156:
According to some scholars (for instance
Borzymińska and Jakubczak) the rioting was joined on the second day by Christian workers, and the third day saw criminals take advantage of the chaos to commit robberies. Jewish workers acted only in the Jewish neighborhood, striking just the Jewish parts of the underworld. Christian workers did corresponding with the Christian gangsters. Tsarist police authorities allegedly attempted to orchestrate an anti-Jewish pogrom (such accusations are part of the Bund narrative of the events), but when the attempt failed, the Russian governor,
500:...the participants of the "pogrom of pimps" took care of maintaining the order and the division of "work," i.e., the Jewish workers acted only in the Jewish quarter, attacking only the Jewish members of the underworld. Christians did the same with the Christian underworld. (pl-...uczestnicy "pogromu alfonsów" dbali o zachowanie porządku i podział "pracy", tzn. żydowscy robotnicy działali tylko w dzielnicy żydowskiej, atakując wyłącznie żydowskich członków półświatka. To samo uczynili chrześcijanie z chrześcijańskim półświatkiem.)
76:
178:
During the disturbances 150 dwellings (including 40 brothels) were destroyed, with property damage estimated at 200,000 rubles, 5 people were killed, 10 severely injured (most died later in hospitals) and over 40 injured. According to Scott Ury, 5 persons were killed in the events themselves, another
139:
The pogrom started following a rumor, though it is not clear which rumor actually sparked the pogrom. One version suggests that a sister or fiancée of a Bund activist was kidnapped and taken to a brothel, and he was wounded trying to rescue her. Another says a Jewish prostitute asked a Jewish worker
381:
by the Żydowski
Instytut Historyczny (Jewish Historical Institute). (Translated quote: "On the first day of the riots, groups of Jewish workers attacked pimps on the streets and destroyed their apartments and brothels. On the second day, Christians joined in; on the third day, the criminal element
155:
Although accounts of events differ, most agree that bands of Jewish workers went from brothel to brothel, assaulting pimps and prostitutes, destroying and looting property. Clashes also spread into the city streets. The rioting started in northwest Warsaw before spreading throughout the city.
619:
At the end of May 1905, mysterious and still unexplained events took place in Warsaw. Jews, and later also Poles, passed summary judgment on prostitutes and pimps, murdering the women of easy virtue and their protectors, and devastating and burning brothels. (The Polish quote:
622:"Pod koniec maja 1905 roku w Warszawie doszło do zagadkowych i do dzisiaj niewyjaśnionych zdarzeń. Żydzi, a chwilę później również Polacy, dokonali samosądu na prostytutkach i sutenerach, mordując kobiety lekkich obyczajów i ich "opiekunów", dewastując i paląc domy publiczne.
151:
rejects the view that this was a political action organized by the Bund as "a reaction of Jewish workers to the exploitation of Jewish women." Polonsky writes that the criminal underworld was substantially involved, and he notes that "only licensed brothels were affected".
162:
384:"Pierwszego dnia zamieszek grupy robotników żydowskich napadały na ulicach na stręczycieli oraz niszczyły ich mieszkania i domy publiczne. W drugim dniu do zajść włączyli się chrześcijanie; trzeciego – element przestępczy - napady rabunkowe."
111:
and 21.36% were Jewish, in Warsaw the proportion of Jewish prostitutes was much higher. In 1874 two-thirds of all registered prostitutes in Warsaw were Jewish. In 1889 around 75% of all brothels in Warsaw were run by Jews.
57:. The violence led to the destruction of several dozen brothels, and to as many as 15 deaths. Accounts and analyses of the event differ with regard to its goals and participants (varying as to the participation of Jewish
140:
for help in her plight, and when he tried to rescue her, he was killed. All versions suggest that after the rescuer was injured or killed, his friends started a large-scale riot. Jewish activists associated with the
182:
The Bund leadership at first criticized its activists who took part in the rioting, but later changed its stance and claimed the riot was a righteous action against the morally corrupt government and criminals.
457:
179:
10 died from wounds they incurred, and over 40 were hospitalized. According to a Reuter report, the number of injured was 100. Police arrested close to 100 pimps and prostitutes.
482:
Jakubczak, Aleksandra (2015). "Alfonse pogrom w
Warszawie 1905 roku w świetle prasy żydowskiej" [1905 Warsaw "Alfonse pogrom" in the light of the Jewish press].
157:
323:
In May 1905, a crowd of angry workers stormed Warsaw's brothel district...The furor became known as the "Alfonse pogrom", named after a slang term for a pimp.
674:
170:
The riot is considered to have been put down by 26 May 1905, though lesser incidents continued for a few more days, with 3 further fatalities on 28 May.
297:
Hetherington, Philippa (April 2018). "Reviewed work: The Devil's Chain: Prostitution and Social
Control in Partitioned Poland, Stauter-Halsted, Keely".
61:
labor-party militants, Jewish workers, Christian workers, and criminals; as well as to the genesis of the event and the exact numbers of casualties).
116:
70:
119:, tensions between the Jewish underworld and workers grew to the point where a violent wide-scale incident was increasingly likely. According to
115:
Accounts differ as to the cause of the violence. Some consider this a political action by Jewish workers. As violent riots escalated during the
516:
191:
99:. These activities were mostly dominated by the Jewish underworld, and their existence caused much tension and controversy within Warsaw's
572:
912:
147:
Another version is that the reason for the riot was criminal interference in the competition between legal and illegal brothels.
79:
Cossacks holding their rifles up, photographed on
Senatorska street near the Blue Palace, Warsaw, during one of the riots in 1905
699:
Antony
Polonsky, The Jews in Poland and Russia, Volume 2: 1881 to 1914, The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2010, p. 93
840:
813:
773:
612:
417:
458:""Sądy doraźne" nad prostytucją w Warszawie w maju 1905 roku w świetle prasy / Jolanta Sikorska-Kulesza. Rocznik Warszawski"
141:
58:
260:
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677:[The 1905 pogrom of pimps. A bloody clash of workers with pimps and prostitutes. Most brothels were destroyed].
602:
872:
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582:
530:
363:
274:
374:
902:
867:
635:
675:"Pogrom alfonsów 1905 r. Krwawa rozprawa robotników z sutenerami i prostytutkami. Zniszczono większość burdeli"
353:
877:
190:
to wider public attention and led to attempts to address the problem through further debate and reforms.
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907:
892:
887:
433:
318:
862:
229:
742:
440:" [Summary justice for prostitution in Warsaw in May 1905, in the light of the press].
187:
830:
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26:
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Religion and nationality of brothel owners - Table VIII - 3 Catholic, 16 Jewish (page 243)
8:
897:
314:
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538:
W kolejnych dniach do zamieszek wlaczyli sie chrześcijanie oraz pospolici przestepcy."
836:
809:
805:
Barricades and
Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry
769:
765:
Barricades and
Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry
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608:
578:
526:
413:
409:
Barricades and
Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry
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Attacks by Warsaw's workers, both
Christian and Jewish, on brothels, pimps, thieves.
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491:
306:
120:
561:, volume 2: 1881 to 1914, The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2010, p. 93.
710:
554:
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224:
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39:
21:
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The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia
717:
Evil Tolerated: Prostitution in the Kingdom of Poland in the Nineteenth Century
239:
196:
92:
54:
856:
100:
790:
Prostitution and Prejudice: The Jewish Fight Against White Slavery 1870–1939
84:
438:
Sądy doraźne nad prostytucją w Warszawie w maju 1905 roku w świetle prasy
832:
The Devil's Chain: Prostitution and Social Control in Partitioned Poland
574:
The Devil's Chain: Prostitution and Social Control in Partitioned Poland
540:("In following days, Christians and common criminals joined the riots.")
234:
219:
371:
514:
128:
124:
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355:
Polski słownik judaistyczny: dzieje, kultura, religia, ludzie
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Alfons: a man living at the expense of women. (Polish quote:
42:
712:
Zło tolerowane: prostytucja w Królestwie Polskim w XIX wieku
577:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 197.
515:
Kołodziejska-Smagała, Zuzanna; Antosik-Piela, Maria (2017).
267:
Words and People: Sketches about Polish Language and Culture
50:
35:
822:
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committed robberies." Original Polish-language quote:
828:
358:(in Polish). Wydawn. Prószyński i S-ka. p. 68.
589:historians disagree about the genesis of the riots
262:Słowa i ludzie: szkice o języku polskim i kulturze
854:
708:
607:(in Polish). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Zysk i Spółka.
523:Polish-Jewish Literature 1861-1918: An Anthology
432:
835:. Cornell University Press. pp. 197, 256.
570:
525:] (in Polish). Wydawnictwo UJ. p. 28.
518:Literatura polsko-żydowska 1861-1918: Antologia
107:and Warsaw, overall, 72.7% of prostitutes were
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71:Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07)
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167:ordered the military to suppress the riot.
53:'; 24–26 May 1905) was a three-day riot in
829:Keely Stauter-Halsted (19 February 2016).
808:. Stanford University Press. p. 129.
768:. Stanford University Press. p. 128.
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412:. Stanford University Press. p. 127.
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283:Alfons - meżczyzna żyjacy na koszt kobiet.
205:("After the Pogrom"), about the incident.
144:labor party were involved in the rioting.
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83:In the second half of the 19th century,
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269:] (in Polish). Adam. p. 41.
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673:Gaudenty, Radzim (25 January 2019).
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462:Biblioteka Publiczna m.st. Warszawy
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913:Riots and civil disorder in Poland
709:Sikorska-Kulesza, Jolanta (2004).
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319:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.96.2.0368
311:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.96.2.0368
259:Podracki, Jerzy (1 January 2003).
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186:The riot brought the problem of
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571:Stauter-Halsted, Keely (2016).
496:10.4467/24500100STJ.15.015.4606
792:, Clarendon Press, 1982, p. 61
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123:, the pimps were perceived by
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559:The Jews in Poland and Russia
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802:Scott Ury (8 August 2012).
762:Scott Ury (8 August 2012).
601:Holewiński, Wacław (2018).
490:(2 (36)). Warsaw: 339–357.
406:Scott Ury (8 August 2012).
352:Borzymińska, Zofia (2003).
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883:1905 in the Russian Empire
131:(Russian Tsarist police).
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638:, Gazeta Wyborcza website
434:Sikorska-Kulesza, Jolanta
873:Jewish history in Warsaw
377:27 November 2020 at the
370:Entry reproduced online
679:warszawa.naszemiasto.pl
230:Simon Rubinstein (pimp)
117:unrest in the mid-1900s
903:Sex industry in Poland
868:Prostitution in Poland
188:prostitution in Poland
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158:Konstantin Maximovich
95:became widespread in
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127:to be agents of the
103:community. While in
788:Edward J. Bristow,
878:1905 controversies
464:(Library catalog).
442:Rocznik Warszawski
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842:978-1-5017-0166-5
815:978-0-8047-8104-6
775:978-0-8047-8104-6
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419:978-0-8047-8104-6
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448:: 111–127.
195: [
192:Leo Belmont
161: [
898:1905 riots
857:Categories
246:References
235:Ashkenazum
220:Zwi Migdal
65:Background
436:(2007). "
174:Aftermath
375:Archived
209:See also
135:The riot
125:Bundists
109:Catholic
129:Okhrana
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38:'; the
34:of the
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32:pogrom
22:Polish
715:[
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315:JSTOR
265:[
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45:term
43:slang
36:pimps
837:ISBN
810:ISBN
770:ISBN
721:ISBN
687:2019
609:ISBN
579:ISBN
527:ISBN
488:2015
446:XXXV
414:ISBN
372:here
360:ISBN
271:ISBN
142:Bund
59:Bund
51:pimp
20:(in
16:The
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