Biological pest control

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enable outbreaks of pests of other species than the ones originally targeted, and on crops at a distance from those treated with pesticides. One method of increasing grower adoption of biocontrol methods involves letting them learn by doing, for example showing them simple field experiments, enabling them to observe the live predation of pests, or demonstrations of parasitised pests. In the Philippines, early-season sprays against leaf folder caterpillars were common practice, but growers were asked to follow a 'rule of thumb' of not spraying against leaf folders for the first 30 days after transplanting; participation in this resulted in a reduction of insecticide use by 1/3 and a change in grower perception of insecticide use.

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appropriate release dates when susceptible host species at a suitable phase of development will be available. Larger production facilities produce on a yearlong basis, whereas some facilities produce only seasonally. Rearing facilities are usually a significant distance from where the agents are to be used in the field, and transporting the parasitoids from the point of production to the point of use can pose problems. Shipping conditions can be too hot, and even vibrations from planes or trucks can adversely affect parasitoids.

426: 338:, invasive pests of trees and shrubs. As a result, nine parasitoids (solitary wasps) of the spongy moth, seven of the brown-tail moth, and two predators of both moths became established in the US. Although the spongy moth was not fully controlled by these natural enemies, the frequency, duration, and severity of its outbreaks were reduced and the program was regarded as successful. This program also led to the development of many concepts, principles, and procedures for the implementation of biological control programs. 2059: 40: 8252: 57: 8189: 718: 342: 8201: 6694: 1477: 656:

longer-term control and thus keeping the pest down to a low level, constituting prevention rather than cure. In inundative release, in contrast, large numbers are released in the hope of rapidly reducing a damaging pest population, correcting a problem that has already arisen. Augmentation can be effective, but is not guaranteed to work, and depends on the precise details of the interactions between each pest and control agent.

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densities by 10- or even 100-fold) that farmers sprayed 70% less insecticides and enjoyed yields boosted by 5%. Predators of aphids were similarly found to be present in tussock grasses by field boundary hedges in England, but they spread too slowly to reach the centers of fields. Control was improved by planting a meter-wide strip of tussock grasses in field centers, enabling aphid predators to overwinter there.

8213: 887: 2221:. However, it has thrived at the expense of local species, causing a decline of endemic fish and frogs through competition for food resources, as well as through eating their eggs and larvae. In Australia, control of the mosquitofish is the subject of discussion; in 1989 researchers A. H. Arthington and L. L. Lloyd stated that "biological population control is well beyond present capabilities". 6106: 367:, Australia as ornamental plants, starting in 1788. They quickly spread to cover over 25 million hectares of Australia by 1920, increasing by 1 million hectares per year. Digging, burning, and crushing all proved ineffective. Two control agents were introduced to help control the spread of the plant, the cactus moth 2093:

and bred in captivity to increase their numbers until they were released into the sugar cane fields of the tropic north in 1935. It was later discovered that the toads could not jump very high and so were unable to eat the cane beetles which stayed on the upper stalks of the cane plants. However, the

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populations there. It escaped from quarantine and spread across the country, killing large numbers of rabbits. Very young animals survived, passing immunity to their offspring in due course and eventually producing a virus-resistant population. Introduction into New Zealand in the 1990s was similarly

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Biological control techniques as we know them today started to emerge in the 1870s. During this decade, in the US, the Missouri State Entomologist C. V. Riley and the Illinois State Entomologist W. LeBaron began within-state redistribution of parasitoids to control crop pests. The first international

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through predation, parasitism, pathogenicity, competition, or other attacks on non-target species. An introduced control does not always target only the intended pest species; it can also target native species. In Hawaii during the 1940s parasitic wasps were introduced to control a lepidopteran pest

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There are a number of recent studies pursuing sustainable methods for controlling urban cockroaches using parasitic wasps. Since most cockroaches remain in the sewer system and sheltered areas which are inaccessible to insecticides, employing active-hunter wasps is a strategy to try and reduce their

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A potential obstacle to the adoption of biological pest control measures is that growers may prefer to stay with the familiar use of pesticides. However, pesticides have undesired effects, including the development of resistance among pests, and the destruction of natural enemies; these may in turn

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support amphibians. Not removing dead annuals and non-hardy plants in the autumn allow insects to make use of their hollow stems during winter. In California, prune trees are sometimes planted in grape vineyards to provide an improved overwintering habitat or refuge for a key grape pest parasitoid.

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and to the target pest, and their conservation can be simple and cost-effective, as when nectar-producing crop plants are grown in the borders of rice fields. These provide nectar to support parasitoids and predators of planthopper pests and have been demonstrated to be so effective (reducing pest

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is a water-borne mold that parasitizes the larval stage of mosquitoes. When applied to water, the motile spores avoid unsuitable host species and search out suitable mosquito larval hosts. This mold has the advantages of a dormant phase, resistant to desiccation, with slow-release characteristics

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was unknown until a groundbreaking 1972 proposal by Zettler and Freeman. Up to that point biocontrol of any kind had not been used against any water weeds. In their review of the possibilities, they noted the lack of interest and information thus far, and listed what was known of pests-of-pests –

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with the native males for females. Those females that copulate with the sterile males will lay infertile eggs, resulting in a decrease in the size of the population. Over time, with repeated introductions of sterile males, this could result in a significant decrease in the size of the organism's

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Many of the most important pests are exotic, invasive species that severely impact agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and urban environments. They tend to arrive without their co-evolved parasites, pathogens and predators, and by escaping from these, populations may soar. Importing the natural

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Parasitoids are among the most widely used biological control agents. Commercially, there are two types of rearing systems: short-term daily output with high production of parasitoids per day, and long-term, low daily output systems. In most instances, production will need to be matched with the

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where beneficial insects such as parasitoidal wasps can live and reproduce, can help ensure the survival of populations of natural enemies. Things as simple as leaving a layer of fallen leaves or mulch in place provides a suitable food source for worms and provides a shelter for insects, in turn

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To be most effective at controlling a pest, a biological control agent requires a colonizing ability which allows it to keep pace with changes to the habitat in space and time. Control is greatest if the agent has temporal persistence so that it can maintain its population even in the temporary

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There are three basic strategies for biological control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative

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Augmentation involves the supplemental release of natural enemies that occur in a particular area, boosting the naturally occurring populations there. In inoculative release, small numbers of the control agents are released at intervals to allow them to reproduce, in the hope of setting up

185:. It was brought into more widespread use by the entomologist Paul H. DeBach (1914–1993) who worked on citrus crop pests throughout his life. However, the practice has previously been used for centuries. The first report of the use of an insect species to control an insect pest comes from " 941:. The nematode enters the slug through the posterior mantle region, thereafter feeding and reproducing inside, but it is the bacteria that kill the slug. The nematode is available commercially in Europe and is applied by watering onto moist soil. Entomopathogenic nematodes have a limited 4516:

Paterson Fox, Eduardo Gonçalves; Bressan-Nascimento, Suzete; Eizemberg, Roberto (September 2009). "Notes on the Biology and Behaviour of the Jewel Wasp, Ampulex compressa (Fabricius, 1781) (Hymenoptera; Ampulicidae), in the Laboratory, Including First Record of Gregarious Reproduction".

1468:. The insects pass the bacteria on to their offspring. The project covered a combined area of 135 square kilometres (52 sq mi), home to 3.3 million people. Most of the project area reached the target of infecting 60% of local mosquitoes. The technique is not endorsed by WHO. 1070:

are also sometimes used as biological rodent control. Although there are no quantitative studies of the effectiveness of barn owls for this purpose, they are known rodent predators that can be used in addition to or instead of cats; they can be encouraged into an area with nest boxes.

2206:, more often than it ate the rats, and now both rats and mongooses threaten the birds. This introduction was undertaken without understanding the consequences of such an action. No regulations existed at the time, and more careful evaluation should prevent such releases now. 446:

Importation or classical biological control involves the introduction of a pest's natural enemies to a new locale where they do not occur naturally. Early instances were often unofficial and not based on research, and some introduced species became serious pests themselves.

5882:; Jolls, Claudia L.; Marik, Julie E.; Vitt, Pati; McEachern, A. Kathryn; Kind, Darcy (October 2012). "Effects of a non-native biocontrol weevil, Larinus planus, and other emerging threats on populations of the federally threatened Pitcher's thistle, Cirsium pitcheri". 688:

is frequently released inundatively to control harmful moths. New way for inundative releases are now introduced i.e. use of drones. Egg parasitoids are able to find the eggs of the target host by means of several cues. Kairomones were found on moth scales. Similarly,

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Coulson, J. R.; Vail, P. V.; Dix M.E.; Nordlund, D.A.; Kauffman, W.C.; Eds. 2000. 110 years of biological control research and development in the United States Department of Agriculture: 1883–1993. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

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in glasshouse vegetable and ornamental crops. It is most effective when dealing with low level infestations, giving protection over a long period of time. The wasp lays its eggs in young whitefly 'scales', turning them black as the parasite larvae pupate.

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are important predators of insect and other invertebrate pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes form a stress–resistant stage known as the infective juvenile. These spread in the soil and infect suitable insect hosts. Upon entering the insect they move to the

323:. This had become a major problem for the newly developed citrus industry in California, but by the end of 1889, the cottony cushion scale population had already declined. This great success led to further introductions of beneficial insects into the US. 1342:

whether pathogens or not. They proposed that this should be relatively straightfoward to apply in the same way as other biocontrols. And indeed in the decades since, the same biocontrol methods that are routine on land have become common in the water.

798:. Reduced prey quality and abundance associated with increased control from Bt cotton can also indirectly decrease natural enemy populations in some cases, but the percentage of pests eaten or parasitized in Bt and non-Bt cotton are often similar. 782:

can be encouraged by using plastic bottles with an open bottom and a roll of cardboard inside. Birdhouses enable insectivorous birds to nest; the most useful birds can be attracted by choosing an opening just large enough for the desired species.

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that attempted to eat the toad were harmed or killed. However, there has been some recent evidence that native predators are adapting, both physiologically and through changing their behaviour, so in the long run, their populations may recover.

291:(USDA) initiated research in classical biological control following the establishment of the Division of Entomology in 1881, with C. V. Riley as Chief. The first importation of a parasitoidal wasp into the United States was that of the braconid 4480:

Bressan-Nascimento, S.; Oliveira, D.M.P.; Fox, E.G.P. (December 2008). "Thermal requirements for the embryonic development of Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) with potential application in mass-rearing of egg parasitoids".

1131:, so a meta-analysis was done to find such an overall trend in previously published data, if it existed. In some cases floral resources are outright necessary. Overall, floral resources (and an imitation, i.e. sugar water) increase 1863:. As part of the campaign against it, from 2003 American scientists and the Chinese Academy of Forestry searched for its natural enemies in the wild, leading to the discovery of several parasitoid wasps, namely 213:

people sell ants and their nests attached to twigs looking like thin cotton envelopes, the reddish-yellow ant being larger than normal. Without such ants, southern citrus fruits will be severely insect-damaged

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Khan, Z.; Midega, C. A. O.; Amudavi, D. M.; Hassanali, A.; Pickett, J. A. (2008). "On-farm evaluation of the 'push–pull' technology for the control of stemborers and striga weed on maize in western Kenya".

2042:; regulations may be ineffective and there may be unanticipated effects on biodiversity, and the adoption of the techniques may prove challenging because of a lack of knowledge among farmers and growers. 2055:

and the wasps are still found there today. This may have a negative impact on the native ecosystem; however, host range and impacts need to be studied before declaring their impact on the environment.

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Bacteria used for biological control infect insects via their digestive tracts, so they offer only limited options for controlling insects with sucking mouth parts such as aphids and scale insects.

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He, Xueqing; Kiær, Lars Pødenphant; Jensen, Per Moestrup; Sigsgaard, Lene (2021). "The effect of floral resources on predator longevity and fecundity: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

1026:). During its larval stage, the moth strictly consumes its host plant, poison hemlock, and can exist at hundreds of larvae per individual host plant, destroying large swathes of the hemlock. 1699:

are causing serious defoliation. The moth larvae are killed by the virus they have eaten and die, the disintegrating cadavers leaving virus particles on the foliage to infect other larvae.

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Vertebrate animals tend to be generalist feeders, and seldom make good biological control agents; many of the classic cases of "biocontrol gone awry" involve vertebrates. For example, the

5925: 5742: 2861: 3699: 496:, the alfalfa weevil, a serious introduced pest of forage, was substantially reduced by the introduction of natural enemies. 20 years after their introduction the population of 379:. Between 1926 and 1931, tens of millions of cactus moth eggs were distributed around Queensland with great success, and by 1932, most areas of prickly pear had been destroyed. 5669:

Wright, M. G.; Hoffmann, M. P.; Kuhar, T. P.; Gardner, J; Pitcher, SA (2005). "Evaluating risks of biological control introductions: A probabilistic risk-assessment approach".

3659:"Laboratory Rearing of Agonopterix alstroemeriana, the Defoliating Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) Moth, and Effects of Piperidine Alkaloids on Preference and Performance" 5438: 4101: 1218: 169:

through attacks on non-target species by any of the above mechanisms, especially when a species is introduced without a thorough understanding of the possible consequences.

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Related to biological pest control is the technique of introducing sterile individuals into the native population of some organism. This technique is widely practised with

5270: 1822: 1813:, is a major nuisance pest in Australia, but native decomposers found in Australia are not adapted to feeding on cow dung, which is where bush flies breed. Therefore, the 6149:. The Mycota - A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. VII-388. 2622: 409:. Between 1884 and 1908, the first Dominion Entomologist, James Fletcher, continued introductions of other parasitoids and pathogens for the control of pests in Canada. 4956: 3384:

Michalko, Radek; Dvoryankina, Viktoriya (1 June 2019). "Intraspecific phenotypic variation in functional traits of a generalist predator in an agricultural landscape".

1376:(true fly) insect pests. The bacterium is available to organic farmers in sachets of dried spores which are mixed with water and sprayed onto vulnerable plants such as 1139:, meaning even predatory population numbers can depend on non-prey food abundance. Thus biocontrol population maintenance – and success – may depend on nearby flowers. 326:

In 1905 the USDA initiated its first large-scale biological control program, sending entomologists to Europe and Japan to look for natural enemies of the spongy moth,

6104:, Efrat Lidor-Nili & Orly Noivirt-Brik, "Compositions, kits and methods for weed control", published 2019-07-11, assigned to Weedout Ltd. 959: 591: 1692: 471: 1736: 1153:

Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the body of an insect host, which is then used as a food for developing larvae. The host is ultimately killed. Most insect

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that kill insects (that are entomopathogenic) are released at rates of millions and even billions per acre for control of certain soil-dwelling insect pests.

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Capinera, John L.; Epsky, Nancy D. (1992-01-01). "Potential for Biological Control of Soil Insects in the Caribbean Basin Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes".

2169:) by selecting larger plants (which reduced the gene pool), reducing seed production and ultimately threatening the species' survival. Similarly, the weevil 728:

Cropping systems can be modified to favor natural enemies, a practice sometimes referred to as habitat manipulation. Providing a suitable habitat, such as a

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that kills slugs. Its complex life cycle includes a free-living, infective stage in the soil where it becomes associated with a pathogenic bacteria such as

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in vegetable or field crops range from 5,000 to 200,000 per acre (1 to 50 per square metre) per week according to the level of pest infestation. Similarly,

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The conservation of existing natural enemies in an environment is the third method of biological pest control. Natural enemies are already adapted to the

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Kross, Sara M.; Bourbour, Ryan P.; Martinico, Breanna L. (1 May 2016). "Agricultural land use, barn owl diet, and vertebrate pest control implications".

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during their whole lifetime. Given that many major crop pests are insects, many of the predators used in biological control are insectivorous species.

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gardens in 1882 by William Saunders, a trained chemist and first Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, for controlling the invasive currantworm

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Incorporating science, economics, and sociology in developing sanitary and phytosanitary standards in international trade: proceedings of a conference

5192: 4833: 3845: 3062: 2286: 2217:) is a native of the southeastern United States and was introduced around the world in the 1930s and '40s to feed on mosquito larvae and thus combat 2065:(introduced into Australia 1935) spread from 1940 to 1980: it was ineffective as a control agent. Its distribution has continued to widen since 1980. 1400:. These confer resistance to insect pests and thus reduce the necessity for pesticide use. If pests develop resistance to the toxins in these crops, 1356:, a soil-dwelling bacterium, is the most widely applied species of bacteria used for biological control, with at least four sub-species used against 945:

because of their limited resistance to high temperature and dry conditions. The type of soil they are applied to may also limit their effectiveness.

158:. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biological control agents of weeds include seed predators, 5326: 4076: 2662: 4418:

Hoddle M. S.; Grandgirard J.; Petit J.; Roderick G. K.; Davies N. (2006). "Glassy-winged sharpshooter Ko'ed – First round – in French Polynesia".

3120: 5266: 5048: 4211: 1464:. The project was executed by non-profit World Mosquito Program (WMP). Wolbachia prevents mosquitos from transmitting viruses such as dengue and 6305: 5006: 4054: 142:

Natural enemies of insects play an important part in limiting the densities of potential pests. Biological control agents such as these include

8174: 7829: 7792: 5917: 5704: 3767: 3253: 5734: 5643: 4055:"The Monte Verde Story (Honduras): Community Eradication of Aedes aegypti (the mosquito responsible for Zika, dengue fever, and chikungunya)" 6039:

Heong, K. L.; Escalada, M. M. (1998). "Changing rice farmers' pest management practices through participation in a small-scale experiment".

5544: 5511: 5497:"Developing a classical biological control program for Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive ash pest in North America" 2854: 2510: 2251:

population. A similar technique has recently been applied to weeds using irradiated pollen, resulting in deformed seeds that do not sprout.

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Gurr, Geoff M. (22 February 2016). "Multi-country evidence that crop diversification promotes ecological intensification of agriculture".

4404: 3238: 3105: 1334:. When naturally occurring, these outbreaks are density-dependent in that they generally only occur as insect populations become denser. 956: 2938: 1837:

In cases of massive and severe infection of invasive pests, techniques of pest control are often used in combination. An example is the

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can create a more favorable environment for natural enemies of cotton pests due to reduced insecticide exposure risk. Such predators or

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Li, Z.; Dong, Q.; Albright, T.P.; Guo, Q. (2011). "Natural and human dimensions of a quasi-natural wild species: the case of kudzu".

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There are three basic biological pest control strategies: importation (classical biological control), augmentation and conservation.

5834:"Unexpected Ecological Effects of Distributing the Exotic Weevil, Larinus planus (F.), for the Biological Control of Canada Thistle" 2679: 638: 8142: 8086: 2753: 2423: 288: 277:

shipment of an insect as a biological control agent was made by Charles V. Riley in 1873, shipping to France the predatory mites

131:, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of 7218: 2615: 2593: 766:

is also sometimes undertaken, particularly in gardens, to make a cropped area more attractive to natural enemies. For example,

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Cook, R. James (September 1993). "Making Greater Use of Introduced Microorganisms for Biological Control of Plant Pathogens".

833:, and in particular their larvae which are active between May and July in the northern hemisphere, are voracious predators of 6418: 6173: 6154: 6077: 6013: 5958: 5623: 4989: 4952: 4590: 4398: 3641: 3507: 3419: 3359: 3343: 3232: 3149: 3099: 2998: 2705: 2368: 1691:

are specific to individual insect host species and have been shown to be useful in biological pest control. For example, the

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Hoddle, M. S.; Van Driesche, R. G.; Sanderson, J. P. (1998). "Biology and Use of the Whitefly Parasitoid Encarsia Formosa".

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Kuris, Armand M. (March 2003). "Did biological control cause extinction of the coconut moth, Levuana iridescens, in Fiji?".

2374: 6590: 6293: 3569: 566:) is a serious pest, covering waterways, reducing water flow and harming native species. Control with the salvinia weevil ( 5765: 2806: 8044: 5833: 4819: 1200: 451:

absence of the target species, and if it is an opportunistic forager, enabling it to rapidly exploit a pest population.

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and other microbial insecticides are used in large enough quantities for a rapid effect. Recommended release rates for

1418:, killing the larvae. It is very specific to its host species and is harmless to vertebrates and other invertebrates. 8229: 4770: 3947: 2198:

population. However, the mongoose was diurnal, and the rats emerged at night; the mongoose, therefore, preyed on the

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Lemaux, Peggy G. (2008). "Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I)".

5766:"Demographic and evolutionary impacts of native and invasive insect herbivores: a case study with Platte thistle, 8122: 8107: 8102: 7879: 6943: 6878: 4608: 5583: 4551: 3882: 2559: 1711:

successful at first, but a decade later, immunity had developed and populations had returned to pre-RHD levels.

1296:, a species of parasitic wasp, has been investigated as an alternative to more controversial chemical controls. 1029: 8169: 8164: 8112: 7859: 7333: 5808: 3881:

Labuschagne, Lushka; Swanepoel, Lourens H.; Taylor, Peter J; Belmain, Steven R.; Keith, Mark (1 October 2016).

1814: 874:, one larva devouring up to 400 in its lifetime. Their effectiveness in commercial crops has not been studied. 579:

is effective in warm climates, and in Zimbabwe, a 99% control of the weed was obtained over a two-year period.

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A Review of the Biological Control Attempts Against Insects and Weeds in Canada. Technical Communication No. 2

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over several years. Unfortunately, it is susceptible to many chemicals used in mosquito abatement programmes.

434:, the vedalia beetle, was imported from Australia to California in the 19th century, successfully controlling 7844: 7555: 7416: 7009: 5360: 4287:

Smith, S.M. (1996). "Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use".

3883:"Are avian predators effective biological control agents for rodent pest management in agricultural systems?" 3658: 3539: 927: 786:

In cotton production, the replacement of broad-spectrum insecticides with selective control measures such as

5946: 8289: 7864: 7839: 6753: 6708: 6121: 4841: 3856: 3066: 2109:, dramatically reducing their populations. Also, when it is threatened or handled, the cane toad releases 181:

at the 1919 meeting of the Pacific Slope Branch of the American Association of Economic Entomologists, in

8299: 8294: 7849: 7511: 7466: 6920: 6896: 6723: 5300: 3565: 1573: 517: 139:(conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment. 5188: 8242: 7889: 7824: 7651: 7446: 7426: 6891: 6818: 6738: 4617: 3124: 1393: 1263: 1011: 886: 505: 466:(the vedalia beetle). This success was repeated in California using the beetle and a parasitoidal fly, 132: 17: 5990: 5274: 5040: 4207: 4031: 770:

are natural predators that can be encouraged in gardens by hanging upside-down flowerpots filled with

560:, greatly reducing the amount of land covered by the plant. Another aquatic weed, the giant salvinia ( 7626: 6873: 6788: 6346: 5334: 5018: 2021: 1552: 1193:. Parasitoids are most effective at reducing pest populations when their host organisms have limited 1096:

were added to the wells and tanks where the mosquito breeds and the mosquito larvae were eliminated.

910: 6325: 5481: 5173: 4800: 2492: 8137: 7723: 7636: 7621: 7576: 7411: 7406: 6828: 6823: 6748: 6733: 6583: 5712: 3776: 3260: 2239: 1979: 1963: 1592: 1587: 1281: 1123: 5647: 8064: 7787: 7782: 7673: 7641: 7313: 7290: 5536: 5496: 5007:"Cordyceps Species as a Bio-Control Agent against Coconut Root Grub, Leucopholis coneophora Burm" 4386: 2903:

Chikwenhere, Godfrey P.; Keswani, C. L. (1997). "Economics of biological control of Kariba weed (

2522: 2199: 2039: 2016: 1985: 1696: 1427: 1406: 950: 675: 328: 4656: 4582: 4576: 3974: 2828: 8132: 8117: 8059: 8054: 7809: 7740: 7733: 7550: 7545: 7378: 6841: 6531:

Collier, T.; Steenwyka, R. (2003). "A critical evaluation of augmentative biological control".

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Hawkins, B. A.; Thomas, M. B.; Hochberg, M. E. (1993). "Refuge Theory and Biological Control".

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also prey heavily on aphids, and act as a biological control agent in European fruit orchards.

856: 795: 605: 4979: 4388: 3937: 3222: 3089: 1010:(mentioned above) can also be used to destroy invasive plant species. As another example, the 7948: 7728: 7471: 7363: 7153: 7148: 6999: 6778: 6773: 6763: 6743: 5948: 5468: 4683: 3731:

Davis, David E. (20 November 1957). "The Use of Food as a Buffer in a Predator-Prey System".

3623: 3335: 2934: 2326: 2247: 2179:, but it damaged other thistles as well. This included one species classified as threatened. 1947: 1774: 1128: 996: 851: 659:

An example of inoculative release occurs in the horticultural production of several crops in

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Cory, J.; Myers, J. (2000). "Direct and indirect ecological effects of biological control".

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Pereira, M. J.; et al. (1998). "Conservation of natural vegetation in Azores Islands".

3407: 2511:"Biological Control – One Of The Fine Traditions Of Ancient Chinese Agricultural Techniques" 1084:

and other infectious diseases, biological control was attempted by a community action plan;

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Griffiths, G. J. K. (2007). "Efficacy and economics of shelter habitats for conservation".

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Operational Field Guide to the Propagation and Establishment of the Bioagent Larinus Planus

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toad thrived by feeding on other insects and soon spread very rapidly; it took over native

1997: 1829:, to reduce the amount of dung and therefore also the potential breeding sites of the fly. 1791: 1715: 1647: 1331: 1250: 981: 879: 753:

and stacks of wood can provide shelter for invertebrates and small mammals. Long grass and

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National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources (June 2000).

5216:"Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): a review" 4437:

Smith, S. M.; Hubbes, M.; Carrow, J. R. (1986). "Factors affecting inundative releases of

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Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects – a protective mutualism and its applications

6394: 6069:

Sterile Insect Technique: Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management

2683: 2331: 2321: 2138: 1973: 1843: 1786: 1769: 1564: 992: 975: 937: 925:. The bacterial symbionts reproduce and release toxins, which then kill the host insect. 596: 574: 6480: 6377: 5895: 5849: 5682: 5396: 5130: 4880: 4625: 4494: 4347: 4321: 4300: 4246: 4118: 4009: 3901: 2788: 8263: 8256: 8205: 8127: 7953: 7869: 6994: 6798: 6338: 5861: 5242: 5215: 5161: 5106: 5087: 4900: 4788: 4733: 4649: 4572: 4534: 4462: 4458: 4364: 4323: 4266: 4138: 3821: 3804: 3769:

Control Of Norway Rats In The Agricultural Environment: Alternatives To Rodenticide Use

3748: 3681: 3513: 3461: 3200: 2977: 2749: 2656: 2480: 2419: 2276: 2261: 1889: 1879:, a gregarious larval ectoparasitoid. These have been introduced and released into the 1818: 1809: 1663: 1578: 1510: 622: 462: 430: 66: 6488: 4762: 4606:

Zettler, F W; Freeman, T E (1972). "Plant Pathogens as Biocontrols of Aquatic Weeds".

3121:"Biological Control. Nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae & Heterorhabditidae)" 8200: 7797: 7770: 7718: 7688: 7198: 7168: 7117: 7107: 7082: 7016: 6813: 6803: 6544: 6523: 6414: 6381: 6169: 6160: 6150: 6083: 6073: 5954: 5857: 5690: 5619: 5567: 5247: 4985: 4904: 4892: 4864: 4776: 4766: 4725: 4687: 4629: 4586: 4502: 4394: 4369: 4304: 4258: 4189: 4142: 4130: 4126: 4070: 3943: 3909: 3826: 3637: 3503: 3415: 3339: 3328: 3308: 3228: 3204: 3192: 3095: 3044: 2364: 2306: 2296: 1838: 1583: 1480: 1117: 511: 477: 305: 293: 178: 6342: 5091: 4737: 4538: 4466: 4270: 3685: 3517: 2981: 630:, was brought under control by a classical biological control program in the 1920s. 297:

in 1883–1884, imported from Europe to control the invasive cabbage white butterfly,

8268: 8034: 7992: 7884: 7775: 7683: 7668: 7368: 7250: 7143: 7138: 7004: 6783: 6540: 6519: 6484: 6373: 6330: 6048: 5899: 5865: 5853: 5781: 5686: 5611: 5579: 5400: 5237: 5227: 5214:

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5134: 5079: 4931: 4884: 4758: 4717: 4679: 4621: 4526: 4498: 4454: 4359: 4351: 4296: 4250: 4179: 4122: 4013: 3913: 3905: 3816: 3740: 3673: 3495: 3487: 3453: 3393: 3298: 3184: 3036: 2969: 2916: 2784: 2281: 1911: 1599:

Pathogenic fungi may be controlled by other fungi, or bacteria or yeasts, such as:

1494: 1453: 1274: 1235: 1223: 1205: 1194: 1063: 1059: 1019: 987: 665: 562: 6912: 6017: 4254: 4053:

Marten, Gerry; Caballero, Xenia; Romero, Hilda; Larios, Arnulfo (1 January 2019).

3939:

Crop Protection in Medieval Agriculture: Studies in pre-modern organic agriculture

3363: 3153: 3040: 3002: 2709: 1695:

has been used to spray large areas of forest in North America where larvae of the

8009: 7745: 6768: 6297: 5903: 5152:

Voigt K.; Marano, A. V.; Gleason, F. H. (2013). K. Esser & F. Kempken (ed.).

5138: 4558: 4175: 2358: 2316: 2311: 2243: 2176: 2158:). However, the weevil also attacks native thistles, harming such species as the 2151: 1957: 1952: 1875: 1795: 1755: 1707: 1659: 1558: 1415: 1158: 1034: 825:

Predators are mainly free-living species that directly consume a large number of

456: 405: 319: 61: 4417: 4387:

Sithanantham, S.; Ballal, Chandish R.; Jalali, S.K.; Bakthavatsalam, N. (2013).

3561: 3150:"Conservation of Natural Enemies: Keeping Your "Livestock" Happy and Productive" 3026: 2775:

Caltagirone, L. E. (1981). "Landmark Examples in Classical Biological Control".

2058: 1177:, which attack caterpillars and a wide range of other insects including aphids; 1115:) are often useful adjunct sources. It had been noticed in one study that adult 7965: 7494: 7385: 7358: 7284: 7158: 7042: 6975: 6847: 6290: 6184:

Elad, Yigal; Freeman, Stanley. "Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens".

4888: 4708:

McGaughey, W. H.; Gould, F.; Gelernter, W. (1998). "Bt resistance management".

4017: 3677: 2802: 2171: 2143: 2130: 2114: 2002: 1883:

as a possible biological control of the emerald ash borer. Initial results for

1800: 1652: 1326:. They kill or debilitate their host and are relatively host-specific. Various 918:

where they recover from their stagnated state of development and release their

533: 492: 439: 425: 396: 238: 112: 39: 6392: 6334: 6087: 5404: 5083: 3973:. ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Archived from 3491: 2973: 1483:, a pest in its own right and a vector of plant viruses, killed by the fungus 8278: 8159: 8024: 7982: 7928: 7750: 7571: 7441: 6986: 6834: 6164: 5807:. Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests. May 2001. Archived from 4815: 4633: 4193: 4134: 2006: 1880: 1869: 1860: 1688: 1641: 1528: 1514:

is mass-produced and used to manage a wide variety of insect pests including

1431: 1166: 1076: 549: 537: 468: 72: 6052: 5232: 4936: 4919: 4184: 4157: 3188: 2920: 1773:

grass: the vine is extremely vigorous and suppresses neighbouring plants by

1165:, and many have a very narrow host range. The most important groups are the 1058:

are effective biological control when used in conjunction with reduction of

8079: 7938: 7913: 7755: 7713: 7658: 7616: 7373: 7338: 7262: 7032: 6758: 6663: 6636: 6631: 6385: 6067: 5918:"Moving on from the mongoose: the success of biological control in Hawai'i" 5879: 5418:

Bornemissza, G. F. (1976). "The Australian dung beetle project 1965–1975".

5251: 4896: 4691: 4373: 4308: 4262: 3312: 3252:

Wilson, L. Ted; Pickett, Charles H.; Flaherty, Donald L.; Bates, Teresa A.

3196: 3048: 2336: 2142:, a seed-feeding weevil, was introduced to North America to control exotic 2051: 1606: 1338: 1309: 1270: 1178: 1081: 1066:, they are not effective for eliminating pre-existing severe infestations. 919: 842: 750: 684: 588: 388: 299: 258: 250: 234: 166: 92: 5605: 4780: 4729: 4570: 3918: 3830: 2360:

Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control

1666:

have been explored as agents of biological control. From Chytridiomycota,

1504:, which cause disease in insects, include at least 14 species that attack 8069: 8004: 7987: 7960: 7933: 7918: 7894: 7765: 7606: 7534: 7436: 7267: 7238: 7163: 7133: 7087: 7037: 6678: 6658: 6621: 6460:

Humphrey, J. and Hyatt. 2004. CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory.

4530: 2646: 2122: 2082: 1991: 1941: 1826: 1668: 1620: 1601: 1569: 1547: 1534: 1461: 1452:

mosquitoes reduced dengue incidence by 94–97% in the Colombian cities of

1411: 1357: 1255: 1170: 1043: 902: 846: 818: 791: 737: 647:, the convergent lady beetle, is commonly sold for biological control of 617:(larvicide effect) reduce pest damages more than insecticide treatments 375: 116: 77: 5154:

Ecological & Economical Importance of Parasitic Zoosporic True Fungi

4721: 3499: 2887:"A summary of research into biological control of salvinia in Australia" 1457: 56: 7760: 7708: 7703: 7586: 7213: 7208: 7065: 6980: 6718: 6668: 4515: 4322:

Knoll, Valery; Ellenbroek, Thomas; Romeis, Jörg; Collatz, Jana (2017).

3933: 3752: 3465: 2357:

Flint, Maria Louise; Dreistadt, Steve H. (1998). Clark, Jack K. (ed.).

1936: 1733: 1626: 1615: 1515: 1490: 1381: 1369: 1244: 1213:

horticulture, was one of the first biological control agents developed.

1210: 1182: 1174: 1154: 1148: 966: 942: 894: 767: 722: 717: 660: 545: 541: 364: 341: 333: 314: 282: 147: 124: 31: 6693: 4355: 3625:

Combined Releases of Predators for Biological Control of Spider Mites

3303: 3286: 2356: 1396:, making the plants express some of the bacterium's toxins, which are 7970: 7698: 7431: 7047: 6683: 6673: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6616: 6607: 6599: 6122:"בלי כימיקלים: שתי מדעניות הגו רעיון פשוט ומהפכני לחיסול עשבים שוטים" 3063:"Biological control. Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)" 2902: 2095: 2078: 2070: 2062: 1968: 1856: 1783: 1721: 1635: 1543: 1476: 1444: 1365: 1327: 1259: 1190: 1136: 1132: 1067: 922: 915: 787: 779: 775: 763: 729: 698: 382:

The first reported case of a classical biological control attempt in

310: 159: 143: 128: 120: 108: 49: 5785: 5537:"Biocontrol: Fungus and Wasps Released to Control Emerald Ash Borer" 4865:"Dengue rates drop after release of modified mosquitoes in Colombia" 4752: 3744: 3457: 2829:"Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory: Alternanthera philoxeroides" 2446:"Inventory of the Paul H. DeBach Papers, 1921–1989 (bulk 1955–1980)" 2025:

will suppress further infection by itself if manipulated to produce

758:

The providing of artificial shelters in the form of wooden caskets,

7663: 7328: 7233: 7075: 7070: 6408: 5151: 4110: 2271: 2159: 2011: 1921: 1894: 1422: 1377: 1315: 1240: 1185:, which parasitize a wide range of insects including caterpillars, 1100: 1055: 1038: 932: 890: 867: 830: 815: 811: 742: 733: 670: 609:

are more effective. The O. nubilalis integrated control releasing

151: 6016:. University of Wisconsin Department of Entomology. Archived from 5615: 5607:

Ecologically Based Pest Management:New Solutions for a New Century

5565: 5213: 2706:"Classical Biological Control: Importation of New Natural Enemies" 30:"Biocontrol" redirects here. For the journal on this subject, see 8019: 7975: 7943: 7323: 7279: 7245: 7223: 7178: 6626: 6100: 3880: 2218: 2098: 2038:

enemies of these pests may seem a logical move but this may have

1916: 1764: 1610: 1539: 1523: 1397: 1373: 1323: 1292:

forests. Birds are a natural form of biological control, but the

1093: 1085: 948:

Species used to control spider mites include the predatory mites

710: 557: 522: 501: 400: 360: 352: 210: 44: 5568:"Biological control of invasive species: solution or pollution?" 3408:"An Overview of Insect-Parasitic and Entomopathogenic Nematodes" 7997: 7923: 7591: 7581: 7257: 6958: 6947: 6449:

Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America

5763: 5045:

University of Florida – Department of Entomology and Nematology

5004: 4324:"Seasonal and regional presence of hymenopteran parasitoids of 3775:(PhD). University of Leicester. pp. 85–103. Archived from 3118: 2191: 2118: 2110: 2090: 2089:), and other pests of sugar cane. 102 toads were obtained from 1848: 1750: 1519: 1289: 1186: 1181:, which parasitize eggs and larvae of many insect species; and 1112: 1108: 1104: 1089: 898: 648: 497: 460:(cottony cushion scale) in Australia, using a predatory insect 383: 96: 7503: 7489: 6563: 5741:. Australian Government: Department of the Environment. 2010. 4920:"Entomophthorous Fungi Parasitic on the Spotted Alfalfa Aphid" 3330:

Ladybugs of Alberta: Finding the Spots and Connecting the Dots

2907:

Mitchell) at Tengwe in north-western Zimbabwe: a case study".

2831:. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. 1 December 2007. 8014: 7228: 6568: 6462:

Biological Control of the Cane Toad Bufo marinus in Australia

4479: 2126: 1961:, and on various other crops by various yeasts and bacteria. 1932: 1852: 1760: 1505: 1319: 871: 838: 834: 771: 746: 5271:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

4328:

in Switzerland and their ability to parasitize the invasive

3287:"Impacts of Transgenic Cotton on Integrated Pest Management" 1887:

have shown promise, and it is now being released along with

1832: 1823:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

1590:, a disease of stone fruits caused by the pathogenic fungus 1217: 233:). The practice was later reported by Ling Biao Lu Yi (late 70:) adult with pupal cocoons on its host, a tobacco hornworm ( 7905: 7693: 7272: 5986: 5584:

10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0132:bcoiss]2.0.co;2

4816:"Management of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins" 2590:

Southern Appalachian Biological Control Initiative Workshop

2394:

Orchard Pest Management Online, Washington State University

2106: 2102: 1465: 1404:

will become useless in organic farming also. The bacterium

1385: 1361: 1221:

Life cycles of greenhouse whitefly and its parasitoid wasp

826: 754: 627: 583: 104: 100: 6495:

Johnson, M. 2000. Nature and Scope of Biological Control.

6306:"Can snails ever be effective and safe biocontrol agents?" 5711:. Northern Territory Government, Australia. Archived from 5668: 5381: 4158:"A Floral Diet Increases the Longevity of the Coccinellid 3254:"French prune trees: refuge for grape leafhopper parasite" 1532:

spp. are deployed against white flies, thrips and aphids.

1277:

and has successfully controlled ~95% of the pest density.

6144: 5603: 5448:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 3482:

Campos, Herrera R. (2015). Campos-Herrera, Raquel (ed.).

2733: 2504: 2502: 2203: 2195: 1330:

insect diseases occur naturally, but may also be used as

1285: 1162: 1062:

locations. While cats are effective at preventing rodent

759: 603:), a serious pest. Careful formulations of the bacterium 6224: 6222: 6220: 5646:. Society for Conservation Biology. 2002. Archived from 4390:

Biological Control of Insect Pests Using Egg Parasitoids

3805:"Prospects for biological control of rodent populations" 1781:

is said not to be invasive outside its cultivated area.

6393:

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1995).

5495:

Bauer, L.S.; Liu, H.-P.; Miller, D.; Gould, J. (2008).

4707: 4571:

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2999:"Augmentation: The Periodic Release of Natural Enemies" 2805:. University of California Integrated Pest Management. 2752:. University of California Integrated Pest Management. 2621:. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland. 2553:"History and Development of Biological Control (notes)" 1967:

by several fungal biocontrols. Fungal pod infection of

1693:

Lymantria dispar multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus

1099:

Even amongst arthropods usually thought of as obligate

52:(above), making them natural biological control agents. 6558: 4561:

European Commission (2008). Accessed on 9 January 2017

3995: 3251: 2499: 2470: 1706:

was introduced to Australia to attempt to control the

8240: 6409:

Felix Wäckers; Paul van Rijn & Jan Bruin (2005).

6300:. Midwest Institute for Biological Control, Illinois. 6217: 6065: 4232: 4098: 2651:. Reading, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. 1556:

is effective against white flies, thrips and aphids;

855:) is also able to feed on the eggs and larvae of the 6248: 6066:

Robinson, A. S.; Hendrichs, J.; Dyck, V. A. (2021).

5878: 4917: 4599: 3412:

Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests

2534: 2532: 2246:

are released into the environment, which proceed to

2117:

on its shoulders; native Australian species such as

1645:

are deployed against a wide spectrum of arthropods.

679:

is used for control of the two-spotted spider mite.

6942: 5494: 4552:

Encouraging innovation in biopesticide development.

2586:"Biological Control of The Gypsy Moth: An Overview" 2558:. University of California Berkeley. Archived from 1127:) could survive on flowers but never completed its 741:being a food source for such beneficial mammals as 721:An inverted flowerpot filled with straw to attract 556:and two other biological controls were released in 540:. It takes root in shallow water, interfering with 412: 6395:"Biologically based technologies for pest control" 6206: 6204: 6202: 4953:"Fungi for the biological control of insect pests" 4648: 3327: 2647:McLeod J. H., McGugan B. M., Coppel H. C. (1962). 1243:, sap-feeding insects which can cause wilting and 6564:International Organization for Biological Control 6428: 5832:Louda, Svaa M.; O'Brien, Charles W. (June 2002). 5069: 5011:Journal of Environmental Research and Development 4436: 4226: 4149: 3656: 3597:"Biological Control of Two- Spotted Spider Mites" 3220: 2529: 2287:International Organization for Biological Control 454:One of the earliest successes was in controlling 8276: 6530: 5831: 5504:Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society 5104: 4750: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 3484:Nematode Pathogenesis of insects and other pests 3259:. University of California Davis. Archived from 2471:DeBach P., Hagen K. S. (1964). P. DeBach (ed.). 1873:, a solitary, parthenogenic egg parasitoid, and 475:. Other successful cases include the control of 287:) that was destroying grapevines in France. The 177:The term "biological control" was first used by 6199: 4977: 4754:Insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis 3439: 3437: 3435: 3144: 3142: 2993: 2991: 1538:spp. are used against pests including beetles, 6447:Weeden, C. R.; Shelton, A. M.; Hoffman, M. P. 6363: 5186: 4605: 3657:Castells, Eva; Berenbaum, May R. (June 2006). 3405: 2508: 1672:is being considered as a control agent of the 663:. Periodic releases of the parasitoidal wasp, 626:, the Levuana moth, a serious coconut pest in 208:(嵇含, 263–307), in which it is mentioned that " 7519: 6928: 6584: 6038: 6014:"The Impact of Pesticides on Natural Enemies" 5566:Messing, Russell H.; Wright, Mark G. (2006). 4083: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3486:(1 ed.). Springer. pp. 4–6, 31–32. 3477: 3475: 3443: 3216: 3214: 3022: 3020: 595:, provide limited and erratic control of the 5764:Rose, K. E.; Louda, S. M.; Rees, M. (2005). 5529: 5436: 5324: 4703: 4701: 4075:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3432: 3139: 2988: 2750:"How to Manage Pests. Cottony Cushion Scale" 2661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1437: 801: 165:Biological control can have side-effects on 6559:Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers 6235: 5488: 5417: 5156:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 243–270. 4286: 4162:but Does Not Allow Molting or Reproduction" 4156:He, Xueqing; Sigsgaard, Lene (2019-02-05). 4155: 3798: 3796: 3325: 2774: 1586:, and has shown some effect in suppressing 7526: 7512: 6935: 6921: 6591: 6577: 6261: 5439:"Biological Control of Emerald Ash Borer ( 5105:Beard, Karen H.; O'Neill, Eric M. (2005). 5005:Santhosh, Kumar T.; Aparna, N. S. (2014). 4646: 4575:. In C. B. Huffaker and R. L. Rabb (ed.). 4411: 3843: 3621: 3584: 3472: 3291:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 3211: 3017: 2729: 2727: 2674: 2672: 2547: 2545: 2267:Biological control of gorse in New Zealand 1855:, which has destroyed tens of millions of 1724:are controls of various fungal pathogens. 1434:are controls of various fungal pathogens. 1103:of animals (especially other arthropods), 6509: 6466: 6324: 5420:Australian Meat Research Committee Review 5241: 5231: 4935: 4751:Kumar, PA; Malik, VS; Sharma, RP (1996). 4698: 4363: 4183: 3998:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 3917: 3820: 3809:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 3386:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 3362:. University of Wisconsin. Archived from 3302: 3152:. University of Wisconsin. Archived from 3081: 3001:. University of Wisconsin. Archived from 2935:"Featured Creatures. European corn borer" 2708:. University of Wisconsin. Archived from 2698: 1833:Combined use of parasitoids and pathogens 1284:is an example of a destructive insect in 536:was introduced to the United States from 6313:International Journal of Pest Management 6041:International Journal of Pest Management 5953:. National Academies Press. p. 97. 5597: 5572:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5349: 5301:"Plan for 1080 drops in MacKenzie Basin" 5298: 5038: 5032: 4684:10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840 4282: 4280: 3971:"How can I control rodents organically?" 3850:) for biological pest control in Israel" 3803:Wodzicki, Kazimierz (11 November 1973). 3802: 3793: 3700:"European Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar)" 2909:International Journal of Pest Management 2242:: a large number of males sterilized by 2057: 1977:if before or concurrent with infection. 1767:as a biological control for problematic 1475: 1414:has been found useful in the control of 1216: 1199: 1028: 885: 810: 716: 637: 582:Small, commercially-reared parasitoidal 510: 424: 340: 281:to help fight the grapevine phylloxera ( 55: 38: 6434: 6183: 6145:K. Esser and J.W. Bennett, ed. (2002). 5662: 5145: 4862: 4573:"Natural control of insect populations" 3837: 3765: 3759: 3284: 3119:Shapiro-Ilan, David I; Gaugler, Randy. 2736:Nontarget effects of biological control 2724: 2669: 2542: 1651:is effective against pests such as the 1046:caterpillar, a serious pest of forestry 991:has been successfully used against the 504:area treated for alfalfa weevil in the 289:United States Department of Agriculture 27:Controlling pests using other organisms 14: 8277: 7219:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 5825: 5264: 4981:Principles of Plant Disease Management 4950: 4944: 4669: 4663: 4655:. New York, Harper & Row. p. 4430: 3932: 3481: 2867:from the original on 24 September 2015 2420:"Biological Control: Harry Smith Fund" 2101:and brought foreign disease to native 1867:, a gregarious larval endoparasitoid, 821:are available from biocontrol dealers. 794:can control pests not affected by the 317:to control the cottony cushion scale, 7507: 6916: 6572: 6303: 5430: 4813: 4744: 4277: 3730: 3094:. New India Publishing. p. 288. 3087: 2959: 2596:from the original on 5 September 2016 2473:Manipulation of entomophagous species 2387: 2233: 1262:) has been introduced to control the 1239:is a small parasitoid wasp attacking 615:Bacillus thuringiensis subs. kurstaki 309:, a lady beetle, was introduced from 76:, green background), an example of a 8212: 6413:. Cambridge University Press, 2005. 6214:94-5, II. Biocontrol Modes of Action 6119: 5411: 5333:. Cornell University. Archived from 5098: 4840:. Cornell University. Archived from 3538:. Cornell University. Archived from 3406:Kaya, Harry K.; et al. (1993). 3174: 3123:. Cornell University. Archived from 3065:. Cornell University. Archived from 2734:Follett, P. A.; Duan, J. J. (2000). 2682:. Cornell University. Archived from 2175:was also used to try to control the 1897:with known insecticidal properties. 572:) and the salvinia stem-borer moth ( 8224: 6503: 6378:10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.000413 6011: 5517:from the original on 4 October 2011 5189:"Biological control: Baculoviruses" 4971: 4822:from the original on 21 April 2017. 4626:10.1146/annurev.py.10.090172.002323 4407:from the original on 10 April 2017. 4301:10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.002111 4214:from the original on 27 August 2016 3414:. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 8–12. 2789:10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.001241 2583: 2224: 1314:Pathogenic micro-organisms include 1121:(predator and common biocontrol of 521:(alligator weed) was controlled in 303:. In 1888–1889 the vedalia beetle, 269:by Wu Zhen Fang (Qing dynasty), in 24: 8075:Environmental impact of irrigation 6291:Introduction to Biological Control 6278: 5604:National Research Council (1996). 5359:. Tropical Forages. Archived from 5267:"Rabbit Calicivirus Disease (RCD)" 5063: 5039:Capinera, John L. (October 2005). 4459:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1986.tb00830.x 4167:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3603:from the original on 7 August 2016 3285:Naranjo, Steven E. (8 June 2011). 2835:from the original on 28 March 2017 2756:from the original on 30 April 2016 2426:from the original on 21 April 2017 2363:. University of California Press. 2077:) was intentionally introduced to 25: 8311: 6552: 6469:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5993:from the original on 16 July 2016 5967:from the original on 11 June 2013 5928:from the original on 19 June 2016 5745:from the original on 12 July 2016 5041:"Featured creatures: Peach Aphid" 3855:. World Owl Trust. Archived from 3572:from the original on 14 June 2016 3428:from the original on 12 May 2016. 3334:. University of Alberta. p. 2628:from the original on 10 June 2016 2452:from the original on 8 April 2017 2377:from the original on 15 May 2016. 2027:plant-induced systemic resistance 1825:, released forty-nine species of 1704:rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 1576:against certain plant pathogens. 1392:have also been incorporated into 901:searching for bollworms or other 669:, are used to control greenhouse 8262: 8250: 8223: 8211: 8199: 8188: 8187: 7488: 6692: 6545:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.05.001 6524:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.09.002 6113: 6094: 6059: 6032: 6005: 5979: 5940: 5910: 5872: 5858:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00541.x 5792: 5757: 5727: 5697: 5691:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.002 5636: 5632:from the original on 2016-07-25. 5610:. The National Academies Press. 5593:from the original on 2017-04-10. 5559: 5195:from the original on 1 June 2016 5051:from the original on 26 May 2016 4959:from the original on 26 May 2016 4503:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.09.001 4208:"Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera)" 4127:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104476 3910:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.07.003 3766:Lambert, Mark (September 2003). 3636:. Cuvillier Verlag. p. 37. 3360:"Know Your Friends. Hover Flies" 3241:from the original on 2017-04-10. 3108:from the original on 2017-04-07. 2941:from the original on 30 May 2016 2809:from the original on 25 May 2016 2448:. Online Archive of California. 1074:In Honduras, where the mosquito 413:Types of biological pest control 8143:Agriculture and the environment 7880:British Agricultural Revolution 7533: 6366:Annual Review of Phytopathology 5547:from the original on 4 May 2011 5543:. ScienceDaily. 26 April 2011. 5375: 5318: 5299:Williams, David (26 May 2009). 5292: 5258: 5207: 5180: 5107:"Infection of an invasive frog 4998: 4984:. Academic Press. p. 187. 4918:Hall, I.M.; Dunn, P.H. (1957). 4911: 4863:Lenharo, Mariana (2023-10-27). 4856: 4826: 4807: 4757:. Vol. 42. pp. 1–43. 4640: 4609:Annual Review of Phytopathology 4581:. Wiley Interscience. pp. 4564: 4545: 4509: 4473: 4445:. Against the Spruce Budworm". 4420:Biocontrol News and Information 4380: 4315: 4200: 4046: 4024: 3989: 3963: 3926: 3874: 3724: 3692: 3650: 3629:Koch and Western Flower Thrips 3615: 3554: 3524: 3399: 3378: 3352: 3319: 3278: 3245: 3227:. CRC Press. pp. 428–432. 3168: 3112: 3055: 2953: 2927: 2896: 2879: 2847: 2821: 2795: 2768: 2742: 2640: 2608: 2045: 2032: 1905: 1900: 1442:The largest-ever deployment of 704: 633: 386:involves the parasitoidal wasp 95:, whether pest animals such as 48:hoverfly larva (below) feed on 8087:Climate change and agriculture 7860:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 7334:Home-stored product entomology 6598: 6429:Effects on native biodiversity 6102:US Pending US20190208790A1 5265:Strive, Tanja (16 July 2008). 5113:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 4814:Neppl, Camilla (26 May 2000). 4672:Annual Review of Plant Biology 4057:. The EcoTipping Point Project 2937:. University of Florida IFAS. 2803:"How to Manage Pests. Alfalfa" 2577: 2464: 2438: 2412: 2381: 2350: 2050:Biological control can affect 1815:Australian Dung Beetle Project 1744: 1142: 870:species principally feed upon 420: 215:". The ants used are known as 191:Plants of the Southern Regions 13: 1: 7417:Decline in insect populations 7010:List of insect-inspired songs 6489:10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01807-8 5357:"Factsheet – Mucuna pruriens" 5017:(3A): 614–618. Archived from 4763:10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70371-X 4447:Journal of Applied Entomology 4255:10.1126/science.262.5138.1429 3599:. University of Connecticut. 3534:Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita 3041:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.645 2855:"Salvinia (Salvinia molesta)" 2680:"What is Biological Control?" 2475:. Reinhold. pp. 429–458. 2343: 2029:by infected the lowest leaf. 1337:The use of pathogens against 928:Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita 395:. Individuals were caught in 273:by Li Diao Yuan, and others. 194: 7865:Arab Agricultural Revolution 6754:Persistent organic pollutant 6147:XI Agricultural Applications 5904:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.010 5709:Exotic Animals – Major Pests 5644:"Biocontrol backfires again" 5139:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.07.004 3562:"Glasshouse red spider mite" 3396::10.1016/j.agee.2019.03.018. 1759:is used in the countries of 1303: 806: 7: 6897:Index of pesticide articles 6724:Agricultural spray adjuvant 6497:Biological Control of Pests 4289:Annual Review of Entomology 3566:Royal Horticultural Society 3224:Handbook of Pest Management 3029:Annual Review of Entomology 2777:Annual Review of Entomology 2515:Scientia Agricultura Sinica 2254: 1859:in its introduced range in 1727: 1345: 1016:Agonopterix alstroemeriana) 849:. The spotted lady beetle ( 673:, while the predatory mite 613:(egg parasitoid) and later 518:Alternanthera philoxeroides 332:, and the brown-tail moth, 10: 8316: 7825:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 7447:Pesticide toxicity to bees 7427:List of endangered insects 6892:Integrated Pest Management 6739:Integrated pest management 6283: 5437:Gould, Juli; Bauer, Leah. 4889:10.1038/d41586-023-03346-2 4210:. University of Maryland. 4018:10.1016/j.agee.2016.03.002 3678:10.1603/0046-225x-35.3.607 3631:Frankliniella occidentalis 3410:. In Bedding, R.A. (ed.). 3221:Ruberson, John R. (1999). 1777:them for space and light. 1713: 1683: 1307: 1264:glassy-winged sharpshooter 1146: 1001:Frankliniella occidentalis 554:alligator weed flea beetle 527:alligator weed flea beetle 508:remained 75 percent down. 506:Northeastern United States 172: 133:integrated pest management 29: 8184: 8175:Universities and colleges 8151: 8095: 8043: 7904: 7808: 7793:Universities and colleges 7605: 7598: 7564: 7541: 7485: 7457: 7399: 7351: 7302: 7187: 7126: 7098: 7056: 7025: 6968: 6954: 6887: 6856: 6789:Paradox of the pesticides 6701: 6690: 6606: 6533:Economics of Augmentation 6335:10.1080/09670870150215577 6120:מורן, מירב (2020-12-30). 5405:10.1016/j.fcr.2007.12.002 5084:10.1007/s10530-011-0042-7 5047:. University of Florida. 4393:. Springer. p. 246. 4004:(Supplement C): 167–174. 3959:– via Google Books. 3492:10.1007/978-3-319-18266-7 2022:Colletotrichum orbiculare 1885:Tetrastichus planipennisi 1865:Tetrastichus planipennisi 1807:The Australian bush fly, 1553:Paecilomyces fumosoroseus 1438:Colombia mosquito control 911:entomopathogenic nematode 861:Leptinotarsa decemlineata 802:Biological control agents 284:Daktulosphaira vitifoliae 8160:Agriculturist profession 7637:Agricultural engineering 7622:Agricultural cooperative 7412:Colony collapse disorder 7407:Bees and toxic chemicals 6829:Pesticide Action Network 6749:Non-pesticide management 6437:Bol. Mus. Munic. Funchal 4978:Fry, William E. (2012). 3896:(Supplement C): 94–102. 3666:Environmental Entomology 3446:The Florida Entomologist 2616:"The Prickly Pear Story" 2209:The sturdy and prolific 2194:in order to control the 2017:fluorescent Pseudomonads 1980:Cryphonectria parasitica 1964:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 1881:United States of America 1680:) in the United States. 1593:Chondrostereum purpureum 1542:and other grasshoppers, 1471: 1428:fluorescent Pseudomonads 877:The running crab spider 80:biological control agent 8285:Biological pest control 8065:Agricultural wastewater 7788:Sustainable food system 7783:Sustainable agriculture 7674:Animal-free agriculture 7642:Agricultural technology 7314:Insect bites and stings 7291:Drosophila melanogaster 7204:Biological pest control 6729:Biological pest control 6455:Cane toad: a case study 6289:Wiedenmann, R. (2000). 6053:10.1080/096708798228095 5924:. MISC. 18 April 2012. 5884:Biological Conservation 5233:10.1186/1297-9716-43-12 5119:Biological Conservation 5109:Eleutherodactylus coqui 4937:10.3733/hilg.v27n04p159 4836:Paenibacillus popilliae 4185:10.3389/fevo.2019.00006 3189:10.1038/nplants.2016.14 2974:10.1023/A:1024015327707 2921:10.1080/096708797228780 2860:. CRC Weed Management. 2521:: 92–98. Archived from 2509:Peng, Shijiang (1983). 2200:endemic birds of Hawaii 2040:unintended consequences 1986:Gaeumannomyces graminis 1945:spp., on strawberry by 1702:A mammalian virus, the 1669:Synchytrium solstitiale 1407:Paenibacillus popilliae 1267:Homalodisca vitripennis 1189:adults and larvae, and 1111:and to a lesser degree 1064:"population explosions" 1018:can be used to control 993:two-spotted spider mite 951:Phytoseiulus persimilis 676:Phytoseiulus persimilis 373:, and the scale insect 329:Lymantria dispar dispar 162:, and plant pathogens. 8165:Agricultural machinery 8123:History of agriculture 8108:Agriculture by country 8103:Agricultural machinery 8060:Agricultural pollution 8055:Agricultural expansion 7830:Austronesian expansion 7741:Mechanised agriculture 7379:Rats, Lice and History 6842:The Pesticide Question 5476:Cite journal requires 5191:. Cornell University. 5111:by the chytrid fungus 3091:Basics Of Horticulture 2388:Unruh, Tom R. (1993). 2292:Inundative application 2087:Dermolepida albohirtum 2066: 1928:Penicillium claviforme 1678:Centaurea solstitialis 1582:has been used against 1502:Entomopathogenic fungi 1498: 1353:Bacillus thuringiensis 1282:eastern spruce budworm 1227: 1214: 1047: 973:, the predatory midge 906: 857:Colorado potato beetle 822: 725: 691:Bacillus thuringiensis 652: 606:Bacillus thuringiensis 530: 525:(U.S.) by introducing 443: 357: 335:Euproctis chrysorrhoea 279:Tyroglyphus phylloxera 81: 53: 8170:Government ministries 8113:Agriculture companies 7949:Convertible husbandry 7627:Agricultural supplies 7577:Agricultural Engineer 7364:Alfred Russel Wallace 7149:Entomological warfare 7000:Insects in literature 6744:Maximum residue limit 6714:Environmental effects 6304:Cowie, R. H. (2001). 5327:"Biological control: 4834:"Biological control: 4578:Ecological Entomology 4032:"Barn Owl home range" 3532:"Biological control: 3088:Peter, K. V. (2009). 2327:Sustainable gardening 2061: 1948:Cladosporium herbarum 1714:Further information: 1497:) Scale bar = 0.3 mm. 1479: 1332:biological pesticides 1308:Further information: 1220: 1203: 1032: 1008:Cactoblastis cactorum 997:western flower thrips 889: 852:Coleomegilla maculata 814: 720: 644:Hippodamia convergens 641: 611:Tricogramma brassicae 569:Cyrtobagous salviniae 515:The invasive species 514: 436:cottony cushion scale 428: 370:Cactoblastis cactorum 363:were introduced into 347:Cactoblastis cactorum 344: 255:Book of Tree Planting 251:Southern Song dynasty 230:Oecophylla smaragdina 183:Riverside, California 117:using other organisms 111:affecting animals or 59: 42: 7820:Neolithic Revolution 7679:Cellular agriculture 7632:Agricultural science 7319:Insect sting allergy 7113:Cicadas in mythology 6902:Pesticide categories 5838:Conservation Biology 5385:Field Crops Research 5329:Lagenidium giganteum 5072:Biological Invasions 4951:McNeil, Jim (2016). 4531:10.3157/021.120.0412 4034:. The Barn Owl Trust 3733:Journal of Mammalogy 3326:Acorn, John (2007). 3266:on 23 September 2016 2962:Biological Invasions 2584:Reardon, Richard C. 2390:"Biological control" 2302:Nematophagous fungus 2211:eastern mosquitofish 2190:) was introduced to 2184:small Asian mongoose 2167:Cirsium neomexicanum 2083:greyback cane beetle 2001:by viruses. Various 1998:Ophiostoma novo-ulmi 1817:(1965–1985), led by 1716:Rabbits in Australia 1294:Trichogramma minutum 1251:Gonatocerus ashmeadi 1039:Aleiodes indiscretus 1006:Predators including 982:Stethorus punctillum 880:Philodromus cespitum 484:Neodusmetia sangwani 187:Nanfang Caomu Zhuang 8290:American inventions 7422:Habitat destruction 7174:Insects in religion 6481:2000TEcoE..15..137C 5896:2012BCons.155..202H 5850:2002ConBi..16..717L 5683:2005BiolC..35..338W 5441:Agrilus planipennis 5397:2008FCrRe.106..224K 5220:Veterinary Research 5131:2005BCons.126..591B 4881:2023Natur.623..235L 4722:10.1038/nbt0298-144 4647:Swan, L.A. (1964). 4557:15 May 2012 at the 4495:2008BiolC..47..268B 4348:2017NatSR...740697K 4247:1993Sci...262.1429H 4241:(5138): 1429–1432. 4119:2021BiolC.15304476H 4010:2016AgEE..223..167K 3942:. Sidestone Press. 3936:(16 October 2013). 3902:2016BiolC.101...94L 3848:Tyto alba erlangeri 3627:Tetranychus urticae 3622:Xuenong Xu (2004). 3127:on 15 December 2015 3069:on 15 November 2015 2565:on 24 November 2015 2332:Zero Budget Farming 2322:Sustainable farming 2317:Permaculture zone 5 2202:, especially their 2188:Herpestus javanicus 2139:Rhinocyllus conicus 1974:Trichoderma hamatum 1844:Agrilus planipennis 1770:Imperata cylindrica 1674:yellow star thistle 1658:Several members of 1565:root-knot nematodes 1412:milky spore disease 1197:to hide from them. 1169:, which mainly use 1124:Ephestia kuehniella 1012:poison hemlock moth 976:Feltiella acarisuga 938:Moraxella osloensis 909:Several species of 866:The larvae of many 837:, and also consume 597:European corn borer 575:Samea multiplicalis 271:Nanyue Miscellanies 202:Western Jin dynasty 8300:Insects in culture 8295:Chinese inventions 7954:Rotational grazing 7870:Columbian exchange 7495:Insects portal 7467:Insects and humans 6995:Arthropods in film 6944:Human interactions 6512:Biological Control 6296:2011-08-10 at the 6020:on 14 October 2014 5987:"Gambusia Control" 5671:Biological Control 5510:(3&4): 38–39. 5455:on 10 January 2011 4651:Beneficial Insects 4519:Entomological News 4483:Biological Control 4336:Scientific Reports 4330:Drosophila suzukii 4102:Biological Control 3977:on 17 October 2021 3890:Biological Control 3846:"Using barn owls ( 2400:on 6 December 2018 2277:Companion planting 2262:Beneficial insects 2234:Related techniques 2215:Gambusia holbrooki 2067: 1890:Beauveria bassiana 1819:George Bornemissza 1810:Musca vetustissima 1664:Blastocladiomycota 1579:Trichoderma viride 1511:Beauveria bassiana 1499: 1486:Pandora neoaphidis 1245:black sooty moulds 1228: 1215: 1060:"harborage"/hiding 1048: 907: 823: 726: 653: 623:Levuana iridescens 620:The population of 601:Ostrinia nubilalis 531: 463:Rodolia cardinalis 444: 431:Rodolia cardinalis 361:Prickly pear cacti 358: 356:prickly pear cacti 350:larvae feeding on 85:Biological control 82: 67:Cotesia congregata 54: 8238: 8237: 7798:Urban agriculture 7771:Rice-duck farming 7719:Intensive farming 7689:Extensive farming 7501: 7500: 7390:Insect Literature 7347: 7346: 7246:Carmine/Cochineal 7199:Beneficial insect 7169:Insects in ethics 7118:Scarab (artifact) 7108:Bees in mythology 7017:Insects on stamps 6910: 6909: 6420:978-0-521-81941-1 6174:978-3-642-07650-3 6156:978-3-662-03059-2 6079:978-1-000-37776-7 5960:978-0-309-07090-4 5768:Cirsium canescens 5625:978-0-309-05330-3 5325:Kerwin, James L. 5280:on April 15, 2014 5078:(10): 2167–2179. 4991:978-0-08-091830-3 4955:. eXtension.org. 4875:(7986): 235–236. 4592:978-0-471-06493-0 4400:978-81-322-1181-5 4356:10.1038/srep40697 4160:Adalia bipunctata 3643:978-3-86537-197-3 3509:978-3-319-18266-7 3421:978-0-643-10591-1 3345:978-0-88864-381-0 3304:10.1021/jf102939c 3297:(11): 5842–5851. 3234:978-0-8247-9433-0 3101:978-81-89422-55-4 2370:978-0-520-21801-7 2307:Organic gardening 2297:Mating disruption 1839:emerald ash borer 1792:push-pull farming 1653:green peach aphid 1584:Dutch elm disease 1481:Green peach aphid 1209:, widely used in 1167:ichneumonid wasps 1118:Adalia bipunctata 1080:was transmitting 979:, and a ladybird 931:is a microscopic 905:on a cotton plant 682:The egg parasite 478:Antonina graminis 306:Novius cardinalis 294:Cotesia glomerata 263:Guangdong Xing Yu 200:), attributed to 179:Harry Scott Smith 93:controlling pests 16:(Redirected from 8307: 8267: 8266: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8246: 8227: 8226: 8215: 8214: 8203: 8191: 8190: 8035:Wildlife farming 7885:Green Revolution 7836:Ancient history 7776:Rice-fish system 7684:Contract farming 7669:Animal husbandry 7528: 7521: 7514: 7505: 7504: 7493: 7492: 7369:Jean-Henri Fabre 7144:Cricket fighting 7139:Cockroach racing 7005:Insects in music 6966: 6965: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6914: 6913: 6696: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6548: 6527: 6504:Economic effects 6492: 6444: 6424: 6405: 6399: 6389: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6351: 6345:. Archived from 6328: 6310: 6272: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6226: 6215: 6213: 6208: 6191: 6188: 6168: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6012:Charlet, Larry. 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5806: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5735:"The cane toad ( 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5715:on 15 March 2011 5701: 5695: 5694: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5516: 5501: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5454: 5447: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5279: 5273:. Archived from 5262: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5235: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5187:D'Amico, Vince. 5184: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4654: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4568: 4562: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4342:(40697): 40697. 4319: 4313: 4312: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4187: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4096: 4081: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4028: 4022: 4021: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3887: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3844:Charter, Motti. 3841: 3835: 3834: 3824: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3774: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3711: 3705:. Archived from 3704: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3663: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3441: 3430: 3429: 3403: 3397: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3156:on 18 March 2016 3146: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3005:on 17 March 2016 2995: 2986: 2985: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2905:Salvinia molesta 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2866: 2859: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2660: 2652: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2396:. Archived from 2385: 2379: 2378: 2354: 2282:Insectary plants 2225:Grower education 2177:Canadian thistle 2152:Canadian thistle 1912:Botrytis cinerea 1563:is used against 1495:Entomophthorales 1402:B. thuringiensis 1394:transgenic crops 1390:B. thuringiensis 1275:French Polynesia 1236:Encarsia formosa 1224:Encarsia formosa 1206:Encarsia formosa 1179:chalcidoid wasps 1024:Conium maculatum 988:Orius insidiosus 666:Encarsia formosa 563:Salvinia molesta 399:and released in 265:(17th century), 227:= citrus) ants ( 199: 196: 135:(IPM) programs. 21: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8239: 8234: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8147: 8138:Poultry farming 8091: 8046: 8039: 8010:Poultry farming 7900: 7876:Modern history 7856:Post-classical 7804: 7803: 7802: 7746:Organic farming 7601: 7600: 7596: 7560: 7537: 7532: 7502: 7497: 7487: 7481: 7459: 7453: 7395: 7343: 7305: 7298: 7190: 7183: 7122: 7094: 7052: 7021: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6941: 6911: 6906: 6883: 6852: 6697: 6688: 6602: 6597: 6555: 6506: 6431: 6421: 6397: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6326:10.1.1.694.2798 6308: 6298:Wayback Machine 6286: 6281: 6279:Further reading 6276: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6186: 6157: 6141: 6140: 6131: 6129: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6080: 6072:. : CRC Press. 6064: 6060: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5961: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5877: 5873: 5830: 5826: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5786:10.1890/03-0697 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5650:on 16 July 2011 5642: 5641: 5637: 5626: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5477: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5435: 5431: 5416: 5412: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5337:on 20 June 2016 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5263: 5259: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5185: 5181: 5169: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5103: 5099: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5037: 5033: 5024: 5022: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4949: 4945: 4916: 4912: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4844:on 21 June 2016 4832: 4831: 4827: 4812: 4808: 4796: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4773: 4749: 4745: 4710:Nat. Biotechnol 4706: 4699: 4668: 4664: 4645: 4641: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4569: 4565: 4559:Wayback Machine 4550: 4546: 4514: 4510: 4478: 4474: 4435: 4431: 4416: 4412: 4401: 4385: 4381: 4320: 4316: 4285: 4278: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4176:Frontiers Media 4154: 4150: 4097: 4084: 4068: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4025: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3931: 3927: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3842: 3838: 3801: 3794: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3745:10.2307/1376399 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3542:on 18 June 2016 3530: 3529: 3525: 3510: 3480: 3473: 3458:10.2307/3496134 3442: 3433: 3422: 3404: 3400: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3324: 3320: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3235: 3219: 3212: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3117: 3113: 3102: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3025: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2732: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2712:on 13 June 2016 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2686:on 13 June 2016 2678: 2677: 2670: 2654: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2537: 2530: 2507: 2500: 2488: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2382: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2312:Organic farming 2257: 2236: 2227: 2156:Cirsium arvense 2131:northern quolls 2115:parotoid glands 2081:to control the 2075:Rhinella marina 2048: 2035: 2003:powdery mildews 1958:Bacillus brevis 1953:Chinese cabbage 1908: 1903: 1876:Spathius agrili 1835: 1796:parasitic plant 1790:can be used in 1779:Mucuna pruriens 1756:Mucuna pruriens 1747: 1730: 1718: 1708:European rabbit 1686: 1660:Chytridiomycota 1559:Purpureocillium 1474: 1440: 1416:Japanese beetle 1348: 1312: 1306: 1151: 1145: 1092:, and juvenile 1042:parasitizing a 1035:parasitoid wasp 809: 804: 707: 636: 457:Icerya purchasi 423: 415: 406:Nematus ribesii 320:Icerya purchasi 261:), in the book 257:by Yu Zhen Mu ( 197: 175: 119:. It relies on 91:is a method of 62:parasitoid wasp 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8313: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8272: 8271: 8259: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8221: 8209: 8197: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7968: 7966:Insect farming 7963: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7845:Ancient Greece 7842: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7531: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7386:Lafcadio Hearn 7383: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7359:Jan Swammerdam 7355: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7310: 7308: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7285:Model organism 7282: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7206: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7159:Insect farming 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7062: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7043:Artificial fly 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6976:Insects in art 6972: 6970: 6963: 6952: 6951: 6940: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6869:European Union 6866: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6848:Toxicity class 6845: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6824:Restricted use 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6734:Gene silencing 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6709:Health effects 6705: 6703: 6702:Related topics 6699: 6698: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6553:External links 6551: 6550: 6549: 6539:(2): 245–256. 6528: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6475:(4): 137–139. 6464: 6458: 6452: 6445: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6419: 6406: 6390: 6361: 6301: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6260: 6247: 6234: 6216: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6177: 6176: 6155: 6139: 6138: 6112: 6093: 6078: 6058: 6047:(4): 191–197. 6031: 6004: 5978: 5959: 5939: 5909: 5871: 5844:(3): 717–727. 5824: 5791: 5780:(2): 453–465. 5756: 5726: 5696: 5677:(3): 338–347. 5661: 5635: 5624: 5596: 5578:(3): 132–140. 5558: 5528: 5487: 5478:|journal= 5429: 5410: 5391:(3): 224–233. 5374: 5363:on 15 May 2008 5348: 5317: 5291: 5257: 5206: 5179: 5144: 5125:(4): 591–595. 5097: 5062: 5031: 4997: 4990: 4970: 4943: 4930:(4): 159–181. 4910: 4855: 4825: 4806: 4797:|journal= 4771: 4743: 4697: 4662: 4639: 4618:Annual Reviews 4598: 4591: 4563: 4544: 4525:(4): 430–437. 4508: 4489:(3): 268–272. 4472: 4453:(1–5): 29–39. 4429: 4410: 4399: 4379: 4314: 4276: 4225: 4199: 4148: 4082: 4045: 4023: 3988: 3962: 3948: 3934:Zadoks, Jan C. 3925: 3919:10019.1/111721 3873: 3836: 3815:(4): 461–467. 3792: 3758: 3739:(4): 466–472. 3723: 3712:on 17 May 2013 3691: 3672:(3): 607–615. 3649: 3642: 3614: 3583: 3553: 3523: 3508: 3471: 3452:(4): 525–532. 3431: 3420: 3398: 3377: 3366:on 4 June 2016 3351: 3344: 3318: 3277: 3244: 3233: 3210: 3167: 3138: 3111: 3100: 3080: 3054: 3016: 2987: 2968:(1): 133–141. 2952: 2926: 2915:(2): 109–112. 2895: 2878: 2846: 2820: 2794: 2767: 2741: 2723: 2697: 2668: 2639: 2607: 2576: 2541: 2528: 2525:on 2016-12-20. 2498: 2463: 2437: 2411: 2380: 2369: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2172:Larinus planus 2163:Platte thistle 2148:Carduus nutans 2047: 2044: 2034: 2031: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1847:, an invasive 1834: 1831: 1746: 1743: 1729: 1726: 1685: 1682: 1473: 1470: 1439: 1436: 1432:Streptomycetes 1347: 1344: 1305: 1302: 1183:tachinid flies 1175:braconid wasps 1147:Main article: 1144: 1141: 1107:food sources ( 1020:poison hemlock 808: 805: 803: 800: 706: 703: 635: 632: 534:Alligator weed 493:Hypera postica 487:in the 1960s. 422: 419: 414: 411: 397:New York State 239:Five Dynasties 174: 171: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8312: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8258: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8232: 8231: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8186: 8183: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8133:Meat industry 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118:Biotechnology 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8045:Environmental 8042: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8025:Sheep farming 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7929:Dairy farming 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7906:Farming Types 7903: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7840:Ancient Egypt 7838: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7751:Paludiculture 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7652:Biotechnology 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7572:Agriculturist 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7524: 7522: 7517: 7515: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7496: 7491: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7456: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7442:Neonicotinoid 7440: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7301: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127:Other aspects 7125: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7046: 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6605: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6352:on 2010-10-11 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6264: 6251: 6238: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6198: 6189: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6103: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6019: 6015: 6008: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5943: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880:Havens, Kayri 5875: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5814:on 2018-11-13 5810: 5803: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5779: 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3030: 3023: 3021: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2888: 2882: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1870:Oobius agrili 1866: 1862: 1861:North America 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1798:, witchweed ( 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1775:out-competing 1772: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Baculoviruses 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1642:Metacordyceps 1638: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607:mycoparasitic 1604: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1529:Lecanicillium 1525: 1522:, aphids and 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1410:which causes 1409: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1372:(beetle) and 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1343: 1340: 1339:aquatic weeds 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1301: 1300:populations. 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1077:Aedes aegypti 1072: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 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316: 312: 308: 307: 302: 301: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 280: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 212: 207: 203: 198: 304 AD 192: 188: 184: 180: 170: 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 140: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 79: 75: 74: 73:Manduca sexta 69: 68: 63: 58: 51: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8228: 8216: 8204: 8192: 8080:Overdrafting 7939:Goat farming 7850:Ancient Rome 7756:Permaculture 7714:Horticulture 7659:Agroforestry 7617:Agribusiness 7472:Insecticides 7389: 7377: 7374:Hans Zinsser 7339:Clothes moth 7289: 7203: 7100:In mythology 7033:Fishing bait 6985: 6840: 6833: 6819:Bee toxicity 6759:Pest control 6728: 6664:Molluscicide 6637:Biopesticide 6632:Bioherbicide 6536: 6532: 6515: 6511: 6496: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6440: 6436: 6410: 6401: 6372:(1): 53–80. 6369: 6365: 6354:. 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