2113:
2925:(AH) in its severe form has a one-month mortality as high as 50%. Most people who develop AH are men but women are at higher risk of developing AH and its complications likely secondary to high body fat and differences in alcohol metabolism. Other contributing factors include younger age <60, binge pattern drinking, poor nutritional status, obesity and hepatitis C co-infection. It is estimated that as much as 20% of people with AH are also infected with hepatitis C. In this population, the presence of hepatitis C virus leads to more severe disease with faster progression to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and increased mortality. Obesity increases the likelihood of progression to cirrhosis in cases of alcoholic hepatitis. It is estimated that 70% of people who have AH will progress to cirrhosis.
3100:. The restaurant was purchasing its green onion stock from farms in Mexico at the time. It is believed that the green onions may have been contaminated through the use of contaminated water for crop irrigation, rinsing, or icing or by handling of the vegetables by infected people. Green onion had caused similar outbreaks of hepatitis A in the southern United States prior to this, but not to the same magnitude. The CDC believes that the restaurant's use of a large communal bucket for chopped raw green onion allowed non-contaminated plants to be mixed with contaminated ones, increasing the number of vectors of infection and amplifying the outbreak. The restaurant was closed once it was discovered to be the source, and over 9,000 people were given hepatitis A
1915:
2840:
infected, 25% become lifetime carriers of the virus. Risk of infection is highest among intravenous drug users, people with high-risk sexual behaviors, healthcare workers, people who had multiple transfusions, organ transplant patients, dialysis patients and newborns infected during the birthing process. Close to 780,000 deaths in the world are attributed to hepatitis B. The most endemic regions are in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia, where as many as 10% of adults are chronic carriers. Carrier rates in developed nations are significantly lower, encompassing less than 1% of the population. In endemic regions, transmission is thought to be associated with exposure during birth and close contact between young infants.
2572:, delineated as genotypes 1β6. Genotype 1 (GT1), which is the most prevalent genotype in the United States and around the world, can now be cured with a direct acting antiviral regimen. First-line therapy for GT1 is a combination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir (SOF/LDV) for 12 weeks for most patients, including those with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Certain patients with early disease need only 8 weeks of treatment while those with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis who have not responded to prior treatment require 24 weeks. Cost remains a major factor limiting access to these drugs, particularly in low-resource nations; the cost of the 12-week GT1 regimen (SOF/LDV) has been estimated at US$ 94,500.
2651:(CS with NAC), and corticosteroids with pentoxifylline (CS with PTX). Data suggest that CS alone or CS with NAC are most effective at reducing short-term mortality. Unfortunately, corticosteroids are contraindicated in some patients, such as those who have active gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, kidney failure, or pancreatitis. In these cases PTX may be considered on a case-by-case basis in lieu of CS; some evidence shows PTX is better than no treatment at all and may be comparable to CS while other data show no evidence of benefit over placebo. Unfortunately, there are currently no drug treatments that decrease these patients' risk of dying in the longer term, at 3β12 months and beyond.
3125:, the likelihood of being infected with hepatitis C virus was six times greater in those who also had HIV. The prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection worldwide was estimated to be 6.2% representing more than 2.2 million people. Intravenous drug use was an independent risk factor for HCV infection. In the WHO study, the prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection was markedly higher at 82.4% in those who injected drugs compared to the general population (2.4%). In a study of HIV-HCV co-infection among HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM), the overall prevalence of anti-hepatitis C antibodies was estimated to be 8.1% and increased to 40% among HIV positive MSM who also injected drugs.
2456:(PEG IFN) is dosed just once a week as a subcutaneous injection and is both more convenient and effective than standard interferon. Although it does not develop resistance as do many of the oral antivirals, it is poorly tolerated and requires close monitoring. PEG IFN is estimated to cost about $ 18,000 per year in the United States, compared to $ 2,500β8,700 for the oral medications. Its treatment duration is 48 weeks, unlike oral antivirals which require indefinite treatment for most patients (minimum one year). PEG IFN is not effective in patients with high levels of viral activity and cannot be used in immunosuppressed patients or those with cirrhosis.
1717:(NASH) is a history of excessive alcohol use. Thus, in patients who have no or negligible alcohol use, the diagnosis is unlikely to be alcoholic hepatitis. In those who drink alcohol, the diagnosis may just as likely be alcoholic or nonalcoholic hepatitis especially if there is concurrent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this case, alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatitis can be distinguished by the pattern of liver enzyme abnormalities; specifically, in alcoholic steatohepatitis AST>ALT with ratio of AST:ALT>2:1 while in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ALT>AST with ratio of ALT:AST>1.5:1.
2285:
896:, cirrhosis, and liver cancer (most severe, least reversible). Hepatitis usually develops over years-long exposure to alcohol, occurring in 10 to 20% of alcoholics. The most important risk factors for the development of alcoholic hepatitis are quantity and duration of alcohol intake. Long-term alcohol intake in excess of 80 grams of alcohol a day in men and 40 grams a day in women is associated with development of alcoholic hepatitis (1 beer or 4 ounces of wine is equivalent to 12g of alcohol). Alcoholic hepatitis can vary from asymptomatic
1582:
2914:
infected pregnant women, Hepatitis E infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis with third trimester mortality rates as high as 30%. Those with weakened immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients, are also susceptible. Infection is rare in the United States but rates are high in the developing world (Africa, Asia, Central
America, Middle East). Many genotypes exist and are differentially distributed around the world. There is some evidence of hepatitis E infection of animals, serving as a reservoir for human infection.
2197:
2983:, but these vaccines were stabilized with human serum, presumably contaminated with hepatitis viruses, which often created epidemics of hepatitis. It was suspected these epidemics were due to a separate infectious agent, and not due to the yellow fever virus itself, after noting 89 cases of jaundice in the months after vaccination out of a total 3,100 patients that were vaccinated. After changing the seed virus strain, no cases of jaundice were observed in the subsequent 8,000 vaccinations.
1367:
2876:
population. Most chronic carriers of hepatitis C are unaware of their infection status. The most common mode of transmission of hepatitis C virus is exposure to blood products via blood transfusions (prior to 1992) and intravenous drug injection. A history of intravenous drug injection is the most important risk factor for chronic hepatitis C. Other susceptible populations include those engaged in high-risk sexual behavior, infants of infected mothers, and healthcare workers.
708:
3079:
cirrhosis, while the monthly cost of people with decompensated (worsening) cirrhosis is almost five times as large at $ 3,682. The wide-ranging effects of hepatitis make it difficult to estimate indirect costs, but studies have speculated that the total cost is $ 6.5 billion annually in the United States. In Canada, 56% of HCV related costs are attributable to cirrhosis and total expenditures related to the virus are expected to peak at CAD$ 396 million in the year 2032.
2510:(RBV), which in combination have historically been the basis of therapy for HCV. Duration of and response to these treatments varies based on genotype. These agents are poorly tolerated but are still used in some resource-poor areas. In high-resource countries, they have been supplanted by direct acting antiviral agents, which first appeared in 2011; these agents target proteins responsible for viral replication and include the following three classes:
1801:
50:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1921:
2601:
2855:
2829:
3024:, a researcher at the NIH who did not set out to research hepatitis, but rather studied lipoprotein genetics. He travelled across the globe collecting blood samples, investigating the interplay between disease, environment, and genetics with the goal of designing targeted interventions for at-risk people that could prevent them from getting sick. He noticed an unexpected interaction between the blood of a patient with
535:, is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis that can occur in cases of hepatitis B, D, and E, in addition to drug-induced and autoimmune hepatitis. The complication more frequently occurs in instances of hepatitis B and D co-infection at a rate of 2β20% and in pregnant women with hepatitis E at rate of 15β20% of cases. In addition to the signs of acute hepatitis, people can also demonstrate signs of
1918:
2079:
1907:
417:
2483:
EASL and WHO recommend treating when HBV DNA levels are detectable at any level. In patients with decompensated cirrhosis, treatment and evaluation for liver transplantation are recommended in all cases if HBV DNA is detectable. Currently, multidrug treatment is not recommended in treatment of chronic HBV as it is no more effective in the long term than individual treatment with entecavir or tenofovir.
3161:(AASLD) recommends antiviral therapy in pregnant women whose viral load exceeds 200,000 IU/mL. A growing body of evidence shows that antiviral therapy initiated in the third trimester significantly reduces transmission to the neonate. A systematic review of the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry database found that there was no increased risk of congenital anomalies with
2797:
Infection rates are highest in low resource countries with inadequate public sanitation and large concentrated populations. In such regions, as much as 90% of children younger than 10 years old have been infected and are immune, corresponding both to lower rates of clinically symptomatic disease and outbreaks. The availability of a childhood
3075:
complications. Chronic hepatitis B infections are not as endemic in the United States, but accounted for $ 357 million in hospitalization costs in the year 1990. That number grew to $ 1.5 billion in 2003, but remained stable as of 2006, which may be attributable to the introduction of effective drug therapies and vaccination campaigns.
3012:
with all of the educational and support resources that would come along with it. Others in the medical community spoke out in support of
Krugman's research in terms of its widespread benefits and understanding of the hepatitis virus, and Willowbrook continues to be a commonly cited example in debates about medical ethics.
2710:
co-morbid medical conditions or initial presenting symptoms of ascites, edema, or encephalopathy. Overall, the mortality rate for acute hepatitis is low: ~0.1% in total for cases of hepatitis A and B, but rates can be higher in certain populations (super infection with both hepatitis B and D, pregnant women, etc.).
2696:
the initial phase has been completed, a maintenance phase that consists of lower dose corticosteroids, and in combination therapy, azathioprine until liver blood markers are normalized. Treatment results in 66β91% of patients achieving normal liver test values in two years, with the average being 22 months.
1166:
of cases present with signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis. As with other autoimmune diseases, autoimmune hepatitis usually affects young females (though it can affect patients of either sex of any age), and patients can exhibit classic signs and symptoms of autoimmunity such as fatigue, anemia, anorexia,
3065:
Overall, hepatitis accounts for a significant portion of healthcare expenditures in both developing and developed nations, and is expected to rise in several developing countries. While hepatitis A infections are self-limited events, they are associated with significant costs in the United States. It
2999:
in New York, a crowded urban facility where hepatitis infections were highly endemic to the student body. Krugman injected students with gamma globulin, a type of antibody. After observing the temporary protection against infection this antibody provided, he then tried injected live hepatitis virus
2695:
Treatment of autoimmune hepatitis consists of two phases; an initial and maintenance phase. The initial phase consists of higher doses of corticosteroids which are tapered down over a number of weeks to a lower dose. If used in combination, azathioprine is given during the initial phase as well. Once
2617:
First-line treatment of alcoholic hepatitis is treatment of alcoholism. For those who abstain completely from alcohol, reversal of liver disease and a longer life are possible; patients at every disease stage have been shown to benefit by prevention of additional liver injury. In addition to referral
2449:
is recommended to be extended to at least a year. All patients should be monitored for viral reactivation, which if identified, requires restarting treatment. Lamivudine is generally safe and well tolerated. Many patients develop resistance, which is correlated with longer treatment duration. If this
2315:
Diet: A high-calorie diet is recommended. Many people develop nausea and cannot tolerate food later in the day, so the bulk of intake may be concentrated in the earlier part of the day. In the acute phase of the disease, intravenous feeding may be needed if patients cannot tolerate food and have poor
2200:
Worldwide prevalence of HDV among HBV carriers in 2015. Eight genotypes have been identified worldwide by comparative phylogenetic analysis. Genotype 1 is the most frequent and has variable pathogenicity, Genotypes 2 and 4 are found in East Asia causing relatively mild disease. Genotype 3 is found in
2131:
For babies born to a mother with hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, the first dose is unique β in addition to the vaccine, the hepatitis immune globulin should also be administered, both within 12 hours of birth. These newborns should also be regularly tested for infection for at least the
1394:
leading to an inflammatory response which causes cellular damage and death, including viral-induced apoptosis via the induction of the death receptor-mediated signaling pathway. Depending on the strength of the immune response, the types of immune cells involved and the ability of the virus to evade
694:
Hepatitis B and C can present either acutely or chronically. Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20
690:
are exposed to infected blood and body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions. Viral particles have also been found in saliva and breastmilk. Kissing, sharing utensils, and breastfeeding do not lead to transmission unless these fluids are introduced into open sores or cuts. Many families who do
380:
affects about 5 million people. Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer. In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. The word is derived from the
6438:
The main cause of mortality after percutaneous liver biopsy is intraperitoneal haemorrhage as shown in a retrospective
Italian study of 68 000 percutaneous liver biopsies in which all six patients who died did so from intraperitoneal haemorrhage. Three of these patients had had a laparotomy, and all
3087:
The largest outbreak of hepatitis A virus in United States history occurred among people who ate at a now-defunct
Mexican food restaurant located in Monaca, Pennsylvania in late 2003. Over 550 people who visited the restaurant between September and October 2003 were infected with the virus, three of
3078:
People infected with chronic hepatitis C tend to be frequent users of the health care system globally. It has been estimated that a person infected with hepatitis C in the United States will result in a monthly cost of $ 691. That number nearly doubles to $ 1,227 for people with compensated (stable)
3074:
Hepatitis B accounts for a much larger percentage of health care spending in endemic regions like Asia. In 1997 it accounted for 3.2% of South Korea's total health care expenditures and resulted in $ 696 million in direct costs. A large majority of that sum was spent on treating disease symptoms and
3070:
are approximately $ 1817 and $ 2459 respectively per case, and that an average of 27 work days is lost per infected adult. A 1997 report demonstrated that a single hospitalization related to hepatitis A cost an average of $ 6,900 and resulted in around $ 500 million in total annual healthcare costs.
2875:
treatment in the 1950sβ1980s. Currently in the United States, approximately 3.5 million adults are estimated to be infected. Hepatitis C is particularly prevalent among people born between 1945 and 1965, a group of about 800,000 people, with prevalence as high as 3.2% versus 1.6% in the general U.S.
2866:
is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is a common medical reason for liver transplantation due to its severe complications. It is estimated that 130β180 million people in the world are affected by this disease representing a little more than 3% of the world population.
2801:
has significantly reduced infections in the United States, with incidence declining by more than 95% as of 2013. Paradoxically, the highest rates of new infection now occur in young adults and adults who present with worse clinical illness. Specific populations at greatest risk include: travelers to
2765:
Chronic hepatitis C progresses towards cirrhosis, with estimates of cirrhosis prevalence of 16% at 20 years after infection. While the major causes of mortality in hepatitis C is end stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma is an important additional long term complication and cause of death in
2709:
Nearly all patients with hepatitis A infections recover completely without complications if they were healthy prior to the infection. Similarly, acute hepatitis B infections have a favorable course towards complete recovery in 95β99% of patients. Certain factors may portend a poorer outcome, such as
2445:
costly. Generally, the course of treatment is a minimum of one year with a minimum of six additional months of "consolidation therapy." Based on viral response, longer therapy may be required, and certain patients require indefinite long-term therapy. Due to a less robust response in Asian patients,
2372:
In healthy patients, 95β99% recover with no long-lasting effects, and antiviral treatment is not warranted. Age and comorbid conditions can result in a more prolonged and severe illness. Certain patients warrant hospitalization, especially those who present with clinical signs of ascites, peripheral
1748:
The purpose of screening for viral hepatitis is to identify people infected with the disease as early as possible, even before symptoms and transaminase elevations may be present. This allows for early treatment, which can both prevent disease progression and decrease the likelihood of transmission
10090:
Anonychuk, Andrea M.; Tricco, Andrea C.; Bauch, Chris T.; Pham, Ba'; Gilca, Vladimir; Duval, Bernard; John-Baptiste, Ava; Woo, Gloria; Krahn, Murray (2008-01-01). "Cost-effectiveness analyses of hepatitis A vaccine: a systematic review to explore the effect of methodological quality on the economic
8334:
Singh, Siddharth; Murad, Mohammad Hassan; Chandar, Apoorva K.; Bongiorno, Connie M.; Singal, Ashwani K.; Atkinson, Stephen R.; Thursz, Mark R.; Loomba, Rohit; Shah, Vijay H. (2015-10-01). "Comparative
Effectiveness of Pharmacological Interventions for Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis: A Systematic Review
3028:
that had received multiple transfusions and a protein found in the blood of an indigenous
Australian person. He named the protein the "Australia antigen" and made it the focus of his research. He found a higher prevalence of the protein in the blood of patients from developing countries, compared
2473:
First-line treatments currently used include PEG IFN, entecavir, and tenofovir, subject to patient and physician preference. Treatment initiation is guided by recommendations issued by The
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the European Association for the Study of the
2444:
was the first approved oral nucleoside analogue. While effective and potent, lamivudine has been replaced by newer, more potent treatments in the
Western world and is no longer recommended as first-line treatment. It is still used in areas where newer agents either have not been approved or are too
1165:
Autoimmune hepatitis can present anywhere within the spectrum from asymptomatic to acute or chronic hepatitis to fulminant liver failure. Patients are asymptomatic 25β34% of the time, and the diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal liver function tests. Some studies show between 25% and 75%
908:
Many chemical agents, including medications, industrial toxins, and herbal and dietary supplements, can cause hepatitis. The spectrum of drug-induced liver injury varies from acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis to acute liver failure. Toxins and medications can cause liver injury through a variety
3011:
in 1966, arguing that parents were unaware to the risks of consent and that the research was done to benefit others at the expense of children. Moreover, he argued that poor families with mentally disabled children often felt pressured to join the research project to gain admission to the school,
2913:
manifests as large outbreaks and epidemics associated with fecal contamination of water sources. It accounts for more than 55,000 deaths annually with approximately 20 million people worldwide thought to be infected with the virus. It affects predominantly young adults, causing acute hepatitis. In
2796:
associated with fecal contamination of water and food sources. Hepatitis A viral infection is predominant in children ages 5β14 with rare infection of infants. Infected children have little to no apparent clinical illness, in contrast to adults in whom greater than 80% are symptomatic if infected.
1757:
Hepatitis A causes an acute illness that does not progress to chronic liver disease. Therefore, the role of screening is to assess immune status in people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, as well as in people with known liver disease for whom hepatitis A infection could lead to liver
2971:
recorded the first documentation of an epidemic jaundice, in particular noting the uniquely fulminant course of a cohort of patients who all died within two weeks. He wrote, "The bile contained in the liver is full of phlegm and blood, and erupts...After such an eruption, the patient soon raves,
2894:
virus causes chronic and fulminant hepatitis in the context of co-infection with the hepatitis B virus. It is primarily transmitted via non-sexual contact and via needles. Susceptibility to hepatitis D differs by geographic region. In the United States and
Northern Europe, populations at risk are
2501:
Once it is acquired, persistence of the hepatitis C virus is the rule, resulting in chronic hepatitis C. The goal of treatment is prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The best way to reduce the long-term risk of HCC is to achieve sustained virological response (SVR). SVR is defined as an
2482:
levels, and in certain cases, family history of HCC and liver biopsy. In patients with compensated cirrhosis, treatment is recommended regardless of HBeAg status or ALT level, but recommendations differ regarding HBV DNA levels; AASLD recommends treating at DNA levels detectable above 2x10 IU/mL;
2093:
For children 12 months of age or older, the vaccination is given as a shot into the muscle in two doses 6β18 months apart and should be started before the age 24 months. The dosing is slightly different for adults depending on the type of the vaccine. If the vaccine is for hepatitis A
2052:
Hepatitis D is extremely rare. Symptoms include chronic diarrhea, anal and intestinal blisters, purple urine, and burnt popcorn scented breath. Screening consists of a blood test that detects the anti-hepitits D virus antibbody. If anti-hepitits D virus antibody is present, a confirmatory test to
698:
Unlike hepatitis B, most cases of hepatitis C lead to chronic infection. Hepatitis C is the second most common cause of cirrhosis in the US (second to alcoholic hepatitis). In the 1970s and 1980s, blood transfusions were a major factor in spreading hepatitis C virus. Since widespread screening of
2757:
Acute hepatitis B infections become less likely to progress to chronic forms as the age of the patient increases, with rates of progression approaching 90% in vertically transmitted cases of infants compared to 1% risk in young adults. Overall, the five-year survival rate for chronic hepatitis B
2975:
Given the poor sanitary conditions of war, infectious jaundice played a large role as a major cause of mortality among troops in the
Napoleonic Wars, the American Revolutionary War, and both World Wars. During World War II, estimates of soldiers affected by hepatitis were upwards of 10 million.
3829:
Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina;
3211:
vertical transmission range from 2β8%; a 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found the risk to be 5.8% in HCV-positive, HIV-negative women. The same study found the risk of vertical transmission to be 10.8% in HCV-positive, HIV-positive women. Other studies have found the risk of vertical
3145:
cases each year, with 35β50% of transmission from mother to neonate in endemic countries. Vertical transmission occurs largely via a neonate's exposure to maternal blood and vaginal secretions during birth. While the risk of progression to chronic infection is approximately 5% among adults who
2959:
Initial accounts of a syndrome that we now think is likely to be hepatitis begin to occur around 3000 B.C. Clay tablets that served as medical handbooks for the ancient Sumerians described the first observations of jaundice. The Sumerians believed that the liver was the home of the soul, and
2839:
is the most common cause of viral hepatitis in the world with more than 240 million chronic carriers of the virus, 1 million of whom are in the United States. In approximately two-thirds of patients who develop acute hepatitis B infection, no identifiable exposure is evident. Of those acutely
2769:
Rates of mortality increase with progression of the underlying liver disease. Series of patients with compensated cirrhosis due to HCV have shown 3,5, and 10-year survival rates of 96, 91, and 79% respectively. The 5-year survival rate drops to 50% upon if the cirrhosis becomes decompensated.
1996:
For people in the groups above whose exposure is ongoing, screening should be periodic, though there is no set optimal screening interval. The AASLD recommends screening men who have sex with men who are HIV-positive annually. People born in the US between 1945 and 1965 should be screened once
1655:
can all identify steatosis (fatty changes) of the liver tissue and nodularity of the liver surface suggestive of cirrhosis. CT and especially MRI are able to provide a higher level of detail, allowing visualization and characterize such structures as vessels and tumors within the liver. Unlike
2691:
Autoimmune hepatitis is commonly treated by immunosuppressants such as the corticosteroids prednisone or prednisolone, the active version of prednisolone that does not require liver synthesis, either alone or in combination with azathioprine, and some have suggested the combination therapy is
3728:
Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.;
2497:
The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (AASLD-IDSA) recommend antiviral treatment for all patients with chronic hepatitis C infection except for those with additional chronic medical conditions that limit their life expectancy.
580:
purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms. As the inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain. Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is
2741:
Despite the relatively benign course of most viral cases of hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis represents a rare but feared complication. Fulminant hepatitis most commonly occurs in hepatitis B, D, and E. About 1β2% of cases of hepatitis E can lead to fulminant hepatitis, but pregnant women are
2761:
Most patients who acquire hepatitis D at the same time as hepatitis B (co-infection) recover without developing a chronic infection. In people with hepatitis B who later acquire hepatitis D (superinfection), chronic infection is much more common at 80β90%, and liver disease progression is
1233:
diseases involving abnormal storage of minerals. In hemochromatosis, excess amounts of iron accumulate in multiple body sites, including the liver, which can lead to cirrhosis. In Wilson's disease, excess amounts of copper accumulate in the liver and brain, causing cirrhosis and dementia.
2621:
Severe alcoholic hepatitis has a poor prognosis and is notoriously difficult to treat. Without any treatment, 20β50% of patients may die within a month, but evidence shows treatment may extend life beyond one month (i.e., reduce short-term mortality). Available treatment options include
1640:
are elevated in most cases of hepatitis regardless of whether the person shows any symptoms. The degree of elevation (i.e. levels in the hundreds vs. in the thousands), the predominance for AST vs. ALT elevation, and the ratio between AST and ALT are informative of the diagnosis.
575:
Acute cases of hepatitis are seen to be resolved well within a six-month period. When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for
3830:
Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fraser, Maya S.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Huynh, Chantal; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kinfu, Yohannes; et al. (October 2016).
2742:
particularly susceptible, occurring in up to 20% of cases. Mortality rates in cases of fulminant hepatitis rise over 80%, but those patients that do survive often make a complete recovery. Liver transplantation can be life-saving in patients with fulminant liver failure.
1597:. In general, for viral hepatitis and other acute causes of hepatitis, the person's blood tests and clinical picture are sufficient for diagnosis. For other causes of hepatitis, especially chronic causes, blood tests may not be useful. In this case, liver biopsy is the
625:
Causes of hepatitis can be divided into the following major categories: infectious, metabolic, ischemic, autoimmune, genetic, and other. Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Metabolic causes include prescription medications, toxins (most notably
5712:
Alexopoulou, Alexandra; Deutsch, Melanie; Ageletopoulou, Johanna; Delladetsima, Johanna K.; Marinos, Evangelos; Kapranos, Nikiforos; Dourakis, Spyros P. (May 2003). "A fatal case of postinfantile giant cell hepatitis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia".
1917:
3729:
Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; et al. (October 2016).
2425:
is safe, well tolerated, less prone to developing resistance, and the most potent of the existing hepatitis B antivirals; it is thus a first-line treatment choice. It is not recommended for lamivudine-resistant patients or as monotherapy in patients who are HIV
2618:
to psychotherapy and other treatment programs, treatment should include nutritional and psychosocial evaluation and treatment. Patients should also be treated appropriately for related signs and symptoms, such as ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and infection.
8045:
Messori, Andrea; Badiani, Brigitta; Trippoli, Sabrina (2015-12-01). "Achieving Sustained Virological Response in Hepatitis C Reduces the Long-Term Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Updated Meta-Analysis Employing Relative and Absolute Outcome Measures".
352:. Medications may be used to treat chronic viral hepatitis. Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy. There is no specific treatment for NASH; physical activity, a
2353:, especially the elderly and those who had a pre-existing liver disease, especially hepatitis C. Mortality risk factors include greater age and chronic hepatitis C. In these cases, more aggressive supportive therapy and liver transplant may be necessary.
1237:
When the liver is involved, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and Wilson's disease tend to present as hepatitis in the neonatal period or in childhood. Hemochromatosis typically presents in adulthood, with the onset of clinical disease usually after age 50.
2433:
was the first therapy approved for chronic hepatitis B. It has several side effects, most of which are reversible with removal of therapy, but it has been supplanted by newer treatments for this indication. These include long-acting interferon bound to
1081:, which additionally involves liver cell death, liver inflammation and possible fibrosis. Factors accelerating progression from NAFLD to NASH are obesity, older age, non-African American ethnicity, female gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, higher
10698:"A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part 1: Immunization of Infants, Children, and Adolescents"
5572:
2946:. Worldwide, the estimated prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma related to NAFLD is 15β30%. NASH is thought to be the primary cause of cirrhosis in approximately 25% of patients in the United States, representing 1β2% of the general population.
3230:
are at significant risk of developing fulminant hepatitis with maternal mortality rates as high as 20β30%, most commonly in the third trimester . A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 studies that included 3968 people found maternal
2218:
Hepatitis E is spread primarily through the oral-fecal route but may also be spread by blood and from mother to fetus. The mainstay of hepatitis E prevention is similar to that for hepatitis A (namely, good hygiene and clean water practices).
7919:
Wright NMJ, Millson CE, Tompkins CNE (2005). What is the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to reduce hepatitis C infection and the associated morbidity? Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network report;
3071:
Cost effectiveness studies have found widespread vaccination of adults to not be feasible, but have stated that a combination hepatitis A and B vaccination of children and at risk groups (people from endemic areas, healthcare workers) may be.
497:
and potentially a persistently enlarged liver. All cases of hepatitis A and E are expected to fully resolve after 1β2 months. Most hepatitis B cases are also self-limiting and will resolve in 3β4 months. Few cases of hepatitis C will resolve
2468:
is a nucleotide analogue and an antiretroviral drug that is also used to treat HIV infection. It is preferred to adefovir both in lamivudine-resistant patients and as initial treatment since it is both more potent and less likely to develop
1349:
The specific mechanism varies and depends on the underlying cause of the hepatitis. Generally, there is an initial insult that causes liver injury and activation of an inflammatory response, which can become chronic, leading to progressive
2127:
Routine vaccination for hepatitis B starts with the first dose administered as a shot into the muscle before the newborn is discharged from the hospital. An additional two doses should be administered before the child is 18 months.
1142:. Other autoantibodies that are less common but more specific to autoimmune hepatitis are the antibodies against liver kidney microsome 1 (LKM1) and soluble liver antigen (SLA). Autoimmune hepatitis can also be triggered by drugs (such as
375:
Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and
2937:
in the United States by 2020, supplanting chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C. About 20β45% of the U.S. population have NAFLD and 6% have NASH. The estimated prevalence of NASH in the world is 3β5%. Of NASH patients who develop
3029:
to those from developed ones, and noted associations of the antigen with other diseases like leukemia and Down Syndrome. Eventually, he came to the unifying conclusion that the Australia antigen was associated with viral hepatitis.
2205:
The hepatitis D virus requires that a person first be infected with hepatitis B virus, so prevention efforts should focus on limiting the spread of hepatitis B. In people who have chronic hepatitis B infection and are at risk for
3146:
contract the virus, it is as high as 95% among neonates subject to vertical transmission. The risk of viral transmission is approximately 10β20% when maternal blood is positive for HBsAg, and up to 90% when also positive for
510:
can present very similarly to acute viral hepatitis, with slight variations in symptoms depending on the cause. Cases of drug-induced hepatitis can manifest with systemic signs of an allergic reaction including rash, fever,
1656:
steatosis and cirrhosis, no imaging test is able to detect liver inflammation (i.e. hepatitis) or fibrosis. Liver biopsy is the only definitive diagnostic test that is able to assess inflammation and fibrosis of the liver.
2345:
Hepatitis A usually does not progress to a chronic state, and rarely requires hospitalization. Treatment is supportive and includes such measures as providing intravenous (IV) hydration and maintaining adequate nutrition.
2713:
In contrast to hepatitis A & B, hepatitis C carries a much higher risk of progressing to chronic hepatitis, approaching 85β90%. Cirrhosis has been reported to develop in 20β50% of patients with chronic hepatitis C.
3040:
at London's Middlesex Hospital, and named the virion the 42-nm "Dane particle". Based on its association with the surface of the hepatitis B virus, the Australia antigen was renamed to "hepatitis B surface antigen" or
691:
not have safe drinking water or live in unhygienic homes have contracted hepatitis because saliva and blood droplets are often carried through the water and blood-borne illnesses spread quickly in unsanitary settings.
2263:
In the United States new cases of hepatitis B decreased 75% from 1990 to 2004. The group that saw the greatest decrease was children and adolescents, likely reflecting the implementation of the 1999 guidelines.
1341:, and in such cases, biopsy often shows large multinucleated cells in the liver tissue. This disease is termed giant cell hepatitis and may be associated with viral infection, autoimmune disorders, and drug toxicity.
7169:
2867:
In the developing regions of Africa, Asia and South America, prevalence can be as high as 10% of the population. In Egypt, rates of hepatitis C infection as high as 20% have been documented and are associated with
2608:
Similar to hepatitis A, treatment of hepatitis E is supportive and includes rest and ensuring adequate nutrition and hydration. Hospitalization may be required for particularly severe cases or for pregnant women.
11040:
11025:
2450:
occurs, an additional antiviral is added. Lamivudine as a single treatment is contraindicated in patients coinfected with HIV, as resistance develops rapidly, but it can be used as part of a multidrug regimen.
1701:) and antibodies. The combination of antigen and antibody positivity can provide information about the stage of infection (acute or chronic), the degree of viral replication, and the infectivity of the virus.
5551:
2502:
undetectable viral load at 12 weeks after treatment completion and indicates a cure. Currently available treatments include indirect and direct acting antiviral drugs. The indirect acting antivirals include
10837:
Shi, Zhongjie; Yang, Yuebo; Ma, Lin; Li, Xiaomao; Schreiber, Ann (2010-07-01). "Lamivudine in late pregnancy to interrupt in utero transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1395:
the body's defense, infection can either lead to clearance (acute disease) or persistence (chronic disease) of the virus. The chronic presence of the virus within liver cells results in multiple waves of
1108:
can demonstrate inflammation and fibrosis characteristic of NASH. 9 to 25% of patients with NASH develop cirrhosis. NASH is recognized as the third most common cause of liver disease in the United States.
1609:. Biopsy is typically not the initial diagnostic test because it is invasive and is associated with a small but significant risk of bleeding that is increased in people with liver injury and cirrhosis.
3832:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980β2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1229:
mutation in the gene for alpha-1-antitrypsin results in the abnormal accumulation of the mutant AAT protein within liver cells, leading to liver disease. Hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease are both
3570:
3731:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990β2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
3157:
recommends screening all pregnant women for HBV at their first prenatal visit. It is safe for non-immune pregnant women to receive the HBV vaccine. Based on the limited available evidence, the
2292:
Because people with alcoholic hepatitis may have no symptoms, it can be difficult to diagnose and the number of people with the disease is probably higher than many estimates. Programs such as
2000:
Screening consists of a blood test that detects anti-hepatitis C virus antibody. If anti-hepatitis C virus antibody is present, a confirmatory test to detect HCV RNA indicates chronic disease.
2392:
In these rare, more severe acute cases, patients have been successfully treated with antiviral therapy similar to that used in cases of chronic hepatitis B, with nucleoside analogues such as
1297:
Hepatitis can also occur in neonates and is attributable to a variety of causes, some of which are not typically seen in adults. Congenital or perinatal infection with the hepatitis viruses,
1123:
Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease caused by an abnormal immune response against liver cells. The disease is thought to have a genetic predisposition as it is associated with certain
3698:
3218:
For women who are HCV-positive and HIV-negative, breastfeeding is safe. CDC guidelines suggest avoiding it if a woman's nipples are cracked or bleeding to reduce the risk of transmission.
472:, poor appetite, joint pain, and headaches. Fever, when present, is most common in cases of hepatitis A and E. Late in this phase, people can experience liver-specific symptoms, including
7379:
5111:
Abdelmalek, MF; Diehl AM (2015). "Chapter 364: Nonalcoholic Liver Diseases and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).
1486:
eventually develops setting up events that lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Microscopically, changes that can be seen include steatosis with large and swollen hepatocytes (
6735:
Neuman, Manuela G.; French, Samuel W.; French, Barbara A.; Seitz, Helmut K.; Cohen, Lawrence B.; Mueller, Sebastian; Osna, Natalia A.; Kharbanda, Kusum K.; Seth, Devanshi (2014-12-01).
2330:
should be observed. Isolation is usually not needed, except in cases of hepatitis A and E who have fecal incontinence, and in cases of hepatitis B and C who have uncontrolled bleeding.
3411:
699:
blood products for hepatitis C began in 1992, the risk of acquiring hepatitis C from a blood transfusion has decreased from approximately 10% in the 1970s to 1 in 2 million currently.
1589:
Diagnosis of hepatitis is made on the basis of some or all of the following: a person's signs and symptoms, medical history including sexual and substance use history, blood tests,
482:
follow the prodrome after about 1β2 weeks and can last for up to 4 weeks. The non-specific symptoms seen in the prodromal typically resolve by this time, but people will develop an
10619:
2112:
2272:
Hepatitis C infections each year had been declining since the 1980s, but began to increase again in 2006. The data are unclear as to whether the decline can be attributed to
7177:
1255:(also known as shock liver) results from reduced blood flow to the liver as in shock, heart failure, or vascular insufficiency. The condition is most often associated with
11963:
2586:
Hepatitis D is difficult to treat, and effective treatments are lacking. Interferon alpha has proven effective at inhibiting viral activity but only on a temporary basis.
1844:
Born in the United States whose parents are from countries where the prevalence of hepatitis B is very high (defined as β₯8% of the population), and who were not vaccinated
9274:
Wree, Alexander; Broderick, Lori; Canbay, Ali; Hoffman, Hal M.; Feldstein, Ariel E. (2013-11-01). "From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis-new insights into disease mechanisms".
7666:
1682:
antigen), anti-viral antibodies (such as the anti-hepatitis B surface antibody or anti-hepatitis A antibody), or viral DNA/RNA. In early infection (i.e. within 1 week),
7060:
Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: Systematic Review to Update the 2004 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
10025:
Koslap-Petraco, Mary Beth; Shub, Mitchell; Judelsohn, Richard (2008). "Hepatitis A: Disease Burden and Current Childhood Vaccination Strategies in the United States".
1690:
antibodies are present and remain in the body for up to years. Therefore, when a patient is positive for IgG antibody but negative for IgM antibody, he is considered
884:
Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S. Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of
10490:
6903:
Voise, Nathan (Oct 2011). "Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A shot at hepatitis prevention".
2683:
The main treatment of NASH is gradual weight loss and increased physical activity. In the United States, no medications have been approved to treat this disease.
2147:
There are currently no vaccines available in the United States for hepatitis C or E. In 2015, a group in China published an article regarding the development of a
2895:
intravenous drug users and people who receive multiple transfusions. In the Mediterranean, hepatitis D is predominant among hepatitis B virus co-infected people.
2412:
Chronic hepatitis B management aims to control viral replication, which is correlated with progression of disease. Seven drugs are approved in the United States:
660:
is the most common type of hepatitis worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. Viral hepatitis is caused by five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E).
10579:
Platt, Lucy; Easterbrook, Philippa; Gower, Erin; McDonald, Bethan; Sabin, Keith; McGowan, Catherine; Yanny, Irini; Razavi, Homie; Vickerman, Peter (2016-02-24).
8383:"The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of STeroids Or Pentoxifylline for Alcoholic Hepatitis (STOPAH): a 2 Γ 2 factorial randomised controlled trial"
7063:. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
7462:
10444:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003-11-28). "Hepatitis A outbreak associated with green onions at a restaurantβMonaca, Pennsylvania, 2003".
8381:
Thursz, Mark; Forrest, Ewan; Roderick, Paul; Day, Christopher; Austin, Andrew; O'Grady, John; Ryder, Stephen; Allison, Michael; Gleeson, Dermot (2015-12-01).
3457:
Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.
1450:, chronic excess alcohol use is the culprit. Though the inciting event may differ, the progression of events is similar and begins with accumulation of free
4846:
Lee, WM; Dienstag, JL (2015). "Chapter 361: Toxic and Drug-Induced Hepatitis". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).
3212:
transmission to be as high as 44% among HIV-positive women. The risk of vertical transmission is higher when the virus is detectable in the mother's blood.
3165:; for this reason, along with its potency and low risk of resistance, the AASLD recommends this drug. A 2010 systematic review and meta-analysis found that
2669:
may be used to evaluate the severity and prognosis in alcoholic hepatitis and evaluates the efficacy of using alcoholic hepatitis corticosteroid treatment.
3173:
3158:
2025:
1946:
1821:
11141:
10372:
Myers, Robert P.; Krajden, Mel; Bilodeau, Marc; Kaita, Kelly; Marotta, Paul; Peltekian, Kevork; Ramji, Alnoor; Estes, Chris; Razavi, Homie (2014-05-01).
3578:
4812:
Mailliard, ME; Sorrell, MF (2015). "Chapter 363: Alcoholic Liver Disease". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).
7534:
2419:, a nucleotide analogue, has been used to supplement lamivudine in patients who develop resistance, but is no longer recommended as first-line therapy.
1585:
Histopathology of acute hepatitis with lobular disarray and associated lymphocytic inflammation, acidophil body formation (arrow) and bilirubinostasis.
3913:
3048:
Blumberg continued to study the antigen, and eventually developed the first hepatitis B vaccine using plasma rich in HBsAg, for which he received the
7899:
2090:
for all children beginning at age one, as well as for those who have not been previously immunized and are at high risk for contracting the disease.
10705:
695:
to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. Infection in infants and children frequently leads to chronic infection.
11645:
3000:
into students. Krugman also controversially took feces from infected students, blended it into milkshakes, and fed it to newly admitted children.
2692:
preferred to allow for lower doses of corticosteroids to reduce associated side effects, although the result of treatment efficacy is comparative.
10259:
Lavanchy, D. (2004-03-01). "Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures".
7413:
7371:
3706:
1890:). If HBsAg is present, a second test β usually done on the same blood sample β that detects the antibody for the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-
1006:
linked more than 16% of cases of hepatotoxicity to herbal and dietary supplements. In the United States, herbal and dietary supplements β unlike
6817:
1442:
is seen in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease and is the culmination of a cascade of events that began with injury. In the case of
2255:
In the United States, universal immunization has led to a two-thirds decrease in hospital admissions and medical expenses due to hepatitis A.
1190:. Autoimmune hepatitis increases the risk for cirrhosis, and the risk for liver cancer is increased by about 1% for each year of the disease.
7105:
6943:
3419:
4488:
1283:). The condition usually resolves if the underlying cause is treated successfully. Ischemic hepatitis rarely causes permanent liver damage.
11240:
5144:
4690:
Friedman, Lawrence S. (2015). "Chapter 16: Liver, Biliary Tract, & Pancreas Disorders". In Papadakis, M; McPhee, SJ; Rabow, MW (eds.).
2017:
1938:
1817:
5224:
3169:
initiated early in the third trimester also significantly reduced mother-to-child transmission of HBV, without any known adverse effects.
1841:
Born in countries where the prevalence of hepatitis B is high (defined as β₯2% of the population), whether or not they have been vaccinated
196:. Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (
10580:
7713:
5049:
5028:
4724:
Harder, A; Mehlhorn, H (2008). "Diseases Caused by Adult Parasites or Their Distinct Life Cycle Stages". In Weber, O; Protzer, U (eds.).
4369:
2666:
2227:
As excessive alcohol consumption can lead to hepatitis and cirrhosis, the following are maximal recommendations for alcohol consumption:
1462:'s ability to maintain lipid homeostasis leading to a toxic effect as fat molecules accumulate and are broken down in the setting of an
8021:
7892:"Commentary | U.S. 2013 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
7017:
5528:
4061:
Dienstag, JL (2015). "Chapter 360: Acute Viral Hepatitis". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).
3003:
His research was received with much controversy, as people protested the questionable ethics surrounding the chosen target population.
11279:
10315:
Younossi, Z. M.; Kanwal, F.; Saab, S.; Brown, K. A.; El-Serag, H. B.; Kim, W. R.; Ahmed, A.; Kugelmas, M.; Gordon, S. C. (2014-03-01).
3093:
2009:
1930:
1894:) can differentiate between acute and chronic infection. People who are high-risk whose blood tests negative for HBsAg can receive the
1809:
1002:
are another important cause of hepatitis; these are the most common causes of drug-induced hepatitis in Korea. The United-States-based
2323:
are not recommended as a treatment option for acute viral hepatitis and may even cause harm, such as development of chronic hepatitis.
1058:
Non-alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver disease (NALD), which ranges in severity and reversibility from
12439:
10662:
Tassopoulos, NC; et al. (June 1987). "Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis in Greek adults".
8736:"Estimation of stage-specific fibrosis progression rates in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis and meta-regression"
5690:
3386:
2462:
is effective but not recommended as first-line treatment; as compared to entecavir, it is both less potent and more resistance prone.
921:
cause idiosyncratic and unpredictable reactions that vary by person. There are wide variations in the mechanisms of liver injury and
5086:
4237:
Dienstag, JL (2015). "Chapter 362: Chronic Hepatitis". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).
593:, a condition in which the liver's ability to function is permanently impeded. This results in jaundice, weight loss, coagulopathy,
7440:
7258:
1824:
recommend routine hepatitis B screening for certain high-risk populations. Specifically, these populations include people who are:
9083:
2662:) without causing side effects, but a firm recommendation cannot be made for or against milk thistle without further study.
1062:(NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis to liver cancer, similar to the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease.
581:
typically a sign of advanced disease. Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne,
11134:
8938:
8909:
8791:
Fattovich, G (1997). "Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective follow-up study of 384 patients".
7806:
7502:
7321:
6874:
4560:
4459:
2312:
Activity: Many people with hepatitis prefer bed rest, though it is not necessary to avoid all physical activity while recovering.
2678:
8703:
Abbas, Zaigham; Ali, Syed Salman; Shazi, Lubna (2015-06-02). "Interferon alpha versus any other drug for chronic hepatitis D".
7658:
5472:
Teckman, Jeffrey H. (2013-03-07). "Liver Disease in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: Current Understanding and Future Therapy".
3887:
2188:, abstaining from the use of injection drugs, safe needle and sharps practices in healthcare settings, and safe sex practices.
2116:
WHO-UNICEF estimates of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD) coverage in countries from the European WHO region in the years 2000β2015
1065:
Non-alcoholic liver disease occurs in people with little or no history of alcohol use, and is instead strongly associated with
78:
10731:
Terrault, Norah A.; Bzowej, Natalie H.; Chang, Kyong-Mi; Hwang, Jessica P.; Jonas, Maureen M.; Murad, M. Hassan (2016-01-01).
1446:, this cascade is initiated by changes in metabolism associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and lipid dysregulation. In
11507:
9546:
7604:
5684:
5120:
4855:
4821:
4246:
4144:
4108:
4070:
3651:"Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis C virus"
3049:
1431:
are the cytokines that drive the antiviral response. In chronic Hepatitis B and C, natural killer cell function is impaired.
981:
11419:
11159:
3477:
2995:
continued this research into the 1950s and 1960s, most infamously with his experiments on mentally disabled children at the
2745:
Hepatitis D infections can transform benign cases of hepatitis B into severe, progressive hepatitis, a phenomenon known as
1139:
10480:
8110:
Thiagarajan, Prarthana; Ryder, Stephen D. (2015-12-01). "The hepatitis C revolution part 1: antiviral treatment options".
3092:
physicians noticed a significant increase in cases of hepatitis A in the county. After conducting its investigation, the
2308:
The treatment of hepatitis varies according to the type, whether it is acute or chronic, and the severity of the disease.
2172:, the mainstay of prevention aside from vaccination is good hygiene, access to clean water and proper handling of sewage.
718:
can also infect the liver and activate the immune response, resulting in symptoms of acute hepatitis with increased serum
8300:
7929:
4099:
Rutherford, A; Dienstag, JL (2016). "Chapter 40: Viral Hepatitis". In Greenberger, NJ; Blumberg, RS; Burakoff, R (eds.).
3540:
1104:. As the disease progresses, symptoms typical of chronic hepatitis may develop. While imaging can show fatty liver, only
8522:"Prednisone for chronic active liver disease: dose titration, standard dose, and combination with azathioprine compared"
4382:
11720:
11127:
10517:"Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV+ men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
10515:
Jordan, Ashly E.; Perlman, David C.; Neurer, Joshua; Smith, Daniel J.; Des Jarlais, Don C.; Hagan, Holly (2016-01-28).
7875:
5566:
4781:
4741:
4699:
4592:
4430:
3244:
1632:. Characteristic patterns of liver enzyme abnormalities can point to certain causes or stages of hepatitis. Generally,
493:
The recovery phase is characterized by resolution of the clinical symptoms of hepatitis with persistent elevations in
12392:
12239:
9223:
Singal, Ashwani K.; Anand, Bhupinder S. (2007-09-01). "Mechanisms of synergy between alcohol and hepatitis C virus".
7170:"ACOG Practice Bulletin: Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists: Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy"
7010:"Recommendations for Identification and Public Health Management of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection"
4400:
4363:
3215:
Evidence does not indicate that mode of delivery (i.e. vaginal vs. cesarean) has an effect on vertical transmission.
2521:
1443:
1131:
may be present and are helpful in diagnosis. Auto-antibodies found in patients with autoimmune hepatitis include the
1059:
1053:
631:
3288:
1029:
database for consumers to track all known prescription and non-prescription compounds associated with liver injury.
12137:
10581:"Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis"
10061:
3331:
3138:
318:
8495:
672:, are more common in developing countries, and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis.
12278:
11890:
11873:
11378:
11373:
11250:
7239:"Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection and HCV-Related Chronic Disease"
3118:
1697:
In the case of hepatitis B, blood tests exist for multiple virus antigens (which are different components of the
1218:
1036:
can occur accidentally or intentionally through ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. The industrial toxin
17:
7057:
Chou, Roger; Dana, Tracy; Bougatsos, Christina; Blazina, Ian; Zakher, Bernadette; Khangura, Jessi (2014-01-01).
2802:
endemic regions, men who have sex with men, those with occupational exposure to non-human primates, people with
1925:
ABHD5CGI-58-the-Chanarin-Dorfman-Syndrome-Protein-Mobilises-Lipid-Stores-for-Hepatitis-C-Virus-ppat.1005568.s014
12132:
12088:
11982:
11804:
11403:
10953:"Case-fatality risk of pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis type E: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
8834:
4385:
PhαΊ§n nα»i dung "YαΊΏu tα» nguy cΖ‘ mαΊ―c bα»nh viΓͺm gan tα»± miα»
n". Bα»nh viα»n Δa khoa quα»c tαΊΏ Vinmec. Truy cαΊp 28/12/2023
1490:), evidence of cellular injury and cell death (apoptosis, necrosis), evidence of inflammation in particular in
1214:
1202:
638:
and genetic causes of hepatitis involve genetic predispositions and tend to affect characteristic populations.
314:
10788:
Wang, Liming; Kourtis, Athena P.; Ellington, Sascha; Legardy-Williams, Jennifer; Bulterys, Marc (2013-12-01).
6492:
Pratt, DS; Kaplan, MM (Apr 27, 2000). "Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients".
6341:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic cirrhosis: Comparison with viral hepatitis-associated steatosis"
2658:
extracts may improve survival in alcoholic liver disease and improve certain liver tests (serum bilirubin and
12343:
12189:
7526:
2659:
2028:
recommend screening people at high risk for hepatitis D infection. These populations include people who are:
1949:
recommend screening people at high risk for hepatitis C infection. These populations include people who are:
1015:
949:
310:
7626:
6339:
Haga, Yuki; Kanda, Tatsuo; Sasaki, Reina; Nakamura, Masato; Nakamoto, Shingo; Yokosuka, Osamu (2015-12-14).
12098:
11617:
11225:
9388:
Michelotti, Gregory A.; Machado, Mariana V.; Diehl, Anna Mae (2013-11-01). "NAFLD, NASH and liver cancer".
7891:
7597:"Phase IV Clinical Trial of Recombinant Hepatitis E VaccineοΌHecolinοΌ - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov"
4764:
Wisplinghoff, H; Appleton, DL (2008). "Bacterial Infections of the Liver". In Weber, O; Protzer, U (eds.).
3909:
3235:(CFR) of 20.8% and fetal CFR of 34.2%; among women who developed fulminant hepatic failure, CFR was 61.2%.
1714:
1022:
1011:
424:
Hepatitis has a broad spectrum of presentations that range from a complete lack of symptoms to severe
345:
10697:
2814:
in whom co-infection with hepatitis A can lead to fulminant hepatitis, and intravenous drug users (rare).
11312:
9890:
5711:
3199:
within 12 hours of birth. For infants who have received HBIG and the HBV vaccine, breastfeeding is safe.
3192:
2152:
1132:
941:
5753:
Nakamoto, Yasunari; Kaneko, Shuichi (2003-09-01). "Mechanisms of viral hepatitis induced liver injury".
2568:
These drugs are used in various combinations, sometimes combined with ribavirin, based on the patient's
2201:
South America in association with severe hepatitis. Genotypes 5, 6, 7, 8 have been found only in Africa.
12449:
11678:
11607:
11208:
8663:
7405:
3154:
3088:
whom died as a direct result. The outbreak was brought to the attention of health officials when local
2151:. As of March 2016, the United States government was in the process of recruiting participants for the
1784:
People with poor sanitary habits such as not washing hands after using the restroom or changing diapers
1652:
1326:
1077:, and hypertriglyceridemia. Over time, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to non-alcoholic
6809:
1769:
People in close contact (either living with or having sexual contact) with someone who has hepatitis A
11951:
11907:
11860:
11666:
11284:
9011:
Edlin, Brian R.; Eckhardt, Benjamin J.; Shu, Marla A.; Holmberg, Scott D.; Swan, Tracy (2015-11-01).
6527:
Ito, Katsuyoshi; Mitchell, Donald G. (2004). "Imaging Diagnosis of Cirrhosis and Chronic Hepatitis".
3191:
and CDC recommend that neonates born to mothers with HBV should receive hepatitis B immune globulin (
3188:
3122:
2273:
2013:
1934:
1871:
1813:
1334:
1198:
552:
9800:"The road not taken or how I learned to love the liver: A personal perspective on hepatitis history"
7739:
Franco, Elisabetta; Meleleo, Cristina; Serino, Laura; Sorbara, Debora; Zaratti, Laura (2012-03-27).
2300:, but it is difficult to evaluate their success in decreasing the incidence of alcoholic hepatitis.
1720:
Liver biopsies show identical findings in patients with ASH and NASH, specifically, the presence of
436:
and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to the organ.
60:
as seen with a microscope, showing fatty changes (white circles), remnants of dead liver cells, and
12297:
11977:
11612:
11570:
11383:
11258:
11245:
11215:
11186:
11055:
7113:
6935:
3104:
because they had either eaten at the restaurant or had been in close contact with someone who had.
2996:
2943:
2094:
only, two doses are given 6β18 months apart depending on the manufacturer. If the vaccine is
1463:
1408:
1330:
1090:
1074:
614:
547:). Mortality due to fulminant hepatitis is typically the result of various complications including
4874:
Malaguarnera, Giulia; Cataudella, E; Giordano, M; Nunnari, G; Chisari, G; Malaguarnera, M (2012).
4481:
2400:. As there is a dearth of clinical trial data and the drugs used to treat are prone to developing
589:(lack of menstrual period) in women. Extensive damage and scarring of the liver over time defines
313:(NASH). Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B is mainly
12444:
12222:
11999:
11740:
11532:
11191:
7106:"Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection"
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
2148:
1733:
1487:
1124:
973:
885:
753:
627:
520:
429:
233:
106:
9330:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: epidemiology, clinical course, investigation, and treatment"
8931:"Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
5140:
1096:
In the early stages (as with NAFLD and early NASH), most patients are asymptomatic or have mild
12434:
12302:
12026:
12009:
11393:
11269:
11220:
11181:
11151:
5228:
4773:
4733:
4513:
3021:
1866:
1829:
1633:
1387:
1276:
1272:
1226:
1155:
1086:
988:. Of these, amoxicillin-clavulanate is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury, and
805:
780:
602:
516:
503:
432: that are typically self-limiting. Chronic hepatitis presents similarly, but can manifest
294:
11095:
9983:"Reducing the neglected burden of viral hepatitis in Africa: Strategies for a global approach"
7009:
5524:
5134:
5132:
5012:
4830:
4353:
12234:
12153:
12142:
12103:
12031:
11334:
8013:
4135:
Khalili, M; Burman, B (2013). "Chapter 14: Liver Disease". In Hammer, GD; McPhee, SJ (eds.).
2934:
2811:
2726:
2446:
2327:
1625:
1135:
889:
811:
799:
743:
428:. The acute form of hepatitis, generally caused by viral infection, is characterized by
7437:"Update: recommendations to prevent hepatitis B virus transmissionβUnited States. MMWR 1999"
7372:"Final Recommendation Statement: Hepatitis C: Screening β US Preventive Services Task Force"
4765:
4725:
1411:. People with impaired immune response are at greater risk of developing chronic infection.
12273:
12217:
12038:
11934:
11517:
11512:
11346:
11264:
11230:
5179:
5129:
3162:
2503:
2479:
2465:
2453:
2397:
2293:
1848:
1637:
1629:
1613:
1598:
1383:
1280:
1118:
1101:
1082:
1037:
989:
823:
669:
635:
610:
577:
507:
494:
391:
361:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
5672:
3378:
3176:
states that the evidence available does not suggest any particular mode of delivery (i.e.
2238:
To prevent MAFLD it is recommended to maintain a normal weight, eat a healthy diet, avoid
1378:
is best understood in the case of hepatitis B and C. The viruses do not directly activate
803:
and are composed of multiple bacteria up to 50% of the time. Acute hepatitis is caused by
8:
12367:
12177:
12070:
12053:
12014:
11987:
11939:
11782:
11759:
11752:
11701:
11673:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11502:
11119:
11044:
7687:
7436:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7238:
6093:
5222:
5138:
5075:
3249:
3196:
2922:
2435:
2136:
2121:
2107:
2095:
2087:
2073:
1895:
1759:
1710:
1478:
such as TNF that cause liver cell injury and death. These events mark the transition to
1447:
1412:
1260:
1230:
1222:
1007:
893:
879:
845:
817:
768:
715:
560:
377:
306:
237:
57:
10649:"Hepatic, Biliary, and Pancreatic Disorders." Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition
9506:
9489:
9104:
Singal, Ashwani K.; Kamath, Patrick S.; Gores, Gregory J.; Shah, Vijay H. (2014-04-01).
9075:
6838:
Harrison, Tindsley Randolph (2013). "Chapter 164: Chronic Hepatitis". In Longo, Dan L.;
5366:"Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis: Current Status and Future Directions"
5312:"Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis: Current Status and Future Directions"
5183:
5168:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging threat to obese and diabetic individuals"
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
2120:
The CDC recommends the routine vaccination of all children under the age of 19 with the
12429:
12379:
12244:
12227:
12212:
12199:
12182:
12048:
11683:
11575:
11547:
11481:
11307:
11203:
11168:
10983:
10952:
10928:
10895:
10894:
Benova, Lenka; Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Calvert, Clara; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2014-09-15).
10871:
10765:
10732:
10549:
10516:
10485:
10408:
10373:
10354:
10292:
10236:
10203:
10181:
10124:
9955:
9922:
9707:
9690:
9623:
9598:
9519:
9470:
9421:
9362:
9329:
9307:
9256:
9200:
9165:
9138:
9105:
9045:
9013:"Toward a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of hepatitis C in the United States"
9012:
8930:
8901:
8883:
8773:
8716:
8554:
8521:
8472:
8439:
8415:
8382:
8266:
8241:
8214:
8181:
8180:
Gogela, Neliswa A.; Lin, Ming V.; Wisocky, Jessica L.; Chung, Raymond T. (2015-03-01).
8143:
8079:
7990:
7955:
7798:
7775:
7740:
7494:
7313:
6866:
6761:
6736:
6709:
6682:
6606:
6571:
6552:
6439:
had either cirrhosis or malignant disease, both of which are risk factors for bleeding.
6424:
6399:
6375:
6340:
6316:
6281:
6244:
6209:
6166:
6131:
5990:
5957:
5930:
5897:
5873:
5848:
5824:
5797:
5726:
5505:
5449:
5422:
5398:
5365:
5336:
5311:
5278:
5251:
5200:
5167:
5106:
5104:
4986:
4961:
4902:
4875:
4552:
4451:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3856:
3831:
3806:
3779:
3755:
3730:
3522:
3232:
3089:
2539:
2518:
2416:
2284:
2210:
with the hepatitis D virus, the preventive strategies are the same as for hepatitis B.
1691:
1644:
1471:
1292:
1252:
1247:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1097:
1070:
1066:
1041:
999:
851:
606:
486:
and right upper abdominal pain or discomfort. 10β20% of people will also experience an
365:
209:
201:
93:
11049:
10599:
8680:
7659:"Drinking Levels Defined | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)"
7273:
5641:
4423:"Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for the Public | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
3847:
3746:
2404:, experts recommend reserving treatment for severe acute cases, not mild to moderate.
12357:
12338:
11711:
11066:
10988:
10970:
10933:
10915:
10863:
10855:
10819:
10811:
10770:
10752:
10679:
10675:
10611:
10603:
10554:
10536:
10461:
10453:
10413:
10395:
10346:
10338:
10284:
10276:
10272:
10241:
10223:
10173:
10165:
10160:
10143:
10116:
10108:
10104:
10042:
10004:
9960:
9942:
9872:
9864:
9860:
9829:
9821:
9750:
9746:
9712:
9678:
9628:
9579:
9575:
9542:
9511:
9462:
9413:
9405:
9367:
9349:
9299:
9291:
9248:
9240:
9205:
9187:
9143:
9125:
9050:
9032:
8993:
8985:
8875:
8808:
8804:
8765:
8757:
8685:
8644:
8640:
8609:
8605:
8559:
8541:
8477:
8459:
8420:
8402:
8360:
8352:
8271:
8219:
8201:
8135:
8127:
8071:
8063:
7995:
7977:
7871:
7780:
7762:
7578:
7250:
7064:
6912:
6766:
6714:
6660:
6652:
6611:
6593:
6544:
6509:
6474:
6429:
6380:
6362:
6321:
6303:
6249:
6231:
6171:
6153:
6105:
6097:
6076:
Hardy, Timothy; Oakley, Fiona; Anstee, Quentin M.; Day, Christopher P. (2016-03-03).
6047:
6039:
5995:
5977:
5935:
5917:
5878:
5829:
5778:
5770:
5730:
5680:
5653:
5645:
5562:
5497:
5489:
5454:
5403:
5385:
5341:
5283:
5205:
5116:
5020:
4991:
4942:
4907:
4851:
4817:
4777:
4766:
4737:
4726:
4695:
4359:
4334:
4290:
4242:
4140:
4104:
4066:
3879:
3861:
3811:
3760:
3680:
3672:
3526:
3514:
3227:
3208:
3181:
3142:
2803:
2185:
1621:
1428:
1318:
1298:
857:
764:
756:, also known as the dog tapeworm, infects the liver and forms characteristic hepatic
750:
727:
461:
281:
275:
269:
263:
228:
73:
10875:
10790:"Safety of tenofovir during pregnancy for the mother and fetus: a systematic review"
10358:
10185:
10128:
9474:
9425:
9260:
8887:
8777:
8720:
8240:
Abbas, Zaigham; Khan, Muhammad Arsalan; Salih, Mohammad; Jafri, Wasim (2011-12-07).
8147:
8083:
6842:; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Jameson, L. Jerry; Loscalzo, Jerry (eds.).
6556:
5601:
Samyn, M; Mieli-Vergani, G (November 2015). "Liver and Biliary Disease in Infancy".
5509:
5101:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4101:
CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Endoscopy, 3e
3927:
2349:
Rarely, people with the hepatitis A virus can rapidly develop liver failure, termed
1581:
1366:
1197:. Autoimmune hepatitis is distinct from the other autoimmune diseases of the liver,
913:, disruption of cell metabolism, and causing structural changes. Some drugs such as
12404:
12324:
12319:
12309:
12171:
12043:
11971:
11789:
11696:
11691:
11621:
11580:
11388:
11353:
10978:
10960:
10923:
10907:
10847:
10801:
10760:
10744:
10671:
10595:
10544:
10528:
10403:
10385:
10328:
10268:
10231:
10215:
10155:
10100:
10034:
9994:
9950:
9934:
9856:
9811:
9742:
9702:
9670:
9618:
9610:
9571:
9523:
9501:
9452:
9397:
9357:
9341:
9311:
9283:
9232:
9195:
9177:
9133:
9117:
9040:
9024:
8977:
8867:
8800:
8747:
8708:
8675:
8636:
8601:
8549:
8533:
8467:
8455:
8451:
8410:
8394:
8344:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8209:
8193:
8119:
8055:
7985:
7967:
7770:
7752:
7638:
7568:
6756:
6748:
6704:
6694:
6642:
6601:
6583:
6536:
6501:
6464:
6419:
6411:
6370:
6352:
6311:
6293:
6239:
6221:
6161:
6143:
6089:
6029:
5985:
5969:
5925:
5909:
5868:
5860:
5819:
5809:
5762:
5722:
5637:
5610:
5481:
5444:
5434:
5393:
5377:
5331:
5323:
5273:
5263:
5195:
5187:
4981:
4973:
4934:
4897:
4887:
4324:
4280:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
3851:
3843:
3801:
3791:
3750:
3742:
3662:
3504:
3177:
3004:
2807:
2648:
2644:
2430:
2378:
2169:
1860:
In close contact with (i.e. live or have sex with) people known to have hepatitis B
1789:
1687:
1683:
1424:
977:
793:
761:
719:
601:(leg swelling). Cirrhosis can lead to other life-threatening complications such as
598:
369:
222:
193:
161:
82:
10296:
8520:
Summerskill, W. H.; Korman, M. G.; Ammon, H. V.; Baggenstoss, A. H. (1975-11-01).
7596:
6647:
6630:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
12362:
12292:
12158:
12093:
12058:
11929:
11794:
11730:
11632:
11551:
11542:
11492:
11432:
11317:
11294:
11109:
11060:
10896:"Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis"
10851:
9236:
8968:
Rosen, Hugo R. (2011-06-23). "Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection".
8871:
8348:
8123:
5485:
3469:
2872:
2722:
2553:
2401:
2319:
Drugs: People with hepatitis should avoid taking drugs metabolized by the liver.
1665:
1590:
1479:
1439:
1375:
1314:
1306:
1205:, both of which can also lead to scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis of the liver.
1078:
1026:
687:
657:
652:
333:. Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during
290:
286:
10443:
10038:
9674:
7058:
6752:
6681:
Villar LM, Cruz HM, Barbosa JR, Bezerra CS, Portilho MM, Scalioni Lde P (2015).
6505:
5973:
5614:
4269:"Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Natural History of Drug-Induced Liver Injury"
4153:
2960:
attributed the findings of jaundice to the attack of the liver by a devil named
12399:
12314:
11868:
11841:
11706:
11641:
11637:
11527:
11497:
11071:
9999:
9982:
9614:
8292:
6132:"Pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"
6034:
6017:
5847:
Cao, Lei; Quan, Xi-Bing; Zeng, Wen-Jiao; Yang, Xiao-Ou; Wang, Ming-Jie (2016).
5227:. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC). Archived from
4790:
4329:
4312:
2933:
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is projected to become the top reason for
2746:
2631:
2623:
2320:
2207:
1670:
Viral hepatitis is primarily diagnosed through blood tests for levels of viral
1602:
1143:
953:
937:
922:
757:
564:
548:
540:
338:
334:
213:
61:
11034:
10965:
10219:
9938:
9401:
9345:
9287:
9182:
9121:
8712:
8197:
8182:"Enhancing our understanding of current therapies for Hepatitis C virus (HCV)"
8059:
7922:
6357:
5913:
4977:
2196:
1605:
analysis is able to reveal the precise extent and pattern of inflammation and
1127:
involved in the immune response. As in other autoimmune diseases, circulating
992:
the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Europe.
12423:
12332:
12285:
12078:
12021:
12004:
11916:
11661:
11488:
11363:
11329:
11274:
10974:
10919:
10859:
10815:
10756:
10607:
10540:
10532:
10457:
10399:
10342:
10280:
10227:
10169:
10112:
9946:
9868:
9825:
9409:
9353:
9295:
9244:
9191:
9164:
Shoreibah, Mohamed; Anand, Bhupinderjit S.; Singal, Ashwani K. (2014-09-14).
9129:
9036:
8989:
8761:
8734:
Thein, Hla-Hla; Yi, Qilong; Dore, Gregory J.; Krahn, Murray D. (2008-08-01).
8592:
Khuroo, MS (1981). "Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy".
8545:
8463:
8406:
8356:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8205:
8131:
8067:
7981:
7799:"Pinkbook | Hepatitis B | Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases | CDC"
7766:
6839:
6784:
6656:
6597:
6588:
6366:
6307:
6235:
6226:
6157:
6101:
6043:
5981:
5921:
5774:
5766:
5649:
5493:
5389:
4892:
4584:
4422:
3676:
2627:
2382:
2181:
1886:
Screening consists of a blood test that detects hepatitis B surface antigen (
1694:
from the virus via either prior infection and recovery or prior vaccination.
1467:
1420:
1400:
1391:
1268:
1256:
900:(enlarged liver) to symptoms of acute or chronic hepatitis to liver failure.
840:
836:
731:
425:
382:
257:
245:
115:
10020:
10018:
7643:
6469:
6452:
6415:
4479:
12207:
12119:
11992:
11895:
11846:
11831:
11826:
11822:
11735:
11560:
11476:
11368:
11358:
11324:
11114:
10992:
10937:
10867:
10823:
10774:
10615:
10558:
10465:
10417:
10350:
10288:
10245:
10177:
10120:
10046:
10008:
9964:
9876:
9833:
9716:
9632:
9515:
9466:
9417:
9371:
9303:
9252:
9209:
9147:
9054:
8997:
8879:
8769:
8648:
8481:
8424:
8364:
8275:
8223:
8139:
8075:
7999:
7784:
7582:
7068:
6916:
6770:
6718:
6664:
6615:
6548:
6513:
6478:
6433:
6384:
6325:
6253:
6210:"Alcoholic hepatitis: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis and treatment"
6175:
6148:
6109:
6051:
5999:
5939:
5882:
5833:
5782:
5734:
5657:
5501:
5458:
5407:
5345:
5287:
5209:
5024:
4995:
4946:
4911:
4396:
4338:
4294:
4285:
4268:
3865:
3815:
3764:
3684:
3518:
2992:
2980:
2868:
2718:
2655:
2639:
2374:
1877:
1833:
1792:
in the blood indicates past infection with the virus or prior vaccination.
1758:
failure. People in these groups who are not already immune can receive the
1737:
1698:
1594:
1495:
1454:(FFA) and their breakdown products in the liver cells in a process called
1396:
1128:
1105:
945:
897:
771:
live in the bile ducts and cause progressive hepatitis and liver fibrosis.
536:
487:
483:
453:
433:
353:
349:
298:
249:
189:
119:
65:
10683:
10390:
9754:
9682:
9583:
8981:
8812:
8689:
8613:
8563:
8537:
8314:
7972:
7573:
7556:
7254:
7100:
7098:
6699:
6298:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6263:
3796:
3509:
3492:
707:
490:, while some people will also experience a mild unintentional weight loss.
12387:
12149:
12127:
11958:
11878:
11522:
11423:
11176:
11090:
10911:
10806:
10789:
10015:
8440:"Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases"
7757:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7078:
4938:
3441:
3323:
3280:
3067:
3025:
2979:
During World War II, soldiers received vaccines against diseases such as
2968:
2910:
2904:
2891:
2885:
2863:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2730:
2595:
2581:
2547:
2492:
2459:
2362:
2340:
2239:
1983:
Recipients of blood products or organs prior to 1992 in the United States
1721:
1686:
antibodies are found in the blood. In late infection and after recovery,
1322:
1175:
1167:
1147:
1033:
914:
910:
683:
679:
675:
665:
661:
586:
357:
9847:
Blumberg BS; Alter HJ (1965-02-15). "A "new" antigen in leukemia sera".
5439:
5268:
839:
species. Chronic or granulomatous hepatitis is seen with infection from
341:. Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.
12163:
11836:
11814:
11459:
11398:
10374:"Burden of disease and cost of chronic hepatitis C infection in Canada"
9076:"HEV FAQs for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
8293:"HEV FAQs for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6260:
5864:
5191:
3166:
3033:
2635:
2557:
2543:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2441:
1800:
1459:
1451:
1151:
933:
862:
828:
739:
722:(though chronic hepatitis is possible with chronic infections). Of the
544:
326:
302:
86:
11017:
10748:
10333:
10316:
9816:
9799:
9457:
9440:
9028:
8752:
8735:
8398:
7075:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6540:
3667:
3650:
2124:. They also recommend it for those who desire it or are at high risk.
398:
49:
12113:
12083:
11946:
11777:
11628:
11602:
11464:
11454:
11341:
11302:
11235:
9070:
9068:
9066:
9064:
8826:
6078:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Disease Spectrum"
5814:
5381:
5327:
4873:
4585:"Hepatitis C FAQs for the Public | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
3096:
attributed the source of the outbreak to the use of contaminated raw
2939:
2758:
ranges from 97% in mild cases to 55% in severe cases with cirrhosis.
2561:
2514:
2507:
2422:
2393:
2386:
2297:
1729:
1455:
1379:
1355:
1338:
1183:
961:
957:
929:
918:
917:
exhibit predictable dose-dependent liver damage while others such as
784:
590:
582:
512:
322:
241:
111:
10787:
9733:
Purcell, RH (April 1993). "The discovery of the hepatitis viruses".
9562:
Purcell, RH (April 1993). "The discovery of the hepatitis viruses".
9541:. Foreword by Dame Sheila Sherlock. London, England: Science Press.
6203:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6077:
4869:
4867:
4137:
Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 7e
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
2600:
1415:
are the primary drivers of the initial innate response and create a
11747:
11725:
11437:
9159:
9157:
8438:
Rambaldi, Andrea; Jacobs, Bradly P; Gluud, Christian (2007-10-17).
6973:
3184:) is better at reducing vertical transmission in mothers with HBV.
3101:
3097:
2961:
2854:
2793:
2789:
2569:
1854:
1725:
1617:
1606:
1483:
1475:
1416:
1404:
1351:
1310:
1171:
985:
832:
723:
539:(abnormal coagulation studies with easy bruising and bleeding) and
532:
479:
473:
469:
457:
449:
217:
205:
197:
98:
10889:
10887:
10885:
10726:
10724:
10722:
9061:
7741:"Hepatitis A: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries"
6967:
Chapter 163: "Acute Hepatitis." Harrison's Manual of Medicine, 18e
5050:"NIH launches free database of drugs associated with liver injury"
3020:
The next insight regarding hepatitis B was a serendipitous one by
2828:
1271:
of a person with ischemic hepatitis will show very high levels of
11799:
11565:
11469:
11441:
10310:
10308:
10306:
10197:
10195:
9976:
9974:
9923:"Current and Future Burden of Chronic Nonmalignant Liver Disease"
9166:"Alcoholic hepatitis and concomitant hepatitis C virus infection"
8519:
7406:"Birth-18 Years and Catchup Immunization Schedules for Providers"
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6810:"Guidelines For Viral Hepatitis Surveillance And Case Management"
6453:"AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests"
6182:
5143:. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC).
4864:
4079:
2798:
2788:
Hepatitis A is found throughout the world and manifests as large
2047:
Workers in a healthcare setting who have had a needlestick injury
1992:
Workers in a healthcare setting who have had a needlestick injury
1671:
1648:
1302:
1159:
1140:
atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA)
969:
788:
735:
594:
141:
137:
9383:
9381:
9154:
8500:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
5549:
2180:
As hepatitis B and C are transmitted through blood and multiple
2078:
1906:
787:(or chronic) liver disease. Pyogenic abscesses commonly involve
12265:
11883:
11769:
11029:
10893:
10882:
10719:
10144:"Chronic hepatitis B in Asiaβnew insights from the past decade"
9106:"Alcoholic hepatitis: current challenges and future directions"
8579:
Hepatitis C Virus: From Molecular Virology to Antiviral Therapy
8175:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8157:
7956:"Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis"
6570:
Allan, Richard; Thoirs, Kerry; Phillips, Maureen (2010-07-28).
6282:"Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis"
5898:"Prediction of fibrosis progression in chronic viral hepatitis"
5223:
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC).
5139:
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC).
4925:
Lee, William M. (31 July 2003). "Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity".
3880:"Statistics & Surveillance Division of Viral Hepatitis CDC"
3780:"Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis"
3037:
1313:
can cause neonatal hepatitis. Structural abnormalities such as
1264:
1154:), after liver transplant, or by viruses (such as hepatitis A,
1019:
965:
556:
465:
416:
31:
10951:
Jin, H.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, X.; Wang, B.; Liu, P. (2016-03-01).
10317:"The impact of hepatitis C burden: an evidence-based approach"
10303:
10192:
9971:
7400:
7398:
7396:
6850:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
5076:"Chapter 83. Hepatic Disorders, Jaundice, and Hepatic Failure"
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
460:
symptoms common to many acute viral infections. These include
11715:
11445:
10578:
9378:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8955:
8827:"Hepatitis A Information | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
6208:
Chayanupatkul, Maneerat; Liangpunsakul, Suthat (2014-05-28).
5628:
Roberts, Eve A. (2003-10-01). "Neonatal hepatitis syndrome".
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
3648:
3147:
3117:
Persons infected with HIV have a particularly high burden of
3042:
2475:
2021:
1942:
1891:
1887:
1679:
1675:
1491:
1382:(cell death). Rather, infection of liver cells activates the
742:
species all can cause liver inflammation. Another protozoan,
403:
389:
330:
152:
Vaccination (for viral hepatitis), avoiding excessive alcohol
30:"Hepatite" redirects here. For the mineral of that name, see
10574:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10202:
Dan, Yock Young; Aung, Myat Oo; Lim, Seng Gee (2008-09-01).
9921:
Udompap, Prowpanga; Kim, Donghee; Kim, W. Ray (2015-11-01).
8154:
7197:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7034:
6400:"Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice"
5559:
Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease
5083:
Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
4311:
Manns, Michael P.; Lohse, Ansgar W.; Vergani, Diego (2015).
515:(inflammation of membranes lining certain organs), elevated
10024:
9648:
Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Medical Ethics
8040:
8038:
7463:"Hepatitis A And Hepatitis B Vaccine (Intramuscular Route)"
7434:
7393:
6116:
5007:
5005:
4763:
4750:
2373:
edema, and hepatic encephalopathy, and laboratory signs of
2234:
Women β β€ 3 drinks on any given day and β€ 7 drinks per week
995:
240:. Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (
64:(twisted-rope shaped inclusions within some liver cells). (
11149:
9916:
9914:
9912:
9910:
9328:
WeiΓ, Johannes; Rau, Monika; Geier, Andreas (2014-06-27).
9273:
8952:
8664:"Infection with the delta agent in chronic HBsAg carriers"
8333:
7738:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7150:
6572:"Accuracy of ultrasound to identify chronic liver disease"
6207:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6061:
5587:
5423:"Clinical features and management of autoimmune hepatitis"
4480:
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (June 2010).
2231:
Men β β€ 4 drinks on any given day and β€ 14 drinks per week
1466:. Over time, this abnormal lipid deposition triggers the
1100:
pain, and diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal
928:
Many types of drugs can cause liver injury, including the
888:. This ranges in order of severity and reversibility from
372:
may be an option in both acute and chronic liver failure.
10565:
10371:
9097:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7031:
5951:
5949:
4579:
4577:
2438:(pegylated interferon) and the oral nucleoside analogues.
2168:
Because hepatitis A is transmitted primarily through the
10730:
10514:
10089:
9010:
8380:
8035:
7866:
Carroll, Karen (2015). "Chapter 35: Hepatitis Viruses".
7233:
7231:
7229:
7056:
6730:
6728:
6680:
6018:"Innate and adaptive immune responses in HCV infections"
5748:
5746:
5744:
5600:
5002:
4811:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4262:
4260:
4258:
1089:
level, higher AST/ALT ratio, low platelet count, and an
1003:
232:
if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can
10733:"AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B"
10314:
10204:"The economics of treating chronic hepatitis B in Asia"
9907:
9661:
Beecher, Henry (1966). "Ethics and Clinical Research".
7861:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7209:
6734:
6338:
6058:
4355:
API Textbook of Medicine, Ninth Edition, Two Volume Set
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
2986:
1977:
On long-term hemodialysis, or who have been in the past
236:, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in
9981:
Lemoine, Maud; EholiΓ©, Serge; Lacombe, Karine (2015).
9387:
8044:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7198:
Esherick JS; Clark DS; Slater ED; et al. (2015).
7127:
6936:"Adult Immunization Schedule by Vaccine and Age Group"
6629:
Sahani, Dushyant V.; Kalva, Sanjeeva P. (2004-07-01).
6280:
Basra, Sarpreet; Anand, Bhupinderjit S. (2011-05-27).
5962:
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
5946:
5671:
Sokol, Ronald J.; Narkewicz, Michael R. (2012-06-21).
5474:
COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
5165:
5110:
4876:"Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents"
4574:
4306:
4304:
3828:
2474:
Liver (EASL) and is based on detectable viral levels,
2135:
There is also a combination formulation that includes
1953:
Adults in the United States born between 1945 and 1965
10642:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10378:
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
9103:
8179:
7954:
Basra, Sarpreet; Anand, Bhupinderjit S (2011-05-27).
7688:"Preventing fatty liver disease before it's too late"
6725:
5741:
5715:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
4708:
4394:
4255:
3007:
was one of the foremost critics in an article in the
2972:
becomes angry, talks nonsense and barks like a dog."
1765:
Those at high risk and in need of screening include:
1561:
Ischemic hepatitis (severe elevation up to thousands)
779:
Bacterial infection of the liver commonly results in
444:
Acute viral hepatitis follows three distinct phases:
11007:
10510:
10508:
9980:
9323:
9321:
9163:
8858:
Aggarwal, Rakesh; Goel, Amit (2015). "Hepatitis A".
8853:
8851:
8235:
8233:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7206:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6075:
6011:
6009:
5159:
4723:
4117:
3571:"Fatty Liver Disease (Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis)"
3159:
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
2717:
Other rare complications of acute hepatitis include
2222:
1772:
People traveling to an area with endemic hepatitis A
1047:
10069:
World Health Organization Global Alert and Response
9846:
9537:Lee, Christine A.; Thomas, Howard C., eds. (1988).
9267:
8437:
8239:
7820:
6569:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
4845:
4301:
3727:
3541:"Esto es la hepatitis: ConΓ³cela, enfrΓ©ntate a ella"
3153:Given the high risk of perinatal transmission, the
2679:
Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease Β§ Management
1474:(TLR4) resulting in the production of inflammatory
1458:. This initially reversible process overwhelms the
903:
668:behave similarly: they are both transmitted by the
11110:Viral Hepatitis at the Centers for Disease Control
10629:
7521:
7519:
5249:
5166:Masuoka, Howard C.; Chalasani, Naga (April 2013).
5073:
4692:Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2016 55e
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4098:
3490:
3470:"Hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, and C) | ACG Patients"
2184:, prevention is aimed at screening blood prior to
925:from exposure to development of clinical illness.
746:, causes hepatitis with distinct liver abscesses.
10505:
10059:
9390:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
9318:
9276:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
8848:
8287:
8285:
8230:
7480:
6923:
6006:
5550:Feldman, Friedman; Feldman, Brandt, eds. (2010).
4959:
4310:
1986:Recipients of tattoos in an "unregulated setting"
1704:
1193:Many people with autoimmune hepatitis have other
305:, certain medications, toxins, other infections,
12421:
10950:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10431:
10429:
10427:
10142:Chan, Henry Lik-Yuen; Jia, Jidong (2011-01-01).
9891:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976"
8733:
8109:
7200:CURRENT Practice Guidelines in Primary Care 2015
6397:
5798:"Interference of Apoptosis by Hepatitis B Virus"
5679:(21st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
5516:
5294:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
2928:
2296:have been successful in decreasing death due to
1709:The most apparent distinguishing factor between
10060:Previsani, Nicoletta; Lavanchy, Daniel (2000).
9770:The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics
7516:
7428:
6676:
6674:
6491:
5846:
5250:Teufel, Andreas; Galle, PR; Kanzler, S (2009).
4962:"Drug-induced liver injury: present and future"
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4530:
4239:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e
4063:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e
3434:
1419:environment that results in the recruitment of
1337:are also implicated. Neonatal hepatitis can be
255:Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the virus
10481:"Community Is Reeling From Hepatitis Outbreak"
9728:
9726:
8576:
8282:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8093:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
6016:Heim, Markus H.; Thimme, Robert (2014-11-01).
5752:
5670:
5113:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19e
4848:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19e
4814:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19e
4266:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
2316:oral intake subsequent to nausea and vomiting.
11135:
10424:
9920:
8702:
8014:"The Epidemiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease"
7557:"Long-Term Efficacy of a Hepatitis E Vaccine"
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7338:
6964:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6737:"Alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis"
6683:"Update on hepatitis B and C virus diagnosis"
6450:
5677:Current diagnosis & treatment: pediatrics
4267:Fontana, Robert; Hayashi, Paul (2014-05-01).
4134:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
2053:detect HDV RNA DNA indicates chronic disease.
1980:Pregnant, and engaging in high-risk behaviors
11241:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
9603:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
9494:Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
9327:
8857:
6671:
5522:
4606:
3649:AASLD/IDSA HCV Guidance Panel (2015-09-01).
2942:, about 2% per year will likely progress to
1775:People who do not have access to clean water
480:Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
10836:
10661:
10446:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
10091:attractiveness of vaccination strategies".
9723:
9222:
8090:
6628:
6526:
6130:Yoon, Hye-Jin; Cha, Bong Soo (2014-11-27).
5796:Lin, Shaoli; Zhang, Yan-Jin (August 2017).
5552:"Chapter 83 Vascular Diseases of the Liver"
4351:
3406:
3404:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
1374:The pathway by which hepatic viruses cause
301:. Other common causes of hepatitis include
11280:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
11142:
11128:
10646:
10321:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
10201:
10148:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
9772:. Oxford University Press. pp. 80β85.
9688:
8376:
8374:
8242:"Interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis D"
7953:
7714:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)"
7335:
6889:
6279:
6015:
5675:. In Hay, William W.; et al. (eds.).
5172:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
4352:Munjal, Y. P.; Sharm, Surendra K. (2012).
3593:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3262:
2035:Incarcerated, or who have been in the past
1965:Incarcerated, or who have been in the past
48:
10982:
10964:
10927:
10805:
10764:
10647:Cunningham, F. Gary; et al. (2013).
10548:
10407:
10389:
10332:
10235:
10159:
9998:
9954:
9815:
9706:
9622:
9536:
9505:
9456:
9441:"A brief history of hepatitis milestones"
9361:
9199:
9181:
9137:
9044:
8790:
8751:
8679:
8553:
8471:
8414:
8265:
8213:
7989:
7971:
7774:
7756:
7642:
7572:
6846:(18 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
6760:
6708:
6698:
6646:
6605:
6587:
6468:
6423:
6374:
6356:
6315:
6297:
6243:
6225:
6165:
6147:
6033:
5989:
5958:"Natural Killer Cells in Viral Hepatitis"
5955:
5929:
5872:
5823:
5813:
5448:
5438:
5397:
5335:
5277:
5267:
5199:
4985:
4901:
4891:
4482:"When Someone Close to You Has Hepatitis"
4328:
4284:
3855:
3805:
3795:
3754:
3666:
3545:Infoterio Noticias | Ciencia y TecnologΓa
3508:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
1997:(unless they have other exposure risks).
1740:, and fibrosis around veins and sinuses.
366:medications to suppress the immune system
287:viruses can also cause liver inflammation
10478:
10258:
9927:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
9782:
9110:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
8627:Gill, RQ (2001). "Acute Liver Failure".
8496:"Treatment for NAFLD & NASH - NIDDK"
7624:
6837:
5795:
4689:
4236:
4060:
3401:
3303:
2917:
2853:
2827:
2736:
2667:modified Maddrey's discriminant function
2612:
2599:
2283:
2279:
2195:
2111:
2077:
2041:Intravenous drug users (past or current)
1971:Intravenous drug users (past or current)
1913:
1905:
1799:
1580:
1365:
706:
531:Fulminant hepatitis, or massive hepatic
415:
10521:International Journal of STD & AIDS
10141:
9767:
9732:
9660:
9596:
9561:
8705:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8661:
8371:
8246:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7865:
7627:"Epidemiology of the Hepatitis D virus"
6129:
5627:
5471:
5420:
5085:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3558:
3082:
2991:A New York University researcher named
2686:
1225:. In alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, a
14:
12422:
9645:
8860:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
8591:
8112:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
6877:from the original on February 21, 2014
3346:
3107:
3055:
2752:
2672:
1482:and in the setting of chronic injury,
873:
774:
702:
526:
226:if it resolves within six months, and
12264:
11508:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
11123:
10479:Polgreen, Lydia (November 16, 2003).
9797:
9438:
8967:
7554:
7376:www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
6902:
5693:from the original on 10 December 2013
5363:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5309:
3890:from the original on 11 November 2016
3777:
3291:from the original on 11 November 2016
2954:
2158:
1241:
982:highly active anti-retroviral therapy
476:(dark urine) and clay-colored stools.
411:
9691:"Ethics and clinical research. 1966"
9225:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
8626:
7555:Zhang; et al. (March 5, 2015).
7435:Centers for Disease Control (1999).
6741:Experimental and Molecular Pathology
6451:Green, RM; Flamm, S (October 2002).
6094:10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044224
5895:
5531:from the original on 8 December 2013
5147:from the original on 2 December 2013
5089:from the original on 2 December 2013
5081:. In Cydulka RK, Meckler GD (eds.).
4960:Suk, Ki Tae; Kim, Dong Joon (2012).
4403:from the original on 2 December 2013
4313:"Autoimmune hepatitis β Update 2015"
3389:from the original on 4 November 2016
3334:from the original on 7 November 2016
3141:is a significant contributor of new
3015:
2987:Willowbrook State School experiments
2778:
2704:
2288:Depiction of a liver failure patient
2175:
2096:combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B
1659:
1624:(i.e. for hepatitis virus DNA/RNA),
1361:
1213:Genetic causes of hepatitis include
1138:, smooth muscle antibody (SMA), and
570:
10493:from the original on March 22, 2016
9663:The New England Journal of Medicine
9507:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V41N7p279
9490:"Viral hepatitisβthe silent killer"
9487:
8970:The New England Journal of Medicine
7261:from the original on March 24, 2016
6965:Longo, Dan L.; et al. (2013).
6494:The New England Journal of Medicine
5896:Wong, Grace Lai-Hung (2014-09-01).
5849:"Mechanism of Hepatocyte Apoptosis"
5054:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
4924:
3112:
1494:, variable degrees of fibrosis and
1403:that over time lead to scarring or
521:suppression of bone marrow activity
24:
9439:Trepo, Christian (February 2014).
9334:Deutsches Γrzteblatt International
7416:from the original on March 6, 2016
6946:from the original on March 5, 2016
5727:10.1097/01.meg.0000050026.34359.7c
5673:"Chapter 22: Liver & Pancreas"
5352:
4494:from the original on March 6, 2016
3245:Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis
3060:
1743:
1434:
646:
597:(abdominal fluid collection), and
519:(a type of white blood cell), and
439:
25:
12461:
12393:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
12240:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
11003:
9539:Classic papers in viral hepatitis
9170:World Journal of Gastroenterology
7443:from the original on May 14, 2016
7249:(RR-19): 1β39. October 16, 1998.
6576:World Journal of Gastroenterology
6345:World Journal of Gastroenterology
6214:World Journal of Gastroenterology
5956:Rehermann, Barbara (2015-11-01).
5902:Clinical and Molecular Hepatology
5575:from the original on 4 March 2016
5427:World Journal of Gastroenterology
5256:World Journal of Gastroenterology
5013:"Herbals_and_Dietary_Supplements"
4966:Clinical and Molecular Hepatology
4880:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2223:Alcoholic and metabolic hepatitis
2098:, up to 4 doses may be required.
1788:The presence of anti-hepatitis A
1060:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
1054:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
1048:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
1004:Drug Induced Liver Injury Network
892:(least severe, most reversible),
632:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
12440:Healthcare-associated infections
12138:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
10944:
10830:
10781:
10690:
10655:
10625:from the original on 2018-07-19.
10472:
10365:
10273:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00487.x
10252:
10161:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06544.x
10135:
10105:10.2165/00019053-200826010-00003
10083:
10053:
10027:Journal of Pediatric Health Care
9883:
9861:10.1001/jama.1965.03080070025007
9840:
9791:
9776:
9761:
9654:
9639:
9590:
9555:
9530:
9481:
9432:
9216:
9004:
8923:
8894:
8819:
8805:10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9024300
8784:
8727:
8696:
8662:Smedile, A; et al. (1981).
8655:
8641:10.1097/00004836-200109000-00005
8620:
8585:
8570:
8513:
8488:
8431:
8006:
7947:
7913:
7884:
7791:
7732:
7706:
7680:
7651:
5527:. National Library of Medicine.
5252:"Update on autoimmune hepatitis"
4372:from the original on 2017-09-10.
3480:from the original on 2017-02-23.
3221:
3202:
3133:
2898:
2879:
2843:
2817:
2783:
2589:
2575:
2486:
2356:
2334:
2267:
2258:
2250:
2191:
2163:
2101:
2067:
1601:for establishing the diagnosis:
909:of mechanisms, including direct
904:Toxic and drug-induced hepatitis
543:(confusion, disorientation, and
11379:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
11374:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
11251:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
10708:from the original on 2016-03-24
10588:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
9798:Alter, Harvey J. (2014-01-01).
9086:from the original on 2016-03-08
8941:from the original on 2016-03-06
8912:from the original on 2014-02-21
8837:from the original on 2016-03-04
8303:from the original on 2016-03-08
8024:from the original on 2016-03-03
7935:from the original on 2010-05-01
7902:from the original on 2016-03-05
7809:from the original on 2016-03-07
7669:from the original on 2016-03-23
7618:
7607:from the original on 2016-03-09
7589:
7548:
7537:from the original on 2016-03-08
7505:from the original on 2016-03-06
7455:
7382:from the original on 2016-03-21
7324:from the original on 2016-01-31
7191:
7020:from the original on 2016-03-06
6958:
6831:
6820:from the original on 2016-03-10
6802:
6777:
6622:
6563:
6520:
6485:
6444:
6391:
6332:
5889:
5840:
5789:
5705:
5664:
5621:
5543:
5465:
5414:
5364:Czaja, Albert J. (2016-03-15).
5243:
5216:
5067:
5042:
5031:from the original on 2016-05-08
4953:
4927:New England Journal of Medicine
4918:
4595:from the original on 2016-03-15
4563:from the original on 2014-11-09
4506:
4473:
4462:from the original on 2016-03-12
4444:
4433:from the original on 2016-03-12
4415:
4388:
4376:
4358:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 870.
4345:
3916:from the original on 2012-10-20
3902:
3872:
3822:
3771:
3721:
3691:
3497:New England Journal of Medicine
3036:first isolated the hepatitis B
3009:New England Journal of Medicine
2773:
2137:both hepatitis A and B vaccines
1550:Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
1509:Most elevated aminotransferase
1325:leading to neonatal hepatitis.
101:, poor appetite, abdominal pain
12133:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
11983:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
11805:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
8456:10.1002/14651858.cd003620.pub3
8258:10.1002/14651858.cd006002.pub2
6867:"Hepatitis A Fact sheet NΒ°328"
6398:Grant, A; Neuberger J (1999).
5141:"Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis"
5074:O'Mara SR, Gebreyes K (2011).
3533:
3484:
3462:
2626:(PTX), which is a nonspecific
2213:
2003:
1901:
1838:Blood, organ, or tissue donors
1795:
1752:
1705:Alcoholic versus non-alcoholic
1520:Chronic hepatitis B, C, and D
1215:alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
1203:primary sclerosing cholangitis
1044:are other known hepatotoxins.
686:are transmitted when blood or
452:(preceding symptoms) involves
13:
1:
12190:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
10959:. FirstView (10): 2098β2106.
10600:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00485-5
8681:10.1016/S0016-5085(81)80003-0
6844:Harrison's Manual of Medicine
6648:10.1634/theoncologist.9-4-385
5642:10.1016/S1084-2756(03)00093-9
4399:. World Health Organization.
4241:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
4103:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
4065:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
3910:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
3848:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
3747:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
3491:Bernal W.; Wendon J. (2013).
3255:
2929:Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
2478:positive or negative status,
2057:
2038:Intranasal illicit drug users
1968:Intranasal illicit drug users
1898:to prevent future infection.
1444:non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
1112:
1016:National Institutes of Health
950:trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
641:
311:non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
12099:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
11618:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
11226:Esophageal motility disorder
10957:Epidemiology & Infection
10900:Clinical Infectious Diseases
10852:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e45951
10794:Clinical Infectious Diseases
10676:10.1016/0016-5085(87)90614-7
10651:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
9747:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90261-a
9576:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90261-a
9237:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3180381584
8872:10.1097/qco.0000000000000188
8606:10.1016/0002-9343(81)90796-8
8577:Bartenschlager, ed. (2013).
8387:Health Technology Assessment
8349:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.006
8335:and Network Meta-analysis".
8124:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000205
7202:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
6969:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
5486:10.3109/15412555.2013.765839
3705:. March 2014. Archived from
3418:. April 2012. Archived from
3226:Pregnant women who contract
3128:
3121:. In a recent study by the
2699:
2303:
2245:
2155:of the hepatitis E vaccine.
1959:Born to HCV-positive mothers
1778:People who use illicit drugs
1715:nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
1501:
1344:
1012:Food and Drug Administration
868:
585:(abnormal hair growth), and
329:and spread through infected
7:
11115:WHO fact sheet of hepatitis
10071:. World Health Organization
10039:10.1016/j.pedhc.2006.12.011
9675:10.1056/nejm196606162742405
9599:"Homologous Serum Jaundice"
9116:(4): 555β564, quiz e31β32.
8048:Clinical Drug Investigation
7960:World Journal of Hepatology
7745:World Journal of Hepatology
6753:10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.09.005
6506:10.1056/NEJM200004273421707
6286:World Journal of Hepatology
6136:World Journal of Hepatology
5974:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.09.004
5615:10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.08.008
5523:Medline Plus (2012-08-10).
4395:World Health Organization.
3784:World Journal of Hepatology
3547:(in Spanish). 8 August 2022
3238:
2642:(CS), corticosteroids with
2062:
1620:(i.e. for autoantibodies),
1525:Nonalcoholic liver disease
1335:lysosomal storage disorders
1136:anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)
1133:sensitive but less specific
408:), meaning "inflammation".
10:
12466:
12084:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
11608:Functional colonic disease
11404:ZollingerβEllison syndrome
10261:Journal of Viral Hepatitis
10000:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.008
9783:Odelberg, Wilhelm (1976).
9615:10.1177/003591574603901012
6082:Annual Review of Pathology
6035:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.035
5755:Current Molecular Medicine
5421:Krawitt, Edward-L (2008).
4330:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.005
3577:. May 2014. Archived from
2949:
2902:
2883:
2847:
2821:
2676:
2593:
2579:
2490:
2407:
2360:
2338:
2274:needle exchange programmes
2242:, and exercise regularly.
2142:
2105:
2071:
1663:
1331:glycogen storage disorders
1290:
1259:but can also be caused by
1245:
1208:
1116:
1091:ultrasound steatosis score
1051:
877:
650:
404:
390:
344:Hepatitis A, B, and D are
319:passed from mother to baby
29:
12378:
12257:
12198:
12112:
12069:
11915:
11906:
11859:
11813:
11768:
11654:
11541:
11431:
11418:
11293:
11285:Acute esophageal necrosis
11167:
11158:
11081:
11011:
10966:10.1017/S0950268816000418
10840:Obstetrics and Gynecology
10220:10.1007/s12072-008-9049-2
9939:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.08.015
9768:Emanuel, Ezekiel (2008).
9402:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.183
9346:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0447
9288:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.149
9183:10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.11929
9122:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.06.013
8713:10.1002/14651858.cd011727
8198:10.1007/s11904-014-0243-7
8060:10.1007/s40261-015-0338-y
7870:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
7499:World Health Organization
7318:World Health Organization
7110:World Health Organization
6687:World Journal of Virology
6358:10.3748/wjg.v21.i46.12989
5914:10.3350/cmh.2014.20.3.228
4978:10.3350/cmh.2012.18.3.249
4557:World Health Organization
4456:World Health Organization
4273:Seminars in Liver Disease
3207:Estimates of the rate of
3068:direct and indirect costs
2871:contamination related to
2810:, people with history of
2351:fulminant hepatic failure
1974:Men who have sex with men
1872:Men who have sex with men
1781:People with liver disease
1724:infiltration, hepatocyte
1711:alcoholic steatohepatitis
1566:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1464:oxidative stress response
1199:primary biliary cirrhosis
1010:β are unregulated by the
984:used in the treatment of
620:
553:gastrointestinal bleeding
175:
167:
156:
148:
133:
125:
105:
92:
72:
56:
47:
42:
27:Inflammation of the liver
11384:Gastric dumping syndrome
11259:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
11246:Diffuse esophageal spasm
10533:10.1177/0956462416630910
10208:Hepatology International
9451:(Supplement s1): 29β37.
8186:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
7923:"WHO/Europe | Home"
6589:10.3748/wjg.v16.i28.3510
6227:10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6279
5767:10.2174/1566524033479591
5310:Czaja, Albert J (2016).
4893:10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2756
3778:Basra, Sarpreet (2011).
3066:has been estimated that
2997:Willowbrook State School
2944:hepatocellular carcinoma
2909:Similar to Hepatitis A,
2367:
1570:Alcoholic liver disease
1409:hepatocellular carcinoma
1323:cholestatic liver injury
1286:
1125:human leukocyte antigens
781:pyogenic liver abscesses
396:), meaning "liver", and
12000:Alcoholic liver disease
11533:Bile acid malabsorption
11477:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
9695:Bull World Health Organ
9646:Munson, Ronald (1996).
7944:, accessed 9 Mar 2016).
7631:WikiJournal of Medicine
6470:10.1053/gast.2002.36061
6416:10.1136/gut.45.2008.iv1
5630:Seminars in Neonatology
4772:. Birkhauser. pp.
4732:. Birkhauser. pp.
3050:Nobel Prize in Medicine
2654:Weak evidence suggests
2149:vaccine for hepatitis E
2086:The CDC recommends the
1847:Found to have elevated
1734:ballooning degeneration
1612:Blood testing includes
1370:Stages of liver disease
964:; cholesterol-lowering
942:amoxicillin-clavulanate
886:alcoholic liver disease
754:Echinococcus granulosus
711:Echinococcus granulosus
430:constitutional symptoms
179:> One million a year
129:Short term or long term
12010:Hepatic encephalopathy
11394:Buried bumper syndrome
11325:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
11209:MalloryβWeiss syndrome
11152:human digestive system
6149:10.4254/wjh.v6.i11.800
5225:"Autoimmune Hepatitis"
4286:10.1055/s-0034-1375955
3699:"Autoimmune Hepatitis"
2859:
2833:
2605:
2542:inhibitors, including
2385:, and very high serum
2289:
2202:
2117:
2083:
2055:
2032:Blood or organ donors.
1956:Blood or organ donors.
1926:
1911:
1867:Intravenous drug users
1805:
1586:
1530:Acute viral hepatitis
1371:
1040:and the wild mushroom
806:Neisseria meningitidis
783:, acute hepatitis, or
712:
603:hepatic encephalopathy
504:drug-induced hepatitis
421:
339:intravenous drug users
171:> 500 million cases
12235:Pancreatic pseudocyst
12104:Porcelain gallbladder
11216:Zenker's diverticulum
9987:Journal of Hepatology
9488:Oon, GC (July 2012).
8982:10.1056/NEJMcp1006613
8538:10.1136/gut.16.11.876
7973:10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108
7692:wexnermedical.osu.edu
7665:. 14 September 2011.
7644:10.15347/wjm/2020.001
7574:10.1056/NEJMoa1406011
6911:(10 Suppl 6): S13β6.
6700:10.5501/wjv.v4.i4.323
6299:10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108
6022:Journal of Hepatology
5853:Journal of Cell Death
4768:Comparative Hepatitis
4728:Comparative Hepatitis
4317:Journal of Hepatology
3797:10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108
3510:10.1056/nejmra1208937
3493:"Acute Liver Failure"
3139:Vertical transmission
2935:liver transplantation
2857:
2831:
2812:chronic liver disease
2727:peripheral neuropathy
2603:
2447:consolidation therapy
2328:Universal precautions
2287:
2199:
2115:
2081:
2050:
1924:
1909:
1851:without a known cause
1803:
1584:
1540:Autoimmune hepatitis
1425:CD8 cytotoxic T-cells
1369:
812:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
800:Klebsiella pneumoniae
744:Entamoeba histolytica
710:
419:
112:Scarring of the liver
12039:Hepatorenal syndrome
11978:BuddβChiari syndrome
11935:Autoimmune hepatitis
11760:Intestinal adhesions
11518:Short bowel syndrome
11347:Functional dyspepsia
11265:Esophageal stricture
11231:Nutcracker esophagus
9597:Bradley, WH (1946).
8629:J Clin Gastroenterol
7868:Medical Microbiology
7758:10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.68
6905:J Am Osteopath Assoc
5231:on 15 September 2010
4939:10.1056/NEJMra021844
3842:(10053): 1459β1544.
3741:(10053): 1545β1602.
3324:"What is hepatitis?"
3119:HIV-HCV co-infection
3083:2003 Monaca outbreak
2687:Autoimmune hepatitis
2504:pegylated interferon
2454:Pegylated interferon
2294:Alcoholics Anonymous
2132:first year of life.
1804:Hepatitis B virus v2
1630:complete blood count
1622:nucleic acid testing
1472:toll-like receptor 4
1413:Natural killer cells
1273:transaminase enzymes
1119:Autoimmune hepatitis
1102:liver function tests
1098:right upper quadrant
1038:carbon tetrachloride
1008:pharmaceutical drugs
990:paracetamol toxicity
824:Borrelia burgdorferi
611:hepatorenal syndrome
508:autoimmune hepatitis
364:may be treated with
362:Autoimmune hepatitis
315:sexually transmitted
144:, toxins, autoimmune
12178:Choledocholithiasis
12049:Metabolic disorders
12015:Acute liver failure
11988:Portal hypertension
11940:Alcoholic hepatitis
11783:Radiation proctitis
11702:Mesenteric ischemia
11674:Gastroenterocolitis
11503:Blind loop syndrome
11313:MΓ©nΓ©trier's disease
11221:Barrett's esophagus
10391:10.1155/2014/317623
9689:Beecher HK (2001).
9650:. pp. 273β281.
9445:Liver International
9176:(34): 11929β11934.
8902:"WHO | Hepatitis A"
7718:liverfoundation.org
7625:Rizzetto M (2020).
7527:"WHO | Hepatitis D"
6785:"Hepatitis Testing"
6631:"Imaging the Liver"
6351:(46): 12989β12995.
6028:(1 Suppl): S14β25.
5440:10.3748/wjg.14.3301
5269:10.3748/wjg.15.1035
5184:2013NYASA1281..106M
3709:on 11 November 2016
3581:on 11 November 2016
3422:on 11 November 2016
3250:World Hepatitis Day
3233:case-fatality rates
3108:Special populations
3056:Society and culture
3022:Dr. Baruch Blumberg
2923:Alcoholic hepatitis
2918:Alcoholic hepatitis
2766:chronic hepatitis.
2737:Fulminant hepatitis
2673:Metabolic hepatitis
2613:Alcoholic hepatitis
2522:protease inhibitors
2436:polyethylene glycol
2280:Alcoholic hepatitis
2122:hepatitis B vaccine
2108:Hepatitis B vaccine
2088:hepatitis A vaccine
2074:Hepatitis A vaccine
1896:hepatitis B vaccine
1760:hepatitis A vaccine
1676:hepatitis B surface
1535:Medications/toxins
1492:zone 3 of the liver
1448:alcoholic hepatitis
1231:autosomal recessive
1195:autoimmune diseases
1170:, acne, arthritis,
1000:dietary supplements
974:oral contraceptives
936:such as isoniazid,
894:alcoholic hepatitis
890:alcoholic steatosis
880:Alcoholic hepatitis
874:Alcoholic hepatitis
846:Tropheryma whipplei
818:Bartonella henselae
775:Bacterial hepatitis
769:Clonorchis sinensis
703:Parasitic hepatitis
561:respiratory failure
527:Fulminant hepatitis
378:alcoholic hepatitis
307:autoimmune diseases
238:acute liver failure
58:Alcoholic hepatitis
12353:Undefined location
12344:GrynfelttβLesshaft
12245:Pancreatic fistula
12228:Pancreatic abscess
12183:Biliary dyskinesia
12154:Mirizzi's syndrome
11655:Large and/or small
11335:Dieulafoy's lesion
11204:Boerhaave syndrome
11082:External resources
10912:10.1093/cid/ciu447
10807:10.1093/cid/cit601
10486:The New York Times
8343:(4): 958β970.e12.
8018:pubs.niaaa.nih.gov
7601:clinicaltrials.gov
5865:10.4137/JCD.S39824
5525:"Hepatic ischemia"
5192:10.1111/nyas.12016
3912:. Etymonline.com.
3412:"Liver Transplant"
3090:emergency medicine
2955:Early observations
2860:
2834:
2806:who have received
2804:clotting disorders
2606:
2417:Adefovir dipivoxil
2290:
2203:
2159:Behavioral changes
2118:
2084:
1927:
1912:
1806:
1587:
1429:Type I interferons
1372:
1327:Metabolic diseases
1293:Neonatal hepatitis
1253:Ischemic hepatitis
1248:Ischemic hepatitis
1242:Ischemic hepatitis
1188:maculopapular rash
1180:ulcerative colitis
1156:Epstein-Barr virus
1071:insulin resistance
1067:metabolic syndrome
1042:Amanita phalloides
1032:Exposure to other
1025:2019-07-24 at the
852:Treponema pallidum
749:Of the worms, the
713:
607:esophageal varices
422:
412:Signs and symptoms
317:, but may also be
299:yellow fever virus
295:EpsteinβBarr virus
234:resolve on its own
79:Infectious disease
12450:Diseases of liver
12417:
12416:
12413:
12412:
12253:
12252:
11855:
11854:
11712:Bowel obstruction
11414:
11413:
11105:
11104:
10800:(12): 1773β1781.
10749:10.1002/hep.28156
10452:(47): 1155β1157.
10334:10.1111/apt.12625
10093:PharmacoEconomics
9933:(12): 2031β2041.
9817:10.1002/hep.26787
9669:(24): 1354β1360.
9548:978-1-870026-10-9
9458:10.1111/liv.12409
9029:10.1002/hep.27978
8976:(25): 2429β2438.
8753:10.1002/hep.22375
8399:10.3310/hta191020
7663:www.niaaa.nih.gov
7439:. pp. 33β4.
6840:Fauci, Anthony S.
6582:(28): 3510β3520.
6541:10.1159/000078465
6410:(Suppl 4): 1β11.
6220:(20): 6279β6286.
5686:978-0-07-177970-8
5122:978-0-07-180215-4
4857:978-0-07-180215-4
4823:978-0-07-180215-4
4383:ViΓͺm gan tα»± miα»
n.
4248:978-0-07-180215-4
4146:978-1-25-925144-3
4110:978-0-07-183772-9
4072:978-0-07-180215-4
3668:10.1002/hep.27950
3503:(26): 2525β2534.
3195:) as well as the
3016:Australia antigen
2967:Around 400 B.C.,
2753:Chronic hepatitis
2604:Hepatitis E virus
2176:Hepatitis B and C
1922:
1834:cytotoxic therapy
1830:immunosuppressive
1722:polymorphonuclear
1579:
1578:
1545:Wilson's disease
1407:and culminate in
1319:choledochal cysts
978:anabolic steroids
858:Coxiella burnetii
791:bacteria such as
765:Fasciola hepatica
734:species, and the
728:Trypanosoma cruzi
571:Chronic hepatitis
360:are recommended.
303:heavy alcohol use
183:
182:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
12457:
12405:Pneumoperitoneum
12262:
12261:
12172:Common bile duct
12054:Wilson's disease
12044:Peliosis hepatis
11913:
11912:
11790:Proctalgia fugax
11697:Abdominal angina
11622:Ogilvie syndrome
11571:Pseudomembranous
11429:
11428:
11389:Gastric volvulus
11354:Pyloric stenosis
11165:
11164:
11150:Diseases of the
11144:
11137:
11130:
11121:
11120:
11009:
11008:
10997:
10996:
10986:
10968:
10948:
10942:
10941:
10931:
10891:
10880:
10879:
10834:
10828:
10827:
10809:
10785:
10779:
10778:
10768:
10728:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10713:
10694:
10688:
10687:
10664:Gastroenterology
10659:
10653:
10652:
10644:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10585:
10576:
10563:
10562:
10552:
10512:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10498:
10476:
10470:
10469:
10441:
10422:
10421:
10411:
10393:
10369:
10363:
10362:
10336:
10312:
10301:
10300:
10256:
10250:
10249:
10239:
10199:
10190:
10189:
10163:
10139:
10133:
10132:
10087:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10076:
10066:
10057:
10051:
10050:
10022:
10013:
10012:
10002:
9978:
9969:
9968:
9958:
9918:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9901:
9887:
9881:
9880:
9844:
9838:
9837:
9819:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9780:
9774:
9773:
9765:
9759:
9758:
9735:Gastroenterology
9730:
9721:
9720:
9710:
9686:
9658:
9652:
9651:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9626:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9564:Gastroenterology
9559:
9553:
9552:
9534:
9528:
9527:
9509:
9485:
9479:
9478:
9460:
9436:
9430:
9429:
9385:
9376:
9375:
9365:
9325:
9316:
9315:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9220:
9214:
9213:
9203:
9185:
9161:
9152:
9151:
9141:
9101:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9091:
9072:
9059:
9058:
9048:
9023:(5): 1353β1363.
9008:
9002:
9001:
8965:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8946:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8917:
8898:
8892:
8891:
8855:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8842:
8823:
8817:
8816:
8793:Gastroenterology
8788:
8782:
8781:
8755:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8683:
8668:Gastroenterology
8659:
8653:
8652:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8557:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8475:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8418:
8378:
8369:
8368:
8337:Gastroenterology
8331:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8289:
8280:
8279:
8269:
8252:(12): CD006002.
8237:
8228:
8227:
8217:
8177:
8152:
8151:
8107:
8088:
8087:
8042:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8010:
8004:
8003:
7993:
7975:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7934:
7927:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7863:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7778:
7760:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7710:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7576:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7523:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7491:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7402:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7368:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7310:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7235:
7204:
7203:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7176:. Archived from
7166:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7112:. Archived from
7102:
7073:
7072:
7054:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7006:
6971:
6970:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6932:
6921:
6920:
6900:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6871:WHO Media Centre
6863:
6848:
6847:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6764:
6732:
6723:
6722:
6712:
6702:
6678:
6669:
6668:
6650:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6609:
6591:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6535:(3β5): 134β143.
6524:
6518:
6517:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6472:
6457:Gastroenterology
6448:
6442:
6441:
6427:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6378:
6360:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6319:
6301:
6277:
6258:
6257:
6247:
6229:
6205:
6180:
6179:
6169:
6151:
6127:
6114:
6113:
6073:
6056:
6055:
6037:
6013:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5953:
5944:
5943:
5933:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5827:
5817:
5815:10.3390/v9080230
5793:
5787:
5786:
5750:
5739:
5738:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5598:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5556:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5452:
5442:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5382:10.5009/gnl15352
5361:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5328:10.5009/gnl15352
5307:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5271:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5203:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5080:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5017:livertox.nih.gov
5009:
5000:
4999:
4989:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4905:
4895:
4871:
4862:
4861:
4843:
4828:
4827:
4809:
4788:
4787:
4771:
4761:
4748:
4747:
4731:
4721:
4706:
4705:
4687:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4581:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4549:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4486:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4323:(1): S100βS111.
4308:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4264:
4253:
4252:
4234:
4151:
4150:
4132:
4115:
4114:
4096:
4077:
4076:
4058:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3799:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3670:
3646:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3567:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3512:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3375:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3320:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3277:
3113:HIV co-infection
2858:HepC replication
2808:clotting factors
2431:interferon alpha
2379:prothrombin time
2170:oral-fecal route
1923:
1555:Hemochromatosis
1506:
1505:
1223:Wilson's disease
794:Escherichia coli
688:mucous membranes
670:fecalβoral route
599:peripheral edema
495:liver lab values
407:
406:
395:
394:
370:liver transplant
162:liver transplant
83:gastroenterology
52:
40:
39:
21:
12465:
12464:
12460:
12459:
12458:
12456:
12455:
12454:
12420:
12419:
12418:
12409:
12374:
12363:Internal hernia
12249:
12194:
12159:Biliary fistula
12117:
12108:
12094:Adenomyomatosis
12089:Cholesterolosis
12065:
12059:Hemochromatosis
11930:Viral hepatitis
11902:
11851:
11809:
11795:Rectal prolapse
11764:
11731:Fecal impaction
11721:Intussusception
11684:Crohn's disease
11650:
11633:Toxic megacolon
11545:
11543:Large intestine
11537:
11482:Curling's ulcer
11435:
11433:Small intestine
11422:
11410:
11318:Gastroenteritis
11289:
11154:
11148:
11106:
11101:
11100:
11077:
11076:
11020:
11006:
11001:
11000:
10949:
10945:
10892:
10883:
10835:
10831:
10786:
10782:
10729:
10720:
10711:
10709:
10696:
10695:
10691:
10660:
10656:
10645:
10630:
10622:
10583:
10577:
10566:
10513:
10506:
10496:
10494:
10477:
10473:
10442:
10425:
10370:
10366:
10313:
10304:
10257:
10253:
10200:
10193:
10140:
10136:
10088:
10084:
10074:
10072:
10064:
10058:
10054:
10023:
10016:
9979:
9972:
9919:
9908:
9899:
9897:
9889:
9888:
9884:
9845:
9841:
9796:
9792:
9781:
9777:
9766:
9762:
9731:
9724:
9687:; Reprinted in
9659:
9655:
9644:
9640:
9609:(10): 649β654.
9595:
9591:
9560:
9556:
9549:
9535:
9531:
9486:
9482:
9437:
9433:
9396:(11): 656β665.
9386:
9379:
9340:(26): 447β452.
9326:
9319:
9282:(11): 627β636.
9272:
9268:
9221:
9217:
9162:
9155:
9102:
9098:
9089:
9087:
9074:
9073:
9062:
9009:
9005:
8966:
8953:
8944:
8942:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8915:
8913:
8900:
8899:
8895:
8856:
8849:
8840:
8838:
8825:
8824:
8820:
8789:
8785:
8732:
8728:
8701:
8697:
8660:
8656:
8625:
8621:
8590:
8586:
8575:
8571:
8532:(11): 876β883.
8518:
8514:
8504:
8502:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8450:(4): CD003620.
8436:
8432:
8379:
8372:
8332:
8315:
8306:
8304:
8291:
8290:
8283:
8238:
8231:
8178:
8155:
8108:
8091:
8054:(12): 843β850.
8043:
8036:
8027:
8025:
8012:
8011:
8007:
7952:
7948:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7921:
7918:
7914:
7905:
7903:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7878:
7864:
7821:
7812:
7810:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7737:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7712:
7711:
7707:
7697:
7695:
7686:
7685:
7681:
7672:
7670:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7623:
7619:
7610:
7608:
7595:
7594:
7590:
7553:
7549:
7540:
7538:
7525:
7524:
7517:
7508:
7506:
7493:
7492:
7481:
7471:
7469:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7446:
7444:
7433:
7429:
7419:
7417:
7404:
7403:
7394:
7385:
7383:
7370:
7369:
7336:
7327:
7325:
7312:
7311:
7274:
7264:
7262:
7237:
7236:
7207:
7196:
7192:
7183:
7181:
7168:
7167:
7128:
7119:
7117:
7104:
7103:
7076:
7055:
7032:
7023:
7021:
7008:
7007:
6974:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6934:
6933:
6924:
6901:
6890:
6880:
6878:
6865:
6864:
6851:
6836:
6832:
6823:
6821:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6794:
6792:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6733:
6726:
6679:
6672:
6627:
6623:
6568:
6564:
6525:
6521:
6500:(17): 1266β71.
6490:
6486:
6449:
6445:
6396:
6392:
6337:
6333:
6278:
6261:
6206:
6183:
6142:(11): 800β811.
6128:
6117:
6074:
6059:
6014:
6007:
5954:
5947:
5894:
5890:
5845:
5841:
5794:
5790:
5751:
5742:
5710:
5706:
5696:
5694:
5687:
5669:
5665:
5626:
5622:
5609:(11): 625β630.
5599:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5569:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5521:
5517:
5480:(sup1): 35β43.
5470:
5466:
5419:
5415:
5362:
5353:
5308:
5295:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5221:
5217:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5115:. McGraw-Hill.
5109:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5034:
5032:
5011:
5010:
5003:
4958:
4954:
4923:
4919:
4886:(22): 2756β66.
4872:
4865:
4858:
4850:. McGraw-Hill.
4844:
4831:
4824:
4816:. McGraw-Hill.
4810:
4791:
4784:
4762:
4751:
4744:
4722:
4709:
4702:
4694:. McGraw Hill.
4688:
4607:
4598:
4596:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4566:
4564:
4551:
4550:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4393:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4366:
4350:
4346:
4309:
4302:
4265:
4256:
4249:
4235:
4154:
4147:
4139:. McGraw-Hill.
4133:
4118:
4111:
4097:
4080:
4073:
4059:
3928:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3827:
3823:
3776:
3772:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3647:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3569:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3489:
3485:
3474:patients.gi.org
3468:
3467:
3463:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3377:
3376:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3263:
3258:
3241:
3224:
3205:
3136:
3131:
3115:
3110:
3102:immune globulin
3085:
3063:
3061:Economic burden
3058:
3018:
2989:
2957:
2952:
2931:
2920:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2882:
2873:schistosomiasis
2852:
2846:
2832:HBV replication
2826:
2820:
2786:
2781:
2779:Viral hepatitis
2776:
2755:
2739:
2723:aplastic anemia
2707:
2705:Acute hepatitis
2702:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2649:-acetylcysteine
2632:corticosteroids
2615:
2598:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2554:NS5B inhibitors
2495:
2489:
2410:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2343:
2337:
2321:Glucocorticoids
2306:
2282:
2270:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2225:
2216:
2194:
2178:
2166:
2161:
2145:
2110:
2104:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2006:
1914:
1904:
1798:
1755:
1746:
1744:Virus screening
1732:in the form of
1707:
1699:virion particle
1668:
1666:Viral hepatitis
1662:
1660:Viral hepatitis
1626:blood chemistry
1603:histopathologic
1504:
1480:steatohepatitis
1440:Steatohepatitis
1437:
1435:Steatohepatitis
1376:viral hepatitis
1364:
1362:Viral hepatitis
1347:
1315:biliary atresia
1307:cytomegalovirus
1295:
1289:
1250:
1244:
1219:hemochromatosis
1211:
1129:auto-antibodies
1121:
1115:
1079:steatohepatitis
1056:
1050:
1027:Wayback Machine
996:Herbal remedies
954:anticonvulsants
906:
882:
876:
871:
777:
705:
658:Viral hepatitis
655:
653:Viral hepatitis
649:
647:Viral hepatitis
644:
623:
573:
529:
488:enlarged spleen
450:prodromal phase
442:
440:Acute hepatitis
414:
291:cytomegalovirus
220:. Hepatitis is
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Acute hepatitis
15:
12:
11:
5:
12463:
12453:
12452:
12447:
12445:Viral diseases
12442:
12437:
12432:
12415:
12414:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12407:
12402:
12400:Hemoperitoneum
12397:
12396:
12395:
12384:
12382:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12372:
12371:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12349:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12341:
12328:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12306:
12305:
12300:
12289:
12288:
12283:
12282:
12281:
12270:
12268:
12259:
12255:
12254:
12251:
12250:
12248:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12231:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12204:
12202:
12196:
12195:
12193:
12192:
12187:
12186:
12185:
12180:
12167:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12147:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12124:
12122:
12110:
12109:
12107:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12075:
12073:
12067:
12066:
12064:
12063:
12062:
12061:
12056:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12035:
12034:
12029:
12019:
12018:
12017:
12012:
12002:
11997:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11968:
11967:
11966:
11956:
11955:
11954:
11944:
11943:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11921:
11919:
11910:
11904:
11903:
11901:
11900:
11899:
11898:
11888:
11887:
11886:
11881:
11871:
11869:Blood in stool
11865:
11863:
11857:
11856:
11853:
11852:
11850:
11849:
11844:
11842:Anal dysplasia
11839:
11834:
11829:
11819:
11817:
11811:
11810:
11808:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11786:
11785:
11774:
11772:
11766:
11765:
11763:
11762:
11757:
11756:
11755:
11745:
11744:
11743:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11709:
11707:Angiodysplasia
11704:
11699:
11688:
11687:
11686:
11676:
11671:
11670:
11669:
11658:
11656:
11652:
11651:
11649:
11648:
11642:Diverticulosis
11638:Diverticulitis
11635:
11626:
11625:
11624:
11615:
11605:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11563:
11557:
11555:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11535:
11530:
11528:Milroy disease
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11498:Tropical sprue
11495:
11486:
11485:
11484:
11474:
11473:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11451:
11449:
11426:
11420:Lower GI tract
11416:
11415:
11412:
11411:
11409:
11408:
11407:
11406:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11332:
11322:
11321:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11299:
11297:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11212:
11211:
11206:
11196:
11195:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11173:
11171:
11162:
11160:Upper GI tract
11156:
11155:
11147:
11146:
11139:
11132:
11124:
11118:
11117:
11112:
11103:
11102:
11099:
11098:
11086:
11085:
11083:
11079:
11078:
11075:
11074:
11063:
11052:
11037:
11021:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11012:Classification
11005:
11004:External links
11002:
10999:
10998:
10943:
10906:(6): 765β773.
10881:
10846:(1): 147β159.
10829:
10780:
10743:(1): 261β283.
10718:
10689:
10670:(6): 1844β50.
10654:
10628:
10594:(7): 797β808.
10564:
10527:(2): 145β159.
10504:
10471:
10423:
10384:(5): 243β250.
10364:
10327:(5): 518β531.
10302:
10251:
10214:(3): 284β295.
10191:
10134:
10082:
10052:
10014:
9993:(2): 469β476.
9970:
9906:
9895:NobelPrize.org
9882:
9855:(7): 541β546.
9839:
9790:
9785:Les Prix Nobel
9775:
9760:
9722:
9653:
9638:
9589:
9554:
9547:
9529:
9480:
9431:
9377:
9317:
9266:
9231:(8): 761β772.
9215:
9153:
9096:
9060:
9003:
8951:
8922:
8893:
8866:(5): 488β496.
8847:
8818:
8783:
8746:(2): 418β431.
8726:
8695:
8654:
8619:
8584:
8569:
8512:
8487:
8430:
8393:(102): 1β104.
8370:
8313:
8281:
8229:
8153:
8118:(6): 563β571.
8089:
8034:
8005:
7966:(5): 108β113.
7946:
7912:
7883:
7877:978-0071824989
7876:
7819:
7790:
7731:
7705:
7694:. 17 June 2020
7679:
7650:
7617:
7588:
7567:(10): 914β22.
7547:
7515:
7479:
7454:
7427:
7392:
7334:
7272:
7205:
7190:
7126:
7074:
7030:
6972:
6957:
6922:
6888:
6849:
6830:
6801:
6776:
6747:(3): 492β510.
6724:
6670:
6641:(4): 385β397.
6635:The Oncologist
6621:
6562:
6519:
6484:
6463:(4): 1367β84.
6443:
6390:
6331:
6292:(5): 108β113.
6259:
6181:
6115:
6057:
6005:
5968:(6): 578β588.
5945:
5908:(3): 228β236.
5888:
5839:
5788:
5761:(6): 537β544.
5740:
5721:(5): 551β555.
5704:
5685:
5663:
5636:(5): 357β374.
5620:
5586:
5568:978-1416061892
5567:
5542:
5515:
5464:
5433:(21): 3301β5.
5413:
5376:(2): 177β203.
5351:
5322:(2): 177β203.
5293:
5262:(9): 1035β41.
5242:
5215:
5178:(1): 106β122.
5158:
5128:
5121:
5100:
5066:
5041:
5001:
4952:
4933:(5): 474β485.
4917:
4863:
4856:
4829:
4822:
4789:
4783:978-3764385576
4782:
4749:
4743:978-3764385576
4742:
4707:
4701:978-0071845090
4700:
4605:
4573:
4529:
4505:
4472:
4443:
4414:
4387:
4375:
4364:
4344:
4300:
4279:(2): 134β144.
4254:
4247:
4152:
4145:
4116:
4109:
4078:
4071:
3926:
3901:
3871:
3821:
3770:
3720:
3690:
3661:(3): 932β954.
3592:
3557:
3532:
3483:
3461:
3433:
3400:
3345:
3302:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3223:
3220:
3204:
3201:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3084:
3081:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3017:
3014:
2988:
2985:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2930:
2927:
2919:
2916:
2903:Main article:
2900:
2897:
2884:Main article:
2881:
2878:
2848:Main article:
2845:
2842:
2822:Main article:
2819:
2816:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2754:
2751:
2747:superinfection
2738:
2735:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2688:
2685:
2677:Main article:
2674:
2671:
2624:pentoxifylline
2614:
2611:
2594:Main article:
2591:
2588:
2580:Main article:
2577:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2551:
2537:
2506:(PEG IFN) and
2491:Main article:
2488:
2485:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2420:
2409:
2406:
2369:
2366:
2361:Main article:
2358:
2355:
2339:Main article:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2281:
2278:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2208:superinfection
2193:
2190:
2177:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:phase IV trial
2144:
2141:
2106:Main article:
2103:
2100:
2082:Havrix vaccine
2072:Main article:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2005:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1903:
1900:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1797:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1738:Mallory bodies
1706:
1703:
1664:Main article:
1661:
1658:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1496:Mallory bodies
1436:
1433:
1363:
1360:
1346:
1343:
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1246:Main article:
1243:
1240:
1210:
1207:
1144:nitrofurantoin
1117:Main article:
1114:
1111:
1052:Main article:
1049:
1046:
1018:maintains the
938:nitrofurantoin
923:latency period
905:
902:
878:Main article:
875:
872:
870:
867:
776:
773:
704:
701:
651:Main article:
648:
645:
643:
640:
622:
619:
572:
569:
565:kidney failure
549:cerebral edema
541:encephalopathy
528:
525:
500:
499:
491:
484:enlarged liver
477:
441:
438:
420:Jaundiced eyes
413:
410:
335:needle sharing
214:abdominal pain
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
109:
103:
102:
99:Yellowish skin
96:
90:
89:
76:
70:
69:
62:Mallory bodies
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12462:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12435:Inflammations
12433:
12431:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12394:
12391:
12390:
12389:
12386:
12385:
12383:
12381:
12377:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12354:
12351:
12350:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12336:
12335:
12334:
12330:
12329:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12295:
12294:
12291:
12290:
12287:
12284:
12280:
12277:
12276:
12275:
12274:Diaphragmatic
12272:
12271:
12269:
12267:
12263:
12260:
12256:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12210:
12209:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12201:
12197:
12191:
12188:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12175:
12174:
12173:
12169:
12168:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12151:
12148:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12130:
12129:
12126:
12125:
12123:
12121:
12115:
12111:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12079:Cholecystitis
12077:
12076:
12074:
12072:
12068:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12051:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12023:
12022:Liver abscess
12020:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12007:
12006:
12005:Liver failure
12003:
12001:
11998:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11975:
11974:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11962:
11961:
11960:
11957:
11953:
11950:
11949:
11948:
11945:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11927:
11926:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11918:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11905:
11897:
11894:
11893:
11892:
11889:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11876:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11862:
11858:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11824:
11821:
11820:
11818:
11816:
11812:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11784:
11781:
11780:
11779:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11771:
11767:
11761:
11758:
11754:
11751:
11750:
11749:
11746:
11742:
11739:
11738:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11694:
11693:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11681:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11668:
11665:
11664:
11663:
11662:Enterocolitis
11660:
11659:
11657:
11653:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11630:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11549:
11544:
11540:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11490:
11489:Malabsorption
11487:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11478:
11475:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11457:
11456:
11453:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11443:
11439:
11434:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11405:
11402:
11401:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11364:Gastroparesis
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11343:
11340:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11330:Cushing ulcer
11328:
11327:
11326:
11323:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11298:
11296:
11292:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11275:Megaesophagus
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11260:
11257:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11201:
11200:
11197:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11170:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11145:
11140:
11138:
11133:
11131:
11126:
11125:
11122:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11097:
11093:
11092:
11088:
11087:
11084:
11080:
11073:
11069:
11068:
11064:
11062:
11058:
11057:
11053:
11051:
11047:
11046:
11042:
11038:
11036:
11032:
11031:
11027:
11023:
11022:
11019:
11014:
11010:
10994:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10958:
10954:
10947:
10939:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10890:
10888:
10886:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10833:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10784:
10776:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10758:
10754:
10750:
10746:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10727:
10725:
10723:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10693:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10658:
10650:
10643:
10641:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10621:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10597:
10593:
10589:
10582:
10575:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10560:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10511:
10509:
10492:
10488:
10487:
10482:
10475:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10440:
10438:
10436:
10434:
10432:
10430:
10428:
10419:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10368:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10311:
10309:
10307:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10270:
10267:(2): 97β107.
10266:
10262:
10255:
10247:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10198:
10196:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10138:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10086:
10070:
10063:
10062:"Hepatitis A"
10056:
10048:
10044:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10021:
10019:
10010:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9977:
9975:
9966:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9896:
9892:
9886:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9843:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9794:
9786:
9779:
9771:
9764:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9741:(4): 955β63.
9740:
9736:
9729:
9727:
9718:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9701:(4): 367β72.
9700:
9696:
9692:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9657:
9649:
9642:
9634:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9593:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9570:(4): 955β63.
9569:
9565:
9558:
9550:
9544:
9540:
9533:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9500:(7): 279β80.
9499:
9495:
9491:
9484:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9435:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9384:
9382:
9373:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9324:
9322:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9270:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9219:
9211:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9160:
9158:
9149:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9100:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9065:
9056:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9007:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8964:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8956:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8897:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8854:
8852:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8822:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8799:(2): 463β72.
8798:
8794:
8787:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8730:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8699:
8691:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8658:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8623:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8588:
8580:
8573:
8565:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8516:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8483:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8434:
8426:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8377:
8375:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8288:
8286:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8236:
8234:
8225:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8041:
8039:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8001:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7950:
7931:
7924:
7916:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7879:
7873:
7869:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7794:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7735:
7720:. 23 May 2022
7719:
7715:
7709:
7693:
7689:
7683:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7645:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7621:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7592:
7584:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7551:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7522:
7520:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7495:"Hepatitis E"
7490:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7468:
7464:
7458:
7442:
7438:
7431:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7314:"Hepatitis C"
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7201:
7194:
7180:on 2020-08-07
7179:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7116:on 2016-02-20
7115:
7111:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6968:
6961:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6845:
6841:
6834:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6772:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6731:
6729:
6720:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6693:(4): 323β42.
6692:
6688:
6684:
6677:
6675:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6617:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6566:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6529:Intervirology
6523:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6480:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6335:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6012:
6010:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5708:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5370:Gut and Liver
5367:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5316:Gut and Liver
5313:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5133:
5124:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5105:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5006:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4972:(3): 249β57.
4971:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4868:
4859:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4553:"Hepatitis B"
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4519:
4515:
4514:"Hepatitis A"
4509:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4452:"Hepatitis E"
4447:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4365:9789350250747
4361:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3790:(5): 108β13.
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3724:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3458:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3333:
3330:. July 2016.
3329:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3005:Henry Beecher
3001:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2856:
2851:
2841:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:accelerated.
2759:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:TNF inhibitor
2625:
2619:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2329:
2326:Precautions:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2256:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:bodily fluids
2173:
2171:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2075:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1910:HCV structure
1908:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:liver enzymes
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:(such as the
1673:
1667:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:liver enzymes
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:gold standard
1596:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:immune system
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:wound healing
1399:, injury and
1398:
1393:
1392:immune system
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Blood testing
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:heart failure
1254:
1249:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
932:paracetamol;
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
881:
866:
864:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
838:
837:campylobacter
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
786:
785:granulomatous
782:
772:
770:
766:
763:
759:
758:hydatid cysts
755:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
700:
696:
692:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
639:
637:
633:
629:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
496:
492:
489:
485:
481:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
445:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:liver failure
418:
409:
401:
400:
393:
387:
384:
379:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
259:
258:hepatovirus A
253:
251:
247:
246:liver failure
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:poor appetite
199:
195:
191:
187:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
116:liver failure
113:
110:
108:
107:Complications
104:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
75:
71:
67:
66:H&E stain
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
12352:
12331:
12208:Pancreatitis
12170:
12120:biliary tree
11993:Nutmeg liver
11970:
11924:
11896:Hematochezia
11847:Pruritus ani
11832:Anal abscess
11827:Anal fistula
11823:Anal fissure
11736:Constipation
11690:
11561:Appendicitis
11369:Gastroptosis
11359:Achlorhydria
11198:
11187:Eosinophilic
11089:
11065:
11054:
11039:
11024:
10956:
10946:
10903:
10899:
10843:
10839:
10832:
10797:
10793:
10783:
10740:
10736:
10710:. Retrieved
10701:
10692:
10667:
10663:
10657:
10648:
10591:
10587:
10524:
10520:
10495:. Retrieved
10484:
10474:
10449:
10445:
10381:
10377:
10367:
10324:
10320:
10264:
10260:
10254:
10211:
10207:
10151:
10147:
10137:
10099:(1): 17β32.
10096:
10092:
10085:
10073:. Retrieved
10068:
10055:
10030:
10026:
9990:
9986:
9930:
9926:
9898:. Retrieved
9894:
9885:
9852:
9848:
9842:
9807:
9803:
9793:
9784:
9778:
9769:
9763:
9738:
9734:
9698:
9694:
9666:
9662:
9656:
9647:
9641:
9606:
9602:
9592:
9567:
9563:
9557:
9538:
9532:
9497:
9493:
9483:
9448:
9444:
9434:
9393:
9389:
9337:
9333:
9279:
9275:
9269:
9228:
9224:
9218:
9173:
9169:
9113:
9109:
9099:
9088:. Retrieved
9079:
9020:
9016:
9006:
8973:
8969:
8943:. Retrieved
8934:
8925:
8914:. Retrieved
8905:
8896:
8863:
8859:
8839:. Retrieved
8830:
8821:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8743:
8739:
8729:
8704:
8698:
8674:(6): 992β7.
8671:
8667:
8657:
8635:(3): 191β8.
8632:
8628:
8622:
8600:(2): 252β5.
8597:
8593:
8587:
8578:
8572:
8529:
8525:
8515:
8503:. Retrieved
8499:
8490:
8447:
8443:
8433:
8390:
8386:
8340:
8336:
8305:. Retrieved
8296:
8249:
8245:
8192:(1): 68β78.
8189:
8185:
8115:
8111:
8051:
8047:
8026:. Retrieved
8017:
8008:
7963:
7959:
7949:
7937:. Retrieved
7915:
7904:. Retrieved
7895:
7886:
7867:
7811:. Retrieved
7802:
7793:
7751:(3): 68β73.
7748:
7744:
7734:
7722:. Retrieved
7717:
7708:
7696:. Retrieved
7691:
7682:
7671:. Retrieved
7662:
7653:
7634:
7630:
7620:
7609:. Retrieved
7600:
7591:
7564:
7560:
7550:
7539:. Retrieved
7530:
7507:. Retrieved
7498:
7470:. Retrieved
7466:
7457:
7445:. Retrieved
7430:
7418:. Retrieved
7409:
7384:. Retrieved
7375:
7326:. Retrieved
7317:
7263:. Retrieved
7246:
7242:
7199:
7193:
7182:. Retrieved
7178:the original
7174:www.acog.org
7173:
7118:. Retrieved
7114:the original
7109:
7059:
7022:. Retrieved
7013:
6966:
6960:
6948:. Retrieved
6939:
6908:
6904:
6879:. Retrieved
6870:
6843:
6833:
6822:. Retrieved
6813:
6804:
6793:. Retrieved
6791:. 2021-08-13
6788:
6779:
6744:
6740:
6690:
6686:
6638:
6634:
6624:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6437:
6407:
6403:
6393:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6289:
6285:
6217:
6213:
6139:
6135:
6085:
6081:
6025:
6021:
5965:
5961:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5856:
5852:
5842:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5758:
5754:
5718:
5714:
5707:
5695:. Retrieved
5676:
5666:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5606:
5602:
5577:. Retrieved
5561:. Saunders.
5558:
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5518:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5373:
5369:
5319:
5315:
5259:
5255:
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5229:the original
5218:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5149:. Retrieved
5112:
5091:. Retrieved
5082:
5069:
5058:. Retrieved
5056:. 2015-09-30
5053:
5044:
5033:. Retrieved
5016:
4969:
4965:
4955:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4883:
4879:
4847:
4813:
4767:
4727:
4691:
4597:. Retrieved
4588:
4565:. Retrieved
4556:
4521:. Retrieved
4517:
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4475:
4464:. Retrieved
4455:
4446:
4435:. Retrieved
4426:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4390:
4378:
4354:
4347:
4320:
4316:
4276:
4272:
4238:
4136:
4100:
4062:
3918:. Retrieved
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3883:
3874:
3839:
3835:
3824:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3738:
3734:
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:the original
3702:
3693:
3658:
3654:
3583:. Retrieved
3579:the original
3574:
3549:. Retrieved
3544:
3535:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3473:
3464:
3456:
3450:. Retrieved
3448:. 2020-05-20
3445:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3420:the original
3415:
3391:. Retrieved
3382:
3336:. Retrieved
3327:
3293:. Retrieved
3284:
3225:
3217:
3214:
3206:
3186:
3171:
3152:
3137:
3116:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3064:
3047:
3031:
3019:
3008:
3002:
2993:Saul Krugman
2990:
2981:yellow fever
2978:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2932:
2921:
2908:
2889:
2861:
2835:
2787:
2774:Epidemiology
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2744:
2740:
2719:pancreatitis
2716:
2712:
2708:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2664:
2656:milk thistle
2653:
2643:
2640:prednisolone
2620:
2616:
2607:
2585:
2567:
2564:, and others
2556:, including
2550:, and others
2536:, and others
2524:, including
2500:
2496:
2472:
2411:
2391:
2381:, low serum
2377:, prolonged
2375:hypoglycemia
2371:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2307:
2291:
2271:
2262:
2254:
2237:
2226:
2217:
2204:
2179:
2167:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2092:
2085:
2051:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1962:HIV-positive
1928:
1885:
1878:hemodialysis
1863:Incarcerated
1807:
1787:
1764:
1756:
1747:
1719:
1708:
1696:
1669:
1643:
1611:
1595:liver biopsy
1588:
1560:
1438:
1421:CD4 T-helper
1397:inflammation
1390:arms of the
1373:
1348:
1321:can lead to
1296:
1251:
1236:
1212:
1192:
1164:
1122:
1106:liver biopsy
1095:
1064:
1057:
1034:hepatotoxins
1031:
994:
946:erythromycin
927:
907:
898:hepatomegaly
883:
856:
850:
844:
841:mycobacteria
835:species and
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
778:
760:. The liver
748:
714:
697:
693:
674:
656:
624:
615:liver cancer
574:
537:coagulopathy
530:
501:
454:non-specific
448:The initial
443:
423:
397:
385:
374:
354:healthy diet
350:immunization
343:
289:, including
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
254:
250:liver cancer
227:
221:
194:liver tissue
190:inflammation
185:
184:
160:Medication,
120:liver cancer
12388:Peritonitis
12150:Cholestasis
12128:Cholangitis
12071:Gallbladder
11959:Fatty liver
11879:Hematemesis
11861:GI bleeding
11667:Necrotizing
11596:Lymphocytic
11591:Collagenous
11586:Microscopic
11523:Steatorrhea
11424:Enteropathy
11270:Inlet patch
11192:Herpetiform
11177:Esophagitis
11091:MedlinePlus
10702:www.cdc.gov
10154:: 131β137.
10033:(1): 3β11.
9810:(1): 4β12.
9080:www.cdc.gov
8935:www.cdc.gov
8906:www.who.int
8831:www.cdc.gov
8581:. Springer.
8505:4 September
8297:www.cdc.gov
7896:www.cdc.gov
7803:www.cdc.gov
7724:4 September
7698:4 September
7531:www.who.int
7467:Mayo Clinic
7410:www.CDC.gov
7014:www.cdc.gov
6940:www.CDC.gov
6814:www.cdc.gov
6789:Testing.com
5235:27 November
5151:27 November
5093:26 November
4589:www.cdc.gov
4518:www.who.int
4427:www.cdc.gov
4407:25 November
4397:"Hepatitis"
3894:10 November
3713:10 November
3585:10 November
3446:MedlinePlus
3442:"Hepatitis"
3426:10 November
3379:"Hepatitis"
3338:10 November
3295:10 November
3285:MedlinePlus
3281:"Hepatitis"
3222:Hepatitis E
3203:Hepatitis C
3197:HBV vaccine
3134:Hepatitis B
3098:green onion
2969:Hippocrates
2911:hepatitis E
2905:Hepatitis E
2899:Hepatitis E
2892:hepatitis D
2886:Hepatitis D
2880:Hepatitis D
2864:hepatitis C
2850:Hepatitis C
2844:Hepatitis C
2837:Hepatitis B
2824:Hepatitis B
2818:Hepatitis B
2784:Hepatitis A
2731:myocarditis
2596:Hepatitis E
2590:Hepatitis E
2582:Hepatitis D
2576:Hepatitis D
2548:daclatasvir
2493:Hepatitis C
2487:Hepatitis C
2469:resistance.
2460:Telbivudine
2429:Injectable
2363:Hepatitis B
2357:Hepatitis B
2341:Hepatitis A
2335:Hepatitis A
2268:Hepatitis C
2259:Hepatitis B
2251:Hepatitis A
2240:added sugar
2214:Hepatitis E
2192:Hepatitis D
2186:transfusion
2164:Hepatitis A
2102:Hepatitis B
2068:Hepatitis A
2044:Sex workers
2004:Hepatitis D
1989:Sex workers
1902:Hepatitis C
1796:Hepatitis B
1753:Hepatitis A
1749:to others.
1452:fatty acids
1227:co-dominant
1176:thyroiditis
1148:hydralazine
1069:, obesity,
934:antibiotics
915:paracetamol
911:cell damage
684:hepatitis D
680:hepatitis C
676:Hepatitis B
666:hepatitis E
662:Hepatitis A
517:eosinophils
498:completely.
358:weight loss
346:preventable
12424:Categories
12380:Peritoneal
12358:Incisional
12279:Congenital
12223:Hereditary
12200:Pancreatic
12164:Haemobilia
11837:Hemorrhoid
11815:Anal canal
11753:Infectious
11741:Functional
11576:Ulcerative
11460:Duodenitis
11399:Gastrinoma
11067:DiseasesDB
10737:Hepatology
10712:2016-03-16
9900:2019-10-07
9804:Hepatology
9090:2016-03-09
9017:Hepatology
8945:2016-03-08
8916:2016-03-08
8841:2016-03-08
8740:Hepatology
8307:2016-03-17
8028:2016-03-09
7939:2016-03-09
7906:2016-03-09
7813:2016-03-09
7673:2016-03-09
7611:2016-03-09
7541:2016-03-09
7509:2016-03-09
7472:25 January
7386:2016-03-21
7328:2016-03-08
7184:2016-03-12
7120:2016-03-11
7024:2016-03-11
6824:2016-03-12
6795:2023-05-12
6088:: 451β96.
5808:(8): 230.
5697:2 December
5579:4 December
5535:4 December
5060:2018-09-18
5035:2016-03-14
4599:2016-03-14
4567:2016-03-09
4523:2023-05-07
4466:2016-03-14
4437:2016-03-14
3920:2012-08-26
3836:The Lancet
3735:The Lancet
3655:Hepatology
3551:2023-02-12
3452:2020-07-19
3393:2 November
3256:References
3167:Lamivudine
3034:David Dane
3026:hemophilia
2869:iatrogenic
2636:prednisone
2634:, such as
2558:sofosbuvir
2544:ledipasvir
2534:simeprevir
2530:boceprevir
2526:telaprevir
2442:Lamivudine
2402:resistance
2058:Prevention
1828:Beginning
1713:(ASH) and
1645:Ultrasound
1575:Cirrhosis
1488:ballooning
1460:hepatocyte
1339:idiopathic
1299:toxoplasma
1168:amenorrhea
1152:methyldopa
1113:Autoimmune
863:rickettsia
829:salmonella
740:Plasmodium
732:Leishmania
724:protozoans
642:Infectious
636:Autoimmune
587:amenorrhea
545:sleepiness
533:cell death
327:childbirth
149:Prevention
87:hepatology
12430:Hepatitis
12368:Richter's
12325:Spigelian
12320:Obturator
12310:Umbilical
12143:Ascending
12114:Bile duct
11947:Cirrhosis
11925:Hepatitis
11908:Accessory
11778:Proctitis
11629:Megacolon
11603:Dysentery
11513:Whipple's
11465:Jejunitis
11455:Enteritis
11342:Dyspepsia
11303:Gastritis
11236:Achalasia
11169:Esophagus
10975:1469-4409
10920:1537-6591
10860:1873-233X
10816:1537-6591
10757:1527-3350
10608:1474-4457
10541:1758-1052
10497:March 10,
10458:1545-861X
10400:2291-2797
10343:1365-2036
10281:1352-0504
10228:1936-0533
10170:1440-1746
10113:1170-7690
9947:1542-7714
9869:0098-7484
9826:1527-3350
9410:1759-5053
9354:1866-0452
9296:1759-5053
9245:0192-0790
9192:2219-2840
9130:1542-7714
9037:1527-3350
8990:1533-4406
8762:1527-3350
8546:0017-5749
8464:1465-1858
8444:Protocols
8407:2046-4924
8357:1528-0012
8206:1548-3568
8132:1473-6527
8068:1179-1918
7982:1948-5182
7767:1948-5182
7265:March 16,
6657:1083-7159
6598:1007-9327
6367:2219-2840
6308:1948-5182
6236:2219-2840
6158:1948-5182
6102:1553-4014
6044:1600-0641
5982:2352-345X
5922:2287-285X
5859:: 19β29.
5775:1566-5240
5650:1084-2756
5494:1541-2555
5390:1976-2283
4498:March 14,
3677:1527-3350
3527:205116503
3163:Tenofovir
3129:Pregnancy
3052:in 1976.
3032:In 1970,
2940:cirrhosis
2794:epidemics
2790:outbreaks
2700:Prognosis
2562:dasabuvir
2508:ribavirin
2466:Tenofovir
2426:positive.
2423:Entecavir
2398:tenofovir
2394:entecavir
2387:bilirubin
2304:Treatment
2298:cirrhosis
2246:Successes
1730:apoptosis
1502:Diagnosis
1476:cytokines
1456:steatosis
1380:apoptosis
1356:cirrhosis
1345:Mechanism
1184:nephritis
962:phenytoin
958:valproate
930:analgesic
919:isoniazid
869:Metabolic
865:species.
843:species,
831:species,
738:-causing
716:Parasites
591:cirrhosis
583:hirsutism
578:screening
513:serositis
323:pregnancy
242:cirrhosis
210:tiredness
186:Hepatitis
168:Frequency
157:Treatment
74:Specialty
43:Hepatitis
12298:Indirect
12293:Inguinal
12027:Pyogenic
11972:Vascular
11748:Diarrhea
11726:Volvulus
11692:Vascular
11631: /
11620: /
11581:Ischemic
11548:Appendix
11438:Duodenum
11308:Atrophic
11182:Candidal
10993:26939626
10938:24928290
10876:41784922
10868:20567182
10824:24046310
10775:26566064
10706:Archived
10620:Archived
10616:26922272
10559:26826159
10491:Archived
10466:14647018
10418:24839620
10359:21263906
10351:24461160
10289:14996343
10246:19669256
10186:23548529
10178:21199524
10129:46965673
10121:18088156
10075:March 5,
10047:18174084
10009:25457207
9965:26291665
9877:14239025
9834:24123147
9717:11368058
9633:19993376
9516:22892603
9475:41215392
9467:24373076
9426:22315274
9418:24080776
9372:25019921
9304:23958599
9261:19482895
9253:17700425
9210:25232227
9148:23811249
9084:Archived
9055:26171595
8998:21696309
8939:Archived
8910:Archived
8888:22340290
8880:26203853
8835:Archived
8778:20771903
8770:18563841
8721:70629280
8649:11500606
8594:Am J Med
8482:17943794
8425:26691209
8365:26091937
8301:Archived
8276:22161394
8224:25761432
8148:11926260
8140:26524328
8084:41365729
8076:26446006
8022:Archived
8000:21731902
7930:Archived
7900:Archived
7807:Archived
7785:22489258
7667:Archived
7605:Archived
7583:25738667
7535:Archived
7503:Archived
7447:March 7,
7441:Archived
7420:March 7,
7414:Archived
7380:Archived
7322:Archived
7259:Archived
7069:24921112
7018:Archived
6950:March 7,
6944:Archived
6917:22086888
6881:March 7,
6875:Archived
6818:Archived
6771:25217800
6719:26568915
6665:15266092
6616:20653059
6557:36112368
6549:15383722
6514:10781624
6479:12360498
6434:10485854
6385:26675364
6326:21731902
6254:24876748
6176:25429318
6110:26980160
6052:25443342
6000:26682281
5940:25320725
5883:28058033
5834:28820498
5783:14527085
5735:12702915
5691:Archived
5658:15001124
5603:Medicine
5573:Archived
5555:(Online)
5529:Archived
5510:35451941
5502:23527737
5459:18528927
5408:26934884
5346:26934884
5288:19266594
5210:23363012
5145:Archived
5087:Archived
5079:(Online)
5029:Archived
5025:31643176
5019:. 2012.
4996:23091804
4947:12890847
4912:22719183
4593:Archived
4561:Archived
4489:Archived
4460:Archived
4431:Archived
4401:Archived
4370:Archived
4339:25920079
4295:24879979
3914:Archived
3888:Archived
3866:27733281
3816:21731902
3765:27733282
3685:26111063
3519:24369077
3478:Archived
3387:Archived
3332:Archived
3289:Archived
3239:See also
3182:cesarean
2862:Chronic
2570:genotype
2063:Vaccines
1882:Pregnant
1857:positive
1726:necrosis
1672:antigens
1618:serology
1607:fibrosis
1484:fibrosis
1417:cytokine
1405:fibrosis
1388:adaptive
1352:fibrosis
1329:such as
1311:syphilis
1172:pleurisy
1075:diabetes
1023:Archived
1020:LiverTox
986:HIV/AIDS
972:such as
970:steroids
956:such as
833:brucella
474:choluria
470:vomiting
458:flu-like
285:. Other
218:diarrhea
206:vomiting
198:jaundice
126:Duration
94:Symptoms
12339:Petit's
12315:Femoral
12218:Chronic
12032:Amoebic
11800:Anismus
11566:Colitis
11493:Coeliac
11470:Ileitis
11442:Jejunum
11295:Stomach
11199:Rupture
11061:D006505
10984:9150575
10929:4144266
10766:5987259
10684:3569758
10550:4965334
10409:4049256
10237:2716880
9956:4618163
9755:8385046
9708:2566401
9683:5327352
9624:2181926
9584:8385046
9524:2757948
9363:4101528
9312:6899033
9201:4161778
9139:3883924
9046:4751870
8813:9024300
8690:7286594
8614:6781338
8564:1104411
8555:1413126
8473:8724782
8416:4781103
8267:6823236
8215:4373591
7991:3124876
7776:3321492
7255:9790221
6762:4696068
6710:4641225
6607:2909550
6425:1766696
6376:4674717
6317:3124876
6245:4033465
6167:4243154
5991:4678927
5931:4197170
5874:5201115
5825:5580487
5802:Viruses
5450:2716584
5399:4780448
5337:4780448
5279:2655176
5201:3646408
5180:Bibcode
4987:3467427
4903:3374978
3857:5388903
3807:3124876
3756:5055577
3178:vaginal
2950:History
2799:vaccine
2408:Chronic
2383:albumin
1591:imaging
1303:rubella
1209:Genetic
1160:measles
966:statins
789:enteric
751:cestode
736:malaria
630:), and
628:alcohol
595:ascites
462:fatigue
321:during
229:chronic
192:of the
142:alcohol
138:Viruses
12333:Lumbar
12303:Direct
12286:Hiatus
12266:Hernia
12118:Other
11884:Melena
11770:Rectum
11253:(GERD)
11096:001154
10991:
10981:
10973:
10936:
10926:
10918:
10874:
10866:
10858:
10822:
10814:
10773:
10763:
10755:
10682:
10614:
10606:
10557:
10547:
10539:
10464:
10456:
10416:
10406:
10398:
10357:
10349:
10341:
10297:163757
10295:
10287:
10279:
10244:
10234:
10226:
10184:
10176:
10168:
10127:
10119:
10111:
10045:
10007:
9963:
9953:
9945:
9875:
9867:
9832:
9824:
9753:
9715:
9705:
9681:
9631:
9621:
9582:
9545:
9522:
9514:
9473:
9465:
9424:
9416:
9408:
9370:
9360:
9352:
9310:
9302:
9294:
9259:
9251:
9243:
9208:
9198:
9190:
9146:
9136:
9128:
9053:
9043:
9035:
8996:
8988:
8886:
8878:
8811:
8776:
8768:
8760:
8719:
8688:
8647:
8612:
8562:
8552:
8544:
8480:
8470:
8462:
8423:
8413:
8405:
8363:
8355:
8274:
8264:
8222:
8212:
8204:
8146:
8138:
8130:
8082:
8074:
8066:
7998:
7988:
7980:
7874:
7783:
7773:
7765:
7581:
7253:
7067:
6915:
6769:
6759:
6717:
6707:
6663:
6655:
6614:
6604:
6596:
6555:
6547:
6512:
6477:
6432:
6422:
6383:
6373:
6365:
6324:
6314:
6306:
6252:
6242:
6234:
6174:
6164:
6156:
6108:
6100:
6050:
6042:
5998:
5988:
5980:
5938:
5928:
5920:
5881:
5871:
5832:
5822:
5781:
5773:
5733:
5683:
5656:
5648:
5565:
5508:
5500:
5492:
5457:
5447:
5406:
5396:
5388:
5344:
5334:
5286:
5276:
5208:
5198:
5119:
5023:
4994:
4984:
4945:
4910:
4900:
4854:
4820:
4780:
4776:β160.
4740:
4736:β216.
4698:
4362:
4337:
4293:
4245:
4143:
4107:
4069:
3864:
3854:
3814:
3804:
3763:
3753:
3683:
3675:
3525:
3517:
3038:virion
2962:Ahhazu
2729:, and
2024:, and
2018:USPSTF
1945:, and
1939:USPSTF
1820:, and
1818:USPSTF
1692:immune
1651:, and
1628:, and
1593:, and
1512:Cause
1384:innate
1309:, and
1265:sepsis
1221:, and
1186:, and
1150:, and
1014:. The
980:; and
948:, and
861:, and
762:flukes
682:, and
621:Causes
613:, and
557:sepsis
466:nausea
356:, and
309:, and
297:, and
279:, and
248:, and
216:, and
176:Deaths
134:Causes
32:Baryte
12258:Other
12213:Acute
11964:MASLD
11917:Liver
11891:Lower
11874:Upper
11716:Ileus
11552:Colon
11446:Ileum
11261:(LPR)
11072:20061
11050:573.3
11035:K75.9
10872:S2CID
10623:(PDF)
10584:(PDF)
10355:S2CID
10293:S2CID
10182:S2CID
10125:S2CID
10065:(PDF)
9520:S2CID
9471:S2CID
9422:S2CID
9308:S2CID
9257:S2CID
8884:S2CID
8774:S2CID
8717:S2CID
8144:S2CID
8080:S2CID
7933:(PDF)
7926:(PDF)
7637:: 7.
6553:S2CID
5506:S2CID
4492:(PDF)
4485:(PDF)
3703:NIDDK
3575:NIDDK
3523:S2CID
3416:NIDDK
3383:NIAID
3148:HBeAg
3043:HBsAg
2476:HBeAg
2368:Acute
2143:Other
2022:AASLD
1943:AASLD
1892:HBcAg
1888:HBsAg
1287:Other
1261:shock
1158:, or
563:, or
502:Both
434:signs
405:-αΏΟΞΉΟ
399:-itis
386:hΓͺpar
383:Greek
348:with
331:blood
223:acute
11646:SCAD
11056:MeSH
11045:9-CM
10989:PMID
10971:ISSN
10934:PMID
10916:ISSN
10864:PMID
10856:ISSN
10820:PMID
10812:ISSN
10771:PMID
10753:ISSN
10680:PMID
10612:PMID
10604:ISSN
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