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foreign brood. Upon recognizing the brood as not their own, the Queens will be more much likely to depart during this observation period. However, these queens will stay within the vicinity of the foreign brood, making short flights around the entrance of the nest before reentering it. Most queens will choose to adopt the new colony rather than to abandon it, and the workers of the foreign brood will start working for the new queen. In contrast, queens that return to their original nests will incubate their brood and lather honey pot on its brood much more quickly.
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820:, to the list of protected species under the California Endangered Species Act. A subsequent legal challenge of the CESA's definition of a fish as "a wild fish, mollusk, crustacean, invertebrate, amphibian, or part, spawn, or ovum of any of those animals" was eventually overruled, because the explicit intent was for all invertebrates (therefore including insects) to be qualified for protection under this legal definition.
710:. Since 1998, it has been declining in population. The areas of greatest decline have been reported in western and central California, western Oregon, western Washington, and British Columbia. From southern British Columbia to central California, the species has nearly disappeared. However, the historic range was never systematically sampled.
594:
the natural defense behavior, moving about loudly to deter the predator. However, low energy colonies will remain still in their colonies. Although temporary low energy periods do not affect the survivability of the larvae, it increases the colonies' susceptibility to predators and increases the time of development for the larvae.
414:, a parasite, as the reason for the decline in population. Others say that the population decline could have come because of the invasion of European honey bees. A recent study in 2016 suggests that the Western bumblebee population is rebounding, possibly due to evolutionary development of resistance to
606:
have the ability to recognize her own nest and brood. Upon arriving on a specific brood, the queen will behave differently depending on whether it is her own brood or foreign. Queens will spend significantly more time inspecting the surface of foreign brood clumps with their antennas if they are on a
832:
has been previously used to help in greenhouses. They have been used for a variety of crops, but have played an especially important role with tomatoes. A problem with the use of these bumble bees was the drifting effect. Due to the close aggregation of colonies within the greenhouse habitats, they
755:
were commercially reared for crop pollination, shipped to
European rearing facilities and then shipped back. Bumblebee expert Robbin Thorp has hypothesized that their decline is in part due to a disease acquired from a European bee while being reared in the same facility. North American bumblebees
434:
Only the female reproductive members, otherwise known as the gynes, survive the winter so that they can go through the colony cycle once again. Gynes have the potential to become queens, and it is their responsibility to find a space for hibernation during the winter so that they can start a colony
593:
to maintain high levels of nectar for their colony. Not only does the level of stored nectar affect the temperature of the colony, but deficiencies in nectar cause a significant change in behavior due to low energy of the bees. When energy abundant colonies are threatened by predators, they assume
430:
colonies are made up of one queen, some female workers, and other reproductive members of the colony when the end of a season is near. The queen's job, after the start of the colony is to lay eggs. Bumble bee workers remain with the queen and help with the production of additional workers and male
399:
was once one of the most common bee species in the North West
America. They have been found from the Mediterranean California all the way up to the Tundra regions of Alaska, making them one of the bees with the widest range geographic range. However, recently there has been a noticeable decline in
556:
concentration) of the nectar (or sucrose) that it has found. The mechanism by which foraging activation occurs is not well understood, but it is possible that the returning forager, which before unloading its cargo will spend some time running around the nest and interacting with its nestmates,
551:
are social bees, and successful foragers returning to the nest can stimulate their nestmates to forage, although presumably like other bumblebees, they cannot communicate the actual location of resources. This phenomenon is often referred to as 'foraging activation'. The amount of recruitment a
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can have up to around 1,600 workers, which is large compared to that of other bumble bee species. From early
February to late November, the colony enters a flight period. Then, around the beginning of the fall, the reproductive individuals of the colony are produced. When winter starts, the old
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Although bumblebees cannot apparently communicate resource location, it appears that foraging activation can communicate which floral species was particularly rewarding through scent, as the activated nestmates show preference for the odour brought home by the returning forager.
313:, and abdomen. Bumblebee species identification tends to refer to colorations on the abdominal segments. The abdominal segments are numbered from T1 to T6 (T7 if male) starting from the abdominal segment closest to the thorax and then working ventrally.
816:. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife evaluated this petition in a report for The California Fish and Game Commission completed in April 2019. On June 12, 2019 the California Fish and Game Commission voted to add the four bumblebees, including
473:". This behavior is displayed when a bumblebee grabs the pollen-producing structure of the flower in her jaws and vibrates her wing musculature, causing vibrations that dislodge pollen that would have otherwise remained trapped in the flower's anthers.
337:
species is when they are being observed. Queens are the first to appear in the spring and then the workers appear after. All females can then be seen throughout the summer and into early fall. The drones only appear in the late summer and early fall.
468:
foragers. Because they do not depend on any one flower type, they are considered to be excellent pollinators. Bumblebees are also able to fly in cooler temperatures and lower flight levels than many other bees. Additionally, bumblebees perform
833:
found that some bees developed a behavior of drifting into foreign colonies. These drifting bees were essentially social parasites, as they give up their roles in their colonies and introduce their mature ovaries to foreign colonies.
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The second color variation is found along the central coast in
California. It has yellow hair on the sides of the second abdominal segment and all of the third abdominal segment and a reddish-brown hair on fifth abdominal segment.
450:
When the first brood of female workers have become adults, they take over the jobs of foraging for nectar and pollen, defending the colony, and feeding larvae. The queen's only job at this stage is to lay more eggs. A colony of
285:
segments have black hair and whitish lower edge of the fourth and fifth abdominal segments. In addition, they also have sparse whitish hairs that may appear black on the sixth abdominal segment, and an entirely black head.
778:
were affected in the eastern United States. All four species' populations have been declining since the 1990s. Additionally, these four bumblebee species are closely related and belong to the same subgenus;
431:
and female reproductive members. It is their job to feed the larvae. The female workers also have other roles such as foraging for nectar and pollen and defending the colony against predators and parasites.
1471:
EVALUATION OF THE PETITION FROM THE XERCES SOCIETY, DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE, AND THE CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY TO LIST FOUR SPECIES OF BUMBLE BEES AS ENDANGERED UNDER THE CALIFORNIA ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT.
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nests underground in cavities or random burrows left behind by rodents or other animals. The queen must then construct a wax structure and collect pollen to create a mass to lay eggs on.
321:
A few ways are used to determine the sex of the western bumblebee. The males (drones) have seven abdominal segments, while the females (queens and workers) have only six. The drones'
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404:
has dropped by around 40.32%. The disappearance of these bees have been especially significant in
California, western Oregon, and western Washington. The range and persistence of
808:
A petition was submitted by the Xerces society, Defenders of
Wildlife, and the Center for Food Safety to the California Fish and Game Commission in October 2018 to list
372:, DNA evidence supports that they are a distinct species. Evidence of a subspecies divide is found through examination of the COI-barcode of the bees, suggesting that
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would have had no prior resistance to this pathogen. Upon returning to North
America, affected bumblebees interacted and spread the disease to wild populations.
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bees. It is possible that the recognition ability evolved in form of adaptions to them. Others argue that brood recognition ability is a byproduct of factors of
485:
are some of the plants that require this type of pollination. For these reasons, bumblebees are considered to be more effective pollinators than honey bees.
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The "nectar robbing" behavior is exhibited when the organism obtains the nectar of the flowers without getting in contact with sexual parts of the flowers.
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determined that the major cause of decline in native bumblebees appeared to be recently introduced non-native fungal and protozoan parasites, including
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releases a pheromone that induces foraging behaviour. Furthermore, the sudden influx of high-quality nectar may itself stimulate foraging behaviour.
626:, nestmate recognition is crucial. The queen might have just evolved to recognize unfamiliar odors, allowing them to also recognize foreign broods.
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Birmingham, A. L; et al. (2004-12-01). "Drifting bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers in commercial greenhouses may be social parasites".
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1859:
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Dornhaus, Anna; Chittka, Lars (2001-11-01). "Food alert in bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): possible mechanisms and evolutionary implications".
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Cartar, R. V.; Dill, L. M. (1991). "Costs of energy shortfall for bumble bee colonies: Predation, social parasitism, and brood development".
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A new colony typically starts in the early spring by a solitary queen. First, the queen finds a suitable nest site. Like other bumble bees,
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species may have been the carrier and that different bumblebee species may differ in their pathogen sensitivity. In 2007, the
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Some scientists hypothesize that this ability could have come about as an evolutionary response to usurpation and parasitism.
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1819:
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Gamboa, G. J.; Foster, R. L.; Richards, K. W. (1987). "Intraspecific nest and brood recognition by queens of the bumble bee,
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301:. It has yellow hair on the thorax behind the wings and on the rear of the second and all of the third abdominal segments.
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suffer high rates of inter-specific and intra-specific usurpation. In addition, they also face invasion by the parasitic
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which reduces the genetic diversity within a population, and theoretically can increase the risk of population decline.
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Habitat destruction or alteration that may degrade, destroy, alter, fragment, and reduce their food supply or nest sites
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can be seen displaying this behavior due to the shortness of their tongues. Instead of going through the normal route,
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often visible. Drones have thinner hind legs that do not have pollen baskets. Another clue to sexual identity among
249:. A recent review of all of its close relatives worldwide appears to have confirmed its status as a separate species.
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465:
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https://www.endangeredspecieslawandpolicy.com/fish-and-game-commission-adds-four-bumble-bees-to-candidate-list
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Western bumblebee workers have three main color variations. The first color variation is found from northern
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it in the nest. Pollen is collected and put into "pollen baskets" located on the hind legs. Nectar provides
76:
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queen, workers, and males all die, leaving the gynes to search for a site to spend the winter hibernating.
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population. Now they are no longer bred or sold commercially because of the threateningly low number, and
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are thus understandably more toothed than that of other bumble species to help them cut into the flowers.
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Due to their role as pollinators, loss of bumblebee populations can have far-ranging ecological impacts.
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can be divided between the northern and southern population. The supposed subspecies each have specific
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groups, which is reflected by the differences in hair length between the populations. The southern
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spp.) of
Interior Alaska: Species composition, distribution, seasonal biology, and parasites"
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Agricultural and urban development has resulted in bumblebee habitat becoming increasingly
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222:. (Dashed line indicates former range within the contiguous United States (not Canada).)
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1222:"Colony and individual forager responses to food quality in the New World bumble bee,
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Invasive plant species that may directly compete with native nectar and pollen plants
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They are also marked by black hair segments on the basal section of the fourth
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Furthermore, due to careless regulation between states in
America and Europe,
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use their mandibles to make holes to circumvent the process. The mandibles of
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Status review of three formerly common species of bumble bee in the subgenus
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Pesticides and insecticides (ground bumblebees are particularly susceptible)
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1505:"ALMOND ALLIANCE OF CALIFORNIA et al., v. FISH AND GAME COMMISSION et al"
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has also gone down by around 20%. Some scientists point to the rise of
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The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. Downloaded on 09 March 2016.
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https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=166804&inline
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https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=161902&inline
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have 13 segments, while the females have only 12. Drones have no
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Fish and Game Commission Adds Four Bumble Bees to Candidate List.
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Spread of pests and diseases by the commercial bumblebee industry
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A Petition to the State of California Fish and Game Commission.
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Hatfield R, Jepsen S, Jordan SF, Blackburn M and Code A. 2018.
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Invertebrate Conservation Fact Sheet - Bumble Bees in Decline.
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returning forager is able to garner depends on the quality (
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seem to have notably shorter hair compared to the northern
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once had a wide range that included northern California,
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has been commercially reared to pollinate crops such as
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1022:"Evidence for the decline of the western bumble bee (
894:"Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus
1420:
876:Pocket Guide to Identifying The Western Bumble Bee
1469:California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2019.
1465:
1463:
400:population. In the past decade, the population of
309:All insects have three main body parts; the head,
1207:The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
1189:The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
973:The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
882:The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
277:in these areas have yellow hair on front part of
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1271:Dornhaus, A.; Chittka, L. (September 1999).
766:were affected in the western United States.
293:The third color variation is found from the
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653:Natural pest or predator population cycles
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812:and three others as endangered under the
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783:. Dr. Thorp has also hypothesized that
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840:parasitism became prevalent within the
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1860:Natural history of Washington (state)
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1069:Sikes, D.; et al. (2015-01-01).
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725:, and are particularly vulnerable to
1273:"Evolutionary origins of bee dances"
1124:Kobilinsky, D. (February 17, 2016).
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892:P. H. Williams; et al. (2012).
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1855:Natural history of British Columbia
1491:Endangered Species Law and Policy.
1317:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1071:"Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae:
1020:Colla, S. R.; Ratti, C. M. (2010).
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717:. All bumblebee species have small
13:
1835:Fauna of the Western United States
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14:
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960:Bumble bees: western bumble bee (
814:California Endangered Species Act
634:Threats to this species include:
304:
1810:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1358:Bentley, B.; Elias, T.s (1983).
1220:Nguyen, H.; Nieh, J. C. (2012).
75:
1581:of The Evergreen State College.
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1497:
1126:"Rare bumblebee makes comeback"
848:have been used in their place.
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366:. Although closely related to
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1:
898:world-wide with COI barcodes"
851:
1830:Insects of the United States
1820:Hymenoptera of North America
1362:. Columbia University Press.
1026:Greene) in British Columbia"
918:10.1080/14772000.2012.664574
905:Systematics and Biodiversity
7:
1523:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1427:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1003:Hatfield, R., et al. 2015.
598:Brood recognition of queens
520:Workers collect nectar and
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392:Distribution and population
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1233:Journal of Insect Behavior
719:effective population sizes
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1865:Insects described in 1858
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1375:The Canadian Entomologist
1245:10.1007/s10905-011-9277-5
1079:Biodiversity Data Journal
791:National Research Council
622:. For social wasps, like
354:This species is of class
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72:Scientific classification
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1360:The Biology of Nectaries
1033:Pan-Pacific Entomologist
641:Other pests and diseases
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265:, and east to southwest
745:Between 1992 and 1994,
565:Nectar robbing behavior
464:Western bumblebees are
426:Like most bumble bees,
241:species present in the
1128:. The Wildlife Society
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540:
528:while pollen provides
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342:Taxonomy and phylogeny
237:, is one of around 30
1329:10.1007/s002650100395
828:As mentioned before,
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243:western United States
781:Bombus sensu stricto
736:A parasite of genus
585:Importance of nectar
175:B. occidentalis
1845:Fauna of California
1630:Bombus occidentalis
1600:Bombus occidentalis
1570:Bombus occidentalis
1561:Bombus occidentalis
1423:Bombus occidentalis
1397:10.4039/Ent123283-2
1224:Bombus occidentalis
1092:10.3897/bdj.3.e5085
1024:Bombus occidentalis
1006:Bombus occidentalis
962:Bombus occidentalis
878:Bombus occidentalis
818:Bombus occidentalis
810:Bombus occidentalis
678:, Montana, western
487:Bombus occidentalis
435:again next season.
397:Bombus occidentalis
374:Bombus occidentalis
230:Bombus occidentalis
220:Bombus occidentalis
193:Bombus occidentalis
42:Conservation status
25:Bombus occidentalis
1185:2016-03-04 at the
1174:Evans, E., et al.
969:2010-01-23 at the
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589:It is crucial for
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1825:Insects of Canada
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1782:Open Tree of Life
1592:Taxon identifiers
1529:(12): 1843–1853.
1487:Weiland P. 2019.
1433:(12): 2893–2897.
1045:10.3956/2009-22.1
544:Foraging behavior
317:Sex determination
235:western bumblebee
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1572:Wanted Poster.
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1554:External links
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1381:(2): 283–293.
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1191:
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896:Bombus s. str.
884:
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822:
659:
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305:Identification
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16:Species of bee
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184:Binomial name
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1283:(6748): 38.
1280:
1276:
1239:(1): 60–69.
1236:
1232:
1223:
1177:
1130:. Retrieved
1119:
1085:(3): e5085.
1082:
1078:
1072:
1039:(2): 32–34.
1036:
1032:
1023:
1015:
1005:
961:
922:. Retrieved
908:
904:
895:
887:
877:
846:B. impatiens
845:
841:
837:
835:
829:
827:
817:
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807:
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796:Nosema bombi
794:
786:B. impatiens
784:
780:
775:B. terricola
773:
767:
763:B. franklini
761:
757:
752:B. impatiens
750:
746:
744:
737:
712:
688:South Dakota
684:North Dakota
663:
661:
658:Conservation
633:
623:
619:
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611:
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603:
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584:
583:
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559:
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548:
547:
519:
507:blackberries
486:
463:
452:
449:
444:
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439:Colony cycle
433:
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267:Saskatchewan
256:
234:
229:
228:
227:
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192:
190:
174:
173:
161:
149:
24:
18:
1743:NatureServe
1704:iNaturalist
1624:Wikispecies
1577:Key to the
1203:Jepsen, S.
702:, northern
522:regurgitate
515:blueberries
511:cranberries
483:cranberries
360:Hymenoptera
261:, north to
253:Description
129:Hymenoptera
1815:Bumblebees
1804:Categories
1132:2016-02-28
852:References
769:B. affinis
727:inbreeding
715:fragmented
708:New Mexico
686:, western
682:, western
674:, Alaska,
672:Washington
466:generalist
259:California
157:Subgenus:
109:Arthropoda
57:Vulnerable
1543:0008-4301
1383:CiteSeerX
1337:0340-5443
1299:0028-0836
1253:254704107
911:: 21–56.
616:Psithyrus
378:haplotype
283:abdominal
239:bumblebee
169:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1748:2.916920
1735:44937492
1652:BugGuide
1615:Q2268277
1609:Wikidata
1345:46168842
1183:Archived
1111:25977613
1053:85745028
967:Archived
700:Colorado
680:Nebraska
503:cherries
495:avocados
475:Tomatoes
460:Behavior
358:, order
327:stingers
323:antennae
135:Family:
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
1696:1340429
1683:1065134
1405:9453426
1102:4426341
924:May 30,
704:Arizona
692:Wyoming
630:Threats
530:protein
491:alfalfa
479:peppers
356:Insecta
279:thorax.
271:Montana
203:, 1858)
145:Genus:
125:Order:
119:Insecta
115:Class:
60: (
1787:965528
1774:165005
1761:217885
1722:714827
1657:356800
1579:Bombus
1541:
1403:
1385:
1343:
1335:
1297:
1277:Nature
1251:
1178:Bombus
1109:
1099:
1073:Bombus
1051:
838:Nosema
739:Nosema
706:, and
668:Oregon
539:Female
513:, and
499:apples
481:, and
416:Nosema
411:Nosema
364:Apidae
350:Female
311:thorax
299:Alaska
233:, the
201:Greene
162:Bombus
150:Bombus
139:Apidae
1709:82371
1644:91075
1508:(PDF)
1401:S2CID
1341:S2CID
1249:S2CID
1229:(PDF)
1049:S2CID
1029:(PDF)
901:(PDF)
676:Idaho
422:Roles
1756:NCBI
1730:IUCN
1717:ITIS
1691:GBIF
1670:MFRN
1639:BOLD
1539:ISSN
1333:ISSN
1295:ISSN
1107:PMID
926:2012
799:and
772:and
760:and
749:and
696:Utah
554:i.e.
269:and
245:and
1678:EoL
1665:CoL
1531:doi
1435:doi
1425:".
1393:doi
1379:123
1325:doi
1285:doi
1281:401
1241:doi
1097:PMC
1087:doi
1041:doi
913:doi
297:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
