963:
9962:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9717:
9716:
9709:
9702:
9694:
9685:
9684:
9677:(according to
9671:
9668:
9667:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9632:
9627:
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9607:
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9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9433:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9406:Naqsh-e Rustam
9394:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9376:
9369:
9361:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9346:Gardez Ganesha
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9299:Shinkot casket
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9269:Stone palettes
9266:
9261:
9259:Bimaran Casket
9256:
9250:
9248:
9244:
9243:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
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9206:
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9186:
9185:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9163:
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9154:
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9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
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9081:
9080:
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9072:
9067:
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9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8995:Sikri Yusufzai
8992:
8987:
8982:
8980:Loriyan Tangai
8977:
8975:Kanishka stupa
8972:
8970:Shaji-ki-Dheri
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8946:
8944:
8934:
8930:
8929:
8927:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8909:Greco-Buddhism
8906:
8900:
8898:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8863:Indo-Parthians
8860:
8858:Indo-Scythians
8855:
8850:
8845:
8843:Mauryan Empire
8840:
8835:
8830:
8824:
8822:
8818:
8817:
8810:
8809:
8802:
8795:
8787:
8781:
8780:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8740:
8733:
8732:External links
8730:
8729:
8728:
8721:
8700:
8679:
8673:
8656:
8653:
8651:
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8641:
8634:
8629:Shaw, Isobel.
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8539:978-1500696702
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7455:
7425:
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7407:. p. 21.
7393:
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7148:British Museum
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5798:, p. 149)
5787:
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5724:
5714:
5694:
5687:. p. 22.
5673:
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5622:
5602:
5581:
5560:
5549:
5529:
5522:. p. 75.
5508:
5491:
5474:
5467:. p. 74.
5453:
5447:. p. 73.
5433:
5426:. p. 72.
5412:
5406:. p. 72.
5392:
5371:
5364:. p. 18.
5350:
5328:
5300:
5272:
5255:
5248:
5228:
5202:
5185:
5173:
5153:
5131:
5124:. p. 22.
5110:
5093:
5087:. p. 22.
5073:
5066:
5046:
5040:
5020:
5008:
4990:(1): 198–233.
4963:
4948:
4933:
4926:
4906:
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4877:
4862:
4849:
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4802:
4781:
4761:
4740:
4720:
4714:. p. 12.
4700:
4694:. p. 12.
4680:
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4567:
4555:
4535:
4521:
4501:
4459:
4447:
4425:
4418:
4398:
4392:. p. 12.
4378:
4371:. p. 16.
4357:
4340:
4333:. p. 72.
4319:
4297:
4291:978-1876924393
4290:
4268:
4254:
4242:
4230:
4228:, p. 232.
4218:
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4086:
4079:
4076:
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4023:Main article:
4020:
4019:Notable people
4017:
4016:
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4006:
3998:, capital of (
3993:
3980:
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3593:
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3585:The Greek god
3584:
3577:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3506:Indo-Greek art
3441:Gandhāra style
3423:Indo-Greek art
3410:
3407:
3390:Prajñāpāramitā
3375:Avalokiteśvara
3350:Sukhāvatīvyūha
3262:
3259:
3247:Avalokiteśvara
3235:Avalokiteśvara
3231:Gautama Buddha
3206:
3203:
3055:Aramaic script
3027:Main article:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
2977:Charles Masson
2942:
2941:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2862:Lohara dynasty
2854:Samanid Empire
2834:Utpala dynasty
2775:
2772:
2706:Mankiala stupa
2702:Kanishka stupa
2684:British Museum
2682:, 460–479 CE.
2661:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2643:British Museum
2640:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2617:British Museum
2584:
2581:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2506:
2488:Kanishka stupa
2375:Indo-Parthians
2314:Greco-Buddhist
2306:
2303:
2278:Hydaspes River
2171:Indo-Parthians
2097:
2094:
2062:Indo-Parthians
1993:discovered at
1964:Indo-Scythians
1943:
1940:
1928:Shinkot casket
1916:in modern-day
1885:
1882:
1800:
1797:
1682:Mauryan Empire
1651:
1648:
1520:Main article:
1517:
1514:
1343:Buddha Prakash
1331:R. C. Majumdar
1319:in modern day
1286: 470 BCE
1262:Main article:
1259:
1256:
1203:Uddālaka Āruṇi
1067:Gandhara tribe
1027: 500 BCE
1005:
1004:Vedic Gandhāra
1002:
934:
931:
929:
926:
822:
819:
798:Paruparaesanna
694:as Gandhāraḥ (
687:
684:
660:Indo-Parthians
656:Indo-Scythians
636:Mauryan Empire
618:, the king of
472:
471:
462:
458:
457:
454:
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450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
436:
433:
432:
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421:
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414:
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408:
407:Historical era
404:
403:
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390:
387:
384:
383:
378:
369:
366:
365:
360:
351:
348:
347:
342:
333:
330:
329:
324:
321: 321 BCE
315:
312:
311:
306:
303: 330 BCE
297:
294:
293:
288:
285: 550 BCE
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
262:
261:
259:
255:
254:
237:
233:
232:
226:Peshawar Basin
206:
205:
204:
191:
190:
189:
176:
175:
174:
167:
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133:
126:
125:
117:
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101:
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68:
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15:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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11146:Vishnukundina
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11106:Vishnukundina
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11013:
11010:
11008:
11007:Kushan Empire
11005:
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10994:
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10990:Kushan Empire
10986:
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10928:Sangam period
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10915:
10914:Shunga Empire
10910:
10905:
10902:
10901:
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10896:
10892:
10888:
10887:Brahma Sutras
10884:
10883:Bhagavad Gita
10880:
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10863:
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10817:Maurya Empire
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10455:Vatsa (Vamsa)
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10364:Mahajanapadas
10358:
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9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
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9791:
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9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
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9763:
9761:
9758:
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9751:
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9551:
9548:
9545:
9542:
9539:
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9534:
9531:
9528:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9434:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9416:inscriptions)
9415:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9393:
9389:
9388:
9382:
9377:
9375:
9370:
9368:
9363:
9362:
9359:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9331:Bajaur casket
9329:
9327:
9326:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9279:Buner reliefs
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9245:
9235:
9234:Tepe Maranjan
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
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9038:
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9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
9000:Butkara Stupa
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8955:Sahr-i-Bahlol
8953:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8925:
8922:
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8901:
8899:
8895:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8868:Kushan Empire
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
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8714:
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8706:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8680:
8676:
8674:0-87099-374-7
8670:
8666:
8665:
8659:
8658:
8647:
8642:
8639:
8635:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8623:
8617:
8613:
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8592:
8588:
8587:
8581:
8578:
8574:
8562:
8558:
8555:
8551:
8548:
8544:
8541:; Volume II,
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8526:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8509:
8506:
8500:
8496:
8495:
8489:
8486:
8482:
8480:
8479:969-35-0738-X
8476:
8472:
8469:Bellew, H.W.
8468:
8465:
8461:
8458:
8454:
8453:
8432:
8426:
8420:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
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8382:
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8360:
8352:
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8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
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8313:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8287:
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8276:
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8219:
8213:
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8193:
8187:
8185:
8177:
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8164:
8158:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8132:
8130:9781000836554
8126:
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8113:
8105:
8101:
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8080:
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7759:
7744:
7736:
7730:
7722:
7707:
7699:
7692:
7684:
7669:
7661:
7655:
7652:. Routledge.
7651:
7650:
7642:
7634:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7615:
7600:
7596:
7589:
7587:
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7319:9780674981287
7315:
7311:
7310:
7302:
7294:
7292:9789004135956
7288:
7284:
7277:
7269:
7267:0-8135-1304-9
7263:
7259:
7255:
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7246:
7231:
7229:9780984404308
7225:
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7202:9780674981287
7198:
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6960:9789004181595
6956:
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6932:9788124600177
6928:
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6904:9789231032110
6900:
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5691:
5686:
5685:
5677:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5646:
5639:
5636:. p. 4.
5635:
5634:
5626:
5619:
5616:. p. 3.
5615:
5614:
5606:
5599:
5595:. p. 2.
5594:
5593:
5585:
5578:
5574:. p. 2.
5573:
5572:
5564:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5512:
5501:
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5251:
5249:9780951839911
5245:
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5232:
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5177:
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5024:
5017:
5012:
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4972:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4945:
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4938:
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4919:
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4910:
4902:
4896:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4820:
4816:. p. 7.
4815:
4814:
4806:
4799:
4795:. p. 8.
4794:
4793:
4785:
4778:
4775:. p. 1.
4774:
4773:
4765:
4758:
4754:. p. 6.
4750:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4724:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4704:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4684:
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4558:
4556:9788120813328
4552:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4522:9780786418145
4518:
4515:. McFarland.
4514:
4513:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4463:
4457:
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4266:
4264:
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4246:
4239:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4181:
4178:. Third Eye.
4177:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4114:
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3997:
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3883:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3853:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3836:San Francisco
3833:
3826:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3763:
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3676:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3608:(2nd century)
3607:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3541:
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3529:
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3513:
3510:
3507:
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3502:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:Gandhāran art
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3358:Lokottaravāda
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
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3276:
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3255:
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3149:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:Hazara Hindko
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:Kushan Empire
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:James Prinsep
2978:
2972:
2970:
2969:Udabhandapura
2966:
2965:Rajatarangini
2957:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2935:
2927:
2924:February 2021
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2893:This section
2891:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:Samkaravarman
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2806:in Gandhara.
2805:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:Rajatarangini
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732: 630 CE
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:Swat District
2673:
2669:
2665:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2577: 500 CE
2571:
2570:Kumaragupta I
2567:
2563:
2559:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:Gandharan art
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:Indo-Scythian
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Indo-Scythian
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1986:territories.
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1952:Buner reliefs
1948:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:Maurya Empire
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:Mudrarakshasa
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1661:of Ashoka in
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:According to
1533:
1529:
1523:
1522:Paropamisadae
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1158:By the later
1156:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
954:
949:
944:
940:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Gandharan art
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
818:
816:
812:
808:
806:
800:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
757:
751:
749:
742:
741:
739:
738:Paropamisadae
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
705:
699:
693:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Kushan Empire
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
579:
577:
572:
568:
567:Kushan Empire
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
488:
482:
478:
470:
466:
463:
461:Today part of
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
434:
425:
419:
415:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
391:
385:
382:
379:
375: 514 CE
367:
364:
361:
357: 127 CE
349:
346:
343:
331:
328:
325:
313:
310:
307:
295:
292:
291:Pushkarasarin
289:
277:
273:
269:
267:
263:
260:
256:
253:
252:Udabhandapura
249:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
215:
214:
210:
200:
199:
195:
185:
184:
180:
170:
161:
145:
129:
113:
99:
90:
65:
56:
45:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
11583:Ancient Asia
11505:
11481:
11472:
11462:
11449:
11440:
11439:
11430:
11421:
11412:
11403:
11394:
11385:
11376:
11367:
11359:
11358:
11322:Pala dynasty
11308:10th century
11307:
11270:
11238:
11188:
11168:
11162:
11161:
11117:
11090:
11062:Gupta Empire
11060:
11050:
11036:
11030:
11029:
10996:
10984:
10962:
10957:
10950:
10935:Early Cholas
10926:
10903:
10861:
10857:
10851:
10850:
10835:Early Cholas
10826:
10815:
10810:
10801:
10794:
10788:
10787:
10778:
10769:Nanda empire
10767:
10755:
10722:
10713:
10684:
10677:
10671:
10670:
10637:
10632:
10623:
10608:Vedic Period
10605:
10590:Vedic Period
10587:
10582:Vedic Period
10579:
10573:
10572:
10563:
10526:Sapta Sindhu
10513:Timeline and
10282:Uttara Madra
10147:Pratyagratha
10142:Pragjyotisha
9860:Gopa Rashtra
9844:
9721:
9412: /
9408: /
9404: /
9400: /
9323:
9219:Sphola Stupa
9214:Khair Khaneh
9123:Kunala Stupa
9113:Mohra Muradu
9098:Dharmarajika
9060:Pushkalavati
9040:Saidu Sharif
8950:Takht-i-Bahi
8883:Hindu Shahis
8813:
8724:
8708:
8704:
8687:
8683:
8663:
8645:
8637:
8630:
8621:
8607:
8585:
8576:
8565:. Retrieved
8553:
8552:Hussain, J.
8530:
8524:
8513:
8493:
8484:
8470:
8463:
8456:
8434:. Retrieved
8425:
8409:. Retrieved
8376:
8372:
8359:
8334:
8330:
8320:
8289:. Retrieved
8274:
8267:
8262:1999. p. 426
8259:
8254:
8249:1999. p. 410
8246:
8226:. Retrieved
8222:the original
8212:
8207:2008. p. 239
8204:
8199:
8194:1999. p. 205
8191:
8175:
8170:
8162:
8157:
8148:
8139:
8119:
8112:
8103:
8093:
8073:
8066:
8046:
8039:
8030:
8015:
7997:
7977:
7973:
7952:
7937:
7930:
7921:
7906:
7899:
7879:
7872:
7852:
7845:
7836:
7831:
7822:
7817:
7808:
7803:
7790:|title=
7766:
7753:|title=
7729:
7716:|title=
7691:
7678:|title=
7648:
7641:
7621:
7614:
7602:. Retrieved
7598:
7573:
7567:
7557:
7551:
7541:
7535:
7525:
7519:
7509:
7503:
7493:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7458:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7428:
7416:
7408:
7403:
7396:
7387:
7375:
7367:
7362:
7355:
7335:
7328:
7308:
7301:
7282:
7276:
7252:
7245:
7233:. Retrieved
7222:. Grafikol.
7218:
7211:
7191:
7184:
7174:
7152:. Retrieved
7146:
7137:
7128:
7103:
7099:
7065:
7061:
7051:
7041:
7034:
7014:
7007:
6996:, retrieved
6992:the original
6976:
6969:
6949:
6941:
6921:
6913:
6893:
6886:
6874:. Retrieved
6859:
6852:
6844:
6839:
6819:
6812:
6804:
6789:
6782:
6774:
6759:
6752:
6743:
6728:
6721:
6713:
6698:
6691:
6683:
6668:
6661:
6653:
6638:
6631:
6623:
6608:
6601:
6593:
6578:
6571:
6562:
6542:
6538:
6528:
6519:
6499:
6495:
6485:
6476:
6456:
6452:
6442:
6435:territories.
6433:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6391:
6371:
6367:
6357:
6349:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6307:
6287:
6283:
6273:
6264:
6249:
6242:
6222:
6215:
6195:
6188:
6180:
6165:
6158:
6150:
6145:
6138:
6130:
6125:
6118:
6109:
6097:
6088:
6068:
6064:
6054:
6046:
6031:
6024:
6016:
6004:
5995:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5950:
5943:
5932:
5924:
5912:
5903:
5891:
5871:
5864:
5857:Vasavadatta.
5855:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5810:
5803:
5790:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5762:
5749:
5740:
5727:
5719:
5704:
5697:
5688:
5683:
5676:
5667:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5617:
5612:
5605:
5596:
5591:
5584:
5575:
5570:
5563:
5554:
5539:
5532:
5523:
5511:
5494:
5477:
5468:
5456:
5448:
5436:
5427:
5415:
5407:
5395:
5386:
5381:
5374:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5337:
5331:
5323:
5316:. Retrieved
5312:
5303:
5295:
5288:. Retrieved
5284:
5275:
5265:
5258:
5238:
5231:
5219:. Retrieved
5215:the original
5205:
5195:
5188:
5176:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5144:. Retrieved
5134:
5125:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5096:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5056:
5049:
5030:
5023:
5011:
4999:. Retrieved
4987:
4983:
4916:
4909:
4895:
4886:
4880:
4871:
4865:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4826:
4817:
4812:
4805:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4764:
4757:conclusions.
4755:
4743:
4735:
4723:
4715:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4690:
4683:
4674:
4669:
4662:
4649:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4584:
4570:
4563:Google Books
4545:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4511:
4504:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4478:hsiang-hsing
4477:
4475:
4462:
4450:
4428:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4388:
4381:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4343:
4334:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4277:
4271:
4262:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4201:
4194:
4174:
4167:
4147:
4140:
4120:
4113:
4094:Apracharajas
4068:
4058:
4042:
4035:
3970:Attock Khurd
3863:
3860:Major cities
3500:
3473:
3445:Buddhist art
3440:
3438:
3402:Edward Conze
3398:bodhisattvas
3385:
3383:
3372:bodhisattvas
3361:
3354:Mahāsāṃghika
3349:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3309:
3308:such as the
3291:
3264:
3198:
3141:
3059:
3045:. Under the
3032:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2973:
2964:
2961:
2930:
2921:
2906:Please help
2894:
2808:
2800:Hindu Shahis
2793:
2710:
2691:
2586:
2555:
2483:
2468:Central Asia
2462:spread from
2431:
2429:
2402:
2336:
2225:Philostratus
2222:
2168:
2163:
2138:province of
2121:
2112:Takht-i-Bahi
2040:
1988:
1978:established
1961:
1921:
1887:
1884:Apracharajas
1878:
1875:
1866:
1865:royal title
1858:
1854:
1843:Jhelum River
1828:
1817:
1766:
1762:Pushkalavati
1734:Ashokavadana
1724:
1712:Nanda Empire
1690:
1667:
1624:Dir District
1602:In 327 BCE,
1601:
1589:Jhelum River
1570:
1566:Pushkalavati
1535:
1490:Pushkalavati
1482:
1455:
1442:Pushkalavati
1403:
1399:Jhelum River
1328:
1290:
1250:the king of
1236:Mahājanapada
1232:
1160:Vedic period
1157:
1102:
1089:
1066:
1032:
964:
883:
863:Jhelum River
851:Pushkalavati
824:
802:
796:
784:
778:
745:
743:
740:
689:
680:Hindu Shahis
664:Apracharajas
588:Vedic period
581:
574:
537:
521:Kabul valley
509:Swat valleys
484:
476:
475:
339: 46 CE
207:
192:
177:
168:
33:
11527: /
11466:, Routledge
11347:Rashtrakuta
11251:Pala Empire
11244:Kabul Shahi
11127:Kabul Shahi
11101:Alchon Huns
10879:Mahabharata
10802:Pre-history
10715:Pre-history
10625:Pre-history
10277:Uttara Kuru
10017:Maha Chinas
9815:Dakshinatya
9723:Mahabharata
9314:Wardak Vase
9294:Kabul hoard
9229:Tepe Narenj
9224:Tapa Sardar
9209:Fondukistan
9172:Tapa Shotor
9159:Afghanistan
9075:Sikri stupa
9015:Shingardara
8985:Jamal Garhi
8933:Archaeology
8878:Turk Shahis
8873:Alchon Huns
8690:: 143–146.
8485:The Pathans
8411:15 February
8178:2008. p. 30
8165:1996. p. 15
7421:Rehman 1976
7106:: 274–275.
6876:13 December
5905:Indravasu..
5598:(Chanakya).
5470:themselves.
5140:"Pukkusāti"
4070:Shaman King
3942:Afghanistan
3882:Takshashila
3869:Puṣkalavati
3738:Bodhisattva
3710:parinirvana
3603:Bodhisattva
3469:Alchon Huns
3449:Hellenistic
3279:Majjhantika
3271:Pataliputra
3250:Bodhisattva
3227:Bodhisattva
3065:Purushapura
3005:After 1947
2876:Rediscovery
2796:Turk Shahis
2583:Alchon Huns
2405:Kabul River
2387:Apracharaja
2367:Kabul River
2274:Indus River
2237:Kabul River
2194:Abdagases I
2186:Gondophares
2175:Apracharaja
2164:Gondophares
2128:Gondophares
2086:Abdagases I
2082:Gondophares
2058:Gondophares
2042:Indravarmas
2036:Vijayamitra
2023:Kharahostes
2007:Vijayamitra
1950:One of the
1924:Menander II
1892:within the
1890:Menander II
1849:, from the
1812:Demetrius I
1781:Subhagasena
1668:During the
1562:Swat valley
1550:Indus River
1546:Kabul River
1450:Achaemenids
1413:Achaemenids
1406:Megasthenes
1395:Indus River
1381:, although
1363:Cambyses II
1169:Madhya-desa
1098:Ahura Mazda
1078: 1500
1045:Atharvaveda
906:Swat valley
902:Tarim Basin
843:Kabul River
839:Khyber Pass
835:Swat valley
791:of Emperor
774:Atharvaveda
714:Old Persian
676:Turk Shahis
652:Indo-Greeks
632:Swat valley
630:around the
576:Pax Kushana
501:Afghanistan
469:Afghanistan
248:Takshashila
240:Puṣkalavati
11542:Categories
11515:72°49′45″E
11512:33°45′22″N
11360:References
11313:Ghaznavids
11123:Nezak Huns
10247:Tamraparni
10192:Saurashtra
10122:Parvartaka
9967:Kishkindha
9945:Kimpurusha
9638:Sattagydia
9595:Massagetae
9546:(Gandhara)
9474:Cappadocia
9428:Akaufaka (
9402:Persepolis
9148:Bhir Mound
9070:Hashtnagar
9020:Ali Masjid
9010:Aziz Dheri
8965:Aziz Dheri
8960:Baho Dheri
8525:Hou Hanshu
8401:8349098991
8228:7 February
5997:assistance
5347:0875868592
5318:27 January
5290:27 January
4527:Kandahar.
4454:Herodotus
4105:References
3895:Puruṣapura
3805:meditation
3569:Buddha in
3518:Kushan art
3451:and local
3419:Kushan art
3413:See also:
3343:Mahīśāsaka
3135:to modern
2826:Zabulistan
2819:Persianate
2811:Turk Shahi
2752:Agraharams
2748:Mihirakula
2717:Mihirakula
2597:Hindu Kush
2560:conquered
2476:Han Empire
2383:Vima Takto
2245:Orichalcum
2202:Vima Takto
2032:Indravarma
2011:Indravarma
2003:Indravarma
1984:Indo-Greek
1824:Hindu Kush
1820:Menander I
1726:Bindusaras
1692:Plutarch's
1526:See also:
1512:alphabet.
1417:Massagetae
1268:See also:
1131:, Nimi of
1080: – c.
1061:Madhyadeśa
974:Swat River
918:Hindu Kush
837:, and the
811:Babylonian
596:South Asia
571:Puruṣapura
493:Indo-Aryan
381:Mihirakula
258:Government
244:Puruṣapura
11264:Kalachuri
11056:Kidarites
10297:Vatadhana
10237:Surparaka
10187:Saraswata
10152:Prasthala
9865:Hara Huna
9679:Herodotus
9672:See also
9610:Phoenicia
9523:Eber-Nari
9518:2nd Egypt
9514:1st Egypt
9509:Drangiana
9489:Chorasmia
9464:Babylonia
9444:Arachosia
9247:Artifacts
9204:Mes Aynak
9055:Charsadda
9030:Ahin Posh
8990:Yusufzai
8589:, BRILL,
8514:Histories
8393:1724-9686
8343:0951-0788
8291:16 August
7986:1356-1898
7668:cite book
7478:: 41–48.
7448:: 37–42.
7112:0078-2696
6745:constant.
6551:0035-869X
6508:0035-869X
6465:0035-869X
6422:0035-869X
6380:0035-869X
6338:0035-869X
6296:0035-869X
6077:2249-1937
5221:7 October
5182:CNG Coins
4635:Histories
4623:Histories
4618:"3.102.1"
4611:Histories
4599:Histories
4594:"3.102.1"
4590:Herodotus
3873:Charsadda
3496:Islamabad
3394:Tāranātha
3363:Mahāvastu
3302:Lokakṣema
3292:Mahāyāna
3156:Jalalabad
3051:Kharosthi
2989:Kharosthi
2895:does not
2846:Udabhanda
2750:gifts of
2605:Mes Aynak
2558:Kidarites
2552:Kidarites
2534:Vajrapani
2294:Hydaspian
2182:Aspavarma
2109:monastery
2090:Aspavarma
2070:Aspavarma
2046:Aspavarma
2017:from the
1936:Indravasu
1847:Theodamas
1835:Heliocles
1831:Strato II
1769:Taranatha
1758:Kharosthi
1746:Bindusara
1620:Aspasians
1612:Aspasians
1554:Assakenoi
1502:Kharosthi
1494:Charsadda
1478:Artyphius
1474:Achamenid
1470:Bactrians
1462:Herodotus
1375:Pukkusāti
1335:Achamenid
1309:Pukkusāti
1293:Pukkusāti
1164:Takṣaśila
1090:Vaēkərəta
821:Geography
709:Vaēkərəta
702:) and in
686:Etymology
604:Pukkusāti
557:based on
525:Karakoram
411:Antiquity
144:Charsadda
11553:Gandhara
11460:(2002),
11134:Maitraka
11019:kingdom
11017:Kamarupa
10875:Ramayana
10701:Buddhism
10647:Panchala
10638:Gandhara
10598:culture)
10565:IRON AGE
10445:Surasena
10440:Panchala
10400:Gandhara
10322:Yaudheya
10312:Vidarbha
10257:Trigarta
10242:Surasena
10137:Pishacha
10117:Parasika
10097:Panchala
10082:Nishadas
10047:Mekhalas
10037:Manipura
9895:Kalakuta
9875:Himalaya
9845:Gandhāra
9835:Dasherka
9830:Dasharna
9585:Margiana
9555:Hyrcania
9550:Gedrosia
9484:Carmania
9430:Quhistan
9398:Behistun
9189:Shotorak
9157:Eastern
9143:Mankiala
9133:Badalpur
8941:Peshawar
8814:Gandhara
8773:Archived
8746:Archived
8717:29757475
8696:24049432
8606:(1953).
8567:22 April
8436:21 March
8405:Archived
7780:cite web
7743:cite web
7706:cite web
7451:dynasty.
7235:24 March
7120:44710198
7074:44710198
6559:25581224
6516:25581224
6473:25581224
6430:25581224
6388:25581224
6346:25581224
6304:25581224
6085:44158359
5525:defence.
4996:41784590
4630:"4.44.2"
4606:"4.44.2"
4592:(1920).
4374:Jatakas.
4078:See also
4060:Gandhara
4044:Gandhara
4004:Pakistan
3991:Pakistan
3978:Pakistan
3965:Pakistan
3951:Pakistan
3929:Pakistan
3921:Oddiyana
3916:Pakistan
3903:Pakistan
3899:Peshawer
3890:Pakistan
3877:Pakistan
3606:Maitreya
3571:acanthus
3368:Amitābha
3320:Akṣobhya
3283:Varanasi
3224:Maitreya
3205:Religion
3167:Pashtuns
3081:Sanskrit
3043:Gāndhārī
3023:Language
2956:Peshawar
2952:Ghalegay
2804:Oddiyana
2764:Brahmins
2744:Brahmins
2736:Shaivism
2721:Xuanzang
2713:Buddhist
2680:Pakistan
2668:Kidarite
2625:Khingila
2621:Kidarite
2589:Khingila
2562:Peshawar
2538:Herakles
2500:Xuanzang
2496:Song Yun
2460:Buddhism
2456:Kanishka
2444:Peshawar
2290:Brahmins
2286:Phraotes
2269:Phraotes
2265:Phraotes
2257:Phraotes
2233:Phraotes
2214:Nahapana
2148:Peshawar
2140:Pakistan
2106:Buddhist
2104:Ancient
2084:nephew,
2078:Buddhism
2027:Buddhist
2021:monarch
1999:Senapati
1914:Oddiyana
1902:Buddhism
1789:Polybius
1716:Kambojas
1708:Trigarta
1678:Chanakya
1663:Mansehra
1548:and the
1486:Gandhara
1476:general
1458:Xerxes I
1404:However
1397:and the
1383:Buddhist
1367:Darius I
1358:Gedrosia
1354:Nearchus
1297:Buddhist
1279:Xerxes I
1244:Gandhari
1195:and the
1182:brāhmaṇa
1145:Buddhist
1141:Vidarbha
1111:Brāhmaṇa
1105:Nagnajit
1055:Māgadhīs
1053:and the
990:Peshawar
908:, while
900:and the
894:Oddiyana
886:Gandhari
879:Hydaspes
827:Pothohar
793:Darius I
722:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼
692:Sanskrit
648:Chanakya
551:Buddhism
539:Gāndhārī
533:Buddhist
505:Peshawar
497:Pakistan
487:Gandhāra
477:Gandhara
465:Pakistan
393:Jayapala
363:Kanishka
230:Pakistan
169:GANDHARA
112:Peshawar
78:Gandhara
41:Gandhara
39:Gandhāra
11441:Sources
11232:Pallava
11163:Culture
11042:Puranas
11031:Culture
10871:Puranas
10852:Culture
10789:Culture
10705:Ājīvika
10697:Jainism
10672:Culture
10652:Magadha
10574:Culture
10425:Magadha
10410:Kamboja
10267:Tushara
10252:Tangana
10212:Sinhala
10197:Sauvira
10177:Salveya
10162:Pulinda
10132:Paurava
10127:Parvata
10092:Pallava
10077:Niharas
10067:Nasikya
10062:Mushika
10057:Mudgala
10052:Mleccha
10022:Mahisha
10012:Magadha
10007:Madraka
9982:Kuninda
9972:Konkana
9960:Kingdom
9950:Kinnara
9915:Karusha
9910:Karnata
9905:Kamboja
9900:Kalinga
9890:Kasmira
9855:Gomanta
9840:Dwaraka
9825:Dasarna
9785:Bhārata
9780:Bahlika
9615:Phrygia
9600:Parthia
9565:Hindush
9544:Gandāra
9540:(Nubia)
9499:Colchis
9494:Cilicia
9469:Bactria
9459:Assyria
9454:Armenia
9435:Amyrgoi
9199:Bimaran
9194:Paitava
9138:Bhallar
9118:Jandial
9108:Kalawan
9103:Jaulian
9065:Ranigat
9050:Barikot
9045:Chakpat
9005:Bhamala
8897:Culture
8821:History
8449:Sources
7604:20 July
7154:2 April
7068:: 274.
5556:West...
5146:26 July
5001:12 June
4980:"Poros"
4640:At the
4495:At the
4490:perfume
4067:series
4053:Godiego
3961:Chhachh
3957:Chukhsa
3912:Sialkot
3682:Sarnath
3573:capital
3492:granite
3346:bhikṣus
3329:samādhi
3316:samādhi
3195:Torwali
3162:by the
3129:Prakrit
3097:Chacchi
3089:Pishori
3035:Prakrit
3018:Culture
2916:removed
2901:sources
2842:Kalhana
2832:of the
2768:Kashmir
2756:Kalhana
2740:Kalhana
2448:Mathura
2421:Parthia
2413:Tianzhu
2363:Parthia
2343:Xiongnu
2339:Bactria
2253:Nineveh
2216:of the
2160:Parthia
2152:Arsacid
2066:Avadana
2060:of the
2054:Azes II
1972:Mathura
1898:Kushans
1702:in the
1670:Mauryan
1632:Massaga
1628:Asvakas
1608:Nawagai
1558:Massaga
1510:Aramaic
1347:Persian
1325:Jatakas
1313:Yojanas
1301:Magadha
1264:Gandāra
1248:Shakuni
1221:Vaideha
1137:Kaliṅga
1129:Pāñcāla
1071:Rigveda
1051:Āṅgeyas
1037:Ṛigveda
986:Chitral
928:History
898:Bactria
859:Kashmir
815:Elamite
785:Gandara
781:Persian
770:Rigveda
748:gandhaḥ
726:Chinese
704:Avestan
698:गन्धारः
616:Taxiles
437:•
370:•
352:•
334:•
316:•
309:Taxiles
298:•
280:•
236:Capital
11380:Samuel
11371:Samuel
11178:Tantra
10943:Cheras
10843:Cheras
10749:Assaka
10664:Assaka
10596:Srauta
10522:Punjab
10415:Kosala
10390:Avanti
10317:Yavana
10307:Videha
10287:Utkala
10222:Sonita
10207:Sindhu
10202:Shakya
10157:Pundra
10107:Parada
10102:Pandya
10042:Matsya
10032:Malava
10027:Malla
9977:Kosala
9955:Kirata
9940:Kikata
9930:Kerala
9925:Kekeya
9885:Kanchi
9805:Chinas
9770:Avanti
9765:Asmaka
9760:Assaka
9745:Anarta
9740:Andhra
9735:Abhira
9648:Sogdia
9605:Persis
9527:Levant
9439:Arabia
9093:Sirkap
9085:Taxila
9025:Sphola
8715:
8694:
8671:
8593:
8545:
8537:
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8477:
8399:
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8351:864875
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7389:India.
7343:
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7175:Taxila
7118:
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7072:
7022:
6984:
6957:
6929:
6901:
6867:
6827:
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6545:: 81.
6514:
6506:
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6471:
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6459:: 81.
6428:
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6416:: 78.
6386:
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6257:
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4676:Indus.
4553:
4519:
4416:
4288:
4209:
4182:
4155:
4128:
4009:Aornos
4000:Apraca
3996:Bajaur
3974:Attock
3938:Bagram
3934:Kapisi
3908:Sagala
3886:Taxila
3852:Buddha
3488:schist
3484:Apollo
3480:Stucco
3465:Kushan
3459:. The
3453:Indian
3425:, and
3298:Kushan
3275:Ashoka
3233:, and
3191:Pashto
3164:Afridi
3152:Tirahi
3137:Hindko
3125:Hindko
3093:Kohati
3085:Hindko
3077:Hindko
3061:Hindko
3000:stupas
2983:, and
2870:Lahore
2838:Hazara
2788:turban
2784:Shahis
2698:Taxila
2694:stupas
2601:Mehama
2593:Alchon
2498:, and
2492:Faxian
2484:stupas
2472:Sogdia
2432:stupas
2425:Yuezhi
2419:, and
2394:Taxila
2359:Yuezhi
2351:Yuezhi
2298:Taxila
2282:Punjab
2249:Taxila
2241:Taxila
2200:ruler
2198:Kushan
2196:. The
2156:Iranic
2136:Punjab
2132:Taxila
2088:, and
2072:and a
2052:ruler
1910:Bajaur
1906:Taxila
1867:"Shau"
1863:Kushan
1851:Bajaur
1839:Yuezhi
1773:Ashoka
1750:Taxila
1742:Ashoka
1738:Ashoka
1730:Taxila
1704:Punjab
1674:Taxila
1640:Asvaka
1616:Arrian
1585:Chenab
1577:Omphis
1573:Taxila
1542:Indica
1538:Arrian
1433:coin (
1431:Athens
1409:Indica
1387:Buddha
1379:satrap
1321:Punjab
1317:Taxila
1305:Avanti
1225:Janaka
1133:Videha
1092:, the
1086:Avesta
998:Steppe
988:, and
914:Kapisa
875:Taxila
855:Jataka
847:Taxila
833:, the
831:Punjab
772:, the
764:are a
718:Gadāra
658:, and
646:under
644:Taxila
628:Aśvaka
620:Taxila
517:Punjab
270:
160:Mardan
128:Taxila
10867:Epics
10606:Late
10588:Late
10580:Late
10450:Vajji
10430:Malla
10405:Kashi
10395:Chedi
10302:Vatsa
10292:Vanga
10232:Suhma
10227:Sudra
10182:Salwa
10172:Salva
10002:Madra
9997:Lanka
9987:Kunti
9935:Khasa
9920:Kashi
9850:Garga
9820:Danda
9800:Chola
9795:Chera
9790:Chedi
9755:Anupa
9653:Yehud
9590:Media
9575:Lydia
9570:Libya
9560:Ionia
9504:Dahae
9479:Caria
9414:Daeva
9167:Hadda
8943:basin
8713:JSTOR
8692:JSTOR
8369:(pdf)
8347:JSTOR
7990:JSTOR
7468:(PDF)
7438:(PDF)
7384:(PDF)
7258:69–71
7116:JSTOR
7070:JSTOR
6998:1 May
6555:JSTOR
6512:JSTOR
6469:JSTOR
6426:JSTOR
6384:JSTOR
6342:JSTOR
6300:JSTOR
6106:(PDF)
6081:JSTOR
6013:(PDF)
5921:(PDF)
5900:(PDF)
5759:(PDF)
5737:(PDF)
5520:(PDF)
5503:(PDF)
5486:(PDF)
5465:(PDF)
5445:(PDF)
5429:them.
5424:(PDF)
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4992:JSTOR
4752:(PDF)
4732:(PDF)
4561:From
4486:small
4482:scent
4352:(PDF)
4331:(PDF)
4065:manga
4051:band
3987:Swabi
3947:Jibin
3587:Atlas
3300:monk
3287:India
3254:mudrā
3177:into
3160:Tirah
3101:Ghebi
2858:Didda
2850:Kabul
2815:Kabul
2742:that
2609:Kabul
2464:India
2452:India
2417:Jibin
2390:Sases
2371:Jibin
2261:Porus
2206:Sasan
2190:Sasan
2178:Sasan
2144:Kabul
1976:Maues
1968:Sakas
1918:Swat.
1597:Indus
1581:Porus
1446:Indus
1337:king
1223:king
982:Kunar
922:Jibin
910:Jibin
890:Jibin
766:tribe
756:गन्धः
734:Greek
730:Jìbīn
712:. In
638:with
555:China
541:, an
345:Sases
213:river
209:Indus
198:river
194:Indus
183:river
179:Kabul
53:–1001
10709:Yoga
10643:Kuru
10420:Kuru
10380:Anga
10272:Ursa
10262:Tulu
10217:Sivi
10167:Saka
10087:Odra
10072:Nepa
9992:Kuru
9880:Huna
9750:Anga
9630:Saka
9580:Maka
9538:Kush
9533:Elam
9449:Aria
9410:Susa
9035:Swat
8669:ISBN
8591:ISBN
8569:2015
8543:ISBN
8535:ISBN
8499:ISBN
8475:ISBN
8438:2023
8419:DOAJ
8413:2020
8397:OCLC
8389:ISSN
8339:ISSN
8293:2019
8280:ISBN
8230:2016
8125:ISBN
8079:ISBN
8052:ISBN
8021:ISBN
7982:ISSN
7943:ISBN
7912:ISBN
7885:ISBN
7858:ISBN
7795:help
7758:help
7721:help
7683:help
7654:ISBN
7627:ISBN
7606:2021
7341:ISBN
7314:ISBN
7287:ISBN
7262:ISBN
7237:2017
7224:ISBN
7197:ISBN
7156:2023
7108:ISSN
7020:ISBN
7000:2021
6982:ISBN
6955:ISBN
6927:ISBN
6899:ISBN
6878:2012
6865:ISBN
6825:ISBN
6795:ISBN
6765:ISBN
6734:ISBN
6704:ISBN
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6644:ISBN
6614:ISBN
6584:ISBN
6547:ISSN
6504:ISSN
6461:ISSN
6418:ISSN
6376:ISSN
6334:ISSN
6292:ISSN
6255:ISBN
6228:ISBN
6201:ISBN
6171:ISBN
6073:ISSN
6037:ISBN
5986:ISBN
5956:ISBN
5877:ISBN
5846:ISBN
5816:ISBN
5710:ISBN
5658:ISBN
5545:ISBN
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5320:2024
5292:2024
5244:ISBN
5223:2018
5148:2020
5062:ISBN
5036:ISBN
5003:2022
4922:ISBN
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4517:ISBN
4414:ISBN
4286:ISBN
4207:ISBN
4180:ISBN
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4049:rock
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3925:Swat
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3490:and
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3377:and
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3181:and
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3037:or "
2899:any
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1980:Saka
1962:The
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1587:and
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1012:and
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706:as '
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266:Raja
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