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258:"self-consciously building a new form of society", but that the rest of society rejected as unacceptable. The term cult has been criticized as lacking "scholarly rigour"; Benjamin E. Zeller stated "abelling any group with which one disagrees and considers deviant as a cult may be a common occurrence, but it is not scholarship". However, it has also been viewed as empowering for ex-members of groups that have experienced trauma. Religious scholar
3777:
394:
517:. Members of the anti-cult movement typically define a destructive cult as a group that is unethical, deceptive, and one that uses "strong influence" or mind control techniques to affect critical thinking skills. This term is sometimes presented in contrast to a "benign cult", which implies that not all "cults" would be harmful, though others apply it to all cults.
750:, were considered cults. The countercult movement is mostly evangelical protestants. The Christian countercult movement asserts that Christian groups whose teachings deviate from the belief that the bible is inerrant, but also focuses on non-Christian religions like Hinduism. Christian countercult activist writers also emphasize the need for Christians to
893:
2000s, some governments have again distanced themselves from such classifications of religious movements. While the official response to new religious groups has been mixed across the globe, some governments aligned more with the critics of these groups to the extent of distinguishing between "legitimate" religion and "dangerous", "unwanted" cults in
284:". Other proposed alternative terms that have seen use were "emergent religion", "alternative religious movement", or "marginal religious movement", though new religious movement is the most popular term. The anti-cult movement mostly regards the term "new religious movement" as a euphemism for cult that hides their true harmful nature.
161:. The term is largely viewed as pejorative by academics, who instead use the term "new religious movement", which is viewed as a euphemism by the anti-cult movement. Groups labelled "cults" are found around the world and range in size from local groups with a few members to international organizations with millions.
437:
changing from audience to client cult. Sociologists who follow their definition tend to continue using the word "cult", unlike most other academics; however
Bainbridge later stated he regretted having used the word at all. Stark and Bainbridge, in discussing the process by which individuals join new
432:
have argued for a further distinction between three kinds of cults: cult movements, client cults, and audience cults, all of which share a "compensator" or rewards for the things invested into the group. In their typology, a "cult movement" is an actual complete organization, differing from a "sect"
892:
While these documents utilize similar terminology, they do not necessarily include the same groups nor is their assessment of these groups based on agreed criteria. Other governments and world bodies also report on new religious movements but do not use these terms to describe the groups. Since the
1110:
The governments of France and
Belgium have taken policy positions which accept "brainwashing" theories uncritically, while the governments of other European nations, such as those of Sweden and Italy, are cautious with regard to brainwashing and as a result, they have responded more neutrally with
980:
created a council which it named the "Council of
Experts Conducting State Religious Studies Expert Analysis." The new council listed 80 large sects which it considered potentially dangerous to Russian society, and it also mentioned that there were thousands of smaller ones. The large sects which
408:
religious groups, "deriving their inspiration from outside of the predominant religious culture." This is often thought to lead to a high degree of tension between the group and the more mainstream culture surrounding it, a characteristic shared with religious sects. According to this sociological
951:
did not necessarily mean that a religion's teachings were believed to be false or inauthentic; rather, the label was applied to religious groups that were not authorized by the state, or it was applied to religious groups that were believed to challenge the legitimacy of the state. Groups branded
461:
members in
California in trying to promote their beliefs and win new members. Lofland noted that most of their efforts were ineffective and that most of the people who joined did so because of personal relationships with other members, often family relationships. Lofland published his findings in
888:
argue that it may adversely impact the religious freedoms of group members. At the height of the counter-cult movement and ritual abuse scare of the 1990s, some governments published lists of cults. Groups labelled "cults" are found around the world and range in size from local groups with a few
191:, for example, use the word in this sense. A derived sense of "excessive devotion" arose in the 19th century, and usage is not always strictly religious. The term is variously applied to abusive or coercive groups of many categories, including gangs, organized crime, and terrorist organizations.
1299:
France: A parliamentary commission of the
National Assembly compiled a list of purported cults in 1995. In 2005, the Prime Minister stated that the concerns addressed in the list "had become less pertinent" and that the government needed to balance its concern with cults with respect for public
482:
writes that the "meteoric growth" in this field of study can be attributed to the cult controversy of the early 1970s. Because of "a wave of nontraditional religiosity" in the late 1960s and early 1970s, academics perceived new religious movements as different phenomena from previous religious
564:, Julius H. Rubin said that American religious innovation created an unending diversity of sects. These "new religious movements…gathered new converts and issued challenges to the wider society. Not infrequently, public controversy, contested narratives and litigation result." In his work
187:, which is not pejorative, indicates a set of religious devotional practices that is conventional within its culture, is related to a particular figure, and is frequently associated with a particular place, or generally the collective participation in rites of religion. References to the
257:
According to
Susannah Crockford, "he word ‘cult’ is a shapeshifter, semantically morphing with the intentions of whoever uses it. As an analytical term, it resists rigorous definition." She argued that the least subjective definition of cult referred to a religion or religion-like group
660:
In the late 1980s, doomsday cults were a major topic of news reports, with some reporters and commentators considering them a serious threat to society. A 1997 psychological study by
Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter found that people turned to a cataclysmic
433:
in that it is not a splinter of a bigger religion, while "audience cults" are loosely organized, and propagated through media, and "client cults" offer services (i.e. psychic readings or meditation sessions). One type can turn into another, for example the
266:, it was argued by some scholars that the defining of the Branch Davidians as a cult by the media, government and former members is a significant factor as to what lead to the deaths. The term was noted to carry "considerable cultural legitimacy".
665:
after they had repeatedly failed to find meaning in mainstream movements. People also strive to find meaning in global events such as the turn of the millennium when many predicted it prophetically marked the end of an age and thus the end of the
745:
or counterfeit
Christian sects crystallized into a more organized Christian countercult movement in the United States. For those belonging to the movement, all religious groups claiming to be Christian, but deemed outside of Christian
205:
beliefs and practices, although this is often unclear. Other researchers present a less-organized picture of cults, saying that they arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices. Cults have been compared to miniature
839:. While most of these negative qualities usually have real documented precedents in the activities of a very small minority of new religious groups, mass culture often extends them to any religious group viewed as culturally
1207:
note for usage in 1875: "cult:...b. A relatively small group of people having (esp. religious) beliefs or practices regarded by others as strange or sinister, or as exercising excessive control over members.… 1875
468:
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1101:
5591:
5197:
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1212:
Jan. 13/1 Buffaloism is, it would seem, a cult, a creed, a secret community, the members of which are bound together by strange and weird vows, and listen in hidden conclave to mysterious lore."
5877:
811:
The belief that cults brainwashed their members became a unifying theme among cult critics and in the more extreme corners of the anti-cult movement techniques like the sometimes forceful "
651:
called the
Seekers for several months, and recorded their conversations both prior to and after a failed prophecy from their charismatic leader. Their work was later published in the book
1296:
published a report on cults in 1997. A Brussels
Appeals Court in 2005 condemned the House of Representatives on the grounds that it had damaged the image of an organization listed.
972:
prepared a list of "extremist groups". At the top of the list were Islamic groups outside of "traditional Islam", which is supervised by the Russian government. Next listed were "
5113:
1403:– "2.a. A particular form or system of religious worship or veneration, esp. as expressed in ceremonies or rituals which are directed towards a specified figure or object."
5898:
884:
in English and a functionally similar use of words translated as 'sect' in several European languages. Sociologists critical to this negative politicized use of the word
850:. In the late 1980s, psychologists and sociologists started to abandon theories like brainwashing and mind control. While scholars may believe that various less dramatic
5738:
554:, cessation of scholastic activities, estrangement from family, disinterest in society and pronounced mental control and enslavement by cult leaders." Writing about
576:"has not been shown to be violent or volatile," it has been described as a destructive cult by "anticult crusaders." In 2002, the German government was held by the
54:. The reason given is: Some of these sources are over 50 years old, and academic thinking in this area has changed profoundly even in the past twenty-five years.
1115:, have significantly contributed to European anti-cult positions. In the 1980s, clergymen and officials of the French government expressed concern that some
3370:
Hill, Harvey; Hickman, John; McLendon, Joel (2001). "Cults and Sects and Doomsday Groups, Oh My: Media Treatment of Religion on the Eve of the Millennium".
5075:
1162:
528:, defines a destructive cult as "a highly manipulative group which exploits and sometimes physically and/or psychologically damages members and recruits."
5237:
5106:
4801:
1172:
194:
1315:) was defended in a court decision of 2003 (Oberverwaltungsgericht Berlin 25 September 2003). The list is still maintained by Berlin city authorities:
788:
and the deaths of nearly 1000 people. The organizations that formed the secular anti-cult movement (ACM) often acted on behalf of relatives of "cult"
5242:
3809:
1018:
4765:
846:
While some psychologists were receptive to these theories, sociologists were for the most part sceptical of their ability to explain conversion to
4083:
3592:
Robbins, Thomas (2002). "Combating 'Cults' and 'Brainwashing' in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson and Introvigne's Report".
1084:, literature from previous court cases in which brainwashing theories were used, and expert testimonies which were delivered by scholars such as
982:
3036:; Graham-Hyde, Edward. (2024a). "'Cult' rhetoric in the twenty-first century: The disconnect between popular discourse and the ivory tower". In
1017:
in defending the legitimacy of new religious movements in court. In the United States the religious activities of cults are protected under the
5099:
5054:
5912:
5800:
5786:
3500:
1268:
3333:
Heggie, Rachel (2020). "When Violence Happens: The McDonald's Murder and Religious Violence in the Hands of the Chinese Communist Party".
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psychological mechanisms could influence group members, they came to see conversion to new religious movements principally as an act of a
5905:
5884:
5611:
5444:
5404:
3082:
1105:
710:
3106:
Turner, Francis J.; Bloch, Arnold Shanon; Shor, Ron (1995). "105: From Consultation to Therapy in Group Work With Parents of Cultists".
3718:
Zhu, Guobin (2010). "Prosecuting "Evil Cults:" A Critical Examination of Law Regarding Freedom of Religious Belief in Mainland China".
280:, regarding it as pejorative. By the end of the 1970s, the term cult was largely replaced in academia with the term "new religion" or "
5718:
5070:
4943:
1308:
911:
293:
5596:
5222:
4927:
3555:
Seiwert, Hubert (2003). "Freedom and Control in the Unified Germany: Governmental Approaches to Alternative Religions Since 1989".
525:
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and academia – and has also been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study.
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anti-cult movement (ACM). This was in response to the rise of new religions in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly the events at
130:
and academia – and has also been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study.
595:, writing that it is used to describe groups which are not necessarily harmful in nature to themselves or others. In his book
5733:
5703:
5657:
5122:
5044:
5004:
3802:
3613:
Stark, Rodney; Bainbridge, William Sims (1980). "Networks of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds and Recruitment to Cults and Sects".
3204:
Bader, Chris; Demaris, Alfred (1996). "A Test of the Stark-Bainbridge Theory of Affiliation with Religious Cults and Sects".
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regard to new religions. Scholars have suggested that the outrage which followed the mass murder/suicides perpetuated by the
867:
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4078:
3157:
Rubin, Julius H. "Contested Narratives: A Case Study of the Conflict between a New Religious Movement and Its Critics". In
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2352:
Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). "African Diaspora Traditions and Other American Innovations". In Gallagher, Eugene V. (ed.).
4468:
3880:
3066:
Crockford, Susannah. "'There is no QAnon': Cult accusations in contemporary American political and online discourse". In
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5708:
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4137:
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819:, and among average citizens, "cult" gained an increasingly negative connotation, becoming associated with things like
607:
as the "paradigm of a destructive cult", where those that use the term are implying that other groups will also commit
332:(1864–1920). Weber is an important theorist in the academic study of cults, which often draws on his theorizations of
5171:
4149:
3934:
3312:
Edelman, Bryan; Richardson, James T. (2003). "Falun Gong and the Law: Development of Legal Social Control in China".
3275:
van Driel, Barend; Richardson, James T. (1988). "Categorization of New Religious Movements in American Print Media".
3000:
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938:
927:
906:
3436:
Ogloff, J. R.; Pfeifer, J. E. (1992). "Cults and the law: A discussion of the legality of alleged cult activities".
472:. It is considered to be one of the most important and widely cited studies of the process of religious conversion.
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4098:
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When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group that Predicted the Destruction of the World
478:
stated that, in 1970, "one could count the number of active researchers on new religions on one's hands." However,
157:
has opposed certain groups and, as a reaction to acts of violence, frequently charged those cults with practicing
50:
Parts of this article (those related to Entire article needs updating, with attention paid to sources) need to be
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4574:
4266:
2378:(1999). "New Religious Movements: their incidence and significance". In Wilson, Bryan; Cresswell, Jamie (eds.).
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refers to small religious groups that lack in organization and emphasize the private nature of personal beliefs.
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5454:
5141:
5017:
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4226:
4169:
3983:
3652:
Weber, Max (Spring 1985). ""Churches" and "Sects" in North America: An Ecclesiastical Socio-Political Sketch".
3498:(2001). "'Brainwashing' Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on 'Cults' and 'Sects'".
732:
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which is utilized by expert witnesses must be generally accepted in their respective fields. The court deemed
82:
for a group perceived as requiring unwavering devotion to a set of beliefs and practices which are considered
5793:
4103:
3681:
Wright, Stuart A. (1997). "Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths?".
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discuss about a dozen organizations in the United States and Great Britain that they characterize as cults.
352:, who added a "mystical" categorization to define more personal religious experiences. American sociologist
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Later sociological formulations built on such characteristics, placing an additional emphasis on cults as
262:
argued the term was dehumanizing of the people within the group, as well as their children; following the
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The new nobility : the restoration of Russia's security state and the enduring legacy of the KGB
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Starting in the late 1960s, a different strand of anti-cult groups arose, with the formation of the
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of cult members Meanwhile, sociologists who were critical of these theories assisted advocates of
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to religious movements in government documents signifies the popular and negative use of the term
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to be inadmissible in expert testimonies, using supporting documents which were published by the
425:
250:. This sense of the term is weakly defined – having divergent definitions both in
126:. This sense of the term is weakly defined – having divergent definitions both in
3175:
Ayella, Marybeth (1990). "They Must Be Crazy: Some of the Difficulties in Researching 'Cults'".
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who did not believe their loved ones could have altered their lives so drastically by their own
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entitled "The World Savers: A Field Study of Cult Processes", and in 1966 in book form by as
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341:
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31:
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Introvigne, Massimo (2014). "Advocacy, brainwashing theories, and new religious movements".
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Olson, Paul J. (2006). "The Public Perception of "Cults" and "New Religious Movements"".
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3012:'Cult' Rhetoric in the 21st Century: Deconstructing the Study of New Religious Movements
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agendas, have received some attention from journalists and scholars. In their 2000 book
348:. This concept of church-sect division was further elaborated upon by German theologian
56:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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by referring to it, among other things, as a "destructive cult" with no factual basis.
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Beginning in the 1930s, new religious movements perceived as cults became an object of
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Beginning in the 1930s, new religious movements perceived as cults became an object of
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Davis, Dena S (1996). "Joining a Cult: Religious Choice or Psychological Aberration".
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Agents of Discord: Deprogramming, Pseudo-science, and the American Anti-cult Movement
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and therefore maintain a continuity with traditional beliefs and practices, whereas
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outside the norms of society. Such groups are typically perceived as being led by a
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Barker, Eileen (1986). "Religious Movements: Cult and Anti-Cult Since Jonestown".
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3524:(1993). "Definitions of Cult: From Sociological-Technical to Popular-Negative".
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would be adversely affected by anti-cult laws which were then being considered.
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276:, scholars (though not the general public) began to abandon the use of the term
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Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization and Maintenance of Faith
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309:'s original theory and providing the basis for the modern concepts of cults,
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1060:(1990) ended the usage of brainwashing theories by expert witnesses such as
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Terror, Love and Brainwashing: Attachment in Cults and Totalitarian Systems
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European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism
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APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control
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Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field
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2138:
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APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control
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cases where the theory was used to try to justify the use of the forceful
925:
For centuries, governments in China have categorized certain religions as
700:. Groups that some have described as "political cults", mostly advocating
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Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu
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Center for Religious Studies in the name of Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons
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Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu
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political systems. Such groups are typically perceived as being led by a
87:
3781:
3762:
3747:
3362:
2861:
1486:
298:
5878:
The New Vigilantes: Deprogrammers, Anti-Cultists, and the New Religions
5748:
5586:
5555:
5550:
5520:
4674:
4624:
4594:
4584:
4539:
4043:
4028:
3710:
3644:
3584:
3547:
3486:
3399:
3304:
3233:
2465:
2293:
2135:
1157:
1137:
1053:
1046:
915:
820:
816:
751:
662:
581:
270:
263:
235:
215:
174:
150:
111:
91:
4236:
3673:
5606:
4453:
4381:
4251:
4112:
4058:
3949:
3890:
3863:
3841:
3836:
3832:
2383:
1097:
793:
785:
747:
705:
677:
500:
438:
religious groups, have even questioned the utility of the concept of
397:
329:
3900:
3694:
3568:
3539:
3383:
3288:
3217:
640:, and groups that attempt to bring it about. In the 1950s, American
149:
and new religious movements, labeling them "cults" because of their
4664:
4371:
4288:
4211:
3939:
3665:
3628:
2488:
Bearing False Witness? An Introduction to the Christian Countercult
2305:
2053:
2051:
2049:
1247:
Or "sects" in German or French-speaking countries, the German term
851:
701:
697:
693:
637:
543:
227:
103:
2768:
The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation
2514:
Cults in Context: Readings in the Study of New Religious Movements
1946:
1944:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1571:
1569:
628:
is an expression which is used to describe groups that believe in
214:
leader who tightly controls its members. It is in some contexts a
90:
leader who tightly controls its members. It is in some contexts a
5232:
4851:
4376:
4334:
3776:
2681:
The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice
2577:
Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History
1929:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
781:
405:
393:
239:
202:
115:
4659:
2245:
2184:
2182:
2046:
1650:
1544:
1542:
5166:
4922:
4917:
4881:
4826:
4206:
3944:
2087:
1941:
1806:
1608:
1566:
1142:
808:
techniques were used to maintain the loyalty of cult members.
742:
636:, and it can also be used to refer both to groups that predict
463:
4514:
1722:
1430:
1348:
1275:
no longer distinguishes sects in Austria as a separate group.
4458:
2719:
Attitudes and Persuasion: Classic and Contemporary Approaches
2281:
2179:
1710:
1539:
1418:
1336:
1255:
having assumed the same derogatory meaning as English "cult".
1132:
832:
177:
connotations. The word "cult" is derived from the Latin term
3057:
Dubrow-Marshall, Roderick P. "The recognition of cults". In
1956:
1905:
1596:
1406:
4886:
2063:
2024:
2022:
1985:
1983:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1818:
1794:
1686:
737:
In the 1940s, the long-held opposition by some established
378:
345:
310:
247:
146:
123:
5739:
The Prohibited and Unlawful Societies and Associations Act
1917:
1454:
5899:
Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change
5121:
4923:
INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)
2269:
1698:
603:
writes that the term is overgeneralized. Saliba sees the
2354:
Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America
2329:
2034:
2019:
1980:
1878:
1734:
1674:
1554:
421:
arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices.
400:(1864–1920), an important theorist in the study of cults
2906:
Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe
1782:
1770:
1529:
1527:
889:
members to international organizations with millions.
546:, whose distinctive qualities include: "behavioral and
2659:
Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life
2599:
Kaslow, Florence Whiteman; Sussman, Marvin B. (1982).
2460:; Zeller, Benjamin E., eds. (2014). "Resources: A–Z".
2317:
1746:
1586:
1584:
692:
A political cult is a cult with a primary interest in
328:. The term saw its origins in the work of sociologist
3108:
Differential Diagnosis & Treatment in Social Work
2438:. Issues in Contemporary Religion. London; New York:
2221:
1854:
1830:
989:, and other sects which were loosely referred to as "
3493:
2311:
2299:
2257:
2199:
2197:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2057:
1893:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1524:
1163:
New religious movements and cults in popular culture
861:
5238:
National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales
3369:
3274:
2462:
The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements
2123:
2093:
2007:
1995:
1968:
1950:
1842:
1581:
1173:
Sociological classifications of religious movements
356:further bisected Troeltsch's first two categories:
195:
Sociological classifications of religious movements
3032:
2209:
2167:
2111:
2099:
2075:
1758:
1575:
1378:
1214:
3311:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3037:
3009:
2534:
2194:
2188:
2152:
1662:
1656:
1633:
1466:
1278:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2012"
1019:First Amendment of the United States Constitution
726:
386:. Like Troeltsch's "mystical religion", Becker's
5954:
3076:
3010:Thomas, Aled; Graham-Hyde, Edward, eds. (2024).
2456:
1962:
1627:
1442:
1365:
960:face suppression and punishment by authorities.
3612:
3158:
3124:
3105:
3056:
2945:
2908:. Critical Issues in Social Justice. New York:
2784:
2758:
2380:New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response
2251:
2233:
1812:
1728:
1716:
1460:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1342:
983:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
647:and his colleagues observed members of a small
5243:People's Organised Workshop on Ersatz Religion
5055:Religious discrimination against modern pagans
2819:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira. pp. 90–93.
2623:The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements
1377:
1280:. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
1213:
5913:Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism
5107:
3803:
3435:
2833:
2717:Petty, Richard E.; Cacioppo, John T. (1996).
2716:
2598:
2400:
2275:
2069:
1911:
1824:
1602:
954:
946:
843:, however peaceful or law abiding it may be.
757:
5801:The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions
5787:Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control
3594:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
3501:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
3459:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
3206:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
3203:
2926:
2770:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2646:Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians
1800:
1740:
1317:Sekten und Psychogruppen – Leitstelle Berlin
1269:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
1068:. In the case's ruling, the court cited the
1001:In the 1970s, the scientific status of the "
524:, executive director of the anti-cult group
5906:Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare
5885:On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left
5612:Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France
5445:New England Institute of Religious Research
5405:Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry
3817:
3084:On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left
1106:Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France
711:On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left
197:may identify a cult as a social group with
178:
27:Group controlled by a leader and/or an idea
5114:
5100:
3810:
3796:
3520:
3406:
3110:(4th ed.). Free Press. p. 1146.
3044:
2900:
2885:
2834:Shupe, Anson; Bromley, David G. (1998a). "
2430:
2335:
2287:
2040:
2028:
1989:
1788:
1752:
1704:
1548:
918:books being symbolically destroyed by the
741:to non-Christian religions and supposedly
591:Some researchers have criticized the term
535:, the authors cite Shapiro, who defines a
5719:Kingdom of Jesus Christ compound standoff
4944:Academic study of new religious movements
3065:
2675:
1935:
1560:
294:Academic study of new religious movements
5597:Centre contre les manipulations mentales
5223:International Cultic Studies Association
4928:World Religions and Spirituality Project
2859:
2643:
2351:
2263:
1776:
1692:
910:
815:" of cult members was practised. In the
767:
668:
526:International Cultic Studies Association
495:
392:
297:
169:In the English-speaking world, the term
5425:Evangelical Ministries to New Religions
3591:
3554:
2974:Social Groups in Action and Interaction
2971:
2846:
2573:
2323:
1923:
1887:
1872:
1848:
1680:
1292:Belgium: The Justice Commission of the
164:
14:
5955:
5465:Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center
5233:Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network
4802:Classifications of religious movements
4429:Universal Church of the Kingdom of God
3680:
3332:
3240:
3174:
3014:. Religion at the boundaries. London:
2891:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2814:
2735:
2656:
2508:
2374:
2227:
2173:
2117:
2105:
2081:
1899:
1860:
1836:
1764:
1273:International Religious Freedom Report
945:, the classification of a religion as
721:
5704:Governmental lists of cults and sects
5123:Opposition to new religious movements
5095:
3791:
3651:
3456:
3261:
3156:
3048:"A history of anticult rhetoric". In
2990:
2927:Shupe, Anson; Darnell, Susan (2006).
2738:Understanding New Religious Movements
2697:
2617:
2482:
2203:
2161:
2129:
2013:
2001:
1974:
1668:
1644:
1590:
1533:
1472:
1448:
868:Governmental lists of cults and sects
804:working in this field suggested that
597:Understanding New Religious Movements
4650:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
4079:International Peace Mission movement
2817:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society
2815:Swatos, William H. Jr., ed. (1998).
1484:
1399:participating institution membership
1235:participating institution membership
1188:
491:
287:
36:
4469:World Mission Society Church of God
3881:Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
3717:
3255:10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.001553
2239:
2215:
1491:Open Education Sociology Dictionary
246:in a particular person, object, or
226:which are defined by their unusual
122:in a particular person, object, or
102:which are defined by their unusual
24:
5822:Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion
5734:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
5045:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
4419:Unitarian Universalist Association
937:), translated as "evil cults" or "
687:
305:'s church–sect typology, based on
25:
5979:
4150:Moorish Science Temple of America
3935:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star
3755:
3438:Behavioral Sciences & the Law
2910:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
2464:. Bloomsbury Companions. London:
1951:Hill, Hickman & McLendon 2001
1091:
907:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
862:Governmental policies and actions
614:
513:is a term frequently used by the
5430:Institute for Religious Research
4960:Journal of Contemporary Religion
3775:
3761:
3471:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00008.x
3335:Journal of Religion and Violence
2847:Swatos, William H. Jr (1998a). "
2545:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
2312:Richardson & Introvigne 2001
2300:Richardson & Introvigne 2001
2147:Richardson & Introvigne 2001
2058:Richardson & Introvigne 2001
1294:Belgian House of Representatives
1267:Austria: Beginning in 2011, the
996:
453:In the early 1960s, sociologist
324:study within the context of the
137:study within the context of the
41:
4424:United Submitters International
3068:Thomas & Graham-Hyde (2024)
3059:Thomas & Graham-Hyde (2024)
3050:Thomas & Graham-Hyde (2024)
3038:Thomas & Graham-Hyde (2024)
2702:. University of Chicago Press.
2094:van Driel & Richardson 1988
1504:
1478:
1258:
1241:
1021:, which prohibits governmental
269:In the 1970s, with the rise of
153:. Since the 1970s, the secular
5455:Spiritual Counterfeits Project
5142:Christian countercult movement
5018:Christian countercult movement
4862:Polytheistic reconstructionism
4227:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha
3984:Chinese salvationist religions
2740:(2nd ed.). Walnut Creek:
1576:Thomas & Graham-Hyde 2024a
1517:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1371:
1195:
872:The application of the labels
733:Christian countercult movement
727:Christian countercult movement
143:Christian countercult movement
13:
1:
5794:Captive Hearts, Captive Minds
5709:Mass suicide of Heaven's Gate
3766:The dictionary definition of
3616:American Journal of Sociology
3177:American Behavioral Scientist
3159:Zablocki & Robbins (2001)
2657:Newman, Dr. David M. (2006).
2410:Cults, Religion, and Violence
2189:Edelman & Richardson 2003
1813:Turner, Bloch & Shor 1995
1657:Fahlbusch & Bromiley 1999
1307:Germany: The legitimacy of a
1183:
189:imperial cult of ancient Rome
5410:Christian Research Institute
4014:Church of the Guanche People
3683:Review of Religious Research
3527:Review of Religious Research
3421:10.1080/0048721X.2014.888021
3372:Review of Religious Research
2548:. Vol. 4. p. 897.
1963:Tourish & Wohlforth 2000
1628:Chryssides & Zeller 2014
1366:Chryssides & Zeller 2014
1329:
1119:and other groups within the
1005:" became a central topic in
578:Federal Constitutional Court
7:
5815:Combating Cult Mind Control
5699:Assassination of Shinzo Abe
5415:Dialog Center International
4434:Universal White Brotherhood
3189:10.1177/0002764290033005005
3140:University of Toronto Press
2252:Soldatov & Borogan 2010
1729:Stark & Bainbridge 1987
1717:Stark & Bainbridge 1987
1461:Stark & Bainbridge 1987
1437:Stark & Bainbridge 1980
1425:Stark & Bainbridge 1996
1126:
978:Russian Ministry of Justice
955:
947:
326:study of religious behavior
139:study of religious behavior
10:
5984:
5941:Zealot: A Book About Cults
5580:Governmental organizations
5440:Midwest Christian Outreach
4705:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
4690:Joseph Franklin Rutherford
4409:Unarius Academy of Science
3243:Annual Review of Sociology
2931:. Transaction Publishers.
2700:The Religion of Falun Gong
2414:Cambridge University Press
2358:Greenwood Publishing Group
1095:
904:
865:
761:
758:Secular anti-cult movement
730:
618:
457:studied the activities of
450:is a more useful concept.
413:are products of religious
291:
183:, which means worship. An
29:
5757:
5744:Tokyo subway sarin attack
5729:Persecution of Falun Gong
5681:
5621:Individuals in government
5620:
5579:
5473:
5435:Personal Freedom Outreach
5397:
5251:
5228:The Family Survival Trust
5190:
5129:
5063:
5040:Persecution of Falun Gong
5003:
4936:
4910:
4774:
4758:
4610:Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi
4477:
4404:Twelve Tribes communities
4394:Transcendental Meditation
3825:
3264:Journal of Law and Health
2991:Stein, Alexandra (2016).
2972:Stangor, Charles (2004).
2574:Jenkins, Phillip (2000).
2276:Ogloff & Pfeifer 1992
2070:Shupe & Bromley 1998a
1912:Petty & Cacioppo 1996
1825:Kaslow & Sussman 1982
1603:Bromley & Melton 2002
1386:Oxford English Dictionary
1309:1997 Berlin Senate report
1222:Oxford English Dictionary
1204:Oxford English Dictionary
1023:establishment of religion
970:Russian Interior Ministry
963:
932:
572:writes that although the
5857:The Kingdom of the Cults
5766:All Gods Children (book)
5050:Persecution of Rastafari
4949:Anthropology of religion
4782:African-initiated church
4655:Phineas Parkhurst Quimby
4345:Shri Ram Chandra Mission
4034:The Family International
4004:Church of Divine Science
3957:Charismatic Christianity
2790:Bainbridge, William Sims
2764:Bainbridge, William Sims
2736:Saliba, John A. (2003).
2698:Penny, Benjamin (2012).
1938:, pp. 150–153, 340.
1801:Shupe & Darnell 2006
1741:Bader & Demaris 1996
1072:, which states that the
1058:United States v. Fishman
900:
486:
5213:Cult Information Centre
5081:New religious movements
4535:Chinmayananda Saraswati
4321:Joy of Satan Ministries
4099:Kingdom of Jesus Christ
3920:Black Hebrew Israelites
3819:New religious movements
3606:10.1111/0021-8294.00047
3514:10.1111/0021-8294.00046
3326:10.1525/nr.2003.6.2.312
2644:Marshall, Paul (2013).
2627:Oxford University Press
2582:Oxford University Press
2542:, eds. (1999). "Sect".
2436:Exploring New Religions
1391:Oxford University Press
1227:Oxford University Press
754:to followers of cults.
739:Christian denominations
680:protesting against the
426:William Sims Bainbridge
315:new religious movements
220:new religious movements
185:older sense of the word
141:. Since the 1940s, the
96:new religious movements
5871:Misunderstanding Cults
5864:The Making of a Moonie
5724:Persecution of Baháʼís
5208:Cult Awareness Network
5182:New religious movement
5035:Persecution of Baháʼís
5030:Persecution of Ahmadis
4978:Psychology of religion
4973:Philosophy of religion
4842:Japanese new religions
4832:Hindu reform movements
4797:Christian denomination
3780:Quotations related to
3720:Human Rights Quarterly
3494:Richardson, James T.;
3450:10.1002/bsl.2370100111
2995:. Taylor and Francis.
2949:; Borogan, I. (2010).
2886:Richardson, James T. "
2518:Transaction Publishers
981:were listed included:
922:
777:
776:protest in Japan, 2009
684:
561:Misunderstanding Cults
507:
401:
317:
282:new religious movement
179:
5566:Walter Ralston Martin
5474:Religious individuals
4988:Sociology of religion
4700:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
4620:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
4449:The Way International
4180:New Kadampa Tradition
4009:Church of Scientology
3732:10.1353/hrq.2010.0004
3557:Sociology of Religion
3277:Sociological Analysis
3046:Chryssides, George D.
2798:Peter Lang Publishing
2677:Pargament, Kenneth I.
2540:Bromiley, Geoffrey W.
2458:Chryssides, George D.
2432:Chryssides, George D.
1485:Bell, Kenton (2013).
1121:Roman Catholic Church
914:
771:
714:, Dennis Tourish and
672:
556:Bruderhof communities
499:
435:Church of Scientology
396:
334:charismatic authority
301:
292:Further information:
32:Cult (disambiguation)
5491:Robert M. Bowman Jr.
5389:Lawrence Wollersheim
4877:Religious syncretism
4872:Religious conversion
4857:Open-source religion
4685:Charles Taze Russell
4500:Herbert W. Armstrong
4387:Theosophical Society
4165:New Apostolic Church
3522:Richardson, James T.
3347:10.5840/jrv202131682
2976:. Psychology Press.
2902:Richardson, James T.
2794:A Theory of Religion
2661:. Pine Forge Press.
2601:Cults and the Family
1875:, pp. 216, 222.
1413:Dubrow-Marshall 2024
1343:Dubrow-Marshall 2024
1251:and the French term
1047:criminal prosecution
1035:freedom of the press
533:Cults and the Family
503:, the leader of the
218:term, also used for
165:Definition and usage
94:term, also used for
30:For other uses, see
5927:When Prophecy Fails
5892:Recovery from Cults
5808:Churches That Abuse
5460:Watchman Fellowship
5252:Secular individuals
5162:Freedom of religion
4994:When Prophecy Fails
4954:History of religion
4897:Spiritual evolution
4867:Prosperity theology
4837:In-group favoritism
4807:Conspiracy theories
4495:Marshall Applewhite
4247:Ramakrishna Mission
3915:Jehovah's Witnesses
3654:Sociological Theory
3496:Introvigne, Massimo
3016:Bloomsbury Academic
2302:, pp. 144–146.
2290:, pp. 313–316.
2149:, pp. 143–168.
1926:, pp. 215–216.
1695:, pp. 122–123.
1551:, pp. 348–356.
1389:(Online ed.).
1225:(Online ed.).
1178:Western esotericism
1148:Cult of personality
1039:freedom of assembly
1027:freedom of religion
1003:brainwashing theory
987:Jehovah's Witnesses
939:heterodox teachings
825:psychological abuse
722:Anti-cult movements
642:social psychologist
548:personality changes
537:destructive cultism
338:distinction he drew
274:anti-cult movements
260:Catherine Wessinger
5934:The Wrong Way Home
5920:Twisted Scriptures
5829:Cults in Our Midst
5259:Jean-Marie Abgrall
5218:Cultists Anonymous
5172:Heterodox teaching
5137:Anti-cult movement
5076:In popular culture
5013:Anti-cult movement
4787:Buddhist modernism
4725:Emanuel Swedenborg
4720:Nirmala Srivastava
4485:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
4439:Vipassana movement
4414:Unification Church
4399:True Buddha School
4340:Shambhala Buddhism
4311:The Satanic Temple
4232:The Process Church
4118:Maha Bodhi Society
4089:Invitation to Life
4069:Humanistic Judaism
3126:Zablocki, Benjamin
2888:Unification Church
2860:Campbell, Colin. "
2849:Church-Sect Theory
2836:Anti-Cult Movement
2721:. Westview Press.
2683:. Guilford Press.
1520:. Merriam-Webster.
923:
920:Chinese government
778:
764:Anti-cult movement
685:
574:Unification Church
515:anti-cult movement
508:
459:Unification Church
444:, suggesting that
402:
318:
155:anti-cult movement
151:unorthodox beliefs
5950:
5949:
5836:Cults of Unreason
5682:Historical events
5571:Robert Passantino
5511:Alexander Dvorkin
5384:Louis Jolyon West
5349:Tsutsumi Sakamoto
5264:John Gordon Clark
5089:
5088:
4983:Religious studies
4817:Cybersectarianism
4792:Chabad messianism
4766:Pacific Northwest
4750:Poykayil Yohannan
4565:Josemaría Escrivá
4444:Eastern Lightning
4242:Rajneesh movement
4190:Religious Science
4123:Messianic Judaism
4109:Latter Day Saints
4074:Iglesia ni Cristo
3999:Christian Science
3859:Aetherius Society
3149:978-0-8020-8188-9
3117:978-0-02-874007-2
3098:978-0-7656-0639-6
3077:Tourish, Dennis;
3025:978-1-350-33323-9
2983:978-1-84169-407-8
2964:978-1-61039-055-2
2938:978-0-7658-0323-8
2919:978-0-306-47887-1
2873:Barker, Eileen. "
2826:978-0-7619-8956-1
2807:978-0-8135-2330-9
2777:978-0-520-05731-9
2751:978-0-7591-0356-6
2709:978-0-226-65501-7
2690:978-1-57230-664-6
2668:978-1-4129-2814-4
2650:Thomas Nelson Inc
2636:978-0-19-514986-9
2610:978-0-917724-55-8
2603:. Haworth Press.
2591:978-0-19-514596-0
2555:978-90-04-14595-5
2527:978-0-7658-0478-5
2501:978-0-275-97459-6
2484:Cowan, Douglas E.
2475:978-1-4411-9005-5
2449:978-0-304-33652-4
2423:978-0-521-66064-8
2406:Melton, J. Gordon
2402:Bromley, David G.
2393:978-0-415-20050-9
2367:978-0-275-98717-6
2254:, pp. 65–66.
1890:, pp. 42–43.
1683:, pp. 90–93.
1397:(Subscription or
1233:(Subscription or
1189:Explanatory notes
1074:scientific theory
1031:freedom of speech
1015:religious freedom
833:criminal activity
674:LaRouche Movement
552:personal identity
492:Destructive cults
288:Scholarly studies
145:has opposed some
71:
70:
16:(Redirected from
5975:
5968:Pejorative terms
5850:The Incendiaries
5714:Jason Scott case
5689:About–Picard law
5658:Kenneth Robinson
5653:Catherine Picard
5481:Johannes Aagaard
5420:Dialogue Ireland
5398:Religious groups
5116:
5109:
5102:
5093:
5092:
4911:Public education
4710:Shiv Dayal Singh
4575:Charles Fillmore
4555:Aleister Crowley
4545:Helena Blavatsky
4257:Risshō Kōsei Kai
4222:Pilgrims of Arès
4202:Nuwaubian Nation
4175:New Confucianism
3994:Christadelphians
3989:Chinmaya Mission
3930:Branch Davidians
3869:Lahore Ahmadiyya
3812:
3805:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3779:
3765:
3751:
3714:
3677:
3648:
3623:(6): 1376–1395.
3609:
3588:
3551:
3517:
3490:
3453:
3432:
3403:
3366:
3329:
3308:
3271:
3258:
3237:
3200:
3162:
3153:
3121:
3102:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3006:
2987:
2968:
2947:Soldatov, Andreĭ
2942:
2923:
2895:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2811:
2781:
2755:
2732:
2713:
2694:
2672:
2653:
2640:
2614:
2595:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2536:Fahlbusch, Erwin
2531:
2510:Dawson, Lorne L.
2505:
2490:. Westport, CT:
2479:
2453:
2427:
2397:
2371:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
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2279:
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2261:
2255:
2249:
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2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1927:
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1885:
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1726:
1720:
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1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
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1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1631:
1625:
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1558:
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1502:
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1497:
1482:
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1470:
1464:
1458:
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1440:
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1416:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1346:
1340:
1323:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1262:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1218:
1199:
991:neo-Pentecostals
958:
950:
936:
823:, brainwashing,
694:political action
682:Treaty of Lisbon
593:destructive cult
566:Cults in Context
511:Destructive cult
476:J. Gordon Melton
354:Howard P. Becker
303:Howard P. Becker
199:socially deviant
182:
66:
63:
57:
45:
44:
37:
21:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5753:
5677:
5616:
5575:
5546:Reinhart Hummel
5541:Hank Hanegraaff
5469:
5393:
5364:Margaret Singer
5334:Jesse S. Miller
5319:Michael Langone
5304:Stephen A. Kent
5284:Carol Giambalvo
5247:
5186:
5125:
5120:
5090:
5085:
5059:
4999:
4932:
4906:
4770:
4754:
4740:Chögyam Trungpa
4735:Joseph W. Tkach
4640:Elijah Muhammad
4570:Louis Farrakhan
4560:Mary Baker Eddy
4520:Sathya Sai Baba
4478:Notable figures
4473:
4330:Sathya Sai Baba
4299:Church of Satan
4155:Nation of Islam
4128:Modern paganism
3977:Neo-charismatic
3821:
3816:
3758:
3695:10.2307/3512176
3569:10.2307/3712490
3540:10.2307/3511972
3384:10.2307/3512241
3289:10.2307/3711011
3218:10.2307/1386560
3150:
3132:, eds. (2001).
3130:Robbins, Thomas
3118:
3099:
3026:
3003:
2984:
2965:
2939:
2920:
2827:
2808:
2778:
2752:
2729:
2710:
2691:
2669:
2637:
2619:Lewis, James R.
2611:
2592:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2528:
2502:
2476:
2450:
2424:
2408:, eds. (2002).
2394:
2368:
2343:
2342:
2336:Richardson 2004
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2288:Introvigne 2014
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2041:Chryssides 2024
2039:
2035:
2029:Chryssides 2024
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1990:Chryssides 2024
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:, p. 1146.
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1789:Chryssides 1999
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1753:Richardson 1998
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1705:Richardson 1993
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1549:Richardson 1993
1547:
1540:
1532:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:, p. 1377.
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1396:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1311:listing cults (
1283:
1281:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1129:
1108:
1094:
1062:Margaret Singer
999:
976:". In 2009 the
966:
909:
903:
870:
864:
856:rational choice
766:
760:
735:
729:
724:
690:
688:Political cults
623:
617:
570:Lorne L. Dawson
522:Michael Langone
494:
489:
464:doctoral thesis
360:was split into
350:Ernst Troeltsch
307:Ernst Troeltsch
296:
290:
252:popular culture
244:common interest
167:
128:popular culture
120:common interest
67:
61:
58:
55:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5981:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5780:Bounded Choice
5776:
5773:Another Gospel
5769:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5694:Anti-Mormonism
5691:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5638:Georges Fenech
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5561:Paul R. Martin
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5531:Norman Geisler
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5496:Harold Busséll
5493:
5488:
5486:Graham Baldwin
5483:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5450:Reachout Trust
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:Saul V. Levine
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5279:Leon Festinger
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5191:Secular groups
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5096:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5071:Academic study
5067:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5025:Anti-Mormonism
5022:
5021:
5020:
5009:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4745:Ellen G. White
4742:
4737:
4732:
4730:Rudolf Steiner
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:Ahn Sahng-hong
4692:
4687:
4682:
4680:Helena Roerich
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:Sun Myung Moon
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:L. Ron Hubbard
4587:
4582:
4580:Kelsang Gyatso
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4490:Noble Drew Ali
4487:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Sukyo Mahikari
4364:
4363:
4362:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Peoples Temple
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:The New Church
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Jewish Renewal
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Friends of Man
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Brahma Kumaris
3922:
3917:
3911:Bible Students
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3773:
3757:
3756:External links
3754:
3753:
3752:
3726:(3): 471–501.
3715:
3689:(2): 101–115.
3678:
3666:10.2307/202166
3649:
3629:10.1086/227169
3610:
3600:(2): 169–176.
3589:
3563:(3): 367–375.
3552:
3534:(4): 348–356.
3518:
3508:(2): 143–168.
3491:
3454:
3444:(1): 117–140.
3433:
3415:(2): 303–319.
3404:
3367:
3341:(3): 253–280.
3330:
3320:(2): 312–331.
3309:
3283:(2): 171–183.
3272:
3259:
3238:
3212:(3): 285–303.
3201:
3183:(5): 562–577.
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3148:
3122:
3116:
3103:
3097:
3079:Wohlforth, Tim
3074:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3042:
3024:
3007:
3001:
2988:
2982:
2969:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2924:
2918:
2904:, ed. (2004).
2898:
2897:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2825:
2812:
2806:
2782:
2776:
2756:
2750:
2742:Altamira Press
2733:
2727:
2714:
2708:
2695:
2689:
2673:
2667:
2654:
2641:
2635:
2615:
2609:
2596:
2590:
2571:
2554:
2532:
2526:
2506:
2500:
2480:
2474:
2454:
2448:
2428:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2376:Barker, Eileen
2372:
2366:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2328:
2326:, p. 174.
2316:
2314:, p. 144.
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2230:, p. 257.
2220:
2218:, p. 487.
2208:
2193:
2178:
2166:
2151:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2045:
2033:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1940:
1936:Pargament 1997
1928:
1916:
1914:, p. 139.
1904:
1892:
1877:
1865:
1863:, p. 144.
1853:
1841:
1839:, p. 349.
1829:
1817:
1805:
1803:, p. 214.
1793:
1781:
1779:, p. 180.
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1731:, p. 124.
1721:
1709:
1707:, p. 349.
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1659:, p. 897.
1649:
1632:
1630:, p. 322.
1607:
1605:, p. 231.
1595:
1580:
1565:
1563:, p. 172.
1561:Crockford 2024
1553:
1538:
1536:, p. 473.
1523:
1503:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1427:, p. 124.
1417:
1405:
1370:
1368:, p. 321.
1347:
1345:, p. 103.
1334:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1305:
1297:
1290:
1264:
1257:
1240:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:Secret society
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:Cult following
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1093:
1092:Western Europe
1090:
998:
995:
965:
962:
943:imperial China
905:Main article:
902:
899:
866:Main article:
863:
860:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
731:Main article:
728:
725:
723:
720:
689:
686:
645:Leon Festinger
634:millenarianism
630:apocalypticism
619:Main article:
616:
615:Doomsday cults
613:
605:Peoples Temple
601:John A. Saliba
505:Peoples Temple
493:
490:
488:
485:
480:James R. Lewis
289:
286:
173:often carries
166:
163:
69:
68:
62:September 2024
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5922:
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5910:
5908:
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5900:
5896:
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5879:
5875:
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5809:
5805:
5803:
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5756:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
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5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5673:Nick Xenophon
5671:
5669:
5668:Tom Sackville
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:Stephen Mutch
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5628:Nicolas About
5626:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5536:Jan Groenveld
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5526:Robin Garbose
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:Ronald Enroth
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Maurice Davis
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:Chris Shelton
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:Steven Hassan
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Martin Faiers
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:Doomsday cult
5155:
5153:
5152:Deprogramming
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Self religion
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Doomsday cult
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:Nakayama Miki
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Nikkyō Niwano
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Sri Aurobindo
4508:
4506:
4505:Shoko Asahara
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:Word of Faith
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4304:Temple of Set
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:New Acropolis
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Heaven's Gate
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Discordianism
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Anthroposophy
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3772:at Wiktionary
3771:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:(1): 97–106.
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3270:(1): 145–172.
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
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3027:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3002:9781138677951
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
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2960:
2956:
2955:PublicAffairs
2952:
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2930:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2892:Swatos (1998)
2889:
2884:
2880:
2879:Swatos (1998)
2876:
2871:
2867:
2866:Swatos (1998)
2863:
2858:
2854:
2853:Swatos (1998)
2850:
2845:
2841:
2840:Swatos (1998)
2837:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:Stark, Rodney
2783:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:Stark, Rodney
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2728:0-8133-3005-X
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2696:
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2674:
2670:
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2628:
2624:
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2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
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2485:
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2477:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
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2437:
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2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2338:, p. 48.
2337:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2264:Marshall 2013
2260:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2132:, p. ix.
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2072:, p. 27.
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2043:, p. 47.
2042:
2037:
2031:, p. 46.
2030:
2025:
2023:
2016:, p. 25.
2015:
2010:
2004:, p. 31.
2003:
1998:
1992:, p. 41.
1991:
1986:
1984:
1977:, p. 20.
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1902:, p. 86.
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1827:, p. 34.
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1777:Ashcraft 2006
1773:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1719:, p. 25.
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1693:Campbell 1998
1689:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1593:, p. 97.
1592:
1587:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1415:, p. 96.
1414:
1409:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:freedoms and
1298:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1224:
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1211:
1210:Brit. Mail 30
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1118:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Frye standard
1067:
1066:Richard Ofshe
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:In 1990, the
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:and protects
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:deprogramming
1008:
1004:
997:United States
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
971:
961:
959:
957:
949:
944:
940:
935:
930:
929:
921:
917:
913:
908:
898:
896:
895:public policy
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
859:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
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626:Doomsday cult
622:
621:Doomsday cult
612:
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602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
586:Osho movement
583:
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5799:
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5633:Serge Blisko
5501:Gérard Dagon
5379:Cyril Vosper
5374:Alain Vivien
5339:Sayuri Ogawa
5329:Casey McCann
5314:Janja Lalich
5269:Steve Eichel
5177:Mind control
5146:
4992:
4967:Nova Religio
4965:
4958:
4902:UFO religion
4847:Neoshamanism
4811:
4715:Joseph Smith
4615:Lu Sheng-yen
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4530:Alice Bailey
4355:Spiritualism
4279:Santa Muerte
4195:Unity Church
4049:Fung Loy Kok
3906:Baháʼí Faith
3896:Armstrongism
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2461:
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2324:Robbins 2002
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1924:Jenkins 2000
1919:
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1873:Jenkins 2000
1868:
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1844:
1832:
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1796:
1791:, p. 1.
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1681:Swatos 1998a
1676:
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1578:, p. 4.
1556:
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1494:. Retrieved
1490:
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1282:. Retrieved
1260:
1252:
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1202:
1201:Compare the
1197:
1113:Solar Temple
1109:
1086:Dick Anthony
1078:brainwashing
1057:
1051:
1000:
968:In 2008 the
967:
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924:
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806:brainwashing
802:sociologists
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652:
649:UFO religion
625:
624:
609:mass suicide
596:
592:
590:
565:
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558:in the book
536:
532:
530:
519:Psychologist
510:
509:
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455:John Lofland
452:
445:
439:
430:Rodney Stark
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418:
410:
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387:
383:
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373:
369:denomination
368:
362:
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322:sociological
319:
277:
268:
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238:beliefs and
208:totalitarian
193:
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159:brainwashing
135:sociological
132:
114:beliefs and
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5643:Ford Greene
5369:Eito Suzuki
5344:Ted Patrick
5309:Masaki Kito
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5294:Ian Haworth
4937:Scholarship
4670:Ramakrishna
4605:Anton LaVey
4550:Sri Chinmoy
4525:Baháʼu'lláh
4350:Soka Gakkai
4284:Santo Daime
4272:Radha Soami
4262:Sahaja Yoga
4185:New Thought
3972:Charismatic
3962:Pentecostal
3660:(1): 7–13.
3249:: 329–346.
2228:Heggie 2020
2174:Barker 1999
2118:Ayella 1990
2106:Barker 1986
2082:Wright 1997
1900:Newman 2006
1861:Saliba 2003
1837:Dawson 1998
1765:Barker 1998
1284:3 September
974:Pagan cults
676:members in
541:sociopathic
447:affiliation
242:, or their
212:charismatic
118:, or their
88:charismatic
5957:Categories
5749:Waco siege
5587:610 Office
5556:Bob Larson
5551:Roger Ikor
5521:Mike Garde
5005:Opposition
4675:Prem Rawat
4625:Meher Baba
4595:Li Hongzhi
4585:Hak Ja Han
4540:David Berg
4454:Weixinjiao
4044:Fourth Way
4029:Falun Gong
4019:Creativity
3087:. Armonk:
2875:Conversion
2466:Bloomsbury
2204:Penny 2012
2162:Davis 1996
2130:Cowan 2003
2014:Cowan 2003
2002:Cowan 2003
1975:Cowan 2003
1669:Weber 1985
1645:Lewis 2004
1591:Olson 2006
1534:Rubin 2001
1473:Stein 2016
1449:Olson 2006
1401:required.)
1237:required.)
1184:References
1158:Fanaticism
1138:Cargo cult
1096:See also:
1054:court case
1007:U.S. court
916:Falun Gong
821:kidnapping
817:mass media
752:evangelize
663:world view
550:, loss of
462:1964 as a
441:conversion
264:Waco siege
222:and other
216:pejorative
175:derogatory
98:and other
92:pejorative
5663:Paul Rose
5607:MIVILUDES
5354:Rick Ross
4759:By region
4382:Theosophy
4360:Spiritism
4252:Rastafari
4143:Rodnovery
4138:Heathenry
4113:Mormonism
4059:Godianism
3950:Noahidism
3891:Antoinism
3864:Ahmadiyya
3842:Adventism
3837:Brahmoism
3833:Adi Dharm
3740:0275-0392
3703:0034-673X
3637:0002-9602
3577:1069-4404
3479:0021-8294
3429:144440076
3392:0034-673X
3355:2159-6808
3297:0038-0210
3226:0021-8294
3197:144181163
2384:Routledge
1330:Citations
1098:MIVILUDES
794:free will
786:Jonestown
748:orthodoxy
743:heretical
706:far-right
678:Stockholm
501:Jim Jones
424:Scholars
398:Max Weber
330:Max Weber
232:spiritual
228:religious
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104:religious
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116:rituals
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