2958:(NIST) published a Guide to Bluetooth Security as a reference for organizations. It describes Bluetooth security capabilities and how to secure Bluetooth technologies effectively. While Bluetooth has its benefits, it is susceptible to denial-of-service attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, message modification, and resource misappropriation. Users and organizations must evaluate their acceptable level of risk and incorporate security into the lifecycle of Bluetooth devices. To help mitigate risks, included in the NIST document are security checklists with guidelines and recommendations for creating and maintaining secure Bluetooth piconets, headsets, and smart card readers.
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3035:) showed that the range of Class 2 Bluetooth radios could be extended to 1.78 km (1.11 mi) with directional antennas and signal amplifiers. This poses a potential security threat because it enables attackers to access vulnerable Bluetooth devices from a distance beyond expectation. The attacker must also be able to receive information from the victim to set up a connection. No attack can be made against a Bluetooth device unless the attacker knows its Bluetooth address and which channels to transmit on, although these can be deduced within a few minutes if the device is in use.
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when a Class 2 device is connecting to a Class 1 transceiver with both higher sensitivity and transmission power than a typical Class 2 device. In general, however, Class 1 devices have sensitivities similar to those of Class 2 devices. Connecting two Class 1 devices with both high sensitivity and high power can allow ranges far in excess of the typical 100 m, depending on the throughput required by the application. Some such devices allow open field ranges of up to 1 km and beyond between two similar devices without exceeding legal emission limits.
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pairing. The active method makes use of a specially constructed message that must be inserted at a specific point in the protocol, to make the master and slave repeat the pairing process. After that, the first method can be used to crack the PIN. This attack's major weakness is that it requires the user of the devices under attack to re-enter the PIN during the attack when the device prompts them to. Also, this active attack probably requires custom hardware, since most commercially available
Bluetooth devices are not capable of the timing necessary.
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47:
156:
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2829:: If both devices have a display, and at least one can accept a binary yes/no user input, they may use Numeric Comparison. This method displays a 6-digit numeric code on each device. The user should compare the numbers to ensure they are identical. If the comparison succeeds, the user(s) should confirm pairing on the device(s) that can accept an input. This method provides MITM protection, assuming the user confirms on both devices and actually performs the comparison properly.
1333:, HID, HCRP. The Windows XP stack can be replaced by a third party stack that supports more profiles or newer Bluetooth versions. The Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stack supports vendor-supplied additional profiles without requiring that the Microsoft stack be replaced. Windows 8 and later support Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). It is generally recommended to install the latest vendor driver and its associated stack to be able to use the Bluetooth device at its fullest extent.
576:
608507, for communication between a cellular phone and a vehicle's audio system. At the time, Sony/Ericsson had only a minor market share in the cellular phone market, which was dominated in the US by Nokia and
Motorola. Due to ongoing negotiations for an intended licensing agreement with Motorola beginning in the late 1990s, Vosi could not publicly disclose the intention, integration, and initial development of other enabled devices which were to be the first "
355:
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980:
384:
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345:
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2709:. The pairing process is triggered either by a specific request from a user to generate a bond (for example, the user explicitly requests to "Add a Bluetooth device"), or it is triggered automatically when connecting to a service where (for the first time) the identity of a device is required for security purposes. These two cases are referred to as dedicated bonding and general bonding respectively.
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2835:: This method may be used between a device with a display and a device with numeric keypad entry (such as a keyboard), or two devices with numeric keypad entry. In the first case, the display presents a 6-digit numeric code to the user, who then enters the code on the keypad. In the second case, the user of each device enters the same 6-digit number. Both of these cases provide MITM protection.
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list above if requested. Use of a device's services may require pairing or acceptance by its owner, but the connection itself can be initiated by any device and held until it goes out of range. Some devices can be connected to only one device at a time, and connecting to them prevents them from connecting to other devices and appearing in inquiries until they disconnect from the other device.
2823:: As the name implies, this method just works, with no user interaction. However, a device may prompt the user to confirm the pairing process. This method is typically used by headsets with minimal IO capabilities, and is more secure than the fixed PIN mechanism this limited set of devices uses for legacy pairing. This method provides no man-in-the-middle (MITM) protection.
592:, Vosi introduced and disclosed its intent to integrate Bluetooth in its devices. In the early 2000s a legal battle ensued between Vosi and Motorola, which indefinitely suspended release of the devices. Later, Motorola implemented it in their devices which initiated the significant propagation of Bluetooth in the public market due to its large market share at the time.
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drivers and thus require at least
Windows XP Service Pack 2. Windows Vista RTM/SP1 with the Feature Pack for Wireless or Windows Vista SP2 work with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR. Windows 7 works with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR and Extended Inquiry Response (EIR). The Windows XP and Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stacks support the following Bluetooth profiles natively: PAN, SPP,
2166:. Compared to regular Bluetooth Audio, Bluetooth Low Energy Audio makes lower battery consumption possible and creates a standardized way of transmitting audio over BT LE. Bluetooth LE Audio also allows one-to-many and many-to-one transmission, allowing multiple receivers from one source or one receiver for multiple sources, known as Auracast. It uses a new
2943:. Bluetooth key generation is generally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be entered into both devices. This procedure might be modified if one of the devices has a fixed PIN (e.g., for headsets or similar devices with a restricted user interface). During pairing, an initialization key or master key is generated, using the E22 algorithm. The
3139:". The exploits allow an attacker to connect to devices or systems without authentication and can give them "virtually full control over the device". Armis contacted Google, Microsoft, Apple, Samsung and Linux developers allowing them to patch their software before the coordinated announcement of the vulnerabilities on 12 September 2017.
2801:: PCs and smartphones are examples of these devices. They allow a user to enter full UTF-8 text as a PIN code. If pairing with a less capable device the user must be aware of the input limitations on the other device; there is no mechanism available for a capable device to determine how it should limit the available input a user may use.
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a Link
Controller; and interfaces with the host device; but some functions may be delegated to hardware. The Link Controller is responsible for the processing of the baseband and the management of ARQ and physical layer FEC protocols. In addition, it handles the transfer functions (both asynchronous and synchronous), audio coding (e.g.
3055:) using Bluetooth enabled devices to replicate itself and spread to other devices. The worm is self-installing and begins once the mobile user approves the transfer of the file (Velasco.sis) from another device. Once installed, the worm begins looking for other Bluetooth enabled devices to infect. Additionally, the worm infects other
734:μs. In the simple case of single-slot packets, the master transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots. The slave, conversely, receives in even slots and transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3, or 5 slots long, but in all cases, the master's transmission begins in even slots and the slave's in odd slots.
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loop power control, meaning RSSI filtering can start as the response is received. Additionally, a "go straight to maximum power" request has been introduced. This is expected to deal with the headset link loss issue typically observed when a user puts their phone into a pocket on the opposite side to the headset.
2305:) and data encryption. The CPU of the device is responsible for attending the instructions related to Bluetooth of the host device, in order to simplify its operation. To do this, the CPU runs software called Link Manager that has the function of communicating with other devices through the LMP protocol.
1603:, which implies that EDR is an optional feature. Aside from EDR, the v2.0 specification contains other minor improvements, and products may claim compliance to "Bluetooth v2.0" without supporting the higher data rate. At least one commercial device states "Bluetooth v2.0 without EDR" on its data sheet.
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The
Bluetooth Innovation World Cup, a marketing initiative of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), was an international competition that encouraged the development of innovations for applications leveraging Bluetooth technology in sports, fitness and health care products. The competition aimed
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Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message from one user to an unsuspecting user through
Bluetooth wireless technology. Common applications include short messages, e.g., "You've just been bluejacked!" Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device.
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stream cipher is used for encrypting packets, granting confidentiality, and is based on a shared cryptographic secret, namely a previously generated link key or master key. Those keys, used for subsequent encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the
Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered
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Pairing often involves some level of user interaction. This user interaction confirms the identity of the devices. When pairing completes, a bond forms between the two devices, enabling those two devices to connect in the future without repeating the pairing process to confirm device identities. When
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Many services offered over
Bluetooth can expose private data or let a connecting party control the Bluetooth device. Security reasons make it necessary to recognize specific devices, and thus enable control over which devices can connect to a given Bluetooth device. At the same time, it is useful for
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as a high-speed transport. The high-speed part of the specification is not mandatory, and hence only devices that display the "+HS" logo actually support
Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer. A Bluetooth v3.0 device without the "+HS" suffix is only required to support features introduced in
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and SP3 releases work natively with
Bluetooth v1.1, v2.0 and v2.0+EDR. Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft. Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no external
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Most Bluetooth applications are battery-powered Class 2 devices, with little difference in range whether the other end of the link is a Class 1 or Class 2 device as the lower-powered device tends to set the range limit. In some cases the effective range of the data link can be extended
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In October 2006, at the Luxembourgish Hack.lu Security Conference, Kevin Finistere and Thierry Zoller demonstrated and released a remote root shell via Bluetooth on Mac OS X v10.3.9 and v10.4. They also demonstrated the first Bluetooth PIN and Linkkeys cracker, which is based on the research of Wool
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The hardware that makes up the Bluetooth device is made up of, logically, two parts; which may or may not be physically separate. A radio device, responsible for modulating and transmitting the signal; and a digital controller. The digital controller is likely a CPU, one of whose functions is to run
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Mbit/s burst) at the expense of range, or provide up to four times the range at the expense of data rate. The increase in transmissions could be important for Internet of Things devices, where many nodes connect throughout a whole house. Bluetooth 5 increases capacity of connectionless services such
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offering released on 9 February 2018. Marketing drops the point number; so that it is just "Bluetooth 5" (unlike Bluetooth 4.0); the change is for the sake of "Simplifying our marketing, communicating user benefits more effectively and making it easier to signal significant technology updates to the
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Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable highly integrated and compact devices, feature a lightweight Link Layer providing ultra-low power idle mode operation, simple device discovery, and reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer with advanced power-save and secure encrypted connections at the
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The effective range varies depending on propagation conditions, material coverage, production sample variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. Most Bluetooth applications are for indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections make the range
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Bluetooth services generally require either encryption or authentication and as such require pairing before they let a remote device connect. Some services, such as the Object Push Profile, elect not to explicitly require authentication or encryption so that pairing does not interfere with the user
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Any device may perform an inquiry to find other devices to connect to, and any device can be configured to respond to such inquiries. However, if the device trying to connect knows the address of the device, it always responds to direct connection requests and transmits the information shown in the
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The Bluetooth SIG announced formal adoption of the Bluetooth v4.1 specification on 4 December 2013. This specification is an incremental software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0, and not a hardware update. The update incorporates Bluetooth Core Specification Addenda (CSA 1, 2, 3 & 4) and
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and even watches. Nonetheless, Bluetooth is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers
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pairing between commercial Bluetooth devices. They confirmed that attacks are practicably fast, and the Bluetooth symmetric key establishment method is vulnerable. To rectify this vulnerability, they designed an implementation that showed that stronger, asymmetric key establishment is feasible for
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Updates the power control feature to remove the open loop power control, and also to clarify ambiguities in power control introduced by the new modulation schemes added for EDR. Enhanced power control removes the ambiguities by specifying the behavior that is expected. The feature also adds closed
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Personal security application on mobile phones for prevention of theft or loss of items. The protected item has a Bluetooth marker (e.g., a tag) that is in constant communication with the phone. If the connection is broken (the marker is out of range of the phone) then an alarm is raised. This can
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Most cellular phones have the Bluetooth name set to the manufacturer and model of the phone by default. Most cellular phones and laptops show only the Bluetooth names and special programs are required to get additional information about remote devices. This can be confusing as, for example, there
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for transporting Bluetooth profile data. The Bluetooth radio is still used for device discovery, initial connection and profile configuration. However, when large quantities of data must be sent, the high-speed alternative MAC PHY 802.11 (typically associated with Wi-Fi) transports the data. This
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Profiles are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles include settings to parameterize and to control the communication from the start. Adherence to profiles saves the time for
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A master BR/EDR Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet (an ad hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach this maximum. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master (for example, a headset
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Since neither IBM ThinkPad notebooks nor Ericsson phones were the market share leaders in their respective markets at that time, Adalio Sanchez and Nils Rydbeck agreed to make the short-link technology an open industry standard to permit each player maximum market access. Ericsson contributed the
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and requires users to confirm the installation of unknown software before it can propagate. The virus was written as a proof-of-concept by a group of virus writers known as "29A" and sent to anti-virus groups. Thus, it should be regarded as a potential (but not real) security threat to Bluetooth
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Bluetooth's early incorporation into consumer electronics products continued at Vosi Technologies in Costa Mesa, California, initially overseen by founding members Bejan Amini and Tom Davidson. Vosi Technologies had been created by real estate developer Ivano Stegmenga, with United States Patent
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revealed a new class of attacks known as BLUFFS (Bluetooth Low Energy Forward and Future Secrecy Attacks). These 6 new attacks expand on and work in conjunction with the previously known KNOB and BIAS (Bluetooth Impersonation AttackS) attacks. While the previous KNOB and BIAS attacks allowed an
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In June 2005, Yaniv Shaked and Avishai Wool published a paper describing both passive and active methods for obtaining the PIN for a Bluetooth link. The passive attack allows a suitably equipped attacker to eavesdrop on communications and spoof if the attacker was present at the time of initial
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The Link Manager (LM) is the system that manages establishing the connection between devices. It is responsible for the establishment, authentication and configuration of the link. The Link Manager locates other managers and communicates with them via the management protocol of the LMP link. To
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High-level protocols such as the SDP (Protocol used to find other Bluetooth devices within the communication range, also responsible for detecting the function of devices in range), RFCOMM (Protocol used to emulate serial port connections) and TCS (Telephony control protocol) interact with the
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fashion. Since it is the master that chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in each receive slot, being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a master of seven slaves is possible; being a slave of more than one master is possible. The
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The Bluetooth Innovation World Cup morphed into the Bluetooth Breakthrough Awards in 2013. Bluetooth SIG subsequently launched the Imagine Blue Award in 2016 at Bluetooth World. The Bluetooth Breakthrough Awards program highlights the most innovative products and applications available today,
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Bluetooth is defined as a layer protocol architecture consisting of core protocols, cable replacement protocols, telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols. Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth stacks are LMP, L2CAP and SDP. In addition, devices that communicate with Bluetooth almost
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studied the idea. The conclusion was that power consumption on cellphone technology at that time was too high to allow viable integration into a notebook and still achieve adequate battery life. Instead, the two companies agreed to integrate Ericsson's short-link technology on both a ThinkPad
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Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additionally guaranteed by the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of retransmissions and flush timeout (time after which the radio flushes packets). In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the lower layer.
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discovered flaws in the Bluetooth pairing protocol and also pointed to vulnerabilities in the encryption scheme. In 2003, Ben and Adam Laurie from A.L. Digital Ltd. discovered that serious flaws in some poor implementations of Bluetooth security may lead to disclosure of personal data. In a
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that actually made it to store shelves in June 2001. However Ericsson released the R520m in Quarter 1 of 2001, making the R520m the first ever commercially available Bluetooth phone. In parallel, IBM introduced the IBM ThinkPad A30 in October 2001 which was the first notebook with
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was not yet readily available or supported in the public market. Vosi had begun to develop the Vosi Cello integrated vehicular system and some other internet connected devices, one of which was intended to be a table-top device named the Vosi Symphony, networked with Bluetooth. Through the
1771:, previously known as Wibree, is a subset of Bluetooth v4.0 with an entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of simple links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth standard protocols that were introduced in Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low power applications powered by a
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Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 21 April 2009. Bluetooth v3.0 + HS provides theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s, though not over the Bluetooth link itself. Instead, the Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and
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Also, in October 2018, Karim Lounis, a network security researcher at Queen's University, identified a security vulnerability, called CDV (Connection Dumping Vulnerability), on various Bluetooth devices that allows an attacker to tear down an existing Bluetooth connection and cause the
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is also possible, even in modern devices, by sending unsolicited pairing requests in rapid succession; this becomes disruptive because most systems display a full screen notification for every connection request, interrupting every other activity, especially on less powerful devices.
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perform its function as a service provider, the LM uses the services included in the Link Controller (LC). The Link Manager Protocol basically consists of several PDUs (Protocol Data Units) that are sent from one device to another. The following is a list of supported services:
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and Sven Mattisson with developing. Both were working for Ericsson in Lund. Principal design and development began in 1994 and by 1997 the team had a workable solution. From 1997 Örjan Johansson became the project leader and propelled the technology and standardization.
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Later, when it came time to select a serious name, Bluetooth was to be replaced with either RadioWire or PAN (Personal Area Networking). PAN was the front runner, but an exhaustive search discovered it already had tens of thousands of hits throughout the internet.
2559:(TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, "TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices."
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discovered a vulnerability, called KNOB (Key Negotiation of Bluetooth) in the key negotiation that would "brute force the negotiated encryption keys, decrypt the eavesdropped ciphertext, and inject valid encrypted messages (in real-time)". Google released an
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attacker to decrypt and spoof Bluetooth packets within a session, BLUFFS extends this capability to all sessions generated by a device (including past, present, and future). All devices running Bluetooth versions 4.2 up to and including 5.4 are effected.
1178:(RTLS) are used to track and identify the location of objects in real time using "Nodes" or "tags" attached to, or embedded in, the objects tracked, and "Readers" that receive and process the wireless signals from these tags to determine their locations.
3090:, England, issued warnings about thieves using Bluetooth enabled phones to track other devices left in cars. Police are advising users to ensure that any mobile networking connections are de-activated if laptops and other devices are left in this way.
295:
A full trademark search on RadioWire couldn't be completed in time for launch, making Bluetooth the only choice. The name caught on fast and before it could be changed, it spread throughout the industry, becoming synonymous with short-range wireless
2904:
Link keys may be stored on the device file system, not on the Bluetooth chip itself. Many Bluetooth chip manufacturers let link keys be stored on the device—however, if the device is removable, this means that the link key moves with the device.
2845:(NFC) to exchange some information used in the pairing process. Pairing is completed using the Bluetooth radio, but requires information from the OOB mechanism. This provides only the level of MITM protection that is present in the OOB mechanism.
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In a dual-mode implementation, Bluetooth Smart functionality is integrated into an existing Classic Bluetooth controller. As of March 2011, the following semiconductor companies have announced the availability of chips meeting the standard:
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Permits sending service data without establishing an explicit L2CAP channel. It is intended for use by applications that require low latency between user action and reconnection/transmission of data. This is only appropriate for small amounts of
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At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for the little-used broadcast mode). The master chooses which slave device to address; typically, it switches rapidly from one device to another in a
2170:. BLE Audio will also add support for hearing aids. On 12 July 2022, the Bluetooth SIG announced the completion of Bluetooth LE Audio. The standard has a lower minimum latency claim of 20–30 ms vs Bluetooth Classic audio of 100–200 ms. At
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IEEE Standard for Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems – LAN/MAN – Specific Requirements – Part 15: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks
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Historically, the Bluetooth range was defined by the radio class, with a lower class (and higher output power) having larger range. The actual range of a given link depends on several qualities of both communicating devices and the
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IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 15.1a: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks
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Many Bluetooth applications use RFCOMM because of its widespread support and publicly available API on most operating systems. Additionally, applications that used a serial port to communicate can be quickly ported to use RFCOMM.
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2877:
Prior to Bluetooth v2.1, encryption is not required and can be turned off at any time. Moreover, the encryption key is only good for approximately 23.5 hours; using a single encryption key longer than this time allows simple
2670:. However, these addresses are generally not shown in inquiries. Instead, friendly Bluetooth names are used, which can be set by the user. This name appears when another user scans for devices and in lists of paired devices.
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RFCOMM provides a simple, reliable, data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth.
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adds new features that improve consumer usability. These include increased co-existence support for LTE, bulk data exchange rates—and aid developer innovation by allowing devices to support multiple roles simultaneously.
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922:. The primary attributes affecting range are the data rate, protocol (Bluetooth Classic or Bluetooth Low Energy), transmission power, and receiver sensitivity, and the relative orientations and gains of both antennas.
1783:(Ultra Low Power) were abandoned and the BLE name was used for a while. In late 2011, new logos "Bluetooth Smart Ready" for hosts and "Bluetooth Smart" for sensors were introduced as the general-public face of BLE.
674:(differential quadrature phase-shift keying) and 8-DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode, where an instantaneous
2507:(BNEP) is used for transferring another protocol stack's data via an L2CAP channel. Its main purpose is the transmission of IP packets in the Personal Area Networking Profile. BNEP performs a similar function to
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Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. Bluetooth devices can advertise all of the services they provide. This makes using services easier, because more of the security,
4977:"Bluetooth hearing aids: Hearing aids with Bluetooth technology use today's wireless technology to help you easily stay connected to iOS and Android phones, televisions, tablets and other favorite audio devices"
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Antonioli, Daniele (2023). "BLUFFS: Bluetooth Forward and Future Secrecy Attacks and Defenses". Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (Report). pp. 636–650.
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Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to provide better concurrent data
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Adopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into Bluetooth's protocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to code protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include:
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Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM) implements reliable L2CAP channel, while Streaming Mode (SM) implements unreliable channel with no retransmission or flow control. Introduced in Core Specification Addendum
1703:, but the WiMedia Alliance, the body responsible for the flavor of UWB intended for Bluetooth, announced in March 2009 that it was disbanding, and ultimately UWB was omitted from the Core v3.0 specification.
2460:(SDP) allows a device to discover services offered by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when you use a mobile phone with a Bluetooth headset, the phone uses SDP to determine which
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published a report that warns of the large number of devices left in a visible state, and issued statistics on the spread of various Bluetooth services and the ease of spread of an eventual Bluetooth worm.
1714:(UWB) specifications. WiMedia has transferred all current and future specifications, including work on future high-speed and power-optimized implementations, to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG),
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transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different types of applications or use cases for devices.
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1625:(EIR), which provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power mode.
2779:; pairing is only successful if both devices enter the same PIN code. Any 16-byte UTF-8 string may be used as a PIN code; however, not all devices may be capable of entering all possible PIN codes.
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A new Encryption Pause and Resume feature is used for all normal operations that require that encryption be disabled. This enables easy identification of normal operation from security attacks.
2756:. Users can delete link keys from either device, which removes the bond between the devices—so it is possible for one device to have a stored link key for a device it is no longer paired with.
3151:, researchers at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology identified a security vulnerability in the latest Bluetooth pairing procedures: Secure Simple Pairing and LE Secure Connections.
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but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must meet
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Seeking to extend the compatibility of Bluetooth devices, the devices that adhere to the standard use an interface called HCI (Host Controller Interface) between the host and the controller.
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means that Bluetooth uses proven low power connection models when the system is idle, and the faster radio when it must send large quantities of data. AMP links require enhanced L2CAP modes.
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2809:(SSP): This is required by Bluetooth v2.1, although a Bluetooth v2.1 device may only use legacy pairing to interoperate with a v2.0 or earlier device. Secure Simple Pairing uses a form of
2523:(AVCTP) is used by the remote control profile to transfer AV/C commands over an L2CAP channel. The music control buttons on a stereo headset use this protocol to control the music player.
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short-link radio technology, and IBM contributed patents around the logical layer. Adalio Sanchez of IBM then recruited Stephen Nachtsheim of Intel to join and then Intel also recruited
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Core Specification Addendum 2 was unveiled in December 2011; it contains improvements to the audio Host Controller Interface and to the High Speed (802.11) Protocol Adaptation Layer.
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Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to the core specification. These modes effectively deprecate original Retransmission and Flow Control modes:
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of King Harald Bluetooth, who united the disparate Danish tribes into a single kingdom; Kardach chose the name to imply that Bluetooth similarly unites communication protocols.
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deauthentication and disconnection of the involved devices. The researcher demonstrated the attack on various devices of different categories and from different manufacturers.
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General improvements in version 4.0 include the changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and Security Manager (SM) services with
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2406:(L2CAP) is used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices using different higher level protocols. Provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air packets.
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511:
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baseband controller through the L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol). The L2CAP protocol is responsible for the segmentation and reassembly of the packets.
560:. In May 1998, the Bluetooth SIG was launched with IBM and Ericsson as the founding signatories and a total of five members: Ericsson, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba, and IBM.
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Bluetooth v2.1 – finalized in 2007 with consumer devices first appearing in 2009 – makes significant changes to Bluetooth's security, including pairing. See the
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1842:. The compliant architecture shares all of Classic Bluetooth's existing radio and functionality resulting in a negligible cost increase compared to Classic Bluetooth.
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Of these, you may possibly miss bluetooth support. Unfortunately, the current code doesn't work and isn't structured properly to encourage much future development.
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Turning off encryption is required for several normal operations, so it is problematic to detect if encryption is disabled for a valid reason or a security attack.
3219:, of similar bandwidth to that used by wireless and mobile phones. No specific harm has been demonstrated, even though wireless transmission has been included by
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The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth Core Specification version 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) and has been adopted as of 30 June 2010. It includes
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Vosi needed a means for the system to communicate without a wired connection from the vehicle to the other devices in the network. Bluetooth was chosen, since
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WAE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and WAP is an open standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services.
1564:
This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was released before 2005. The main difference is the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster
2768:
Pairing mechanisms changed significantly with the introduction of Secure Simple Pairing in Bluetooth v2.1. The following summarizes the pairing mechanisms:
1291:
A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can use a Bluetooth adapter that enables the PC to communicate with Bluetooth devices. While some
781:
in each device. Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in visual line of sight of each other; however, a
255:, one of the founders of the Bluetooth SIG. The name was inspired by a conversation with Sven Mattisson who related Scandinavian history through tales from
10626:
4900:
5156:
643:. Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1
8281:
6441:
1132:
7410:
3561:
719:. All devices within a given piconet use the clock provided by the master as the base for packet exchange. The master clock ticks with a period of 312.5
8328:
7670:
2745:
6847:
6597:
6118:
6084:
5931:
4195:
5905:
3879:
220:
6784:
5094:
4398:
774:
Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range based on low-cost
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
6385:
5539:
6728:
6571:
6515:
6489:
2483:(RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used for generating a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates
1196:, Canada's Roads Traffic division uses data collected from travelers' Bluetooth devices to predict travel times and road congestion for motorists.
7036:
6983:
3968:
3935:
8162:
7617:
6036:
5618:
8241:
7914:
5242:
2955:
2785:: The obvious example of this class of device is a Bluetooth Hands-free headset, which generally have few inputs. These devices usually have a
2468:
etc.) and the protocol multiplexer settings needed for the phone to connect to the headset using each of them. Each service is identified by a
1722:. After successful completion of the technology transfer, marketing, and related administrative items, the WiMedia Alliance ceased operations.
4764:
3719:
750:
initiating a connection to a phone necessarily begins as master—as an initiator of the connection—but may subsequently operate as the slave).
9408:
5837:
3164:
8044:
7370:
7059:
6206:
5413:
11334:
11306:
11301:
10326:
9451:
8835:
8598:
8568:
5449:
4008:
2744:
the identity of the other device, ensuring it is the same device it previously paired with. Once a link key is generated, an authenticated
219:(SIG), which has more than 35,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. The
2221:
The Bluetooth SIG released the Bluetooth Core Specification version 5.4 on 7 February 2023. This new version adds the following features:
1729:
suspended development of UWB as part of the alternative MAC/PHY, Bluetooth v3.0 + HS solution. A small, but significant, number of former
8789:
7286:
6870:
6641:
6170:
4871:
4602:
4563:
4498:
3220:
2562:
TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract implementers. As such it is only of historical interest.
2191:
The Bluetooth SIG published the Bluetooth Core Specification version 5.3 on 13 July 2021. The feature enhancements of Bluetooth 5.3 are:
1541:
1459:
1014:
Wireless control of audio and communication functions between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible car stereo system (and sometimes
6148:
5006:
4984:
3853:
2142:
On 31 December 2019, the Bluetooth SIG published the Bluetooth Core Specification version 5.2. The new specification adds new features:
1306:, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth lets multiple devices communicate with a computer over a single adapter.
1295:
and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth radio, others require an external adapter, typically in the form of a small USB "
963:
10219:
7793:
6294:
6264:
5876:
652:
563:
The first Bluetooth device was revealed in 1999. It was a hands-free mobile headset that earned the "Best of show Technology Award" at
6006:
4524:
4428:
3913:
3831:
2424:
modes, L2CAP can be configured either for isochronous data or reliable data per channel by performing retransmissions and CRC checks.
10085:
9826:
9821:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
8401:
8116:
7569:
7111:
6415:
2247:
The Bluetooth SIG released the Bluetooth Core Specification version 6.0 on 27 August 2024. This version adds the following features:
5186:
3119:
In April 2017, security researchers at Armis discovered multiple exploits in the Bluetooth software in various platforms, including
8984:
7763:
5688:
4842:
1415:(SIG) and formally announced on 20 May 1998. In 2014 it had a membership of over 30,000 companies worldwide. It was established by
956:
7440:
6467:
3809:
1963:
Older Bluetooth hardware may receive 4.2 features such as Data Packet Length Extension and improved privacy via firmware updates.
11421:
7859:
7462:
5303:
5126:
3609:
228:
7538:
7210:
5487:
3779:
11328:
8946:
7013:
5747:
5648:
5562:
3056:
1775:. Chip designs allow for two types of implementation, dual-mode, single-mode and enhanced past versions. The provisional names
7815:
4650:
4325:
11323:
11313:
11293:
11095:
8197:
8030:
7965:
6952:
6058:
5790:
5727:
5356:
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4557:
4454:
949:
7595:
5592:
4684:
2795:: Mobile phones are classic examples of these devices. They allow a user to enter a numeric value up to 16 digits in length.
567:. The first Bluetooth mobile phone was the unreleased prototype Ericsson T36, though it was the revised Ericsson model
204:
GHz. It is mainly used as an alternative to wired connections to exchange files between nearby portable devices and connect
7643:
6810:
4624:
4030:
3198:
480:
The development of the "short-link" radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at
10460:
7508:
6900:
6755:"Bluetooth 5 Quadruples Range, Doubles Speed, Increases Data Broadcasting Capacity by 800% – Bluetooth Technology Website"
4161:
3659:
700:
In 2019, Apple published an extension called HDR which supports data rates of 4 (HDR4) and 8 (HDR8) Mbit/s using π/4-
11385:
11318:
11164:
10255:
10245:
8479:
7892:
4092:
3684:
3636:
2919:
2465:
2354:
1537:
7148:
5039:
3518:
448:
174:
technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building
11090:
9094:
4067:
1765:(BLE) protocols. Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols.
1497:
5065:
4790:
1618:(SSP): this improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security.
420:
11184:
9520:
9039:
8784:
8732:
8214:
8110:
7320:
7280:
4360:
3758:
3555:
3031:
since the virus has never spread outside of this system. In August 2004, a world-record-setting experiment (see also
2698:
Bluetooth devices to be able to establish a connection without user intervention (for example, as soon as in range).
1518:
640:
467:
6464:"Broadcom.com – BCM20702 – Single-Chip Bluetooth 4.0 HCI Solution with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Support"
2868:
Using OOB with NFC enables pairing when devices simply get close, rather than requiring a lengthy discovery process.
1737:
transfer. As of 2009, the Bluetooth SIG was in the process of evaluating other options for its longer-term roadmap.
1121:
Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices.
757:, in which certain devices simultaneously play the master/leader role in one piconet and the slave role in another.
10969:
10517:
10319:
8374:
7952:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11959. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. pp. 250–273.
2472:(UUID), with official services (Bluetooth profiles) assigned a short form UUID (16 bits rather than the full 128).
2440:
This is a very simple mode, with no retransmission or flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel.
2316:
2163:
1726:
1412:
1200:
944:
To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles. For example,
239:
chips are shipped annually. Bluetooth was first demonstrated in space in 2024, an early test envisioned to enhance
216:
57:
7085:
6679:
3485:
2434:
This mode is an improved version of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP channel.
1790:, Bluetooth Low Energy is intended to provide considerably reduced power consumption and cost while maintaining a
631:
MHz wide at the top. This is in the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) industrial, scientific and medical (
11080:
9219:
8726:
6359:
3587:
1577:
667:
427:
281:, Kardach proposed Bluetooth as the codename for the short-range wireless program which is now called Bluetooth.
235:
applies to the technology, which is licensed to individual qualifying devices. As of 2021, 4.7 billion Bluetooth
7702:
4896:
1238:, tablets, media players, robotics systems, laptops, and game console equipment as well as some high definition
11075:
9501:
8816:
8658:
7987:
7344:
5378:
5164:
3341:
3075:
2776:
405:
8277:
6437:
2658:
Technical information (for example: device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specification used, clock offset)
11416:
11100:
9476:
8687:
8484:
8394:
7736:
7403:
6976:"Bluetooth SIG Announces 'LE Audio' With Audio Sharing, Lower Data Consumption, Hearing Aid Support and More"
6612:
3545:
2606:
2603:
Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a model for object and operation representation
2469:
670:(GFSK) modulation was the only modulation scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4-
270:
17:
8336:
7677:
1572:
Mbit/s, although the maximum data transfer rate (allowing for inter-packet time and acknowledgements) is 2.1
1154:
Dial-up internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable mobile phone as a wireless modem.
11375:
11136:
11033:
10576:
10371:
10343:
9456:
8977:
8920:
8578:
6836:
6541:
6110:
6088:
5927:
5509:
5268:
4187:
3892:
Bluetooth Experience Icons borrow two of these three features: the blue color and the rune-inspired symbol.
1851:
1524:
1222:
738:
434:
5901:
3875:
2487:(formerly RS-232) control signals over the Bluetooth baseband layer, i.e., it is a serial port emulation.
1357:, BlueZ and Fluoride. The BlueZ stack is included with most Linux kernels and was originally developed by
11431:
11365:
10872:
10312:
9885:
9446:
9149:
9064:
9044:
7184:
6389:
5087:
4816:
4402:
3395:
3337:
2413:
mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to 64 kB, with 672 bytes as the default
2339:
1547:
1486:
1206:
Live video streaming to the visual cortical implant device by Nabeel Fattah in Newcastle university 2017.
909:
6341:
4928:
2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
4376:
4298:
Kurawar, Arwa; Koul, Ayushi; Patil, Viki Tukaram (August 2014). "Survey of Bluetooth and Applications".
1910:
Some features were already available in a Core Specification Addendum (CSA) before the release of v4.1.
1131:
Game consoles have been using Bluetooth as a wireless communications protocol for peripherals since the
494:
11224:
11146:
11085:
10792:
10288:
9017:
8993:
8603:
8499:
8370:
6567:
6519:
6493:
5325:
3320:
3173:
3132:
2508:
2179:
939:
401:
288:
Bluetooth was only intended as a placeholder until marketing could come up with something really cool.
6975:
5958:
3943:
3059: files on the device, allowing replication to another device through the use of removable media (
1971:
The Bluetooth SIG released Bluetooth 5 on 6 December 2016. Its new features are mainly focused on new
506:
416:
11411:
10996:
10957:
10802:
10702:
10631:
10564:
10391:
9855:
9054:
8811:
8608:
7621:
6032:
5980:
5626:
3426:
3355:
3074:
security researchers published results of their actual implementation of passive attacks against the
2414:
2159:
1325:
1303:
1175:
1101:
712:
5238:
1445:
The Bluetooth Core Specification Working Group (CSWG) produces mainly four kinds of specifications:
1403:
has also been available in the tree, possibly disabled until 2014-11-15, and may require more work.
11355:
10597:
10532:
10485:
10445:
9289:
8847:
8583:
8573:
8494:
8387:
7493:
5216:
4756:
3750:
3405:
3360:
3006:
subsequent experiment, Martin Herfurt from the trifinite.group was able to do a field-trial at the
2984:
2842:
2814:
2630:
2626:
7060:"Samsung leaps ahead of Apple and adds game-changing Auracast Bluetooth to its 4K TVs and earbuds"
5844:
3711:
1455:
Core Specification Supplements (CSS) – can be released more frequently than Addenda
11194:
11179:
11023:
10974:
10897:
10797:
10475:
10361:
10356:
10293:
9154:
9144:
9124:
8970:
8593:
8489:
8439:
8429:
8010:
7377:
6213:
5439:
5401:
4710:
4140:
3380:
3071:
3052:
2810:
2575:
2155:
1611:
Bluetooth Core Specification version 2.1 + EDR was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 26 July 2007.
1361:. Fluoride, earlier known as Bluedroid is included in Android OS and was originally developed by
1330:
600:
394:
8702:
8252:
8099:
The KNOB is Broken: Exploiting Low Entropy in the Encryption Key Negotiation of Bluetooth BR/EDR
5527:
4000:
2394:
The Host Controller Interface provides a command interface between the controller and the host.
11116:
10902:
10717:
10662:
10657:
10470:
10435:
9466:
9027:
8889:
8141:
7488:
4588:
The Telecommunications Handbook: Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems
3216:
1932:
1719:
1439:
1028:
Wireless control of and communication with iOS and Android device phones, tablets and portable
762:
753:
The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form a
596:
7270:
6785:""Bluetooth 5" spec coming next week with 4x more range and 2x better speed [Updated]"
6703:"Bluetooth 5 Promises Four times the Range, Twice the Speed of Bluetooth 4.0 LE Transmissions"
6181:
4922:
Fattah, Nabeel; Laha, Soumyasanta; Sokolov, Danil; Chester, Graeme; Degenaar, Patrick (2015).
4586:
4547:
4494:
1074:
Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices with
11018:
10822:
10787:
10707:
10687:
10609:
10497:
10418:
10260:
9383:
9119:
8738:
8511:
8424:
6316:
6140:
5010:
4976:
4864:
3849:
2629:(FEC) or 2/3 rate. In addition, packets with CRC will be retransmitted until acknowledged by
1734:
1668:
991:
175:
85:
10351:
8636:
8242:"Occupational Exposure Related to Radiofrequency Fields from Wireless Communication Systems"
6290:
6265:"Bluetooth SIG unveils Smart Marks, explains v4.0 compatibility with unnecessary complexity"
4549:
From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband
4241:"Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology"
3742:
163:, an earphone and microphone that communicates with a cellphone using the Bluetooth protocol
10932:
10892:
10862:
10619:
10554:
10376:
9526:
9274:
9204:
8899:
8873:
8779:
6010:
4520:
4424:
4252:
3969:"Presenting the (economic) value of patents nominated for the European Inventor Award 2012"
3905:
3835:
3168:
2951:
An overview of Bluetooth vulnerabilities exploits was published in 2007 by Andreas Becker.
2879:
2775:: This is the only method available in Bluetooth v2.0 and before. Each device must enter a
2158:
that is built on top of the new 5.2 features. BT LE Audio was announced in January 2020 at
2122:
2004:
1953:
1929:
1815:
1803:
1768:
1761:
1746:
1056:
Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.
656:
183:
8097:
7561:
6411:
5190:
1475:
Anonymity was not possible, preventing certain services from using Bluetooth environments.
8:
10942:
10882:
10641:
10603:
10401:
10386:
8707:
8015:
13th International Conference on Risks and Security of Internet and Systems – CRiSIS 2018
4924:"Wireless data and power transfer of an optogenetic implantable visual cortex stimulator"
3743:
3279:
3271:
1064:
1053:
Wireless streaming of data collected by Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices to phone or PC.
278:
7759:
5680:
4256:
11406:
11169:
11126:
11057:
10927:
10857:
10832:
10767:
10614:
10335:
9284:
8831:
8651:
8036:
7979:
7436:
6320:
4957:
4838:
4329:
4283:
4240:
4122:
3801:
3349:
2933:
2675:
2323:
2309:
2146:
Enhanced Attribute Protocol (EATT), an improved version of the Attribute Protocol (ATT)
1972:
1956:
1919:
1807:
1581:
1354:
1015:
778:
488:, Sweden. The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by
441:
256:
240:
236:
209:
108:
7848:
7237:
4217:
2072:(AoA) and Angle of Departure (AoD) which are used for locating and tracking of devices
374:
Ericsson Bluetooth module PBA 313 01/2S R2A, manufactured in week 22 of 2001
11209:
11131:
11045:
11028:
10991:
10837:
10667:
10636:
10502:
10396:
9957:
9952:
9932:
9916:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9880:
9875:
9865:
9860:
9496:
9366:
9326:
8936:
8193:
8106:
8026:
7971:
7961:
7487:"Security Weaknesses in Bluetooth". RSA Security Conf. – Cryptographer's Track.
7316:
7276:
7037:"What's Bluetooth LE Audio? Explaining the spec and what it means for wireless sound"
6944:
5786:
5723:
4949:
4939:
4923:
4592:
4553:
4356:
4307:
4270:
3775:
3754:
3551:
3120:
3032:
3010:
fairgrounds, showing the importance of the problem to the world. A new attack called
3002:
2461:
2448:
Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links.
1976:
1839:
1819:
1279:
1210:
1157:
Short-range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile phone,
1036:
996:
693:) is used to describe π/4-DPSK (EDR2) and 8-DPSK (EDR3) schemes, transferring 2 and 3
98:
10877:
8040:
7983:
7534:
7005:
5751:
3317:– building blocks that make up the various implementations of the Bluetooth protocol
1802:
In a single-mode implementation, only the low energy protocol stack is implemented.
1449:
The Bluetooth Core Specification – typically released every few years
737:
The above excludes Bluetooth Low Energy, introduced in the 4.0 specification, which
11214:
11174:
11154:
11121:
11050:
11008:
10922:
10777:
10762:
10737:
10712:
10672:
10522:
10381:
10366:
9850:
9516:
8904:
8185:
8018:
7953:
7822:
5778:
5715:
4961:
4931:
4658:
4300:
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology
4278:
4260:
2622:
2069:
1827:
1730:
1707:
1292:
1235:
1068:
1059:
Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being the
1029:
708:
266:
31:
8697:
8096:
Antonioli, Daniele; Tippenhauer, Nils Ole; Rasmussen, Kasper B. (15 August 2019).
8017:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11391. Springer. pp. 188–204.
6936:
6062:
1259:
and permission configuration can be automated than with many other network types.
10842:
10697:
10465:
10440:
10428:
9279:
8682:
8667:
8410:
8022:
7957:
5596:
5444:
4729:
4680:
3370:
3314:
3204:
2925:
2597:
1385:
has included Bluetooth since its v4.0 release. Its Bluetooth stack was ported to
1315:
1256:
1239:
1008:
984:
577:
481:
337:
118:
113:
7647:
7591:
7238:"Global shipments of short range wireless ICs to exceed 2 billion units in 2010"
5291:
4628:
2865:, MITM protection can be achieved with a simple equality comparison by the user.
2858:
For use cases not requiring MITM protection, user interaction can be eliminated.
2182:
and two of their TV's. In October users started getting updates for the earbuds.
11040:
10912:
10887:
10847:
10817:
10692:
10527:
10480:
10455:
10413:
10134:
9264:
9259:
9179:
9129:
8449:
7512:
5782:
5719:
3464:
Many operating systems delete incomplete files if the file transfer has failed.
3231:
3099:
3087:
3060:
3015:
2929:
2894:
Encryption is required for all non-SDP (Service Discovery Protocol) connections
2741:
2543:
channel intended for video distribution profile in the Bluetooth transmission.
1888:
L2CAP connection-oriented and dedicated channels with credit-based flow control
1860:
Core Specification Addendum 3 revision 2 has an adoption date of 24 July 2012.
1711:
1700:
1340:
1060:
639:
GHz short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called
261:
7915:"Update Your iPhones And Androids Now If You Don't Want Your Bluetooth Hacked"
7884:
4935:
4706:
4100:
1710:
announced it was entering into technology transfer agreements for the WiMedia
966:
sends a video stream from a video camera to a TV screen or a recording device.
535:
product R&D, approached Nils Rydbeck about collaborating on integrating a
11400:
11189:
10962:
10952:
10867:
10757:
10752:
10742:
10727:
10549:
10408:
10240:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10104:
10080:
10056:
10044:
10033:
10022:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9982:
9971:
9461:
9441:
9294:
9269:
9199:
9089:
9034:
8915:
8805:
8644:
8067:"New Critical Bluetooth Security Issue Exposes Millions of Devices To Attack"
7975:
6948:
6642:"MWC 2017: Sony launches new 5G-ready Xperia XZ series with top-notch camera"
5566:
5535:
5483:
5475:
5344:
5035:
4311:
4274:
3522:
3444:
3431:
3375:
3309:
3023:
2753:
2722:
1392:
1183:
1148:
783:
521:
155:
8189:
7946:"Breaking the Bluetooth Pairing – the Fixed Coordinate Invalid Curve Attack"
6363:
4060:
2115:
Features added in Core Specification Addendum (CSA) 6 – integrated in v5.1:
370:
11067:
10907:
10852:
10782:
10747:
10682:
10581:
10571:
10423:
10224:
10214:
9962:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9927:
9870:
9511:
9506:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9431:
8910:
8842:
8744:
8539:
8529:
8304:"Bluetooth SIG announces winners of Imagine Blue Awards at Bluetooth World"
5061:
4953:
3064:
3047:
worm known as Lasco surfaced. The worm began targeting mobile phones using
2940:
2738:
1715:
1699:
The high-speed (AMP) feature of Bluetooth v3.0 was originally intended for
1090:
568:
536:
517:
489:
182:, giving it a very short range of up to 10 metres (33 ft). It employs
178:(PANs). In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5
131:
Typically less than 10 m (33 ft), up to 100 m (330 ft).
8218:
2208:
The following features were removed in this version of the specification:
2129:
The following features were removed in this version of the specification:
2049:
The following features were removed in this version of the specification:
1975:
technology. Sony was the first to announce Bluetooth 5.0 support with its
1733:
members had not and would not sign up to the necessary agreements for the
1634:
establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a colocated
1530:
Higher transmission speeds in practice than in v1.1, up to 721 kbit/s
11267:
10917:
10827:
10812:
10772:
10732:
10591:
10096:
9836:
9590:
9471:
9436:
9426:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9371:
9356:
8894:
5563:"kernel/netgraph7: Port the kernel part of the netgraph7 bluetooth stack"
3326:
3011:
2974:
2944:
2679:
2667:
2582:
2302:
2167:
1936:
1772:
1650:
Core Specification version 3.0 or earlier Core Specification Addendum 1.
1646:
1635:
1247:
1158:
959:
can connect a cell phone to a digital thermometer or heart rate detector.
926:
far lower than specified line-of-sight ranges of the Bluetooth products.
775:
7668:
1983:
launched with Bluetooth 5 support in April 2017. In September 2017, the
1863:
Core Specification Addendum 4 has an adoption date of 12 February 2013.
354:
46:
11272:
10979:
10677:
10586:
10542:
10512:
10490:
10209:
10204:
9536:
9418:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9321:
8941:
6671:
5748:"High speed Bluetooth comes a step closer: enhanced data rate approved"
4265:
3493:
3385:
3331:
3224:
3048:
3028:
3019:
2749:
2721:
During pairing, the two devices establish a relationship by creating a
2327:
2171:
1992:
1942:
1593:
1336:
1162:
1086:
1079:
1047:
1022:
754:
704:
modulation on 4 MHz channels with forward error correction (FEC).
620:
301:
205:
186:
103:
7337:
3583:
2344:
11257:
10722:
10537:
10304:
10270:
10250:
9361:
9254:
9249:
9234:
9224:
9214:
9194:
9189:
9174:
9164:
9159:
9139:
9134:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9084:
9049:
8474:
6729:"Bluetooth 5 standard brings range, speed and capacity boost for IoT"
3421:
3148:
3136:
3018:
using Bluetooth to spread itself among mobile phones appeared on the
2012:
as location-relevant navigation of low-energy Bluetooth connections.
1980:
1321:
1005:
919:
333:
313:
179:
7945:
7706:
2841:(OOB): This method uses an external means of communication, such as
2817:, or MITM attacks. SSP has the following authentication mechanisms:
2789:, for example "0000" or "1234", that are hard-coded into the device.
1553:
1104:, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.
979:
383:
265:, a historical novel about Vikings and the 10th-century Danish king
11252:
11242:
11159:
10984:
10807:
9541:
9313:
9304:
9022:
9012:
9007:
8951:
8868:
8859:
8774:
8613:
8464:
8444:
8011:"Connection Dumping Vulnerability Affecting Bluetooth Availability"
7242:
3440:
3410:
3400:
3176:
security patch on 5 August 2019, which removed this vulnerability.
3103:
2737:. A device that wants to communicate only with a bonded device can
2312:
2175:
1988:
1984:
1835:
1565:
1416:
1396:
1376:
1375:
has included Bluetooth since its v5.0 release, implemented through
1362:
1358:
1136:
1125:
1108:
1040:
675:
632:
589:
540:
532:
359:
344:
190:
171:
8379:
7728:
7086:"Galaxy Buds 2 Pro get Bluetooth Auracast support with new update"
4239:
Gomez, Carles; Oller, Joaquim; Paradells, Josep (29 August 2012).
1527:
by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence
1172:
phone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby mobile phone.
11247:
11232:
10450:
10265:
10061:
10027:
9976:
9921:
9816:
9781:
9756:
9731:
9726:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9680:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9653:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9626:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9550:
9184:
9169:
8962:
8853:
8821:
8769:
8469:
7762:. School of Electrical Engineering Systems, Tel Aviv University.
5409:
5299:
4714:
3345:
3185:
3044:
2621:
Depending on packet type, individual packets may be protected by
2484:
2320:
1996:
1831:
1811:
1794:. In terms of lengthening the battery life of Bluetooth devices,
1654:
1432:
1400:
1386:
1372:
1193:
1189:
716:
553:
320:
7211:"Now Available: New Version of the Bluetooth Core Specification"
5264:
3299:
prototypes coming soon, and student-led projects in the making.
2855:
In most cases, it does not require a user to generate a passkey.
2464:
the headset can use (Headset Profile, Hands Free Profile (HFP),
1458:
Errata – available with a Bluetooth SIG account:
1004:
Wireless control and communication between a mobile phone and a
11277:
11237:
10559:
10128:
9600:
9595:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9229:
9059:
8764:
8588:
8459:
8434:
8163:"New BLUFFS attack lets attackers hijack Bluetooth connections"
7112:"Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.3 Feature Enhancements"
6613:"Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.0 Feature Enhancements"
5386:
5352:
5187:"Apple Introduces "Jaguar," the Next Major Release of Mac OS X"
5161:
Changes to Functionality in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2
5093:. MIT Computer Science And Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
3436:
3263:
2729:. If both devices store the same link key, they are said to be
2588:
2397:
1979:
in Feb 2017 during the Mobile World Congress 2017. The Samsung
1395:
has had NetBSD's Bluetooth implementation since 1.11 (2008). A
1382:
1296:
1267:
1199:
Wireless transmission of audio (a more reliable alternative to
1097:
766:
specification is vague as to required behavior in scatternets.
682:
564:
349:
232:
160:
5875:. Version V10r00. Bluetooth SIG. 3 August 2006. Archived from
4812:
4730:"Selfie stick: i migliori modelli per foto e video eccellenti"
3834:. Ericsson Technology Licensing. 22 March 2004. Archived from
2920:
Mobile security § Attacks based on communication networks
2607:
Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application Protocol
2526:
2062:
The Bluetooth SIG presented Bluetooth 5.1 on 21 January 2019.
1592:. EDR can provide a lower power consumption through a reduced
1011:. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
11262:
11199:
10507:
9986:
9841:
9376:
9239:
9079:
8666:
8623:
8618:
8563:
8547:
8524:
8095:
7676:. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. Archived from
6937:"The New Version of Bluetooth Is Here to Fix Your Headphones"
6345:
5292:"ng_bluetooth.4 – placeholder for global Bluetooth variables"
4451:"BluBear Industrial Long Range Bluetooth 2.1 Module with EDR"
3415:
3390:
3365:
3124:
3007:
2937:
1585:
1428:
1424:
1366:
1350:
1243:
1043:. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called "a Bluetooth".
701:
671:
584:
557:
340:
252:
142:
8363:
4707:"Samsung Omnia II: How to Transfer Files with Bluetooth FTP"
3660:"US achieves 1st-ever space Bluetooth link using satellites"
1918:
Released on 2 December 2014, it introduces features for the
1369:. It was once popular, but has not been updated since 2005.
1118:
bandwidth is not required and cable-free connection desired.
723:
328:
251:
The name "Bluetooth" was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach of
11204:
9209:
9074:
9069:
8454:
8206:
7885:"BlueBorne Information from the Research Team – Armis Labs"
7669:
Ford-Long Wong; Frank Stajano; Jolyon Clulow (April 2005).
6901:"Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.2 Feature Overview"
6490:"Press Releases Detail | Bluetooth Technology Website"
3963:
3961:
3259:
2536:
2498:
2100:
Block Host channel classification for secondary advertising
1949:
1589:
1389:
as well, however OpenBSD later removed it as unmaintained.
1169:
1144:
1075:
485:
5984:
3258:
1 is a lower level than the lowest-powered mobile phones.
3014:
was used for this experiment. In 2004 the first purported
2701:
To resolve this conflict, Bluetooth uses a process called
1234:
Bluetooth exists in numerous products such as telephones,
952:
connects headphones and earbuds to a cell phone or laptop.
715:. One master may communicate with up to seven slaves in a
539:
into a ThinkPad notebook. The two assigned engineers from
8251:. Union Radio-Scientifique Internationale. Archived from
3128:
3067:, etc.). The worm can render the mobile device unstable.
2514:
1822:
have released single mode Bluetooth Low Energy solutions.
1672:
1621:
Version 2.1 allows various other improvements, including
1491:
Many errors found in the v1.0B specifications were fixed.
1420:
1272:
1227:
1140:
1115:
812:
611:
Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2.402 and 2.480
544:
529:
197:
8212:
7757:
7401:
6317:"BlueNRG-1 – Programmable Bluetooth LE 5.2 Wireless SoC"
5426:
bluetooth support doesn't work and isn't going anywhere.
5212:
4921:
4156:
4154:
3958:
3227:
list. Maximum power output from a Bluetooth radio is 100
5342:
3439: – low-power lightweight wireless protocol in the
2900:
The encryption key must be refreshed before it expires.
2713:
desired, the user can remove the bonding relationship.
2417:, and 48 bytes as the minimum mandatory supported MTU.
1124:
Wireless bridge between two Industrial Ethernet (e.g.,
548:
notebook and an Ericsson phone to accomplish the goal.
4968:
4162:"Bluetooth Radio Interface, Modulation & Channels"
2385:
Negotiation of link mode and connection establishment.
6516:"Adopted Specification; Bluetooth Technology Website"
4151:
4031:"Sveriges 20 främsta innovationer de senaste 35 åren"
2890:
Bluetooth v2.1 addresses this in the following ways:
2539:) profile to stream music to stereo headsets over an
1552:
Introduced flow control and retransmission modes for
1151:
which use Bluetooth for their respective controllers.
8249:
XXVIIIth General Assembly of URSI – Proceedings
8239:
6212:(Press release). Nokia. 12 June 2007. Archived from
5189:(Press release). Apple. 17 July 2002. Archived from
4218:"Ultra-Low Latency Audio Over Bluetooth – Apple Inc"
2851:
SSP is considered simple for the following reasons:
2535:(AVDTP) is used by the advanced audio distribution (
2260:
4238:
3079:certain classes of devices, such as mobile phones.
2705:, and a bond is generated through a process called
2084:
HCI support for debug keys in LE Secure Connections
999:
with a rechargeable battery, made in the late 2010s
408:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7846:
7409:. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
7402:Scarfone, K. & Padgette, J. (September 2008).
7306:
7304:
6111:"Bluetooth group drops ultrawideband, eyes 60 GHz"
5806:
5804:
5802:
4713:from the original on 23 November 2021 – via
3634:
3486:"Bluetooth Range: 100m, 1 km, or 10 km?"
2760:experience associated with the service use-cases.
1309:
1283:An early internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4
1021:Wireless communication between a smartphone and a
790:
7463:"Bluesnarfing vs. Bluejacking: Top 4 Differences"
7315:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
4625:"Portable Wireless Bluetooth Compatible Speakers"
4521:"History of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group"
3254:3 devices. Even the maximum power output of Class
3167:, Helmholtz Center for Information Security, and
3135:. These vulnerabilities are collectively called "
2475:
2232:
1882:Train nudging and generalized interlaced scanning
231:to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of
11427:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1989
11398:
8008:
6518:. Bluetooth.com. 4 December 2013. Archived from
6492:. Bluetooth.com. 4 December 2013. Archived from
5289:
4297:
2674:could be several cellular phones in range named
2103:Allow the SID to appear in scan response reports
133:Bluetooth 5.0: 40–400 m (100–1,000 ft)
7301:
7084:SamMobile; Shaik, Asif Iqbal (6 October 2023).
7057:
7034:
5928:"Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum (CSA) 1"
5902:"Bluetooth Core Version 3.0 + HS specification"
5799:
5528:"sys/netgraph7/bluetooth/common/ng_bluetooth.c"
2991:
2936:derivation with custom algorithms based on the
2645:transmits the following information on demand:
1900:Audio architecture updates for Wide Band Speech
744:
739:uses the same spectrum but somewhat differently
8213:D. Chomienne; M. Eftimakis (20 October 2010).
7368:
7335:
7083:
7006:"Hearing Aid Audio Support Using Bluetooth LE"
5955:"Bluetooth 3.0 released without ultrawideband"
5560:
5112:
4344:
2956:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2594:Foundation Protocols for TCP/IP protocol suite
1406:
10320:
8978:
8652:
8395:
7644:"F-Secure Malware Information Pages: Lasco.A"
5983:. Wimedia.org. 4 January 2010. Archived from
5741:
5739:
3740:
3165:Singapore University of Technology and Design
2546:
2451:
2174:in August 2023 Samsung announced support for
2041:Features added in CSA5 – integrated in v5.0:
1945:Privacy with Extended Scanner Filter Policies
1879:Mobile wireless service coexistence signaling
1875:New features of this specification include:
876:Source: Bluetooth Core Specification revision
730:μs, and two slots make up a slot pair of 1250
663:MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels.
8009:Lounis, Karim; Zulkernine, Mohammad (2019).
7943:
7816:"Going Around with Bluetooth in Full Safety"
7618:"Dispelling Common Bluetooth Misconceptions"
5473:
3550:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 45–47.
3521:. Bluetooth.com. 23 May 2010. Archived from
3519:"Basics | Bluetooth Technology Website"
3513:
3511:
3418: – secure wireless protocol alternative
3163:In August 2019, security researchers at the
2616:
2581:Internet standard protocol for transporting
2404:Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol
2398:Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol
2389:
2106:Specify the behavior when rules are violated
1795:
1494:Added possibility of non-encrypted channels.
1438:All versions of the Bluetooth standards are
1435:, and later joined by many other companies.
1114:For low bandwidth applications where higher
726:, two clock ticks then make up a slot of 625
595:In 2012, Jaap Haartsen was nominated by the
11335:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
8270:
7434:
6087:. Incisor.tv. 16 March 2009. Archived from
5952:
5440:"g2k14: Ted Unangst on the Art of the Tedu"
5399:
4897:"Wireless waves used to track travel times"
4754:
2533:Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol
2527:Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol
2333:
2031:High Duty Cycle Non-Connectable Advertising
1991:launched with Bluetooth 5 support as well.
1642:
1050:with or without communication capabilities.
284:According to Bluetooth's official website,
11371:
10327:
10313:
8985:
8971:
8659:
8645:
8402:
8388:
7671:"Repairing the Bluetooth pairing protocol"
7559:
7149:"Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.4"
6811:"Bluetooth 5: everything you need to know"
6438:"iFixit MacBook Air 13" Mid 2011 Teardown"
5745:
5736:
5265:"Affix Bluetooth Protocol Stack for Linux"
5030:
5028:
3712:"Tech History: How Bluetooth got its name"
3323:– features used within the Bluetooth stack
2813:, and some types can help protect against
2466:Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)
2225:Periodic Advertising with Responses (PAwR)
2094:
2007:, options that can double the data rate (2
1411:The specifications were formalized by the
1365:. There is also Affix stack, developed by
1339:products have worked with Bluetooth since
45:
27:A short-range wireless technology standard
8182:
7950:Selected Areas in Cryptography – SAC 2019
7786:"Phone pirates in seek and steal mission"
7758:Yaniv Shaked; Avishai Wool (2 May 2005).
7492:
7376:. Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Archived from
7310:
7268:
5476:"bluetooth.4 – Bluetooth Protocol Family"
5345:"bluetooth.4 – Bluetooth Protocol Family"
5213:"Official Linux Bluetooth protocol stack"
4584:
4469:"OEM Bluetooth Serial Port Module OBS433"
4282:
4264:
3584:"About us – Bluetooth Technology Website"
3508:
2636:
1948:Internet Protocol Support Profile (IPSP)
1466:
1100:serial communications in test equipment,
468:Learn how and when to remove this message
7272:Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs
7229:
6207:"Wibree forum merges with Bluetooth SIG"
6061:. USB.org. 16 March 2009. Archived from
4585:Penttinen, Jyrki T. J. (16 March 2015).
4141:"Motorola Inc. v. Vosi Technologies Inc"
4093:"De största innovationerna i modern tid"
3773:
3637:"Global Bluetooth device shipments 2022"
2505:Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol
2499:Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol
2343:
2273:
2204:Encryption key size control enhancements
1584:modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4-
1278:
1266:
1262:
1221:
990:
978:
369:
154:
8240:M. Hietanen; T. Alanko (October 2005).
8142:"Android Security Bulletin—August 2019"
7235:
7146:
7109:
6898:
6868:
6700:
6610:
6542:"Specification of the Bluetooth System"
5025:
4443:
3709:
2962:
1995:also integrated Bluetooth 5 in its new
1645:(Alternative MAC/PHY), the addition of
974:
14:
11399:
10334:
7990:from the original on 18 September 2019
7925:from the original on 26 September 2019
7895:from the original on 21 September 2017
7350:from the original on 25 September 2020
7313:Wireless communications & networks
6973:
6388:. Nordic Semiconductor. Archived from
5068:from the original on 12 September 2017
4930:. Vol. 2015. pp. 8006–8009.
4899:. CTV Calgary News. 26 November 2012.
4845:from the original on 21 September 2016
4591:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 129.
4552:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 491.
4545:
4461:
4350:
3703:
3657:
3543:
3478:
2965:section for more about these changes.
2687:
2521:Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol
2515:Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol
1798:represents a significant progression.
1606:
1559:
1016:between the SIM card and the car phone
528:In 1997, Adalio Sanchez, then head of
10308:
8966:
8640:
8383:
8105:. Santa Clara: University of Oxford.
7865:from the original on 23 December 2018
7766:from the original on 23 December 2018
7739:from the original on 23 December 2018
7598:from the original on 23 December 2018
7572:from the original on 23 December 2018
7562:"Virus attacks mobiles via Bluetooth"
7541:from the original on 23 December 2018
7343:. Helsinki University of Technology.
7250:from the original on 12 February 2022
7016:from the original on 20 February 2020
6986:from the original on 20 February 2020
6850:from the original on 23 December 2018
6574:from the original on 13 December 2014
6297:from the original on 23 December 2018
6271:from the original on 30 December 2018
5934:from the original on 23 December 2018
5908:from the original on 23 December 2018
5818:from the original on 23 December 2018
5691:from the original on 14 February 2020
5661:from the original on 28 December 2019
5542:from the original on 12 February 2022
5490:from the original on 12 February 2022
5437:
5359:from the original on 12 February 2022
5306:from the original on 12 February 2022
5137:from the original on 23 December 2018
5100:from the original on 23 December 2018
4877:from the original on 28 December 2019
4819:from the original on 23 December 2018
4687:from the original on 23 December 2018
4198:from the original on 23 December 2018
4188:"Bluetooth Specification Version 5.0"
3882:from the original on 23 December 2018
3856:from the original on 30 December 2018
3832:"Milestones in the Bluetooth advance"
3812:from the original on 28 December 2020
3616:from the original on 20 February 2018
3537:
2763:
2353:universally can use these protocols:
2212:Alternate MAC and PHY (AMP) Extension
2087:Sleep clock accuracy update mechanism
1628:
11381:
8688:Code-division multiple access (CDMA)
7849:"All your Bluetooth is belong to us"
7821:. F-Secure. May 2006. Archived from
7236:Happich, Julien (24 February 2010).
7165:from the original on 9 February 2023
6672:"HomePod – Technical Specifications"
6141:"Report: Ultrawideband dies by 2013"
6039:from the original on 8 February 2015
5619:"English Introduction to Membership"
5520:
5416:from the original on 19 January 2019
5271:from the original on 5 November 2018
4974:
4605:from the original on 25 January 2021
4495:"Traditional Profile Specifications"
4417:
4073:from the original on 29 October 2019
4041:from the original on 29 October 2019
4011:from the original on 29 October 2019
3974:. Technopolis Group. 30 March 2012.
3916:from the original on 11 October 2019
3878:. Bluetooth Special Interest Group.
3782:from the original on 22 October 2021
3722:from the original on 5 December 2019
3691:from the original on 26 October 2021
3635:Federica Laricchia (31 March 2022).
3334: – proprietary Bluetooth driver
3199:Wireless device radiation and health
2872:
2565:
2254:Decision-based advertising filtering
2178:through a software update for their
2065:The major areas of improvement are:
2015:The major areas of improvement are:
1925:The major areas of improvement are:
1791:
933:
406:adding citations to reliable sources
377:
269:. Upon discovering a picture of the
8409:
8284:from the original on 23 August 2009
8077:from the original on 20 August 2019
8047:from the original on 30 August 2021
7147:Woolley, Martin (7 February 2023).
6917:from the original on 8 January 2020
6899:Woolley, Martin (9 December 2020).
6871:"Bluetooth Core Specification v5.1"
6869:Woolley, Martin (28 January 2019).
6837:"Bluetooth Core Specification v5.0"
6652:from the original on 3 October 2019
6611:Woolley, Martin (26 October 2017).
6586:
6560:
5561:Sascha Wildner (15 November 2014).
5163:. Microsoft Technet. Archived from
4401:. Amperordirect.com. Archived from
4168:from the original on 2 January 2012
3184:In November 2023, researchers from
3022:. The virus was first described by
3001:In 2001, Jakobsson and Wetzel from
2716:
2431:Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM)
2370:Transmission and reception of data.
1885:Low Duty Cycle Directed Advertising
1085:Triggering the camera shutter of a
24:
8992:
8122:from the original on 16 April 2021
7944:Neumann, Lior; Biham, Eli (2020).
7058:Carrie Marshall (30 August 2023).
6955:from the original on 26 April 2020
5750:. Newswireless.net. Archived from
5573:from the original on 30 April 2019
5452:from the original on 24 March 2019
5343:Iain Hibbert; Itronix Inc (2006).
5127:"Bluetooth Wireless Technology FAQ
4757:"How Bluetooth Surveillance Works"
4727:
4566:from the original on 14 April 2021
4501:from the original on 11 March 2020
4425:"WT41 Long Range Bluetooth Module"
3903:
3749:. London: Icon Books Ltd. p.
3590:from the original on 26 April 2019
3192:
2752:to protect exchanged data against
2201:Channel Classification Enhancement
2111:Periodic Advertising Sync Transfer
2023:
1599:The specification is published as
1576:Mbit/s. EDR uses a combination of
1498:Received signal strength indicator
627:MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5
25:
11443:
8733:Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
8355:
7416:from the original on 11 June 2017
7369:Andreas Becker (16 August 2007).
7128:from the original on 30 July 2021
6791:from the original on 10 June 2019
6735:from the original on 18 June 2016
6444:from the original on 24 July 2011
6418:from the original on 21 July 2011
6171:"Simon Stenhouse – Leech Attempt"
6151:from the original on 12 June 2021
6121:from the original on 12 June 2021
5467:
5336:
5283:
5245:from the original on 19 June 2019
5042:from the original on 4 April 2012
5038:. How Stuff Works. 30 June 2010.
4475:from the original on 16 July 2013
4355:. New York: Flatiron Publishing.
3564:from the original on 24 June 2021
3289:
2037:LE Channel Selection Algorithm #2
1694:
1519:frequency-hopping spread spectrum
1452:Core Specification Addendum (CSA)
983:A typical Bluetooth mobile phone
641:frequency-hopping spread spectrum
606:
11380:
11370:
11361:
11360:
11349:
10970:Free-space optical communication
8321:
8296:
8278:"Bluetooth Innovation World Cup"
8233:
8176:
8155:
8134:
8089:
8059:
8002:
7937:
7907:
7877:
7840:
7808:
7778:
7751:
7721:
7695:
7662:
7636:
7610:
7584:
7553:
7527:
7501:
7480:
7455:
7443:from the original on 20 May 2015
7428:
7395:
7371:"Bluetooth Security & Hacks"
7362:
7329:
7262:
7203:
7177:
7140:
7110:Woolley, Martin (24 June 2021).
7103:
7077:
7051:
7035:Scharon Harding (12 July 2022).
7028:
6998:
6967:
6929:
6892:
6862:
6829:
6803:
6777:
6747:
6721:
6709:from the original on 12 May 2019
6694:
6682:from the original on 13 May 2019
6664:
6634:
6604:
6534:
6508:
6482:
6456:
6430:
6404:
6378:
6352:
6334:
6309:
5219:from the original on 22 May 2019
5157:"Network Protection Technologie"
4987:from the original on 25 May 2019
4903:from the original on 1 July 2013
4767:from the original on 26 May 2015
4627:. Trusound Audio. Archived from
4546:Sauter, Martin (2 August 2017).
4527:from the original on 1 July 2015
4431:from the original on 3 July 2013
4326:"How Bluetooth Technology Works"
4192:Bluetooth Special Interest Group
3981:from the original on 3 July 2021
3098:In April 2006, researchers from
2882:to retrieve the encryption key.
2748:link between the devices may be
2379:Establishment of the connection.
2242:
2216:
2186:
2137:
2057:
1913:
1866:
1740:
1727:Bluetooth Special Interest Group
1614:The headline feature of v2.1 is
1540:(HCI) operation with three-wire
1504:
1479:
1472:Products were not interoperable.
1413:Bluetooth Special Interest Group
964:Video Distribution Profile (VDP)
796:Bluetooth device power by class
382:
353:
343:
327:
217:Bluetooth Special Interest Group
58:Bluetooth Special Interest Group
8727:Direct-sequence spread spectrum
8329:"Bluetooth Breakthrough Awards"
7289:from the original on 5 May 2020
7269:Veendrick, Harry J. M. (2017).
6974:Clover, Juli (6 January 2020).
6817:from the original on 5 May 2021
6283:
6257:
6241:. Bluetooth.com. Archived from
6231:
6199:
6180:. November 2009. Archived from
6163:
6133:
6103:
6077:
6051:
6025:
5999:
5973:
5946:
5920:
5894:
5862:
5830:
5766:
5746:Guy Kewney (16 November 2004).
5703:
5673:
5641:
5611:
5595:. Bluetooth.com. Archived from
5585:
5554:
5502:
5431:
5393:
5371:
5318:
5257:
5231:
5205:
5179:
5149:
5080:
5064:. Bluetooth.com. 30 June 2010.
5054:
5009:. Bluetooth.com. Archived from
4999:
4915:
4889:
4857:
4831:
4805:
4789:. Bluetooth SIG. Archived from
4779:
4748:
4721:
4699:
4673:
4657:. 27 March 2014. Archived from
4643:
4617:
4578:
4539:
4513:
4487:
4399:"Class 1 Bluetooth Dongle Test"
4391:
4377:"Understanding Bluetooth Range"
4369:
4328:. Bluetooth SIG. Archived from
4318:
4291:
4232:
4210:
4180:
4133:
4115:
4085:
4053:
4023:
3993:
3928:
3897:
3868:
3842:
3824:
3794:
3767:
3734:
3685:"Harald Bluetooth's rune stone"
3458:
3147:In July 2018, Lior Neumann and
2422:Retransmission and Flow Control
2360:
2278:
2198:Periodic Advertisement Interval
2090:ADI field in scan response data
1667:Enables the use of alternative
1523:, which improves resistance to
1513:Faster connection and discovery
1310:Operating system implementation
1046:Wireless streaming of audio to
791:Bluetooth classes and power use
668:Gaussian frequency-shift keying
393:needs additional citations for
11422:Wireless communication systems
7646:. F-Secure.com. Archived from
7336:Juha T. Vainio (25 May 2000).
5514:DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages
3687:. National Museum of Denmark.
3677:
3651:
3628:
3602:
3576:
2968:
2481:Radio Frequency Communications
2476:Radio Frequency Communications
2376:Request of the link addresses.
2315:device. Bluetooth devices are
2235:Security Levels Characteristic
1966:
1903:Fast data advertising interval
1347:, which was released in 2002.
1213:to a PC when using VR headsets
1096:Replacement of previous wired
787:wireless path must be viable.
580:" internet connected devices.
13:
1:
7404:"Guide to Bluetooth Security"
7215:Bluetooth® Technology Website
7189:Bluetooth® Technology Website
6267:. Engadget. 25 October 2011.
5957:. zdnet.co.uk. Archived from
5953:David Meyer (22 April 2009).
3942:. 24 May 2001. Archived from
3710:Kardach, Jim (5 March 2008).
3471:
2692:
2470:Universally Unique Identifier
1089:using a Bluetooth controlled
647:MHz. It usually performs 1600
520:with specifying and Dutchman
271:runestone of Harald Bluetooth
11356:Telecommunication portal
11137:Telecommunications equipment
8921:Low probability of intercept
8890:PN (pseudorandom noise) code
8745:Time-hopping spread spectrum
8023:10.1007/978-3-030-12143-3_16
7958:10.1007/978-3-030-38471-5_11
7760:"Cracking the Bluetooth PIN"
7511:. The Bunker. Archived from
7435:John Fuller (28 July 2008).
6440:. iFixit.com. 21 July 2011.
5400:Ted Unangst (11 July 2014).
5330:BSD Kernel Interfaces Manual
5239:"Bluedroid stack in android"
4865:"Real Time Location Systems"
4755:John Fuller (28 July 2008).
4061:"122 Nobel prize candidates"
3876:"Bluetooth Experience Icons"
3806:Bluetooth Technology Website
3776:"The Naming of a Technology"
3658:Paleja, Ameya (3 May 2024).
3338:Bluetooth Low Energy beacons
2996:
2992:History of security concerns
2238:Advertising Coding Selection
2081:Minor Enhancements batch 1:
2019:Slot Availability Mask (SAM)
1615:
1525:radio frequency interference
1509:Major enhancements include:
920:air and obstacles in between
745:Communication and connection
304:version of the Scandinavian
246:
215:Bluetooth is managed by the
7:
10873:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
7560:John Oates (15 June 2004).
7311:Stallings, William (2005).
7010:Android Open Source Project
5870:"Simple Pairing Whitepaper"
5438:tbert, ed. (29 July 2014).
5402:"CVS: cvs.openbsd.org: src"
5088:"Bluetooth for Programmers"
4975:Mroz, Mandy (21 May 2018).
4353:Newton's telecom dictionary
3610:"Brand Enforcement Program"
3396:List of Bluetooth protocols
3302:
2913:
2908:
2799:Alpha-numeric input devices
2585:over a point-to-point link.
2340:List of Bluetooth protocols
2295:
2283:
1792:similar communication range
1679:Unicast Connectionless Data
1568:. The data rate of EDR is 3
1548:IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2005
1487:IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2002
1442:with all earlier versions.
1407:Specifications and features
1399:-based implementation from
995:A handheld, waterproof JBL
957:Health Device Profile (HDP)
10:
11448:
10577:Telecommunications history
10289:IEEE Standards Association
7729:"Avishai Wool – אבישי וול"
6466:. Broadcom. Archived from
5783:10.1109/IEEESTD.2005.96290
5720:10.1109/IEEESTD.2002.93621
5474:Hasso Tepper, ed. (2008).
4839:"Tai nghe bluetooth nokia"
4001:"Grattis Bluetooth, 10 år"
3544:Muller, Nathan J. (2002).
3321:List of Bluetooth profiles
3295:to stimulate new markets.
3196:
3086:In August 2005, police in
3043:In January 2005, a mobile
2972:
2948:into one or both devices.
2917:
2553:Telephony Control Protocol
2547:Telephony Control Protocol
2458:Service Discovery Protocol
2452:Service Discovery Protocol
2337:
2251:Bluetooth Channel Sounding
2228:Encrypted Advertising Data
2003:Bluetooth 5 provides, for
1744:
1313:
1217:
1176:Real-time location systems
940:List of Bluetooth profiles
937:
653:adaptive frequency-hopping
365:
223:standardized Bluetooth as
29:
11344:
11286:
11223:
11185:Public Switched Telephone
11145:
11109:
11066:
11007:
10997:telecommunication circuit
10958:Fiber-optic communication
10941:
10703:Francis Blake (telephone)
10650:
10498:Optical telecommunication
10342:
10279:
10233:
10197:
10095:
9835:
9535:
9417:
9312:
9303:
9000:
8929:
8882:
8798:
8754:
8716:
8675:
8670:in digital communications
8556:
8538:
8510:
8417:
7703:"Yaniv Shaked's Homepage"
7275:. Springer. p. 243.
5812:"Specification Documents"
5290:Maksim Yevmenkin (2002).
5241:. Jacob su. 10 May 2016.
5062:"Specification Documents"
4936:10.1109/EMBC.2015.7320250
4164:. Radio-Electronics.com.
3906:"Who Invented Bluetooth?"
3427:Thread (network protocol)
3356:Bluetooth mesh networking
2617:Baseband error correction
2390:Host Controller Interface
2075:Advertising Channel Index
2034:LE Advertising Extensions
1959:to support connected home
1623:extended inquiry response
1538:Host Controller Interface
1326:Windows XP Service Pack 2
875:
862:
803:
800:
713:master/slave architecture
137:
127:
91:
81:
63:
53:
44:
30:For the Danish king, see
11096:Orbital angular-momentum
10533:Satellite communications
10372:Communications satellite
8947:Statistical multiplexing
7847:Finistere & Zoller.
6701:cnxsoft (10 June 2016).
5838:"HTC TyTN Specification"
5385:. NetBSD. Archived from
4841:. tainghebluetooth.com.
3451:
3406:Near-field communication
3361:Continua Health Alliance
2843:near-field communication
2641:Any Bluetooth device in
2631:automatic repeat request
2627:forward error correction
2598:Object Exchange Protocol
2348:Bluetooth protocol stack
2334:Bluetooth protocol stack
2308:A Bluetooth device is a
1641:The main new feature is
1302:Unlike its predecessor,
1078:and sharing directories
804:Maximum permitted power
615:GHz, or 2.400 and 2.4835
275:A History of the Vikings
10975:Molecular communication
10798:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
10627:Undersea telegraph line
10362:Cable protection system
10294:Category:IEEE standards
8190:10.1145/3576915.3623066
4351:Newton, Harold (2007).
4220:. Freepatentsonline.com
3664:Interesting Engineering
3381:Java APIs for Bluetooth
3179:
3158:
3142:
3114:
3093:
3072:University of Cambridge
3038:
2954:In September 2008, the
2811:public-key cryptography
2576:Point-to-Point Protocol
2266:LL extended feature set
2152:LE Isochronous Channels
1718:Promoter Group and the
769:
601:European Inventor Award
509:, issued 1992-07-24
497:, issued 1989-06-12
229:Bluetooth SIG standards
208:and music players with
11117:Communication protocol
10903:Charles Sumner Tainter
10718:Walter Houser Brattain
10663:Edwin Howard Armstrong
10471:Information revolution
8905:Power spectral density
7790:Cambridge Evening News
7620:. SANS. Archived from
7437:"What is bluejacking?"
6291:"Dialog Semiconductor"
4681:"Bluetooth Technology"
3850:"Bluetooth on Twitter"
3741:Forsyth, Mark (2011).
3217:non-ionizing radiation
2637:Setting up connections
2349:
2257:Monitoring advertisers
2097:and Flow Specification
2022:2 Mbit/s PHY for
1906:Limited discovery time
1894:LE Link Layer Topology
1891:Dual Mode and Topology
1847:lowest possible cost.
1720:USB Implementers Forum
1706:On 16 March 2009, the
1686:Enhanced Power Control
1467:Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B
1288:
1276:
1251:(transferring files).
1231:
1000:
988:
685:is possible. The term
651:hops per second, with
597:European Patent Office
572:integrated Bluetooth.
516:. Nils Rydbeck tasked
375:
362:), Harald's initials.
298:
176:personal area networks
164:
86:Personal area networks
69:; 26 years ago
11091:Polarization-division
10823:Narinder Singh Kapany
10788:Erna Schneider Hoover
10708:Jagadish Chandra Bose
10688:Alexander Graham Bell
10419:online video platform
8937:Digital communication
8799:Major implementations
8739:Chirp spread spectrum
7592:"Long Distance Snarf"
6414:. Texas Instruments.
6362:. CSR. Archived from
5843:. HTC. Archived from
5649:"Compatibility guide"
5036:"How Bluetooth Works"
4651:"Bluetooth Revisited"
4127:mobilephonemuseum.com
4123:"Mobile Phone Museum"
3207:spectrum in the 2.402
2924:Bluetooth implements
2807:Secure Simple Pairing
2793:Numeric input devices
2783:Limited input devices
2668:unique 48-bit address
2347:
2274:Technical information
1725:In October 2009, the
1616:secure simple pairing
1314:Further information:
1282:
1270:
1263:Computer requirements
1225:
994:
982:
950:Headset Profile (HSP)
867:1.5 included in Class
709:packet-based protocol
697:Mbit/s respectively.
373:
286:
158:
11417:Networking standards
10933:Vladimir K. Zworykin
10893:Almon Brown Strowger
10863:Charles Grafton Page
10518:Prepaid mobile phone
10446:Electrical telegraph
8215:"Bluetooth Tutorial"
7338:"Bluetooth Security"
7185:"Core Specification"
6648:. 27 February 2017.
6187:on 24 September 2015
6091:on 16 September 2018
5961:on 19 September 2011
5013:on 18 September 2010
4709:. 11 December 2009.
3802:"Origin of the Name"
3215:GHz range, which is
3169:University of Oxford
2195:Connection Subrating
2093:Interaction between
1816:Nordic Semiconductor
1804:Dialog Semiconductor
1769:Bluetooth Low Energy
1762:Bluetooth Low Energy
1757:Bluetooth high speed
1747:Bluetooth Low Energy
1601:Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR
1025:for unlocking doors.
987:from the early 2000s
975:List of applications
657:Bluetooth Low Energy
402:improve this article
10883:Johann Philipp Reis
10642:Wireless revolution
10604:The Telephone Cases
10461:Hydraulic telegraph
8557:Long range wireless
8221:on 12 December 2016
6600:on 7 December 2014.
6570:. 3 December 2014.
6245:on 21 December 2009
6219:on 29 December 2014
6117:. 29 October 2009.
5532:BSD Cross Reference
5480:BSD Cross Reference
5383:NetBSD Manual Pages
5349:BSD Cross Reference
5296:BSD Cross Reference
5193:on 18 February 2008
4815:. Telemedicine.jp.
4793:on 20 February 2008
4257:2012Senso..1211734G
3946:on 22 December 2007
3203:Bluetooth uses the
2688:Pairing and bonding
2666:Every device has a
2437:Streaming Mode (SM)
2045:Higher Output Power
1664:Alternative MAC/PHY
1607:Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR
1560:Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR
1440:backward-compatible
1271:An early Bluetooth
1226:A modern Bluetooth
1107:For controls where
797:
326:The Bluetooth logo
210:wireless headphones
92:Compatible hardware
41:
11432:Swedish inventions
11081:Frequency-division
11058:Telephone exchange
10928:Charles Wheatstone
10858:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
10833:Innocenzo Manzetti
10768:Reginald Fessenden
10503:Optical telegraphy
10336:Telecommunications
8073:. 15 August 2019.
7709:on 9 November 2007
7515:on 26 January 2007
7217:. 3 September 2024
6765:on 9 December 2018
6348:on 25 August 2013.
6321:STMicroelectronics
5882:on 18 October 2006
5850:on 12 October 2006
5754:on 15 January 2018
5406:source-changes@cvs
4728:Mattei, Giovanni.
4683:. mobileinfo.com.
4405:on 10 October 2021
4332:on 17 January 2008
4266:10.3390/s120911734
4251:(9): 11734–11753.
4097:innovatorsradet.se
3525:on 28 October 2012
3053:Series 60 platform
2963:pairing mechanisms
2863:numeric comparison
2827:Numeric comparison
2764:Pairing mechanisms
2625:, either 1/3 rate
2462:Bluetooth profiles
2350:
2324:integrated circuit
2269:Frame space update
1973:Internet of Things
1920:Internet of things
1808:STMicroelectronics
1629:Bluetooth 3.0 + HS
1582:phase-shift keying
1289:
1277:
1232:
1211:motion controllers
1182:also be used as a
1133:seventh generation
1001:
989:
795:
687:Enhanced Data Rate
588:negotiations with
376:
257:Frans G. Bengtsson
237:integrated circuit
165:
99:Personal computers
39:
11394:
11393:
11132:Store and forward
11127:Data transmission
11041:Network switching
10992:Transmission line
10838:Guglielmo Marconi
10803:Internet pioneers
10668:Mohamed M. Atalla
10637:Whistled language
10302:
10301:
10193:
10192:
8960:
8959:
8634:
8633:
8280:. Bluetooth.com.
8258:on 6 October 2006
8199:979-8-4007-0050-7
8032:978-3-030-12142-6
7967:978-3-030-38470-8
7594:. Trifinite.org.
7537:. Trifinite.org.
7439:. howstuffworks.
6548:. 2 December 2014
6522:on 3 October 2015
6470:on 11 August 2011
6342:":::笙科電子-Amiccom"
5814:. Bluetooth SIG.
5792:978-0-7381-4708-6
5729:978-0-7381-3335-5
5389:on 13 March 2021.
5167:on 1 January 2008
4945:978-1-4244-9271-8
4813:"Telemedicine.jp"
4598:978-1-119-94488-1
4559:978-1-119-34690-6
4523:. Bluetooth.com.
4497:. Bluetooth.com.
3612:. Bluetooth.com.
3586:. Bluetooth.com.
3547:Networking A to Z
3121:Microsoft Windows
3033:Bluetooth sniping
3003:Bell Laboratories
2873:Security concerns
2815:man in the middle
2739:cryptographically
2643:discoverable mode
2566:Adopted protocols
2511:in Wireless LAN.
1977:Xperia XZ Premium
1933:Secure Connection
1840:Texas Instruments
1820:Texas Instruments
1788:Classic Bluetooth
1753:Classic Bluetooth
1293:desktop computers
1037:Bluetooth headset
1030:wireless speakers
997:Bluetooth speaker
934:Bluetooth profile
915:
914:
478:
477:
470:
452:
300:Bluetooth is the
170:is a short-range
153:
152:
16:(Redirected from
11439:
11412:Mobile computers
11384:
11383:
11374:
11373:
11364:
11363:
11354:
11353:
11352:
11225:Notable networks
11215:Wireless network
11155:Cellular network
11147:Types of network
11122:Computer network
11009:Network topology
10923:Thomas A. Watson
10778:Oliver Heaviside
10763:Philo Farnsworth
10738:Daniel Davis Jr.
10713:Charles Bourseul
10673:John Logie Baird
10382:Data compression
10377:Computer network
10329:
10322:
10315:
10306:
10305:
9310:
9309:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8964:
8963:
8900:Near–far problem
8717:Spread spectrum
8661:
8654:
8647:
8638:
8637:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8381:
8380:
8367:
8366:
8364:Official website
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8335:. Archived from
8325:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8300:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8257:
8246:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8217:. Archived from
8210:
8204:
8203:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8121:
8104:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7921:. 24 July 2019.
7911:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7864:
7853:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7827:
7820:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7792:. Archived from
7782:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7705:. Archived from
7699:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7682:
7675:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7655:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7415:
7408:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7383:on 21 March 2016
7382:
7375:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7349:
7342:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7308:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7191:. 30 August 2024
7181:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7164:
7153:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7127:
7116:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6916:
6905:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6880:(1.0.1 ed.)
6875:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6841:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6813:. 10 June 2016.
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6787:. 10 June 2016.
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6761:. Archived from
6751:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6622:(1.1.0 ed.)
6617:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6596:. Archived from
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6386:"Nordicsemi.com"
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6344:. Archived from
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6218:
6211:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6186:
6175:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6013:on 23 March 2009
6009:. Archived from
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5987:on 26 April 2002
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5881:
5874:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5808:
5797:
5796:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5743:
5734:
5733:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5660:
5653:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5625:. Archived from
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5457:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5421:
5408:(Mailing list).
5397:
5391:
5390:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5130:
5123:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5092:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5032:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4787:"Wii Controller"
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4631:on 18 April 2016
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4457:on 17 July 2013.
4453:. Archived from
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4268:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4158:
4149:
4148:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4099:. Archived from
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3904:Nguyen, Tuan C.
3901:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3838:on 20 June 2004.
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3748:
3745:The Etymologicon
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3492:. Archived from
3482:
3465:
3462:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3223:in the possible
3214:
3210:
2655:List of services
2623:error correction
2556:
2262:
2234:
2180:Galaxy Buds2 Pro
2149:LE Power Control
2123:Mesh-based model
2096:
2070:Angle of Arrival
2025:
2010:
1939:Length Extension
1828:Qualcomm Atheros
1797:
1708:WiMedia Alliance
1644:
1575:
1571:
1555:
1355:Bluetooth stacks
1353:has two popular
1344:
1286:
907:
903:
899:
893:
889:
885:
879:
870:
866:
798:
794:
733:
729:
722:
696:
681:
662:
650:
646:
638:
630:
626:
618:
614:
515:
514:
510:
503:
502:
498:
473:
466:
462:
459:
453:
451:
410:
386:
378:
357:
347:
331:
267:Harald Bluetooth
203:
196:
149:
146:
144:
119:Embedded devices
77:
75:
70:
49:
42:
38:
32:Harald Bluetooth
21:
11447:
11446:
11442:
11441:
11440:
11438:
11437:
11436:
11397:
11396:
11395:
11390:
11350:
11348:
11340:
11282:
11219:
11141:
11105:
11062:
11011:
11003:
10944:
10937:
10843:Robert Metcalfe
10698:Tim Berners-Lee
10646:
10466:Information Age
10338:
10333:
10303:
10298:
10275:
10229:
10189:
10091:
9839:
9831:
9539:
9531:
9413:
9299:
8996:
8991:
8961:
8956:
8925:
8878:
8832:Cordless phones
8794:
8750:
8712:
8683:Spread spectrum
8671:
8668:Spread spectrum
8665:
8635:
8630:
8552:
8534:
8506:
8413:
8411:Internet access
8408:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8353:
8352:
8342:
8340:
8339:on 15 July 2015
8327:
8326:
8322:
8312:
8310:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8287:
8285:
8276:
8275:
8271:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8244:
8238:
8234:
8224:
8222:
8211:
8207:
8200:
8181:
8177:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8113:
8102:
8094:
8090:
8080:
8078:
8065:
8064:
8060:
8050:
8048:
8033:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7991:
7968:
7942:
7938:
7928:
7926:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7898:
7896:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7868:
7866:
7862:
7856:archive.hack.lu
7851:
7845:
7841:
7831:
7829:
7828:on 10 June 2006
7825:
7818:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7799:
7797:
7796:on 17 July 2007
7784:
7783:
7779:
7769:
7767:
7756:
7752:
7742:
7740:
7727:
7726:
7722:
7712:
7710:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7686:
7684:
7683:on 16 June 2007
7680:
7673:
7667:
7663:
7653:
7651:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7627:
7625:
7624:on 14 July 2014
7616:
7615:
7611:
7601:
7599:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7575:
7573:
7558:
7554:
7544:
7542:
7533:
7532:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7471:
7469:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7446:
7444:
7433:
7429:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7406:
7400:
7396:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7373:
7367:
7363:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7340:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7309:
7302:
7292:
7290:
7283:
7267:
7263:
7253:
7251:
7234:
7230:
7220:
7218:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7151:
7145:
7141:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7114:
7108:
7104:
7094:
7092:
7082:
7078:
7068:
7066:
7056:
7052:
7042:
7040:
7033:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6972:
6968:
6958:
6956:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6903:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6873:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6794:
6792:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6768:
6766:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6738:
6736:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6710:
6699:
6695:
6685:
6683:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6653:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6625:
6623:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6525:
6523:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6499:
6497:
6496:on 23 June 2014
6488:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6471:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6447:
6445:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6419:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6393:
6392:on 2 April 2011
6384:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6366:on 28 June 2012
6358:
6357:
6353:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6325:
6323:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6272:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6239:"Bluetooth.com"
6237:
6236:
6232:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6065:on 10 June 2011
6057:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6033:"bluetooth.com"
6031:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6014:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5951:
5947:
5937:
5935:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5911:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5819:
5810:
5809:
5800:
5793:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5692:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5630:
5629:on 26 June 2014
5617:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5472:
5468:
5455:
5453:
5445:OpenBSD Journal
5436:
5432:
5419:
5417:
5398:
5394:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5341:
5337:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5288:
5284:
5274:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4981:Healthy Hearing
4973:
4969:
4946:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4726:
4722:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4599:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4560:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4502:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4379:. Bluetooth SIG
4375:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4296:
4292:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4035:Veckans affärer
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3940:Information Age
3936:"The Bluetooth"
3934:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3898:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3778:. kardach.com.
3772:
3768:
3761:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3558:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3496:on 13 June 2015
3484:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3371:Headset (audio)
3315:Bluetooth stack
3305:
3292:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3205:radio frequency
3201:
3195:
3193:Health concerns
3182:
3161:
3145:
3117:
3096:
3070:In April 2005,
3041:
2999:
2994:
2977:
2971:
2926:confidentiality
2922:
2916:
2911:
2875:
2766:
2719:
2695:
2690:
2639:
2619:
2568:
2554:
2549:
2529:
2517:
2501:
2478:
2454:
2400:
2392:
2382:Authentication.
2363:
2342:
2336:
2298:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2245:
2219:
2189:
2140:
2060:
2008:
1969:
1954:Bluetooth Smart
1916:
1869:
1749:
1743:
1697:
1631:
1609:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1507:
1482:
1469:
1409:
1342:
1318:
1316:Bluetooth stack
1312:
1284:
1265:
1257:network address
1220:
1201:FM transmitters
1111:was often used.
977:
942:
936:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
881:
877:
868:
864:
793:
772:
747:
731:
727:
720:
707:Bluetooth is a
694:
679:
660:
655:(AFH) enabled.
648:
644:
636:
628:
624:
619:GHz, including
616:
612:
609:
512:
505:
500:
493:
482:Ericsson Mobile
474:
463:
457:
454:
411:
409:
399:
387:
368:
338:Younger Futhark
249:
201:
194:
141:
132:
123:
109:Gaming consoles
73:
71:
68:
67:7 May 1998
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11445:
11435:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11392:
11391:
11389:
11388:
11378:
11368:
11358:
11345:
11342:
11341:
11339:
11338:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11304:
11296:
11290:
11288:
11284:
11283:
11281:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11229:
11227:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11151:
11149:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11113:
11111:
11107:
11106:
11104:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11076:Space-division
11072:
11070:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11060:
11055:
11054:
11053:
11048:
11038:
11037:
11036:
11026:
11021:
11015:
11013:
11005:
11004:
11002:
11001:
11000:
10999:
10989:
10988:
10987:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10966:
10965:
10955:
10949:
10947:
10939:
10938:
10936:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10913:Camille Tissot
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10888:Claude Shannon
10885:
10880:
10878:Tivadar Puskás
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10848:Antonio Meucci
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10818:Charles K. Kao
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10793:Harold Hopkins
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10693:Emile Berliner
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10654:
10652:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10632:Videotelephony
10629:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10617:
10607:
10600:
10595:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10535:
10530:
10528:Radiotelephone
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10494:
10493:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10432:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10414:Internet video
10406:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10348:
10346:
10340:
10339:
10332:
10331:
10324:
10317:
10309:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10280:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10201:
10199:
10195:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10101:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10077:
10074:
10071:
10068:
10065:
10053:
10050:
10047:
10042:
10039:
10036:
10031:
10019:
10016:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9990:
9980:
9968:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9847:
9845:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9547:
9545:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9529:
9524:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9423:
9421:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9318:
9316:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9004:
9002:
8998:
8997:
8994:IEEE standards
8990:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8967:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8886:
8884:
8883:Major concepts
8880:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8863:
8857:
8851:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8761:
8759:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8742:
8736:
8730:
8723:
8721:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8703:Commercial use
8700:
8695:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8673:
8672:
8664:
8663:
8656:
8649:
8641:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8550:
8544:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8516:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8421:
8419:
8415:
8414:
8407:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8371:Specifications
8368:
8357:
8356:External links
8354:
8351:
8350:
8320:
8295:
8269:
8232:
8205:
8198:
8175:
8154:
8133:
8111:
8088:
8058:
8031:
8001:
7966:
7936:
7906:
7876:
7839:
7807:
7777:
7750:
7720:
7694:
7661:
7650:on 17 May 2008
7635:
7609:
7583:
7552:
7526:
7500:
7494:10.1.1.23.7357
7479:
7454:
7427:
7394:
7361:
7328:
7321:
7300:
7281:
7261:
7228:
7202:
7176:
7139:
7102:
7076:
7050:
7039:. Ars Technica
7027:
6997:
6966:
6928:
6891:
6861:
6840:(PDF download)
6828:
6802:
6776:
6746:
6720:
6693:
6663:
6633:
6603:
6585:
6559:
6533:
6507:
6481:
6455:
6429:
6403:
6377:
6351:
6333:
6308:
6282:
6256:
6230:
6198:
6162:
6147:. 4 May 2009.
6132:
6102:
6076:
6050:
6024:
5998:
5972:
5945:
5919:
5893:
5861:
5829:
5798:
5791:
5765:
5735:
5728:
5702:
5672:
5640:
5610:
5599:on 25 May 2018
5584:
5553:
5519:
5501:
5466:
5430:
5392:
5379:"bluetooth(4)"
5370:
5335:
5326:"ng_bluetooth"
5317:
5282:
5256:
5230:
5204:
5178:
5148:
5111:
5079:
5053:
5024:
4998:
4967:
4944:
4914:
4888:
4856:
4830:
4804:
4778:
4747:
4734:telefonino.net
4720:
4698:
4672:
4661:on 3 June 2016
4655:techpayout.com
4642:
4616:
4597:
4577:
4558:
4538:
4512:
4486:
4460:
4442:
4416:
4390:
4368:
4361:
4343:
4317:
4290:
4231:
4209:
4179:
4150:
4132:
4114:
4103:on 17 May 2019
4084:
4052:
4022:
3992:
3957:
3927:
3896:
3867:
3841:
3823:
3793:
3774:Kardach, Jim.
3766:
3759:
3733:
3702:
3676:
3650:
3627:
3601:
3575:
3556:
3536:
3507:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3291:
3290:Award programs
3288:
3197:Main article:
3194:
3191:
3181:
3178:
3160:
3157:
3144:
3141:
3116:
3113:
3100:Secure Network
3095:
3092:
3088:Cambridgeshire
3061:Secure Digital
3040:
3037:
3027:technology or
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2973:Main article:
2970:
2967:
2930:authentication
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2773:Legacy pairing
2765:
2762:
2718:
2717:Implementation
2715:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2638:
2635:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2567:
2564:
2548:
2545:
2528:
2525:
2516:
2513:
2500:
2497:
2477:
2474:
2453:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2362:
2359:
2338:Main article:
2335:
2332:
2297:
2294:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2020:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1865:
1844:
1843:
1823:
1745:Main article:
1742:
1739:
1712:Ultra-wideband
1696:
1695:Ultra-wideband
1693:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:Enhanced modes
1630:
1627:
1608:
1605:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1408:
1405:
1311:
1308:
1264:
1261:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1209:Connection of
1207:
1204:
1197:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1155:
1152:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1094:
1083:
1072:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
976:
973:
968:
967:
960:
953:
938:Main article:
935:
932:
913:
912:
873:
872:
860:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
810:
806:
805:
802:
792:
789:
771:
768:
746:
743:
608:
607:Implementation
605:
476:
475:
390:
388:
381:
367:
364:
319:). It was the
262:The Long Ships
248:
245:
243:capabilities.
151:
150:
139:
135:
134:
129:
128:Physical range
125:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
95:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11444:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11387:
11379:
11377:
11369:
11367:
11359:
11357:
11347:
11346:
11343:
11336:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11291:
11289:
11285:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
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11259:
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11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
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11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11230:
11228:
11226:
11222:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11148:
11144:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11108:
11102:
11101:Code-division
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11086:Time-division
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11073:
11071:
11069:
11065:
11059:
11056:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11042:
11039:
11035:
11032:
11031:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11012:and switching
11010:
11006:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10993:
10990:
10986:
10983:
10982:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10964:
10963:optical fiber
10961:
10960:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10953:Coaxial cable
10951:
10950:
10948:
10946:
10940:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10868:Radia Perlman
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10758:Lee de Forest
10756:
10754:
10753:Thomas Edison
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10743:Donald Davies
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10728:Claude Chappe
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10649:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10612:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10605:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10572:Smoke signals
10570:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10550:Semiconductor
10548:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10411:
10410:
10409:Digital media
10407:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10330:
10325:
10323:
10318:
10316:
10311:
10310:
10307:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
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10281:
10278:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
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10244:
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10239:
10238:
10236:
10232:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10196:
10186:
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10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
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10168:
10166:
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10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10110:
10106:
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10100:
10098:
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10059:
10058:
10054:
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10043:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10029:
10025:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9991:
9988:
9984:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
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9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9923:
9919:
9918:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9838:
9834:
9828:
9825:
9823:
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9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
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9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
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9728:
9725:
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9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
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9695:
9693:
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9682:
9678:
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9668:
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9641:
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9622:
9619:
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9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
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9602:
9599:
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9592:
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9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
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9574:
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9543:
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9534:
9528:
9525:
9522:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9378:
9377:WiMAX · d · e
9375:
9374:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9302:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9005:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8988:
8983:
8981:
8976:
8974:
8969:
8968:
8965:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8928:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8916:Rake receiver
8914:
8912:
8909:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8864:
8862:(aka IS-2000)
8861:
8858:
8856:(aka cdmaOne)
8855:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8837:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8807:
8806:Space Network
8804:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8758:
8753:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8676:Main articles
8674:
8669:
8662:
8657:
8655:
8650:
8648:
8643:
8642:
8639:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
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8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
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8515:
8513:
8509:
8501:
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8488:
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8476:
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8471:
8468:
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8461:
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8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
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8433:
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8428:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8405:
8400:
8398:
8393:
8391:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8376:
8375:Bluetooth SIG
8372:
8369:
8365:
8360:
8359:
8338:
8334:
8333:bluetooth.org
8330:
8324:
8309:
8308:Bluetooth.com
8305:
8299:
8283:
8279:
8273:
8254:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8220:
8216:
8209:
8201:
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8191:
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8143:
8137:
8118:
8114:
8112:9781939133069
8108:
8101:
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7324:
7322:9788132231561
7318:
7314:
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7282:9783319475974
7278:
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7265:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7232:
7216:
7212:
7206:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7161:
7157:
7156:bluetooth.com
7150:
7143:
7124:
7120:
7119:bluetooth.com
7113:
7106:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7065:
7061:
7054:
7038:
7031:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6985:
6981:
6980:macrumors.com
6977:
6970:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6913:
6909:
6908:bluetooth.com
6902:
6895:
6879:
6878:bluetooth.com
6872:
6865:
6849:
6845:
6844:bluetooth.org
6838:
6832:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6764:
6760:
6759:bluetooth.com
6756:
6750:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6708:
6704:
6697:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6651:
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6643:
6637:
6621:
6620:bluetooth.com
6614:
6607:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6547:
6546:bluetooth.com
6543:
6537:
6521:
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6511:
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6491:
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6090:
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6060:
6054:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6012:
6008:
6007:"Wimedia.org"
6002:
5986:
5982:
5981:"Wimedia.org"
5976:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5907:
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5865:
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5706:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5657:
5650:
5644:
5628:
5624:
5623:Bluetooth.org
5620:
5614:
5598:
5594:
5593:"Our History"
5588:
5572:
5568:
5567:DragonFly BSD
5564:
5557:
5541:
5537:
5536:DragonFly BSD
5533:
5529:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5484:DragonFly BSD
5481:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5451:
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5441:
5434:
5427:
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5411:
5407:
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4902:
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4814:
4808:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4761:howstuffworks
4758:
4751:
4735:
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2243:Bluetooth 6.0
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2217:Bluetooth 5.4
2211:
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2058:Bluetooth 5.1
2052:
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2033:
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2028:LE Long Range
2027:
2021:
2018:
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2016:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:, 8 Plus and
1986:
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1955:
1951:
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1566:data transfer
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1505:Bluetooth 1.2
1499:
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1483:
1480:Bluetooth 1.1
1474:
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1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:DragonFly BSD
1390:
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1374:
1370:
1368:
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1198:
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1188:
1185:
1184:man overboard
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:or dedicated
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:PlayStation 3
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:GPS receivers
1099:
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1081:
1077:
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923:
921:
911:
910:Bluetooth SIG
874:
871:1 for BR/EDR
861:
857:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
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824:
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788:
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784:quasi optical
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522:Jaap Haartsen
519:
508:
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472:
469:
461:
458:February 2024
450:
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422:
419: –
418:
414:
413:Find sources:
407:
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391:This article
389:
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225:IEEE 802.15.1
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185:
181:
177:
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157:
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114:Audio devices
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66:
62:
59:
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52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
18:Bluetooth 5.0
11068:Multiplexing
10943:Transmission
10908:Nikola Tesla
10898:Henry Sutton
10853:Samuel Morse
10783:Robert Hooke
10748:Amos Dolbear
10683:John Bardeen
10602:
10582:Telautograph
10486:Mobile phone
10441:Edholm's law
10424:social media
10357:Broadcasting
10283:
10108:
10079:
10055:
10021:
9970:
9915:
9679:
9652:
9625:
8911:Process gain
8826:
8756:
8718:
8540:Wireless LAN
8530:Wireless USB
8519:
8512:Wireless PAN
8341:. Retrieved
8337:the original
8332:
8323:
8311:. Retrieved
8307:
8298:
8286:. Retrieved
8272:
8260:. Retrieved
8253:the original
8248:
8235:
8223:. Retrieved
8219:the original
8208:
8178:
8166:. Retrieved
8157:
8145:. Retrieved
8136:
8124:. Retrieved
8098:
8091:
8079:. Retrieved
8070:
8061:
8049:. Retrieved
8014:
8004:
7994:26 September
7992:. Retrieved
7949:
7939:
7929:26 September
7927:. Retrieved
7918:
7909:
7899:20 September
7897:. Retrieved
7888:
7879:
7869:20 September
7867:. Retrieved
7855:
7842:
7830:. Retrieved
7823:the original
7810:
7798:. Retrieved
7794:the original
7789:
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7768:. Retrieved
7753:
7741:. Retrieved
7732:
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7707:the original
7697:
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7678:the original
7664:
7652:. Retrieved
7648:the original
7638:
7626:. Retrieved
7622:the original
7612:
7600:. Retrieved
7586:
7574:. Retrieved
7566:The Register
7565:
7555:
7543:. Retrieved
7529:
7517:. Retrieved
7513:the original
7503:
7482:
7470:. Retrieved
7466:
7457:
7445:. Retrieved
7430:
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7397:
7385:. Retrieved
7378:the original
7364:
7352:. Retrieved
7331:
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7291:. Retrieved
7271:
7264:
7252:. Retrieved
7241:
7231:
7219:. Retrieved
7214:
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7193:. Retrieved
7188:
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7167:. Retrieved
7155:
7142:
7132:17 September
7130:. Retrieved
7118:
7105:
7093:. Retrieved
7089:
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7067:. Retrieved
7063:
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7041:. Retrieved
7030:
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7009:
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6988:. Retrieved
6979:
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6940:
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6919:. Retrieved
6907:
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6882:. Retrieved
6877:
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6852:. Retrieved
6843:
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6819:. Retrieved
6805:
6793:. Retrieved
6779:
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6763:the original
6758:
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6723:
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6696:
6684:. Retrieved
6675:
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6654:. Retrieved
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6636:
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6619:
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6598:the original
6588:
6576:. Retrieved
6568:"Redmondpie"
6562:
6550:. Retrieved
6545:
6536:
6524:. Retrieved
6520:the original
6510:
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6494:the original
6484:
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6354:
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6214:the original
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6177:
6165:
6153:. Retrieved
6144:
6135:
6123:. Retrieved
6114:
6105:
6093:. Retrieved
6089:the original
6085:"Incisor.tv"
6079:
6067:. Retrieved
6063:the original
6053:
6041:. Retrieved
6027:
6015:. Retrieved
6011:the original
6001:
5989:. Retrieved
5985:the original
5975:
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5959:the original
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5622:
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5597:the original
5587:
5575:. Retrieved
5556:
5544:. Retrieved
5531:
5522:
5516:. DragonFly.
5513:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5479:
5469:
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5405:
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5191:the original
5181:
5169:. Retrieved
5165:the original
5160:
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5139:. Retrieved
5102:. Retrieved
5082:
5072:12 September
5070:. Retrieved
5056:
5044:. Retrieved
5015:. Retrieved
5011:the original
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4980:
4970:
4927:
4917:
4905:. Retrieved
4891:
4879:. Retrieved
4870:. clarinox.
4859:
4847:. Retrieved
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4807:
4795:. Retrieved
4791:the original
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4760:
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4736:(in Italian)
4733:
4723:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4675:
4663:. Retrieved
4659:the original
4654:
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4633:. Retrieved
4629:the original
4619:
4609:13 September
4607:. Retrieved
4587:
4580:
4570:13 September
4568:. Retrieved
4548:
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4515:
4503:. Retrieved
4489:
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4463:
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4330:the original
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4191:
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4145:casetext.com
4144:
4135:
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4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4101:the original
4096:
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4075:. Retrieved
4055:
4043:. Retrieved
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4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4004:
3995:
3985:28 September
3983:. Retrieved
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3944:the original
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3527:. Retrieved
3523:the original
3498:. Retrieved
3494:the original
3489:
3480:
3460:
3297:
3293:
3282:outputs 2000
3274:outputs 1000
3272:GSM1800/1900
3250:mW for Class
3242:mW for Class
3211:GHz to 2.480
3202:
3183:
3162:
3153:
3146:
3118:
3111:and Shaked.
3109:
3097:
3085:
3081:
3069:
3065:CompactFlash
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3000:
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2941:block cipher
2923:
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2862:
2850:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2742:authenticate
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2652:Device class
2642:
2640:
2620:
2583:IP datagrams
2569:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2532:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2373:Name request
2364:
2361:Link Manager
2357:and RFCOMM.
2351:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2287:
2279:Architecture
2246:
2220:
2207:
2190:
2141:
2128:
2114:
2078:GATT caching
2064:
2061:
2048:
2040:
2014:
2002:
1970:
1962:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:Encryption.
1849:
1845:
1787:
1786:Compared to
1785:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1724:
1716:Wireless USB
1705:
1698:
1640:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1563:
1546:Ratified as
1516:
1508:
1485:Ratified as
1460:Errata login
1444:
1437:
1410:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1349:
1345:X v10.2
1335:
1319:
1301:
1290:
1253:
1248:hearing aids
1233:
1135:, including
1091:selfie stick
969:
943:
928:
924:
916:
858:−20–0
782:
773:
759:
752:
748:
736:
706:
699:
690:
686:
666:Originally,
665:
610:
594:
582:
574:
562:
550:
537:mobile phone
527:
518:Tord Wingren
495:SE 8902098-6
490:Johan Ullman
479:
464:
455:
445:
438:
431:
424:
412:
400:Please help
395:verification
392:
336:merging the
325:
316:
309:
305:
299:
294:
290:
287:
283:
274:
273:in the book
260:
250:
224:
214:
193:, from 2.402
167:
166:
159:A Bluetooth
54:Developed by
36:
11268:NPL network
10980:Radio waves
10918:Alfred Vail
10828:Hedy Lamarr
10813:Dawon Kahng
10773:Elisha Gray
10733:Yogen Dalal
10658:Nasir Ahmed
10592:Teleprinter
10456:Heliographs
9856:legacy mode
8698:Hedy Lamarr
8288:4 September
8225:11 December
7509:"Bluetooth"
7221:5 September
7195:5 September
7169:23 February
6884:23 February
6769:12 December
6713:12 December
6626:23 February
6594:"DailyTech"
6578:11 December
6552:23 February
6249:4 September
6095:4 September
6069:4 September
6017:4 September
5991:4 September
5681:"BlueTooth"
5665:18 December
5510:"bluetooth"
5223:4 September
5141:4 September
5017:4 September
4849:6 September
4823:4 September
4409:4 September
3816:10 November
3432:Wi-Fi HaLow
3327:Bluesniping
2975:Bluejacking
2969:Bluejacking
2880:XOR attacks
2839:Out of band
2725:known as a
2680:Bluejacking
2649:Device name
2310:short-range
2303:SBC (codec)
2263:enhancement
1967:Bluetooth 5
1937:Data Packet
1897:802.11n PAL
1810:, AMICCOM,
1324:platforms,
1168:Allowing a
1159:set-top box
1128:) networks.
776:transceiver
763:round-robin
621:guard bands
417:"Bluetooth"
296:technology.
206:cell phones
187:radio waves
104:Smartphones
11401:Categories
11314:Antarctica
11273:Toasternet
11195:Television
10678:Paul Baran
10610:Television
10594:(teletype)
10587:Telegraphy
10565:transistor
10543:Phryctoria
10513:Photophone
10491:Smartphone
10481:Mass media
10234:Superseded
9305:802 series
8942:Modulation
8604:Muni Wi-Fi
8495:Power-line
8168:1 December
7832:4 February
7800:4 February
7770:1 February
7713:6 November
7687:1 February
7602:1 February
7576:1 February
7545:1 February
7519:1 February
7467:Spiceworks
7387:10 October
7293:26 October
7254:25 October
7020:3 February
6990:3 February
6959:3 February
6854:8 December
6686:29 January
6301:1 February
6223:4 February
6178:incisor.tv
6043:29 January
5886:1 February
5854:4 February
5758:4 February
5695:25 October
5332:. FreeBSD.
5197:4 February
5171:1 February
4797:1 February
4740:31 October
4505:28 October
4336:1 February
4202:8 December
4107:29 October
4077:29 October
4045:29 October
4015:29 October
3950:1 February
3920:11 October
3886:21 October
3786:22 October
3695:22 October
3639:. Statista
3529:16 October
3472:References
3386:Key finder
3332:BlueSoleil
3280:GSM850/900
3266:output 250
3225:carcinogen
3049:Symbian OS
3029:Symbian OS
3020:Symbian OS
2918:See also:
2821:Just works
2693:Motivation
2328:RF circuit
2317:fabricated
2053:Park State
1952:ready for
1943:Link Layer
1930:Low Energy
1594:duty cycle
1163:telehealth
1087:smartphone
1048:headphones
1023:smart lock
779:microchips
755:scatternet
578:Smart Home
507:SE 9202239
428:newspapers
358: (ᛒ,
348: (ᚼ,
302:Anglicised
279:Gwyn Jones
180:milliwatts
145:.bluetooth
74:1998-05-07
64:Introduced
11407:Bluetooth
11298:Americas
11287:Locations
11258:Internet2
11019:Bandwidth
10723:Vint Cerf
10620:streaming
10598:Telephone
10538:Semaphore
10429:streaming
10109:Bluetooth
8827:Bluetooth
8609:Satellite
8520:Bluetooth
8500:Broadband
8475:IEEE 1901
8081:20 August
8051:30 August
7976:0302-9743
7733:tau.ac.il
7535:"BlueBug"
7489:CiteSeerX
7354:1 January
7095:9 October
7090:SamMobile
7069:9 October
7064:TechRadar
6949:1059-1028
6921:8 January
6656:3 October
6360:"CSR.com"
6275:24 August
6059:"USB.org"
5685:BlueTooth
5603:24 August
5267:. Affix.
5215:. BlueZ.
4479:28 August
4435:28 August
4312:2278-1323
4275:1424-8220
4143:. Cases.
3910:ThoughtCo
3490:bluair.pl
3443:based on
3422:Tethering
3350:Eddystone
3342:AltBeacon
3234:for Class
3149:Eli Biham
3137:BlueBorne
3076:PIN-based
2997:2001–2004
2787:fixed PIN
2750:encrypted
2609:(WAE/WAP)
2330:) chips.
2168:LC3 codec
2133:Unit keys
2125:hierarchy
2000:market."
1981:Galaxy S8
1950:version 6
1773:coin cell
1517:Adaptive
1322:Microsoft
1035:Wireless
1006:handsfree
334:bind rune
314:Old Norse
247:Etymology
191:ISM bands
168:Bluetooth
40:Bluetooth
11366:Category
11253:Internet
11243:CYCLADES
11160:Ethernet
11110:Concepts
11034:terminal
10985:wireless
10808:Bob Kahn
10651:Pioneers
10476:Internet
10367:Cable TV
10284:See also
10241:754-1985
10198:Proposed
9542:Ethernet
9028:Revision
8952:Waveform
8933:See also
8869:Qualcomm
8860:CDMA2000
8843:Cellular
8775:TD-SCDMA
8614:UMTS-TDD
8465:HomePlug
8445:Ethernet
8313:29 March
8282:Archived
8262:19 April
8117:Archived
8075:Archived
8045:Archived
8041:59248863
7988:Archived
7984:51757249
7923:Archived
7893:Archived
7860:Archived
7764:Archived
7737:Archived
7596:Archived
7570:Archived
7539:Archived
7441:Archived
7411:Archived
7345:Archived
7287:Archived
7248:Archived
7243:EE Times
7160:Archived
7123:Archived
7014:Archived
6984:Archived
6953:Archived
6912:Archived
6848:Archived
6815:Archived
6789:Archived
6733:Archived
6707:Archived
6680:Archived
6650:Archived
6572:Archived
6442:Archived
6416:Archived
6412:"TI.com"
6326:24 March
6295:Archived
6269:Archived
6149:Archived
6119:Archived
6037:Archived
5965:22 April
5938:11 April
5932:Archived
5906:Archived
5816:Archived
5714:. 2002.
5689:Archived
5687:. 2007.
5656:Archived
5654:. 2016.
5577:10 April
5571:Archived
5546:10 April
5540:Archived
5494:10 April
5488:Archived
5456:10 April
5450:Archived
5420:10 April
5414:Archived
5363:10 April
5357:Archived
5310:10 April
5304:Archived
5269:Archived
5243:Archived
5217:Archived
5135:Archived
5095:Archived
5066:Archived
5046:12 April
5040:Archived
4985:Archived
4954:26738150
4901:Archived
4881:4 August
4872:Archived
4843:Archived
4817:Archived
4765:Archived
4711:Archived
4685:Archived
4603:Archived
4564:Archived
4525:Archived
4499:Archived
4473:Archived
4429:Archived
4196:Archived
4172:24 March
4166:Archived
4068:Archived
4039:Archived
4009:Archived
3976:Archived
3914:Archived
3880:Archived
3854:Archived
3810:Archived
3780:Archived
3720:Archived
3689:Archived
3643:7 August
3614:Archived
3588:Archived
3562:Archived
3441:ISM band
3411:NearLink
3401:MyriaNed
3303:See also
3278:mW, and
3246:2, and 1
3127:, Apple
3104:F-Secure
2914:Overview
2909:Security
2777:PIN code
2727:link key
2557:– Binary
2313:wireless
2296:Hardware
2284:Software
2176:Auracast
2156:LE Audio
1989:iPhone X
1985:iPhone 8
1836:Broadcom
1534:transfer
1417:Ericsson
1397:netgraph
1377:netgraph
1363:Broadcom
1359:Qualcomm
1240:headsets
1236:speakers
1165:devices.
1137:Nintendo
1126:PROFINET
1109:infrared
1065:keyboard
1041:intercom
825:+10–+20
676:bit rate
599:for the
590:Motorola
541:Ericsson
533:ThinkPad
172:wireless
82:Industry
11386:Commons
11376:Outline
11329:Oceania
11248:FidoNet
11233:ARPANET
11046:circuit
10615:digital
10344:History
10225:P1906.1
10086:Wi-Fi 8
10062:Wi-Fi 7
10028:Wi-Fi 6
9977:Wi-Fi 5
9922:Wi-Fi 4
9001:Current
8874:Verizon
8822:GLONASS
8817:Galileo
8790:MC-CDMA
8785:FH-CDMA
8780:DS-CDMA
8770:TD-CDMA
8757:schemes
8719:methods
8708:More...
8694:History
8470:HomePNA
8430:Dial-up
8126:14 June
7472:6 March
7043:21 July
6821:11 June
6795:14 June
6739:18 June
6474:27 July
6448:27 July
6422:7 April
6396:7 April
6370:7 April
6155:17 June
6145:EETimes
6125:17 June
6115:EETimes
5712:(WPANs)
5410:OpenBSD
5300:FreeBSD
5275:19 June
5249:19 June
5131:– 2010"
5007:"Watch"
4991:15 July
4962:4575272
4907:11 July
4715:YouTube
4635:7 April
4383:29 June
4284:3478807
4253:Bibcode
4245:Sensors
4224:21 July
3860:2 March
3726:11 June
3716:eetimes
3568:14 June
3346:iBeacon
3186:Eurecom
3174:Android
3133:Android
3045:malware
3012:BlueBug
2707:pairing
2703:bonding
2633:(ARQ).
2485:EIA-232
2321:RF CMOS
2162:by the
1997:HomePod
1731:WiMedia
1433:Toshiba
1401:FreeBSD
1387:OpenBSD
1373:FreeBSD
1218:Devices
1194:Alberta
1190:Calgary
1080:via FTP
1069:printer
1009:headset
985:headset
900:2, Part
886:6, Part
863:* Class
836:+4–+10
717:piconet
711:with a
554:Toshiba
442:scholar
366:History
360:Bjarkan
321:epithet
317:blátǫnn
312:(or in
310:Blåtann
306:Blåtand
233:patents
200:to 2.48
189:in the
138:Website
72: (
11324:Europe
11294:Africa
11278:Usenet
11238:BITNET
11175:Mobile
11051:packet
10560:MOSFET
10555:device
10352:Beacon
10129:Zigbee
10097:802.15
9837:802.11
9075:1149.1
8850:Mobile
8808:(NASA)
8765:W-CDMA
8747:(THSS)
8735:(FHSS)
8729:(DSSS)
8589:iBurst
8460:Nessum
8435:DOCSIS
8343:4 June
8196:
8147:5 June
8109:
8071:Forbes
8039:
8029:
7982:
7974:
7964:
7919:Forbes
7743:4 June
7628:9 July
7491:
7447:26 May
7420:3 July
7319:
7279:
6947:
6526:14 May
6500:13 May
6191:4 June
5789:
5775:(WPAN)
5726:
5633:13 May
5353:NetBSD
5129:
5104:11 May
4960:
4952:
4942:
4771:26 May
4691:11 May
4665:10 May
4595:
4556:
4531:15 May
4359:
4310:
4281:
4273:
4005:etn.se
3757:
3554:
3500:4 June
3437:Zigbee
3284:
3276:
3268:
3264:W-CDMA
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3238:1, 2.5
3236:
3229:
3213:
3209:
2938:SAFER+
2735:bonded
2731:paired
2600:(OBEX)
2589:TCP/IP
2555:
2119:Models
2009:
1957:things
1777:Wibree
1647:802.11
1638:link.
1636:802.11
1588:and 8-
1574:
1570:
1500:(RSSI)
1383:NetBSD
1343:
1341:Mac OS
1297:dongle
1285:
1275:dongle
1244:modems
1230:dongle
1186:alarm.
1098:RS-232
906:
902:
898:
896:Volume
894:3, and
892:
888:
884:
882:Volume
878:
869:
865:
855:0.01–1
833:2.5–10
822:10–100
801:Class
732:
728:
721:
695:
683:Mbit/s
680:
661:
659:uses 2
649:
645:
637:
629:
625:
617:
613:
565:COMDEX
513:
501:
444:
437:
430:
423:
415:
352:) and
350:Hagall
202:
195:
161:earbud
11307:South
11302:North
11263:JANET
11200:Telex
11190:Radio
11029:Nodes
11024:Links
10945:media
10523:Radio
10508:Pager
10436:Drums
10402:video
10397:image
10387:audio
10220:P1823
10215:P1699
10210:P1619
10205:P1363
9987:WiGig
9851:-1997
9842:Wi-Fi
9551:-1983
9537:802.3
9419:802.1
9295:42010
9290:29148
9285:16326
9280:16085
9275:14764
9270:12207
9265:11073
8907:(PSD)
8854:IS-95
8848:EV-DO
8755:CDMA
8741:(CSS)
8624:WiBro
8619:WiMAX
8564:5G NR
8548:Wi-Fi
8525:Li-Fi
8425:Cable
8418:Wired
8256:(PDF)
8245:(PDF)
8120:(PDF)
8103:(PDF)
8037:S2CID
7980:S2CID
7889:armis
7863:(PDF)
7852:(PDF)
7826:(PDF)
7819:(PDF)
7681:(PDF)
7674:(PDF)
7654:5 May
7414:(PDF)
7407:(PDF)
7381:(PDF)
7374:(PDF)
7348:(PDF)
7341:(PDF)
7163:(PDF)
7152:(PDF)
7126:(PDF)
7115:(PDF)
6941:Wired
6915:(PDF)
6904:(PDF)
6874:(PDF)
6676:Apple
6616:(PDF)
6217:(PDF)
6210:(PDF)
6185:(PDF)
6174:(PDF)
5912:8 May
5880:(PDF)
5873:(PDF)
5848:(PDF)
5841:(PDF)
5822:3 May
5659:(PDF)
5652:(PDF)
5098:(PDF)
5091:(PDF)
4958:S2CID
4875:(PDF)
4868:(PDF)
4071:(PDF)
4064:(PDF)
3979:(PDF)
3972:(PDF)
3669:6 May
3620:8 May
3594:8 May
3452:Notes
3416:RuBee
3391:Li-Fi
3366:DASH7
3125:Linux
3016:virus
3008:CeBIT
2678:(see
2578:(PPP)
2541:L2CAP
2411:Basic
2261:ISOAL
1993:Apple
1935:with
1683:data.
1655:L2CAP
1586:DQPSK
1554:L2CAP
1521:(AFH)
1429:Nokia
1425:Intel
1367:Nokia
1351:Linux
1337:Apple
1061:mouse
847:0–+4
844:1–2.5
830:1.5*
702:DQPSK
672:DQPSK
635:) 2.4
585:Wi-Fi
558:Nokia
449:JSTOR
435:books
341:runes
332:is a
253:Intel
11319:Asia
11205:UUCP
11165:ISDN
10271:1471
10266:1364
10261:1362
10256:1233
10251:1219
9521:LACP
9260:2050
9255:2030
9250:1905
9245:1904
9240:1902
9235:1901
9230:1900
9225:1855
9220:1850
9215:1849
9210:1815
9205:1801
9200:1800
9195:1733
9190:1722
9185:1685
9180:1675
9175:1667
9170:1666
9165:1619
9160:1613
9155:1603
9150:1596
9145:1588
9140:1584
9135:1547
9130:1541
9125:1516
9120:1497
9115:1451
9110:1394
9105:1355
9100:1284
9095:1278
9090:1275
9085:1164
9080:1154
9070:1076
9065:1016
9060:1014
9055:1003
8895:Chip
8865:Also
8836:DECT
8599:MMDS
8584:HSPA
8579:GPRS
8574:EVDO
8569:DECT
8485:MoCA
8480:ISDN
8455:G.hn
8450:FTTx
8345:2015
8315:2017
8290:2010
8264:2007
8227:2009
8194:ISBN
8170:2023
8149:2022
8128:2021
8107:ISBN
8083:2019
8053:2021
8027:ISBN
7996:2019
7972:ISSN
7962:ISBN
7931:2019
7901:2017
7871:2017
7834:2008
7802:2008
7772:2007
7745:2015
7715:2007
7689:2007
7656:2008
7630:2014
7604:2007
7578:2007
7547:2007
7521:2007
7474:2024
7449:2015
7422:2013
7389:2007
7356:2009
7317:ISBN
7295:2019
7277:ISBN
7256:2019
7223:2024
7197:2024
7171:2023
7134:2021
7097:2023
7071:2023
7045:2022
7022:2020
6992:2020
6961:2020
6945:ISSN
6923:2020
6886:2023
6856:2016
6823:2016
6797:2017
6771:2018
6741:2016
6715:2018
6688:2018
6658:2019
6628:2023
6580:2014
6554:2023
6528:2014
6502:2014
6476:2011
6450:2011
6424:2011
6398:2011
6372:2011
6328:2022
6303:2018
6277:2017
6251:2010
6225:2008
6193:2015
6157:2021
6127:2021
6097:2010
6071:2010
6045:2015
6019:2010
5993:2010
5967:2009
5940:2018
5914:2011
5888:2007
5856:2008
5824:2012
5787:ISBN
5760:2008
5724:ISBN
5697:2021
5667:2019
5635:2014
5605:2018
5579:2019
5548:2019
5496:2019
5458:2019
5422:2019
5365:2019
5312:2019
5277:2019
5251:2019
5225:2010
5199:2008
5173:2008
5143:2010
5106:2015
5074:2017
5048:2012
5019:2010
4993:2018
4950:PMID
4940:ISBN
4909:2013
4883:2010
4851:2016
4825:2010
4799:2008
4773:2015
4742:2022
4693:2015
4667:2016
4637:2016
4611:2020
4593:ISBN
4572:2020
4554:ISBN
4533:2015
4507:2019
4481:2013
4437:2013
4411:2010
4385:2022
4357:ISBN
4338:2008
4308:ISSN
4271:ISSN
4226:2022
4204:2016
4174:2012
4109:2019
4079:2019
4047:2019
4017:2019
3987:2021
3952:2008
3922:2019
3888:2016
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