2643:(OCD). They note that OCD behavior often consists of such behavior as constantly cleaning objects, concern or disgust with bodily waste or secretions, repetitive actions to prevent harm, heavy emphasis on number or order of actions etc. They then show that ethnographic descriptions of cultural rituals contain around 5 times more of such content than ethnographic descriptions of other activities such as "work". Fiske later repeated similar analysis with more descriptions from a larger collection of different cultures, also contrasting descriptions of cultural rituals to descriptions of other behavioral disorders (in addition to OCD), in order to show that only OCD-like behavior (not other illnesses) shares properties with rituals. The authors offer tentative explanations for these findings, for example that these behavioral traits are widely needed for survival, to control risk, and cultural rituals are often performed in the context of perceived collective risk.
2183:
77:
2365:'s model of the structure of initiation rites, and Gluckman's functionalist emphasis on the ritualization of social conflict to maintain social equilibrium, with a more structural model of symbols in ritual. Running counter to this emphasis on structured symbolic oppositions within a ritual was his exploration of the liminal phase of rites of passage, a phase in which "anti-structure" appears. In this phase, opposed states such as birth and death may be encompassed by a single act, object or phrase. The dynamic nature of symbols experienced in ritual provides a compelling personal experience; ritual is a "mechanism that periodically converts the obligatory into the desirable".
1403:
2375:. Drawing on Levi-Strauss' Structuralist approach, she saw ritual as symbolic communication that constrained social behaviour. Grid is a scale referring to the degree to which a symbolic system is a shared frame of reference. Group refers to the degree people are tied into a tightly knit community. When graphed on two intersecting axes, four quadrants are possible: strong group/strong grid, strong group/weak grid, weak group/weak grid, weak group/strong grid. Douglas argued that societies with strong group or strong grid were marked by more ritual activity than those weak in either group or grid. (see also,
2342:, the French anthropologist, regarded all social and cultural organization as symbolic systems of communication shaped by the inherent structure of the human brain. He therefore argued that the symbol systems are not reflections of social structure as the Functionalists believed, but are imposed on social relations to organize them. Lévi-Strauss thus viewed myth and ritual as complementary symbol systems, one verbal, one non-verbal. Lévi-Strauss was not concerned to develop a theory of ritual (although he did produce a four-volume analysis of myth) but was influential to later scholars of ritual such as
2204:, in contrast, saw ritual and technical action less as separate structural types of activity and more as a spectrum: "Actions fall into place on a continuous scale. At one extreme we have actions which are entirely profane, entirely functional, technique pure and simple; at the other we have actions which are entirely sacred, strictly aesthetic, technically non-functional. Between these two extremes we have the great majority of social actions which partake partly of the one sphere and partly of the other. From this point of view technique and ritual, profane and sacred, do not denote
2095:
1777:
2171:" were concerned with the basic question of how religion originated in human history. In the twentieth century their conjectural histories were replaced with new concerns around the question of what these beliefs and practices did for societies, regardless of their origin. In this view, religion was a universal, and while its content might vary enormously, it served certain basic functions such as the provision of prescribed solutions to basic human psychological and social problems, as well as expressing the central values of a society.
1332:
1906:
social tensions continue to persist outside the ritual, pressure mounts for the ritual's cyclical performance. In
Carnival, for example, the practice of masking allows people to be what they are not, and acts as a general social leveller, erasing otherwise tense social hierarchies in a festival that emphasizes play outside the bounds of normal social limits. Yet outside carnival, social tensions of race, class and gender persist, hence requiring the repeated periodic release found in the festival.
1882:
2488:
1706:
1839:
2401:). While the ritual clearly articulated the cultural ideals of a society through ritual symbolism, the unrestrained festivities of the liminal period served to break down social barriers and to join the group into an undifferentiated unity with "no status, property, insignia, secular clothing, rank, kinship position, nothing to demarcate themselves from their fellows". These periods of symbolic inversion have been studied in a diverse range of rituals such as
10474:
1323:
becomes more style than content. Because this formal speech limits what can be said, it induces "acceptance, compliance, or at least forbearance with regard to any overt challenge". Bloch argues that this form of ritual communication makes rebellion impossible and revolution the only feasible alternative. Ritual tends to support traditional forms of social hierarchy and authority, and maintains the assumptions on which the authority is based from challenge.
10484:
10516:
2418:
social dramas as a dynamic process through which the community renewed itself through the ritual creation of communitas during the "liminal phase". Turner analyzed the ritual events in 4 stages: breach in relations, crisis, redressive actions, and acts of reintegration. Like
Gluckman, he argued these rituals maintain social order while facilitating disordered inversions, thereby moving people to a new status, just as in an initiation rite.
1307:
10550:
2669:, ritual may be understood as one of the key components of religiosity. And ritual itself may be broken down into four dimensions; content, frequency, intensity and centrality. The content of a ritual may vary from ritual to ritual, as does the frequency of its practice, the intensity of the ritual (how much of an impact it has on the practitioner), and the centrality of the ritual (in that religious tradition).
2221:
10533:
2740:
2150:
2114:, as in "the divine right" of European kings, or the divine Japanese Emperor. Political rituals also emerge in the form of uncodified or codified conventions practiced by political officials that cement respect for the arrangements of an institution or role against the individual temporarily assuming it, as can be seen in the many rituals still observed within the procedure of
42:
2110:, he argued that rituals are not an ornament of political power, but that the power of political actors depends upon their ability to create rituals and the cosmic framework within which the social hierarchy headed by the king is perceived as natural and sacred. As a "dramaturgy of power" comprehensive ritual systems may create a cosmological order that
2479:
spectrum of formality, with some less, others more formal and restrictive. Csordas argues that innovations may be introduced in less formalized rituals. As these innovations become more accepted and standardized, they are slowly adopted in more formal rituals. In this way, even the most formal of rituals are potential avenues for creative expression.
1830:). Calendrical rites impose a cultural order on nature. Mircea Eliade states that the calendrical rituals of many religious traditions recall and commemorate the basic beliefs of a community, and their yearly celebration establishes a link between past and present, as if the original events are happening over again: "Thus the gods did; thus men do."
1373:, such as the rituals of the British monarchy, which invoke "thousand year-old tradition" but whose actual form originate in the late nineteenth century, to some extent reviving earlier forms, in this case medieval, that had been discontinued in the meantime. Thus, the appeal to history is important rather than accurate historical transmission.
1259:, "the lawful and regular order of the normal, and therefore proper, natural and true structure of cosmic, worldly, human and ritual events". The word "ritual" is first recorded in English in 1570, and came into use in the 1600s to mean "the prescribed order of performing religious services" or more particularly a book of these prescriptions.
2509:"...a type of routine behaviour that symbolizes or expresses something". As a symbolic activity, it is no longer confined to religion, but is distinguished from technical action. The shift in definitions from script to behavior, which is likened to a text, is matched by a semantic distinction between ritual as an
2650:
suggest that commonalities between obsessive behavior in individuals and similar behavior in collective contexts possibly share similarities due to underlying mental processes they call hazard precaution. They suggest that individuals of societies seem to pay more attention to information relevant to
2524:
wrote "such emotional states, if present at all, must vary not only from individual to individual, but also in the same individual on different occasions and even at different points in the same rite." Asad, in contrast, emphasizes behavior and inner emotional states; rituals are to be performed, and
2450:
Symbolic anthropologists like Geertz analyzed rituals as language-like codes to be interpreted independently as cultural systems. Geertz rejected
Functionalist arguments that ritual describes social order, arguing instead that ritual actively shapes that social order and imposes meaning on disordered
1681:
marriage" (i.e., the tension a woman feels between her mother's family, to whom she owes allegiance, and her husband's family among whom she must live). "It is because the woman has come too closely in touch with the 'man's side' in her marriage that her dead matrikin have impaired her fertility." To
1393:
Rituals tend to be governed by rules, a feature somewhat like formalism. Rules impose norms on the chaos of behavior, either defining the outer limits of what is acceptable or choreographing each move. Individuals are held to communally approved customs that evoke a legitimate communal authority that
2621:
has extended this idea by shifting attention from ritual as a category, to the processes of "ritualization" by which ritual is created as a cultural form in a society. Ritualization is "a way of acting that is designed and orchestrated to distinguish and privilege what is being done in comparison to
2580:
and community on a weekly basis involving pep rallies and the game itself. Foley observed judgement and segregation based on class, social status, wealth, and gender. He described Friday Night Lights as a ritual that overcomes those differences: "The other, gentler, more social side of football was,
2478:
Bloch's model of ritual language denies the possibility of creativity. Thomas
Csordas, in contrast, analyzes how ritual language can be used to innovate. Csordas looks at groups of rituals that share performative elements ("genres" of ritual with a shared "poetics"). These rituals may fall along the
2417:
Beginning with Max
Gluckman's concept of "rituals of rebellion", Victor Turner argued that many types of ritual also served as "social dramas" through which structural social tensions could be expressed, and temporarily resolved. Drawing on Van Gennep's model of initiation rites, Turner viewed these
2190:
Malinowski argued that ritual was a non-technical means of addressing anxiety about activities where dangerous elements were beyond technical control: "magic is to be expected and generally to be found whenever man comes to an unbridgeable gap, a hiatus in his knowledge or in his powers of practical
1685:
Shamanic and other ritual may effect a psychotherapeutic cure, leading anthropologists such as Jane
Atkinson to theorize how. Atkinson argues that the effectiveness of a shamanic ritual for an individual may depend upon a wider audiences acknowledging the shaman's power, which may lead to the shaman
1440:
The performance of ritual creates a theatrical-like frame around the activities, symbols and events that shape participant's experience and cognitive ordering of the world, simplifying the chaos of life and imposing a more or less coherent system of categories of meaning onto it. As
Barbara Myerhoff
1410:
Activities appealing to supernatural beings are easily considered rituals, although the appeal may be quite indirect, expressing only a generalized belief in the existence of the sacred demanding a human response. National flags, for example, may be considered more than signs representing a country.
2543:
Drawing on the example of
Medieval monastic life in Europe, he points out that ritual in this case refers to its original meaning of the "...book directing the order and manner to be observed in performing divine service". This book "prescribed practices, whether they had to do with the proper ways
1415:
does not encourage reflection on the logical relations among these ideas, nor on the logical consequences of them as they are played out in social actuality, over time and history. On the contrary, the flag encourages a sort of all-or-nothing allegiance to the whole package, best summed 'Our flag,
2508:
notes that from 1771 to 1852, the brief articles on ritual define it as a "book directing the order and manner to be observed in performing divine service" (i.e., as a script). There are no articles on the subject thereafter until 1910, when a new, lengthy article appeared that redefines ritual as
2466:
argued that ritual communication is unusual in that it uses a special, restricted vocabulary, a small number of permissible illustrations, and a restrictive grammar. As a result, ritual utterances become very predictable, and the speaker is made anonymous in that they have little choice in what to
1892:
Rites of feasting and fasting are those through which a community publicly expresses an adherence to basic, shared religious values, rather than to the overt presence of deities as is found in rites of affliction where feasting or fasting may also take place. It encompasses a range of performances
2446:
also expanded on the symbolic approach to ritual that began with Victor Turner. Geertz argued that religious symbol systems provided both a "model of" reality (showing how to interpret the world as is) as well as a "model for" reality (clarifying its ideal state). The role of ritual, according to
1905:
festivities; or penitential processions in
Catholicism. Victor Turner described this "cultural performance" of basic values a "social drama". Such dramas allow the social stresses that are inherent in a particular culture to be expressed and worked out symbolically in a ritual catharsis; as the
1384:
states that ritual is also invariant, implying careful choreography. This is less an appeal to traditionalism than a striving for timeless repetition. The key to invariance is bodily discipline, as in monastic prayer and meditation meant to mold dispositions and moods. This bodily discipline is
1322:
call a "restricted code" (in opposition to a more open "elaborated code"). Maurice Bloch argues that ritual obliges participants to use this formal oratorical style, which is limited in intonation, syntax, vocabulary, loudness, and fixity of order. In adopting this style, ritual leaders' speech
1805:
Calendrical and commemorative rites are ritual events marking particular times of year, or a fixed period since an important event. Calendrical rituals give social meaning to the passage of time, creating repetitive weekly, monthly or yearly cycles. Some rites are oriented towards a culturally
2268:
maintained environmental balance between humans, available food (with pigs sharing the same foodstuffs as humans) and resource base. Rappaport concluded that ritual, "...helps to maintain an undegraded environment, limits fighting to frequencies which do not endanger the existence of regional
2195:
sought to resolve these opposing theories by differentiating between "primary anxieties" felt by people who lack the techniques to secure results, and "secondary (or displaced) anxiety" felt by those who have not performed the rites meant to allay primary anxiety correctly. Homans argued that
2571:
Ethnographic observation shows ritual can create social solidarity. Douglas Foley Went to North Town, Texas, between 1973 and 1974 to study public high school culture. He used interviews, participant observation, and unstructured chatting to study racial tension and capitalist culture in his
2125:
that developed against colonial powers in the South
Pacific. In such religio-political movements, Islanders would use ritual imitations of western practices (such as the building of landing strips) as a means of summoning cargo (manufactured goods) from the ancestors. Leaders of these groups
1517:
Other classes of rituals include divinatory rituals; ceremonies performed by political authorities to ensure the health and fertility of human beings, animals, and crops in their territories; initiation into priesthoods devoted to certain deities, into religious associations, or into secret
1358:
accurately. Traditionalism varies from formalism in that the ritual may not be formal yet still makes an appeal to the historical trend. An example is the American Thanksgiving dinner, which may not be formal, yet is ostensibly based on an event from the early Puritan settlement of America.
1768:
prayer is an essential communal act that underscores the unity of the Muslim community in life and death. Indigenous cultures may have unique practices, such as the Australian Aboriginal smoking ceremony, intended to cleanse the spirit of the departed and ensure a safe journey to the
2552:
Symbols call for interpretation, and even as interpretive criteria are extended so interpretations can be multiplied. Disciplinary practices, on the other hand, cannot be varied so easily, because learning to develop moral capabilities is not the same thing as learning to invent
2306:), and that it functioned as an institutional pressure valve, relieving those tensions through these cyclical performances. The rites ultimately functioned to reinforce social order, insofar as they allowed those tensions to be expressed without leading to actual rebellion.
1653:
Anthropologist Victor Turner defines rites of affliction actions that seek to mitigate spirits or supernatural forces that inflict humans with bad luck, illness, gynecological troubles, physical injuries, and other such misfortunes. These rites may include forms of spirit
2000:). Rites that use water are not considered water rites if it is not their central feature. For example, having water to drink during or after ritual is common, but does not make thar ritual a water ritual unless the drinking of water is a central activity such as in the
286:
2447:
Geertz, is to bring these two aspects – the "model of" and the "model for" – together: "it is in ritual – that is consecrated behaviour – that this conviction that religious conceptions are veridical and that religious directives are sound is somehow generated."
1763:
in Sikhism. These rituals often reflect deep spiritual beliefs and provide a structured way for communities to grieve and honor the deceased. In Buddhism, for example, the bardo rituals guide the soul through the stages of death and rebirth. In Islam, the
2529:
In other words, apt performance involves not symbols to be interpreted but abilities to be acquired according to rules that are sanctioned by those in authority: it presupposes no obscure meanings, but rather the formation of physical and linguistic
2708:. Although ritual is often used in context with worship performed in a church, the actual relationship between any religion's doctrine and its ritual(s) can vary considerably from organized religion to non-institutionalized spirituality, such as
2301:
coined the phrase "rituals of rebellion" to describe a type of ritual in which the accepted social order was symbolically turned on its head. Gluckman argued that the ritual was an expression of underlying social tensions (an idea taken up by
2467:
say. The restrictive syntax reduces the ability of the speaker to make propositional arguments, and they are left, instead, with utterances that cannot be contradicted such as "I do thee wed" in a wedding. These kinds of utterances, known as
1662:) to establish causes—and rituals that heal, purify, exorcise, and protect. The misfortune experienced may include individual health, but also broader climate-related issues such as drought or plagues of insects. Healing rites performed by
2126:
characterized the present state (often imposed by colonial capitalist regimes) as a dismantling of the old social order, which they sought to restore. Rituals may also attain political significance after conflict, as is the case with the
2269:
population, adjusts man-land ratios, facilitates trade, distributes local surpluses of pig throughout the regional population in the form of pork, and assures people of high quality protein when they are most in need of it". Similarly,
2199:
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown argued that ritual should be distinguished from technical action, viewing it as a structured event: "ritual acts differ from technical acts in having in all instances some expressive or symbolic element in them."
1267:
There are hardly any limits to the kind of actions that may be incorporated into a ritual. The rites of past and present societies have typically involved special gestures and words, recitation of fixed texts, performance of special
2191:
control, and yet has to continue in his pursuit.". Radcliffe-Brown in contrast, saw ritual as an expression of common interest symbolically representing a community, and that anxiety was felt only if the ritual was not performed.
2630:
Anthropologists have also analyzed ritual via insights from other behavioral sciences. The idea that cultural rituals share behavioral similarities with personal rituals of individuals was discussed early on by Freud.
3102:
A ritual is a stereotyped sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and designed to influence preternatural entities or forces on behalf of the actors' goals and
2544:
of eating, sleeping, working, and praying or with proper moral dispositions and spiritual aptitudes, aimed at developing virtues that are put 'to the service of God.'" Monks, in other words, were disciplined in the
2459:
Whereas Victor Turner saw in ritual the potential to release people from the binding structures of their lives into a liberating anti-structure or communitas, Maurice Bloch argued that ritual produced conformity.
4323:
Fiske, A. P.; Haslam, N. Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder a Pathology of the Human Disposition to Perform Socially Meaningful Rituals? Evidence of Similar Content. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1997, 185 (4), 211–222.
2324:
symbolically inverted the normal social order, so that the king was publicly insulted, women asserted their domination over men, and the established authority of elders over the young was turned upside down.
3282:
2397:, Victor Turner argued that the liminal phase - that period 'betwixt and between' - was marked by "two models of human interrelatedness, juxtaposed and alternating": structure and anti-structure (or
1873:, sacrifice is distinguished from other forms of offering by being consecrated, and hence sanctified. As a consequence, the offering is usually destroyed in the ritual to transfer it to the deities.
1510:
1432:. Boy Scouts and the armed forces in any country teach the official ways of folding, saluting and raising the flag, thus emphasizing that the flag should never be treated as just a piece of cloth.
2179:, in contrast, looked for the function (purpose) of the institution or custom in preserving or maintaining society as a whole. They thus disagreed about the relationship of anxiety to ritual.
1606:, a condition of ambiguity or disorientation in which initiates have been stripped of their old identities, but have not yet acquired their new one. Turner states that "the attributes of
4328:
1342:(1863–1930). The painting shows common misconceptions about the event that persist to modern times: Pilgrims did not wear such outfits, and the Wampanoag are dressed in the style of
2256:
Although the functionalist model was soon superseded, later "neofunctional" theorists adopted its approach by examining the ways that ritual regulated larger ecological systems.
2651:
avoiding hazards, which in turn can explain why collective rituals displaying actions of hazard precaution are so popular and prevail for long periods in cultural transmission.
1394:
can constrain the possible outcomes. Historically, war in most societies has been bound by highly ritualized constraints that limit the legitimate means by which war was waged.
1682:
correct the balance of matrilinial descent and marriage, the Isoma ritual dramatically placates the deceased spirits by requiring the woman to reside with her mother's kin.
1120:, including a religious community. Rituals are characterized, but not defined, by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism, and performance.
2901:, Freemasons who have been raised to the degree of "Master Mason" have the option of joining appendant bodies that offer additional degrees to those, such as those of the
2451:
experience. He also differed from Gluckman and Turner's emphasis on ritual action as a means of resolving social passion, arguing instead that it simply displayed them.
2427:
Arguments, melodies, formulas, maps and pictures are not idealities to be stared at but texts to be read; so are rituals, palaces, technologies, and social formations.
1174:" category for a set activity (or set of actions) that, to the outsider, seems irrational, non-contiguous, or illogical. The term can be used also by the insider or "
4366:
Küçükcan, T. (2010). Multidimensional Approach to Religion: a way of looking at religious phenomena. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 4(10), 60–70.
1449:
For simplicity's sake, the range of diverse rituals can be divided into categories with common characteristics, generally falling into one three major categories:
5075:
Utz, Richard. "Negotiating Heritage: Observations on Semantic Concepts, Temporality, and the Centre for the Study of the Cultural Heritage of Medieval Rituals".
3292:
2371:, a British Functionalist, extended Turner's theory of ritual structure and anti-structure with her own contrasting set of terms "grid" and "group" in the book
1810:
or the changing of seasons, or they may mark the inauguration of an activity such as planting, harvesting, or moving from winter to summer pasture during the
2889:. These rituals are progressively taught to entrusted members during initiation into a particular Masonic rite comprising a series of degrees conferred by a
2107:
2646:
Other anthropologists have taken these insights further, and constructed more elaborate theories based on the brain functions and physiology. Liénard and
1411:
The flag stands for larger symbols such as freedom, democracy, free enterprise or national superiority. Anthropologist Sherry Ortner writes that the flag
1189:
is sometimes used in a technical sense for a repetitive behavior systematically used by a person to neutralize or prevent anxiety; it can be a symptom of
1673:
to illustrate. The Isoma rite of affliction is used to cure a childless woman of infertility. Infertility is the result of a "structural tension between
6894:
2494:
monk at work. "Monks described this labor of transcribing manuscripts as being 'like prayer and fasting, a means of correcting one's unruly passions.'"
1091:
4775:
Wilce, James M. (2006). "Magical Laments and Anthropological Reflections: The Production and Circulation of Anthropological Text as Ritual Activity".
4310:
Dulaney, S.; Fiske, A. P. Cultural Rituals and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Is There a Common Psychological Mechanism? Ethos 1994, 22 (3), 243–283.
6985:
4344:
Liénard, P.; Boyer, P. Whence Collective Rituals? A Cultural Selection Model of Ritualized Behavior. American Anthropologist 2006, 108 (4), 814–827.
1826:
on the first of January) while those calculated by the lunar calendar fall on different dates (of the Gregorian, Solar calendar) each year (such as
1170:
The field of ritual studies has seen a number of conflicting definitions of the term. One given by Kyriakidis is that a ritual is an outsider's or "
9427:
2023:
or fertility cult are religious rituals that are intended to stimulate reproduction in humans or in the natural world. Such rites may involve the
9276:
1862:, however, points out that sacrifice covers a range of practices from those that are manipulative and "magical" to those of pure devotion. Hindu
2639:
compared ethnographic descriptions of both rituals and non-ritual doings, such as work to behavioral descriptions from clinical descriptions of
10333:
4357:
Verbit, M.F. (1970). The components and dimensions of religious behavior: Toward a reconceptualization of religiosity. American mosaic, 24, 39.
1501:
However, rituals can fall in more than one category or genre, and may be grouped in a variety of other ways. For example, the anthropologist
10285:
7633:
2098:
Parade through Macao, Latin City (2019). The Parade is held annually on December 20th to mark the anniversary of Macao's Handover to China.
9321:
9248:
6419:
5520:
4742:. Intercultural Music Studies. Wilhelmshaven, DE.: International Council for Traditional Music, Florian Noetzel Verlag. pp. 41–56.
3667:
Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean
2618:
1859:
1381:
1295:
642:
398:
2769:(in Roman Catholicism, anointing of the sick is a sacrament while in Lutheranism it is not). The word "rite" is also used to denote a
1298:
argues that rituals can be characterized by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism and performance.
9121:
5498:
2576:. Foley refers to football games and Friday Night Lights as a community ritual. This ritual united the school and created a sense of
2520:
The emphasis has changed to establishing the meaning of public symbols and abandoning concerns with inner emotional states since, as
2182:
9572:
9412:
9286:
9271:
4162:
Bloch, Maurice (1974). "Symbols, Song, Dance and Features of Articulation: Is Religion an Extreme Form of Traditional Authority?".
1854:
and offering meant to praise, please or placate divine powers. According to early anthropologist Edward Tylor, such sacrifices are
599:
4405:. Religion’s Influence in Contemporary Society, Readings in the Sociology of Religion. Ohio: Charles E. Merril. pp. 38–56.
1084:
7211:
9432:
4849:
4609:
4433:
3803:
3778:
1218:
2599:
structure interfaith relationships and appear as acts of solidarity against ethno-nationalist purifications of territory in
2548:. The point of monastic discipline was to learn skills and appropriate emotions. Asad contrasts his approach by concluding:
9897:
6889:
4738:
Tolbert, Elizabeth (1990b). "Magico-Religious Power and Gender in the Karelian Lament". In Herndon, M.; Zigler, S. (eds.).
3710:
10504:
10015:
9296:
8892:
76:
4523:
10225:
9955:
9837:
9291:
7871:
5783:
5426:
5120:
3815:
3002:
2955:
2581:
of course, the emphasis on camaraderie, loyalty, friendship between players, and pulling together". In his ethnography
844:
418:
4028:
3556:
3419:
3322:
3306:
3259:
3243:
10275:
9096:
6304:
4689:
4421:
4116:
4083:
3675:
3403:
3108:
2931:
2640:
1190:
1077:
4546:
3834:
2071:, dances, etc. Sometimes sexual rituals are highly formalized and/or part of religious activity, as in the cases of
10328:
7881:
3985:
1780:
1518:
societies; and those accompanying the daily offering of food and libations to deities or ancestral spirits or both.
3726:
3603:
3587:
3354:
3338:
2471:, prevent speakers from making political arguments through logical argument, and are typical of what Weber called
10290:
10185:
9311:
9306:
9262:
8887:
7731:
6953:
5938:
4811:
3450:
2885:, rituals are scripted words and actions which employ Masonic symbolism to illustrate the principles espoused by
131:
10145:
9970:
9243:
8257:
8198:
8085:
7964:
7896:
6282:
5920:
5839:
5432:
4701:
2617:
Asad's work critiqued the notion that there were universal characteristics of ritual to be found in all cases.
1822:; those fixed by the solar calendar fall on the same day (of the Gregorian, Solar calendar) each year (such as
508:
8377:
8252:
10580:
10295:
9710:
9447:
9106:
8955:
8877:
8299:
7341:
6852:
5491:
1960:, a custom of spiritual and bodily purification involving bathing in a sacred waterfall, river, or lake; the
1666:
frequently identify social disorder as the cause, and make the restoration of social relationships the cure.
736:
281:
10353:
10155:
7363:
6071:
2872:
1624:
or emotional bond of community between them. This stage may be marked by ritual ordeals or ritual training.
216:
8387:
10363:
10075:
10070:
9842:
8360:
8321:
7876:
7790:
7358:
7022:
5688:
5027:
Seijo, F. (2005). "The Politics of Fire: Spanish Forest Policy and Ritual Resistance in Galicia, Spain".
2744:
2743:
This Lutheran pastor administers the rite of confirmation on youth confirmands after instructing them in
8392:
8382:
1350:
Rituals appeal to tradition and are generally continued to repeat historical precedent, religious rite,
9136:
9081:
8777:
7517:
7012:
5683:
5625:
5421:
7105:
2500:
1178:" performer as an acknowledgement that this activity can be seen as such by the uninitiated onlooker.
10388:
10177:
10035:
9487:
8370:
8149:
7780:
7410:
6933:
6065:
5817:
5654:
5609:
3200:
2588:
2294:
1402:
1256:
957:
814:
8488:
4699:
Tolbert, Elizabeth (1990a). "Women Cry with Words: Symbolization of Affect in the Karelian Lament".
4588:
Snoek, Jan A.M. (2014). "Masonic Rituals of Initiation". In Bodgan, Henrik; Snoek, Jan A.M. (eds.).
9892:
9852:
9807:
9597:
9587:
9392:
9141:
8966:
8902:
8872:
8762:
8527:
8436:
8404:
8365:
8277:
7174:
6399:
6335:
5805:
5790:
5484:
5334:
3810:
It is estimated that in our times more than 350,000 Masses are celebrated each day on planet earth!
2660:
2235:
2162:
1937:
1429:
1425:
1227:
706:
558:
171:
68:
6842:
4830:
2785:. Such rites may include various sub-rites. For example, the Byzantine Rite (which is used by the
2293:
While most Functionalists sought to link ritual to the maintenance of social order, South African
1616:("threshold people") are necessarily ambiguous". In this stage of liminality or "anti-structure" (
1592:
Wherein the initiates are separated from their old identities through physical and symbolic means.
10343:
10280:
10230:
10190:
10135:
9770:
9765:
9655:
9602:
9492:
9422:
9218:
9024:
8939:
8144:
8122:
7921:
7743:
7268:
6884:
6811:
6495:
5866:
5666:
5575:
2168:
1339:
889:
839:
620:
453:
241:
31:
17:
4986:
4108:
4075:
2809:, practicing Muslims must perform a ritual recitation from the Quran in Arabic while bowing and
2436:
10210:
10105:
10065:
10045:
9902:
9877:
9782:
9755:
9705:
9675:
9665:
9582:
9547:
9532:
9517:
9472:
9407:
9076:
9007:
8912:
8907:
8648:
8571:
8333:
8215:
8139:
7936:
7926:
7785:
7753:
7691:
7662:
7169:
7164:
6948:
6829:
6789:
6574:
5915:
5910:
5890:
5886:
5113:
4038:
3995:
3736:
3720:
3613:
3597:
3566:
3460:
3429:
3413:
3364:
3348:
3332:
3316:
3269:
3253:
3160:
3118:
2806:
2766:
2705:
2600:
2154:
2127:
1280:, processions, manipulation of certain objects, use of special dresses, consumption of special
834:
666:
661:
256:
3768:
2863:
is the ritual travel, partway between walking and running, seven times between the two hills.
2855:
2583:
2339:
523:
10539:
10451:
10396:
10313:
10265:
10240:
10040:
9862:
9857:
9725:
9715:
9537:
9213:
9151:
8971:
8917:
8338:
8316:
8235:
8176:
7842:
7281:
7132:
6262:
5861:
5773:
5448:
3929:
3844:
3828:
3635:
2937:
2876:
2758:
2592:
2545:
2521:
2472:
2285:
of Bali, ensuring the optimum distribution of water over the system while limiting disputes.
2052:
1718:
1067:
849:
686:
578:
573:
528:
498:
35:
7152:
7100:
4840:
Aractingi, Jean-Marc and G. Le Pape. (2011) "Rituals and catechisms in Ecumenical Rite" in
4751:
4648:
3665:
10441:
10431:
10416:
10323:
10250:
10220:
10195:
10160:
10120:
10115:
10090:
9960:
9882:
9832:
9812:
9802:
9690:
9637:
9612:
9462:
9457:
9437:
9402:
9387:
9331:
9101:
9034:
9002:
8882:
8817:
8683:
8561:
8414:
8294:
8193:
8105:
8073:
8068:
7916:
7648:
7017:
6901:
6485:
6245:
5856:
5800:
5751:
5736:
5589:
5453:
5007:, foreword by Hugh J. Silverman, with author's introduction, Amherst (USA), Humanity Books.
3077:
2984:
2810:
2176:
2172:
2094:
2082:
2001:
1490:
996:
721:
606:
568:
166:
116:
7216:
6098:
5014:
1-23. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.21
2027:
of "a primal animal, which must be sacrificed in the cause of fertility or even creation".
1996:) that similarly represents purification and initiation into the religious community (the
8:
10446:
10421:
10401:
10378:
10305:
10255:
10235:
10150:
10140:
10095:
10055:
10010:
10005:
9995:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9965:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9907:
9817:
9792:
9670:
9660:
9622:
9592:
9577:
9562:
9552:
9542:
9507:
9502:
9452:
9397:
9372:
9316:
9173:
9156:
9044:
9039:
9029:
8897:
8698:
8611:
8556:
8532:
8419:
8304:
8262:
8057:
7906:
7534:
7326:
7201:
6980:
6767:
6652:
6580:
6470:
6391:
6218:
5871:
5695:
5541:
5159:
4445:
3008:
2993:
2897:; those of "Entered Apprentice", "Journeyman" (or "Fellowcraft"), and "Master Mason". In
2834:
2752:
2724:
1941:
1796:
1648:
1369:
1144:
1140:
1063:
903:
681:
613:
503:
4377:
3081:
10426:
10406:
10373:
10270:
10260:
10205:
10200:
10130:
10110:
10100:
10085:
10080:
10060:
10030:
10025:
10000:
9990:
9922:
9887:
9872:
9777:
9750:
9740:
9700:
9685:
9680:
9632:
9627:
9567:
9522:
9482:
9377:
9364:
9166:
9146:
9071:
8944:
8767:
8441:
8399:
8240:
8208:
8183:
8110:
8090:
7911:
7859:
7847:
7825:
7417:
7375:
7248:
7073:
7068:
7063:
6862:
6646:
6622:
6001:
5925:
5673:
5619:
5296:
5286:
5181:
4792:
4752:
4726:
4718:
4665:
4301:
Freud, S. (1928) Die Zukunft einer Illusion. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.
4179:
4101:
4068:
3945:
3287:
3023:
2925:
2826:
2307:
2270:
2243:
1915:
1886:
1811:
869:
760:
518:
293:
156:
7529:
7078:
6674:
6404:
2310:
is viewed in the same light. He observed, for example, how the first-fruits festival (
1686:
placing greater emphasis on engaging the audience than in the healing of the patient.
10483:
10477:
10411:
10368:
10358:
10348:
10338:
10245:
10165:
10125:
10050:
10020:
9912:
9867:
9847:
9822:
9797:
9760:
9745:
9720:
9695:
9607:
9557:
9512:
9497:
9477:
9467:
9442:
9382:
9326:
9086:
8862:
8458:
8429:
8353:
8348:
8309:
8247:
8203:
8188:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8100:
7835:
7721:
7487:
7457:
7437:
7258:
7053:
7034:
7029:
6943:
6906:
6627:
6542:
6465:
6363:
6353:
6321:
6309:
6277:
6254:
6236:
6132:
5987:
5895:
5881:
5844:
5832:
5661:
5580:
5532:
5458:
5106:
5048:
4948:
4903:
4855:
Bax, Marcel. (2010). 'Rituals'. In: Jucker, Andeas H. & Taavitsainen, Irma, eds.
4845:
4730:
4685:
4678:
4649:
4615:
4605:
4429:
4378:"Can Religiosity be Measured? Dimensions of Religious Commitment: Theories Revisited"
4199:
Language, Charisma, & Creativity: Ritual Life in the Catholic Charismatic Renewal
4183:
4112:
4079:
3922:
3799:
3774:
3671:
3628:
3093:
2919:
2814:
2770:
2632:
2362:
2282:
2278:
2175:
used the concept of function to address questions of individual psychological needs;
1823:
1800:
1776:
1630:
Wherein the initiates are symbolically confirmed in their new identity and community.
1582:
1331:
755:
627:
488:
407:
325:
7941:
7539:
7189:
6911:
4796:
3047:
1993:
478:
10436:
10318:
10215:
9827:
9787:
9735:
9730:
9647:
9617:
9527:
9417:
9281:
9233:
9228:
8787:
8752:
8725:
8483:
8468:
8343:
8267:
8117:
8095:
8003:
7864:
7643:
7606:
7462:
7447:
7395:
7179:
7159:
7127:
7122:
7093:
7088:
7000:
6990:
6799:
6763:
6755:
6726:
6639:
6559:
6554:
6517:
6507:
6433:
6371:
6213:
6050:
5900:
5558:
5416:
4784:
4710:
4597:
4398:
4325:
4171:
3870:
3545:
3390:
3085:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2673:
2666:
2303:
2265:
2192:
1981:
1980:
that represents both purification and initiation into the religious community (the
1827:
1536:
1513:
or they may be contingent, held in response to an individual or collective crisis.
1453:
1136:
1021:
780:
765:
716:
548:
8080:
3947:
Priests and Programmers: technologies of power in the engineered landscape of Bali
3875:
3858:
3549:
3395:
3378:
3089:
1193:
but obsessive-compulsive ritualistic behaviors are generally isolated activities.
10575:
10487:
9111:
9091:
8581:
8473:
8463:
8132:
7800:
7591:
7571:
7502:
7467:
7400:
7184:
7110:
7083:
7058:
6995:
6958:
6746:
6689:
6460:
5977:
5778:
5704:
5644:
5599:
5568:
5344:
5281:
5209:
4660:
4569:
4550:
4527:
4451:
4425:
4332:
4311:
3011: – theory of how people form social groups proposed by cultural sociologists
2701:
2685:
2443:
2394:
2103:
1936:
as its central feature. Typically, a person is immersed or bathed as a symbol of
1923:
1863:
1765:
1742:
1364:
1311:
1045:
1016:
1006:
829:
650:
513:
468:
423:
413:
211:
201:
126:
5077:
4871:
The Dangers of Ritual. Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific Theory
9238:
9126:
9066:
8782:
8757:
8542:
8446:
8328:
8272:
8225:
7638:
7586:
7482:
7452:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7405:
7301:
7221:
7194:
7147:
7137:
6149:
5812:
5795:
5614:
5594:
5563:
5359:
5204:
5196:
4917:
3536:
Atkinson, Jane (1987). "The Effectiveness of Shamans in an Indonesian Ritual".
2890:
2778:
2229:
2020:
2014:
1819:
1815:
1674:
1485:
rites of personal devotion, where an individual worships, including prayer and
1475:
1471:
1343:
1319:
1026:
1001:
874:
433:
428:
6414:
5041:
Silverstein, M. (2004). ""Cultural" Concepts and the Language-Culture Nexus".
4601:
4175:
2696:
2106:, political rituals actually construct power; that is, in his analysis of the
1541:
A rite of passage is a ritual event that marks a person's transition from one
1242:
of doing something, or "correct performance, custom". The original concept of
1123:
Rituals are a feature of all known human societies. They include not only the
493:
10569:
9161:
8715:
8596:
7988:
7983:
7931:
7768:
7706:
7601:
7492:
7390:
7321:
7253:
7243:
7206:
7142:
7039:
7005:
6923:
6819:
6782:
6701:
6609:
6060:
6011:
5716:
5306:
5264:
5221:
5017:
4825:
4763:
4747:
4619:
4543:
4520:
3065:
2902:
2898:
2612:
2468:
2463:
2358:
2334:
2317:
2261:
2257:
2068:
2044:
2038:
1985:
1898:
1881:
1784:
1759:
1669:
Turner uses the example of the Isoma ritual among the Ndembu of northwestern
1599:
1554:
1542:
1502:
1360:
1175:
1171:
879:
696:
654:
563:
553:
538:
533:
483:
377:
7830:
5098:
4345:
9301:
9203:
9059:
8747:
8742:
8720:
8710:
8591:
8023:
7958:
7901:
7886:
7852:
7477:
7385:
6381:
6272:
6267:
6118:
6088:
5962:
5930:
5678:
5649:
5636:
5438:
5380:
5311:
5186:
4931:
3097:
2943:
2720:
2647:
2368:
2347:
2343:
2298:
2247:
2201:
2121:
Ritual can be used as a form of resistance, as for example, in the various
2073:
2060:
1973:
1870:
1855:
1678:
1562:
1421:
1152:
864:
797:
543:
473:
236:
231:
141:
7524:
6169:
4416:
3198:
Boudewijnse, "British Roots of the Concept of Ritual," p. 278, citing the
2830:
2487:
982:
9223:
9198:
9017:
8985:
8976:
8922:
8852:
8837:
8730:
8621:
8282:
8230:
8018:
7736:
7716:
7556:
7497:
7235:
7231:
7044:
6532:
6480:
6450:
6287:
6141:
6033:
5957:
5822:
5758:
5709:
5395:
5251:
5144:
5058:
5038:. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press (distributed by University of Chicago).
4563:
4539:
4516:
4495:
4470:
2978:
2969:
2894:
2882:
2491:
2239:
2122:
2111:
1866:, for example, appear to have no other purpose than to please the deity.
1838:
1737:
Many cultures have rites associated with death and mourning, such as the
1237:
977:
923:
854:
809:
458:
372:
355:
251:
221:
181:
10522:
8537:
8478:
7581:
6975:
6794:
6343:
2196:
purification rituals may then be conducted to dispel secondary anxiety.
1705:
9189:
9184:
9054:
9049:
9012:
8990:
8847:
8827:
8822:
8663:
8653:
8616:
8220:
7998:
7946:
7686:
7331:
7311:
6847:
6772:
6711:
6475:
6455:
6376:
6028:
5996:
5967:
5746:
5741:
5726:
5465:
5390:
5349:
5339:
5269:
5259:
5171:
5154:
2782:
2774:
2757:
In Christianity, a rite is used to refer to a sacred ceremony (such as
2694:, a ritual can comprise the prescribed outward forms of performing the
2636:
2577:
2505:
2406:
2402:
2388:
2130:
syncretic holidays and festivals that transgress religious boundaries.
2115:
1919:
1843:
1807:
1738:
1655:
1621:
1607:
1603:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1494:
1486:
1182:
1148:
1112:, words, actions, or revered objects. Rituals may be prescribed by the
967:
463:
367:
196:
191:
176:
161:
151:
146:
121:
111:
8028:
6867:
4876:
Buc, Philippe. (2007). 'The monster and the critics. A ritual reply'.
4722:
2893:. The degrees of Freemasonry derive from the three grades of medieval
2849:
2525:
mastering these performances is a skill requiring disciplined action.
2376:
701:
9131:
8927:
8842:
8832:
8703:
8658:
8643:
8576:
8424:
7891:
7813:
7773:
7763:
7726:
7701:
7681:
7576:
7442:
7296:
7286:
7048:
6968:
6963:
6874:
6684:
6669:
6634:
6617:
6599:
6512:
6292:
6208:
6187:
6182:
6159:
6154:
6113:
6108:
6045:
5982:
5905:
5876:
5827:
5768:
5721:
5443:
5400:
5354:
5321:
5276:
5241:
4888:
4574:
4503:
4478:
4456:
3005: – Emphasis on the rituals and liturgical ceremony of the church
2906:
2886:
2762:
2712:
2709:
2321:
2242:
mechanism to regulate and stabilize social institutions by adjusting
2078:
2056:
2024:
1977:
1851:
1770:
1640:
1467:
1318:
Ritual uses a limited and rigidly organized set of expressions which
1289:
1223:
1156:
1128:
1117:
1113:
1040:
942:
928:
859:
824:
804:
785:
770:
315:
226:
136:
96:
10556:
6564:
6093:
4921:
3859:"Anxiety and Ritual: The Theories of Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown"
2841:
2654:
1213:
340:
46:
8934:
8678:
8668:
8523:
8013:
7993:
7820:
7696:
7551:
7115:
6837:
6777:
6696:
6604:
6591:
6569:
6549:
6527:
6522:
6502:
6442:
6409:
6348:
6192:
6177:
6055:
6016:
5972:
5763:
5700:
5604:
5507:
5385:
5364:
5329:
5129:
4887:(Journal of the Society for Cultural Anthropology). Virtual Issue:
4788:
4714:
4638:
Asad, Talal (1993). "Toward a genealogy of the concept of ritual".
2960:
2797:
churches) has Greek, Russian, and other ethnically based variants.
2691:
2139:
2051:-created, and natural behaviour, the human animal having developed
1929:
1902:
1753:
1644:
1570:
1546:
1479:
1355:
1247:
1011:
962:
952:
918:
913:
908:
896:
819:
750:
743:
731:
350:
310:
305:
4894:
D'Aquili, Eugene G., Charles D. Laughlin and John McManus. (1979)
3176:
Barbara Boudewijnse, "British Roots of the Concept of Ritual," in
9208:
8807:
8772:
8693:
8606:
8547:
8451:
8154:
8008:
7758:
7711:
7596:
7472:
7291:
6716:
6679:
6490:
6040:
6006:
5849:
5550:
5226:
5176:
4904:
Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo
3178:
Religion in the Making: The Emergence of the Sciences of Religion
2739:
2716:
2498:
In his historical analysis of articles on ritual and rite in the
2312:
2274:
2064:
2048:
1989:
1969:
1949:
1894:
1747:
1695:
1663:
1659:
1612:
1550:
1460:
1273:
1124:
1109:
1052:
1033:
989:
884:
775:
101:
4969:. Third edition. Waterloo, Canada: Ritual Studies International.
2860:
2220:
9116:
8995:
8980:
8799:
8673:
8631:
8409:
8287:
7561:
7316:
7306:
6918:
6879:
6721:
6329:
6299:
6023:
5236:
5231:
5166:
5091:
Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios and Panagiotis Roilos (eds.), (2005)
4998:
Ritualizing the Disposal of Dead Bodies: From Corpse to Concept
4593:
3630:
Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society
3017:
2949:
2818:
2773:
usually emanating from a specific center; examples include the
2596:
1997:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1670:
972:
726:
711:
691:
345:
186:
106:
53:
7507:
3751:
The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of 'Cargo Cults' in Melanesia
3651:
Carnival, American Style; Mardi Gras at New Orleans and Mobile
3189:
Boudewijnse, "British Roots of the Concept of Ritual," p. 278.
2817:
prescribes rituals such as the direction to face for prayers (
1833:
1420:
Particular objects become sacral symbols through a process of
1306:
10498:
8812:
8586:
8566:
8551:
8127:
7953:
7748:
7611:
7566:
7546:
6706:
6103:
5949:
5731:
5149:
3770:
Waiting for Elijah: Time and Encounter in a Bosnian Landscape
2728:
2584:
Waiting for Elijah: Time and Encounter in a Bosnian Landscape
2250:
1961:
1933:
1351:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1206:
1160:
947:
935:
671:
330:
320:
246:
49:
4418:
Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia
1876:
1441:
put it, "not only is seeing believing, doing is believing."
1406:
Ritual practitioner on Inwangsan Mountain, Seoul South Korea
8737:
8626:
6537:
5476:
5291:
5216:
4936:
Toys and Reasons: Stages in the Ritualization of Experience
4680:
Reader in Comparative Religion: An Anthropological Approach
4070:
Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School
3820:
3818:
3283:"LET'S TALK TURKEY: 5 myths about the Thanksgiving holiday"
2822:
2625:
2149:
1965:
1281:
1132:
676:
335:
3964:
Order and Rebellion in South East Africa: Collected Essays
8636:
8601:
7276:
6613:
5084:
Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios and Panagiotis Roilos, (2003).
4941:
Fogelin, L. (2007). The Archaeology of Religious Ritual.
4592:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 8.
1585:
stated that rites of passage are marked by three stages:
1577:
into groups not tied to a formal stage of life such as a
1464:
1251:
1155:, marriages, funerals and more. Even common actions like
790:
41:
5036:
Talking Politics :The Substance of Style from Abe to "W"
4896:
The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis
2727:, thus a ritual in many cases expresses reverence for a
2157:, one of the most widely performed rituals in the world.
1806:
defined moment of change in the climatic cycle, such as
4274:
Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas
3664:
Ananti, Emmanuel (January 1986). AnthonyBonanno (ed.).
3517:
2998:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2974:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1463:, where a community comes together to worship, such as
5519:
4864:
Prey into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience
1790:
1689:
4981:
Rethinking Religion: Connecting Cognition and Culture
4857:
Handbook of Pragmatics, Vol. 8: Historical Pragmatics
4229:
4217:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3068:(1973). "Symbols in African Ritual (16 March 1973)".
4667:
Negara: the Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
4016:
3653:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 282.
3583:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 21.
3478:
3466:
3219:
3207:
3150:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA publications.
3013:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2965:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1620:), the initiates' role ambiguity creates a sense of
4976:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA publications
2704:, of a particular observation within a religion or
1456:, generally changing an individual's social status;
4677:
4664:
4253:
4241:
4205:
4136:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 66–67.
4100:
4067:
3981:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43.
3944:
3921:
3627:
3490:
2989:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
3634:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp.
3581:The Myth of Eternal Return or, Cosmos and History
3231:
2952: – Type of ceremonial dance in Shinto ritual
2840:Hajj rituals include circumambulation around the
2655:Ritual as a methodological measure of religiosity
2566:
1617:
1598:Wherein the initiated are "betwixt and between".
10567:
4768:The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure
4326:https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199704000-00001
3766:
2940: – Chinese ethical and philosophical system
2421:
2382:
27:Activities performed according to a set sequence
4754:The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual
4676:Lessa, William A.; Vogt, Evon Z., eds. (1979).
4276:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 53.
4074:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp.
4055:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 128.
3889:
3798:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 166.
2996: – Icon representing a particular religion
2928: – Ceremonies associated with construction
2833:is a state of ritual purity in preparation for
2353:
2224:Balinese rice terraces regulated through ritual
4312:https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1994.22.3.02a00010
4291:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 74.
3928:. Richmond, CA: North Atlantic Books. p.
2761:), which may or may not carry the status of a
5492:
5128:
5114:
5095:, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.
5022:Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity
2723:. Rituals often have a close connection with
2454:
1085:
81:Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru
4642:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3951:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2622:other, usually more quotidian, activities".
2482:
2067:, and elaborated to include aspects such as
5088:, Athens, Foundation of the Hellenic World.
4428:, Gainesville: University Press of Florida
4146:
3892:Structure and Function in Primitive Society
2133:
1834:Rites of sacrifice, exchange, and communion
1385:frequently performed in unison, by groups.
5499:
5485:
5121:
5107:
4912:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life
4010:Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology
3145:
3135:. United States: McGraw Hill. p. 139.
1850:This genre of ritual encompasses forms of
1514:
1092:
1078:
5063:Ritual and Mantras: Rules Without Meaning
4979:Lawson, E.T. & McCauley, R.N. (1990)
4675:
4346:https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.4.814
4201:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 255–65.
3919:
3874:
3840:
3824:
3394:
2679:
1877:Rites of feasting, fasting, and festivals
8056:
5024:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5012:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
5010:Post, Paul (2015) 'Ritual Studies', in:
5005:Ritual Thinking. Sexuality, Death, World
4983:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4873:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4866:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4737:
4698:
4671:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4556:
4463:
3961:
3773:(Paperback ed.). Oxford: Berghahn.
3535:
3441:
3225:
3213:
2738:
2676:'s "practice" dimension of religiosity.
2626:Sociobiology and behavioral neuroscience
2486:
2253:, and restoring harmony after disputes.
2219:
2186:Kowtowing in a court, China, before 1889
2181:
2148:
2093:
1880:
1837:
1775:
1401:
1330:
1305:
600:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion
40:
9353:
5065:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
5055:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5000:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
4842:East and West at the Crossroads Masonic
4770:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
4758:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
4500:2, The Cow, al-Baqarah, The Study Quran
4444:
4196:
4007:
3942:
3793:
3748:
14:
10568:
5053:To Take Place: Toward Theory in Ritual
4898:. New York: Columbia University Press.
4762:
4746:
4659:
4553:, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com)
4530:, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com)
4490:
4488:
4098:
4034:
4022:
3991:
3894:. London: Cohen and West. p. 143.
3856:
3716:
3663:
3648:
3625:
3578:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3484:
3472:
3376:
3064:
3028: – 1913 ballet by Igor Stravinsky
2432:
1634:
1523:
1108:is a sequence of activities involving
9352:
8505:
8055:
5518:
5480:
5102:
4859:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 483–519.
4774:
4587:
4562:
4494:
4469:
4397:
4271:
4161:
4065:
3966:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
3904:
3762:
3760:
3446:. Amsterdam: Van Gorcum. p. 223.
3237:
3130:
1314:is an example of a "restricted code".
10505:
5068:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2013).
4962:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4955:. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
4655:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4646:
4637:
4403:On the Study of Religious Commitment
4375:
4286:
4259:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4131:
4050:
3976:
3732:
3609:
3593:
3562:
3456:
3425:
3409:
3360:
3344:
3328:
3312:
3265:
3249:
3114:
2934: – Chinese folk religious order
2852:) are presumed the rituals of ḥajj.
2672:In this sense, ritual is similar to
2591:suggests that shared festivals like
2558:
2535:
2281:rituals served to regulate the vast
2215:
2153:A priest elevates the host during a
2112:sets a ruler apart as a divine being
2089:
1699:
1602:argued that this stage is marked by
1573:. Rites of passage may also include
289:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
4883:Carrico, K., ed. (2011). 'Ritual.'
4651:Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions
4630:
4485:
4475:Q2:189 Study notes, The Study Quran
4438:
3907:Political Systems of Highland Burma
3291:. November 26, 2009. Archived from
2972: – Indigenous Chinese religion
1791:Calendrical and commemorative rites
1690:Death, mourning, and funerary rites
1530:
1474:, or of another character, such as
1397:
1367:have argued that many of these are
24:
9322:Religions and spiritual traditions
5521:Religious groups and denominations
4889:http://www.culanth.org/?q=node/462
4805:
4740:Music, Gender, and Culture, vol. 1
4164:Archives Européennes de Sociologie
3757:
3003:Ritualism in the Church of England
2956:List of substances used in rituals
2007:
1388:
1262:
419:Archaeology of religion and ritual
25:
10592:
5072:. Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2013
4922:Toward a theory of public ritual.
4107:. New York: Basic Books. p.
2932:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
2922: – Play of the visualization
2063:, which are then integrated into
2031:
1326:
10548:
10531:
10514:
10482:
10473:
10472:
10286:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
9428:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4996:McCorkle Jr., William W. (2010)
4147:Hughes-Freeland, Felicia (ed.).
3767:HadžiMuhamedović, Safet (2021).
2938:Confucianism § Rite and centring
2731:or idealized state of humanity.
2606:
2412:
2328:
2260:, for example, examined the way
2144:
2037:This section is an excerpt from
2013:This section is an excerpt from
1893:such as communal fasting during
1704:
75:
8888:Evolutionary origin of religion
4965:Grimes, Ronald L. (1982, 2013)
4581:
4533:
4510:
4409:
4391:
4369:
4360:
4351:
4338:
4317:
4304:
4295:
4280:
4265:
4190:
4155:
4151:. London: Routledge. p. 2.
4140:
4125:
4092:
4059:
4044:
4001:
3970:
3955:
3936:
3913:
3909:. London: Bell. pp. 12–13.
3898:
3883:
3850:
3787:
3742:
3697:
3684:
3657:
3642:
3619:
3572:
3529:
3435:
3370:
3275:
2734:
2212:of almost any kind of action."
132:Evolutionary origin of religion
9244:Separation of church and state
7897:Polytheistic reconstructionism
5433:Motif-Index of Folk-Literature
4844:, Editions l'Harmattan- Paris
4702:Yearbook for Traditional Music
4684:. New York: Harper & Row.
4401:(1972). Faulkner, J.E. (ed.).
4289:Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice
4134:Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice
4103:The Interpretation of Cultures
4053:Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice
3979:Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice
3890:Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. (1939).
3707:(London 1994) p. 246 and p. 34
3192:
3183:
3170:
3167:, p. 364 (edition of Lindsay).
3154:
3139:
3124:
3058:
3040:
2866:
2567:As a form of social solidarity
1909:
1435:
1424:which effectively creates the
287:Treatise on the Apparitions of
13:
1:
6853:Traditional Sabahan religions
4943:Annual Review of Anthropology
3924:Ecology, Meaning and Religion
3876:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00020
3794:Harkins, Franklin T. (2021).
3690:Aniela Jaffé, in C. G. Jung,
3550:10.1525/aa.1987.89.2.02a00040
3396:10.1525/aa.1973.75.5.02a00100
3090:10.1126/science.179.4078.1100
3033:
2665:According to the sociologist
2641:obsessive–compulsive disorder
2422:Symbolic approaches to ritual
2383:Anti-structure and communitas
1781:Aztec ritual human sacrifices
1428:by setting it apart from the
1376:
1191:obsessive–compulsive disorder
737:Traditional African religions
282:Coral Gardens and Their Magic
5506:
4967:Beginnings in Ritual Studies
4831:Resources in other libraries
4197:Csordas, Thomas J. (2001) .
3146:Kyriakidis, E., ed. (2007).
2946: – Korean shamanic rite
2873:Masonic ritual and symbolism
2858:are among the rituals of God
2354:Structure and anti-structure
2288:
2102:According to anthropologist
1952:, a custom of purification;
1842:Deva yajna performed during
1301:
1196:
7:
9097:National religiosity levels
8322:Nauruan Indigenous religion
7877:Hellenism (modern religion)
4991:Magic, Science and Religion
4972:Kyriakidis, E., ed. (2007)
4960:The Craft of Ritual Studies
4914:. New York: The Free Press.
4596:: BRILL. pp. 319–327.
3753:. New York: Schocken books.
2912:
2574:Learning Capitalist Culture
1858:given in hope of a return.
1814:. They may be fixed by the
1459:communal rites, whether of
1336:The First Thanksgiving 1621
1131:of organized religions and
10:
10597:
8506:
5427:Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index
5422:Morphology (folkloristics)
4415:Dean, Bartholomew (2009).
4149:Ritual, Performance, Media
4012:. New York: Vintage Books.
3857:Homans, George C. (1941).
3796:Thomas Aquinas: the basics
3442:Myerhoff, Barbara (1997).
2870:
2750:
2683:
2658:
2610:
2513:(i.e., public symbol) and
2455:As a form of communication
2386:
2332:
2227:
2160:
2137:
2047:fall into two categories:
2036:
2012:
1928:A water rite is a rite or
1913:
1794:
1693:
1638:
1534:
1478:and certain non-religious
29:
10468:
10387:
10304:
10176:
9921:
9646:
9363:
9359:
9348:
9257:
9182:
8953:
8861:
8798:
8516:
8512:
8501:
8064:
8051:
7976:
7799:
7781:Transcendental Meditation
7674:
7661:
7626:
7374:
7351:
7340:
7267:
7230:
6932:
6828:
6810:
6754:
6745:
6662:
6590:
6441:
6432:
6390:
6362:
6320:
6253:
6244:
6235:
6201:
6168:
6140:
6131:
6081:
5948:
5635:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5527:
5514:
5409:
5373:
5320:
5250:
5195:
5137:
4974:The archaeology of ritual
4958:Grimes, Ronald L. (2014)
4826:Resources in your library
4602:10.1163/9789004273122_018
4176:10.1017/s0003975600002824
4099:Geertz, Clifford (1973).
3943:Lansing, Stephen (1991).
3670:. B R Gruner Publishing.
3201:Oxford English Dictionary
3148:The archaeology of ritual
2483:As a disciplinary program
2264:between tribal groups in
2238:model viewed ritual as a
1509:Rituals may be seasonal,
1444:
1147:, dedication ceremonies,
815:Armenian Apostolic Church
9413:Central African Republic
6400:Vietnamese folk religion
5791:Charismatic Christianity
5086:Towards a Ritual Poetics
5034:Silverstein, M. (2003).
5003:Perniola Mario. (2000).
4647:Bell, Catherine (1997).
4287:Bell, Catherine (1992).
4132:Bell, Catherine (1992).
4051:Bell, Catherine (1992).
3977:Bell, Catherine (1992).
2800:
2745:Luther's Small Catechism
2661:Theories about religions
2169:armchair anthropologists
2163:Structural functionalism
2134:Anthropological theories
1938:religious indoctrination
1312:Tridentine Catholic Mass
1212:"that which pertains to
707:Native American religion
362:Revitalization movements
217:Sacred–profane dichotomy
69:Anthropology of religion
9307:New religious movements
8940:Theories about religion
8893:Evolutionary psychology
7922:Modern Finnish paganism
5867:Independent Catholicism
4993:. Boston: Beacon Press.
4862:Bloch, Maurice. (1992)
4640:Genealogies of Religion
4590:Handbook of Freemasonry
4272:Foley, Douglas (2010).
3920:Rappaport, Roy (1979).
3863:American Anthropologist
3841:Lessa & Vogt (1979)
3825:Lessa & Vogt (1979)
3749:Worsley, Peter (1957).
3649:Kinser, Samuel (1990).
3626:Turner, Victor (1974).
3579:Eliade, Mircea (1954).
3538:American Anthropologist
3383:American Anthropologist
3377:Ortner, Sherry (1973).
3020: – Taoist festival
2501:Encyclopædia Britannica
2316:) of the South African
1944:. Examples include the
1495:promises to wed someone
1340:Jean Leon Gerome Ferris
621:The Journal of Religion
242:Theories about religion
32:Ritual (disambiguation)
9956:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7937:Erzyan native religion
7786:Unitarian Universalism
7165:Native American Church
5911:Oneness Pentecostalism
5029:Environmental Politics
4910:Durkheim, E. (1965 ).
4901:Douglas, Mary. (1966)
4869:Buc, Philippe. (2001)
4008:Douglas, Mary (1973).
3962:Gluckman, Max (1963).
3905:Leach, Edmund (1954).
3180:(Brill, 1998), p. 278.
3131:Brown, Donald (1991).
3048:"Definition of RITUAL"
2767:Christian denomination
2748:
2706:religious denomination
2680:Religious perspectives
2589:Safet HadžiMuhamedović
2564:
2541:
2495:
2441:
2262:gift exchanges of pigs
2225:
2187:
2158:
2099:
1889:
1847:
1828:Chinese lunar New Year
1787:
1545:to another, including
1528:
1418:
1407:
1347:
1315:
1310:The use of Latin in a
1246:may be related to the
667:Alaska Native religion
662:Afro-American religion
257:Veneration of the dead
57:
10276:Saint Kitts and Nevis
9573:São Tomé and Príncipe
9433:Republic of the Congo
7634:Aboriginal Australian
6263:Chinese folk religion
4987:Malinowski, Bronisław
4885:Cultural Anthropology
4878:Early Medieval Europe
3705:The Naked Ape Trilogy
3066:Turner, Victor Witter
2963: – type of dance
2877:List of Masonic rites
2846:and show us our rites
2759:anointing of the sick
2742:
2684:Further information:
2659:Further information:
2550:
2527:
2490:
2473:traditional authority
2425:
2223:
2185:
2152:
2097:
1992:, a rite of passage (
1914:Further information:
1884:
1841:
1779:
1757:in Hinduism, and the
1694:Further information:
1639:Further information:
1507:
1491:pledges of allegiance
1413:
1405:
1334:
1309:
1255:("visible order)" in
1068:cultural anthropology
687:Chinese folk religion
579:Anthony F. C. Wallace
574:Daniel Martin Varisco
499:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
401:of the Religious Life
44:
36:Rite (disambiguation)
10581:Cultural conventions
9898:United Arab Emirates
8684:Religious experience
8058:Historical religions
7018:Four Mothers Society
6420:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
5752:Schwenkfelder Church
5093:Greek Ritual Poetics
5043:Current Anthropology
4953:The Rites of Passage
4907:. London: Routledge.
4777:Current Anthropology
4568:Q2:158 Study notes,
4066:Kuper, Adam (1983).
3295:on November 14, 2013
2985:Processional walkway
2981: – Art movement
2771:liturgical tradition
2715:as practiced by the
2177:A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
2173:Bronislaw Malinowski
2167:Nineteenth century "
2083:Ordo Templi Orientis
2002:Church of All Worlds
722:Shamanism in Siberia
569:Edward Burnett Tylor
399:The Elementary Forms
167:Magic (supernatural)
117:Comparative religion
30:For other uses, see
10291:Trinidad and Tobago
10186:Antigua and Barbuda
9354:Religion by country
8410:Cult of Magna Mater
6890:Philippine Dayawism
6471:Nimbarka Sampradaya
6219:Chinese Manichaeism
5891:Jehovah's Witnesses
5696:Proto-Protestantism
4938:. New York: Norton.
4926:Sociological Theory
4385:www.eskieserler.com
3692:Man and his Symbols
3082:1973Sci...179.1100T
3076:(4078): 1100–1105.
3052:merriam-webster.com
3009:Symbolic boundaries
2994:Religious symbolism
2835:pilgrimage in Islam
2753:Rite (Christianity)
2393:In his analysis of
2340:Claude Lévi-Strauss
2244:social interactions
1964:ritual ablution or
1942:ritual purification
1797:Liturgical calendar
1649:Ritual purification
1635:Rites of affliction
1370:invented traditions
1338:, oil on canvas by
1234:was the proven way
1163:" may be termed as
1145:oaths of allegiance
904:Hindu denominations
845:Ethiopian Orthodoxy
614:The Hibbert Journal
524:Claude Lévi-Strauss
509:Fustel de Coulanges
63:Part of a series on
10226:Dominican Republic
9272:Abrahamic prophets
8361:Proto-Indo-Iranian
6863:Aliran Kepercayaan
6066:Non-denominational
5988:Modernist Salafism
5674:Oriental Orthodoxy
5287:Luminous gemstones
5182:Personal narrative
5078:Philologie im Netz
5049:Smith, Jonathan Z.
4949:Gennep, Arnold van
4549:2021-09-22 at the
4526:2021-03-04 at the
4424:2011-07-17 at the
4376:Küçükcan, Talip*.
4331:2022-11-18 at the
3288:The Patriot Ledger
3025:The Rite of Spring
2827:fasting in Ramadan
2749:
2496:
2283:irrigation systems
2275:intricate calendar
2271:J. Stephen Lansing
2226:
2188:
2159:
2100:
1916:Water and religion
1890:
1887:Carnival of Venice
1885:Masquerade at the
1848:
1812:agricultural cycle
1788:
1717:. You can help by
1416:love it or leave.'
1408:
1348:
1316:
1141:purification rites
958:Non-denominational
870:Oriental Orthodoxy
424:Poles in mythology
157:Laying on of hands
58:
52:or fire ritual in
10496:
10495:
10464:
10463:
10460:
10459:
9448:Equatorial Guinea
9344:
9343:
9340:
9339:
8878:Cognitive science
8497:
8496:
8430:Mysteries of Isis
8204:Frankish paganism
8047:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8039:
8038:
7791:White Brotherhood
7657:
7656:
7622:
7621:
7023:Keetoowah Society
6924:Sundanese Wiwitan
6741:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6466:Brahma Sampradaya
6428:
6427:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6209:Assianism/Uatsdin
6127:
6126:
5896:British Israelism
5882:Nontrinitarianism
5845:Plymouth Brethren
5840:Nondenominational
5774:Congregationalism
5662:Eastern Orthodoxy
5610:Reconstructionist
5474:
5473:
5018:Rappaport, Roy A.
4850:978-2-296-54445-1
4812:Library resources
4764:Turner, Victor W.
4748:Turner, Victor W.
4611:978-90-04-21833-8
4573:. San Francisco:
4502:. San Francisco:
4477:. San Francisco:
4455:. San Francisco:
4434:978-0-8130-3378-5
4399:Glock, Charles Y.
4238:, pp. 58–60.
4226:, pp. 56–57.
3805:978-0-367-34986-8
3780:978-1-80073-219-3
3526:, pp. 20–21.
2987: – Structure
2920:Behavioral script
2815:Quranic chapter 2
2765:depending on the
2587:, anthropologist
2546:Foucauldian sense
2363:Arnold van Gennep
2216:As social control
2090:Political rituals
1932:custom that uses
1899:slaughter of pigs
1801:Wheel of the Year
1745:in Christianity,
1735:
1734:
1583:Arnold van Gennep
1292:, and much more.
1205:derives from the
1201:The English word
1151:and presidential
1102:
1101:
890:Russian Orthodoxy
840:Eastern Orthodoxy
489:Arnold van Gennep
408:Purity and Danger
16:(Redirected from
10588:
10561:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10544:
10536:
10535:
10534:
10527:
10519:
10518:
10517:
10507:
10486:
10476:
10475:
10354:Papua New Guinea
10329:Marshall Islands
10156:Northern Ireland
9361:
9360:
9350:
9349:
9234:Secular theology
9229:Secular humanism
8514:
8513:
8503:
8502:
8378:Ancestral Pueblo
8053:
8052:
7672:
7671:
7349:
7348:
6752:
6751:
6508:Shaiva Siddhanta
6439:
6438:
6372:Korean shamanism
6251:
6250:
6242:
6241:
6138:
6137:
6051:Mahdawi movement
5921:Swedenborgianism
5901:Christadelphians
5547:
5546:
5538:
5537:
5529:
5528:
5516:
5515:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5478:
5477:
5417:Folklore studies
5132:genres and types
5123:
5116:
5109:
5100:
5099:
4800:
4771:
4759:
4757:
4743:
4734:
4695:
4683:
4672:
4670:
4661:Geertz, Clifford
4656:
4654:
4643:
4631:Cited literature
4624:
4623:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4560:
4554:
4537:
4531:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4442:
4436:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4321:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4106:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4073:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4048:
4042:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4005:
3999:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3854:
3848:
3838:
3832:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3740:
3730:
3724:
3714:
3708:
3703:Desmond Morris,
3701:
3695:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3623:
3617:
3607:
3601:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3570:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3423:
3417:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3379:"On Key Symbols"
3374:
3368:
3358:
3352:
3342:
3336:
3326:
3320:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3279:
3273:
3263:
3257:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3174:
3168:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3133:Human Universals
3128:
3122:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3018:Taiping Qingjiao
3014:
2999:
2990:
2975:
2966:
2795:Eastern Catholic
2791:Eastern Lutheran
2787:Eastern Orthodox
2562:
2553:representations.
2539:
2439:
2395:rites of passage
2266:Papua New Guinea
2246:, maintaining a
2193:George C. Homans
1982:Christian Church
1968:before prayer;
1897:by Muslims; the
1751:in Judaism, the
1730:
1727:
1708:
1700:
1627:3. Incorporation
1537:Rites of passage
1531:Rites of passage
1526:
1516:
1512:
1454:rites of passage
1398:Sacral symbolism
1139:, atonement and
1137:rites of passage
1094:
1087:
1080:
835:Coptic Orthodoxy
549:Marshall Sahlins
391:Related articles
79:
60:
59:
21:
10596:
10595:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10586:
10585:
10566:
10565:
10564:
10554:
10549:
10547:
10537:
10532:
10530:
10526:from Wiktionary
10520:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10506:sister projects
10503:at Knowledge's
10497:
10492:
10456:
10383:
10364:Solomon Islands
10300:
10172:
10076:North Macedonia
9917:
9642:
9355:
9336:
9297:Mass gatherings
9265:
9260:
9253:
9192:
9187:
9178:
9112:Religiocentrism
9092:National church
8960:
8957:
8949:
8864:
8857:
8794:
8716:Bodies of water
8508:
8493:
8278:Jamaican Maroon
8060:
8035:
7972:
7802:
7795:
7666:
7664:
7653:
7618:
7592:Trinidad Orisha
7377:
7370:
7343:
7336:
7263:
7226:
7212:Washat Dreamers
6935:
6928:
6824:
6806:
6733:
6707:Srilankan Vedda
6658:
6586:
6461:Sri Vaishnavism
6424:
6386:
6358:
6316:
6223:
6197:
6164:
6123:
6077:
6002:Twelver Shi'ism
5944:
5806:Neo-charismatic
5779:Presbyterianism
5631:
5523:
5510:
5505:
5475:
5470:
5405:
5369:
5345:Folk instrument
5316:
5297:Old wives' tale
5282:Legend tripping
5246:
5191:
5133:
5127:
5031:14 (3): 380–402
4918:Etzioni, Amitai
4837:
4836:
4835:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4806:Further reading
4803:
4692:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4612:
4586:
4582:
4570:The Study Quran
4561:
4557:
4551:Wayback Machine
4538:
4534:
4528:Wayback Machine
4515:
4511:
4493:
4486:
4468:
4464:
4452:The Study Quran
4446:Lumbard, Joseph
4443:
4439:
4426:Wayback Machine
4414:
4410:
4396:
4392:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4343:
4339:
4333:Wayback Machine
4322:
4318:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4285:
4281:
4270:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4195:
4191:
4160:
4156:
4145:
4141:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4064:
4060:
4049:
4045:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4006:
4002:
3990:
3986:
3975:
3971:
3960:
3956:
3941:
3937:
3918:
3914:
3903:
3899:
3888:
3884:
3855:
3851:
3839:
3835:
3823:
3816:
3806:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3765:
3758:
3747:
3743:
3731:
3727:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3698:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3662:
3658:
3647:
3643:
3624:
3620:
3608:
3604:
3592:
3588:
3577:
3573:
3561:
3557:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3455:
3451:
3440:
3436:
3424:
3420:
3408:
3404:
3375:
3371:
3359:
3355:
3343:
3339:
3327:
3323:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3296:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3264:
3260:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3226:Tolbert (1990b)
3224:
3220:
3214:Tolbert (1990a)
3212:
3208:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3144:
3140:
3129:
3125:
3113:
3109:
3063:
3059:
3054:. 9 April 2024.
3046:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3012:
2997:
2988:
2973:
2964:
2926:Builders' rites
2915:
2879:
2871:Main articles:
2869:
2856:Ṣafā and Marwah
2848:- these rites (
2821:); pilgrimage (
2803:
2755:
2737:
2688:
2686:Myth and ritual
2682:
2663:
2657:
2628:
2615:
2609:
2597:St Elijah's Day
2593:St George's Day
2569:
2563:
2557:
2540:
2534:
2522:Evans-Pritchard
2485:
2457:
2444:Clifford Geertz
2440:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2391:
2385:
2373:Natural Symbols
2356:
2337:
2331:
2297:anthropologist
2291:
2273:traced how the
2232:
2218:
2165:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2104:Clifford Geertz
2092:
2087:
2086:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2021:Fertility rites
2018:
2010:
2008:Fertility rites
2004:waterkin rite.
1976:, a custom and
1926:
1924:Water Communion
1912:
1901:in New Guinea;
1879:
1836:
1803:
1793:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1715:needs expansion
1709:
1698:
1692:
1651:
1637:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1476:fertility rites
1447:
1438:
1400:
1391:
1389:Rule-governance
1379:
1365:Terrence Ranger
1329:
1320:anthropologists
1304:
1265:
1263:Characteristics
1199:
1098:
1058:
1057:
850:Greek Orthodoxy
830:Catholic Church
646:
645:
634:
633:
594:
593:
584:
583:
559:Stanley Tambiah
514:Clifford Geertz
469:Joseph Campbell
454:Augustin Calmet
449:
448:
447:Major theorists
439:
438:
414:Myth and ritual
400:
393:
392:
383:
382:
288:
272:
271:
262:
261:
212:Sacred language
202:Rite of passage
127:Divine language
92:
91:
82:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10594:
10584:
10583:
10578:
10563:
10562:
10560:from Wikiquote
10545:
10528:
10499:
10494:
10493:
10491:
10490:
10480:
10469:
10466:
10465:
10462:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10393:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10310:
10308:
10302:
10301:
10299:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10182:
10180:
10174:
10173:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10146:United Kingdom
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9927:
9925:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9652:
9650:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9369:
9367:
9357:
9356:
9346:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9268:
9266:
9258:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9239:Secularization
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9219:Deconstruction
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9195:
9193:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9170:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9067:Fundamentalism
9064:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8974:
8969:
8963:
8961:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8931:
8930:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8869:
8867:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8804:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8640:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8545:
8543:Call to prayer
8540:
8535:
8530:
8528:Disaffiliation
8520:
8518:
8510:
8509:
8499:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8402:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8368:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8331:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8226:Greco-Buddhism
8223:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8186:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8130:
8120:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8049:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7956:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7868:
7867:
7857:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7833:
7823:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7807:
7805:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7669:
7659:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7587:Tambor de Mina
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7382:
7380:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7364:Guanche church
7355:
7353:
7346:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7273:
7271:
7269:Tibeto-Burmese
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7240:
7238:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7182:
7177:
7175:Nuu-chah-nulth
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7084:Muscogee Creek
7081:
7076:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6938:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6919:Sumbese Marapu
6916:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6840:
6838:Batak Parmalim
6834:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6760:
6758:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6677:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6447:
6445:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6396:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6326:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6259:
6257:
6248:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6150:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
6146:
6144:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5954:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5887:Bible Students
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5857:Restorationism
5854:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5813:Evangelicalism
5810:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5724:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5555:
5553:
5544:
5535:
5525:
5524:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5441:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5360:Folk wrestling
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5205:Folk etymology
5201:
5199:
5197:Oral tradition
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5081:(2011): 70–87.
5073:
5066:
5056:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4946:
4939:
4929:
4915:
4908:
4899:
4892:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4789:10.1086/507195
4783:(6): 891–914.
4772:
4760:
4744:
4735:
4715:10.2307/767933
4696:
4690:
4673:
4657:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4610:
4580:
4566:(April 2015).
4555:
4532:
4509:
4498:(April 2015).
4484:
4473:(April 2015).
4462:
4450:Introduction,
4448:(April 2015).
4437:
4408:
4390:
4368:
4359:
4350:
4337:
4316:
4303:
4294:
4279:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4189:
4154:
4139:
4124:
4117:
4091:
4084:
4058:
4043:
4027:
4015:
4000:
3984:
3969:
3954:
3935:
3912:
3897:
3882:
3849:
3833:
3814:
3804:
3786:
3779:
3756:
3741:
3725:
3709:
3696:
3683:
3676:
3656:
3641:
3618:
3602:
3586:
3571:
3555:
3528:
3516:
3514:, p. 9ff.
3504:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3449:
3444:Secular Ritual
3434:
3418:
3402:
3369:
3353:
3337:
3321:
3305:
3274:
3258:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3191:
3182:
3169:
3153:
3138:
3123:
3107:
3057:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3015:
3006:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2868:
2865:
2802:
2799:
2779:Byzantine Rite
2751:Main article:
2736:
2733:
2681:
2678:
2656:
2653:
2627:
2624:
2619:Catherine Bell
2611:Main article:
2608:
2605:
2568:
2565:
2555:
2532:
2515:inward meaning
2484:
2481:
2456:
2453:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2387:Main article:
2384:
2381:
2355:
2352:
2333:Main article:
2330:
2327:
2290:
2287:
2279:Hindu Balinese
2230:social control
2217:
2214:
2208:of action but
2161:Main article:
2146:
2143:
2135:
2132:
2108:Balinese state
2091:
2088:
2069:marriage rites
2059:instincts for
2045:Sexual rituals
2043:
2035:
2033:
2032:Sexual rituals
2030:
2019:
2015:Fertility rite
2011:
2009:
2006:
1911:
1908:
1878:
1875:
1860:Catherine Bell
1835:
1832:
1824:New Year's Day
1820:lunar calendar
1792:
1789:
1733:
1732:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1691:
1688:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1610:or of liminal
1596:
1593:
1590:
1535:Main article:
1532:
1529:
1520:
1499:
1498:
1483:
1457:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1382:Catherine Bell
1378:
1375:
1344:Plains Indians
1328:
1327:Traditionalism
1325:
1303:
1300:
1296:Catherine Bell
1264:
1261:
1257:Vedic religion
1198:
1195:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
939:
938:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
899:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
875:Pentecostalism
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
800:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
747:
746:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
658:
657:
655:folk religions
647:
641:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
595:
591:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
479:Émile Durkheim
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Akbar S. Ahmed
456:
450:
446:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
434:Elite religion
431:
429:Lived religion
426:
421:
416:
411:
404:
394:
390:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
364:
363:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
301:
297:
296:
291:
284:
278:
277:
273:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
93:
90:Basic concepts
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
72:
71:
65:
64:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10593:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10559:
10558:
10546:
10542:
10541:
10529:
10525:
10524:
10512:
10511:
10508:
10502:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10479:
10471:
10470:
10467:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10390:
10389:South America
10386:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10311:
10309:
10307:
10303:
10297:
10296:United States
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10178:North America
10175:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10036:Liechtenstein
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9924:
9920:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9488:Guinea-Bissau
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9351:
9347:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9312:Organizations
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9256:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9175:
9172:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9137:Vegetarianism
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9082:Homosexuality
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9005:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8952:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8929:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8903:Neurotheology
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8860:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8709:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8597:Folk religion
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8504:
8500:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8420:Imperial cult
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8359:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8059:
8054:
8050:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7989:Discordianism
7987:
7985:
7984:Anthroposophy
7982:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7932:Mari religion
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7844:
7841:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7769:Neo-Theosophy
7767:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7707:New Acropolis
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7660:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7373:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:North African
7350:
7347:
7345:
7339:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7106:Kwakwakaʼwakw
7104:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6812:Austroasiatic
6809:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6783:Vattisen Yaly
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6702:Kirat Mundhum
6700:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:Milah Abraham
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:Protestantism
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Silver bullet
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5265:Folk religion
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:Nursery rhyme
5220:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5112:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4932:Erikson, Erik
4930:
4928:18(1): 44–59.
4927:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4691:9780060439910
4687:
4682:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4347:
4341:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4307:
4298:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4268:
4262:, p. 63.
4261:
4256:
4250:, p. 73.
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4214:, p. 64.
4213:
4208:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4118:9780465097197
4114:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4095:
4087:
4085:9780710094094
4081:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4036:
4035:Turner (1967)
4031:
4025:, p. 96.
4024:
4023:Turner (1969)
4019:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3993:
3992:Turner (1967)
3988:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3916:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3886:
3877:
3872:
3869:(2): 164–72.
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3718:
3717:Geertz (1980)
3713:
3706:
3700:
3694:(1978) p. 264
3693:
3687:
3679:
3677:9789027272539
3673:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3524:Turner (1969)
3520:
3513:
3512:Turner (1967)
3508:
3501:
3500:Turner (1973)
3496:
3494:
3487:, p. 97.
3486:
3485:Turner (1969)
3481:
3475:, p. 95.
3474:
3473:Turner (1969)
3469:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:Scottish Rite
2900:
2899:North America
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:daily prayers
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2674:Charles Glock
2670:
2668:
2667:Mervin Verbit
2662:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2613:Ritualization
2607:Ritualization
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:performatives
2465:
2464:Maurice Bloch
2461:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2433:Geertz (1980)
2428:
2419:
2413:Social dramas
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2377:section below
2374:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:Victor Turner
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2335:Structuralism
2329:Structuralism
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2304:Victor Turner
2300:
2296:
2295:functionalist
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:Roy Rappaport
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:functionalist
2231:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2155:Catholic Mass
2151:
2145:Functionalism
2141:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2116:parliamentary
2113:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:rituals from
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2039:Sexual ritual
2026:
2022:
2016:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:Amrit Sanskar
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1869:According to
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:in Bangladesh
1845:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1786:
1785:Codex Mendoza
1782:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:antam sanskar
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1713:This section
1711:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:Victor Turner
1597:
1595:2. Transition
1594:
1591:
1589:1. Separation
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:coming of age
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1525:
1524:Turner (1973)
1519:
1506:
1504:
1503:Victor Turner
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:Eric Hobsbawm
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:)". In Roman
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:inaugurations
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
934:
933:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
898:
895:
894:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:Protestantism
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
796:
795:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
741:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:
652:
649:
648:
644:
638:
637:
630:
629:
625:
623:
622:
618:
616:
615:
611:
609:
608:
604:
602:
601:
597:
596:
588:
587:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
564:Victor Turner
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:Melford Spiro
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Roy Rappaport
537:
535:
534:Steven Ozment
532:
530:
529:Robert Marett
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Mircea Eliade
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
443:
442:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:
405:
403:
402:
396:
395:
387:
386:
379:
378:Handsome Lake
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
361:
360:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
295:
292:
290:
285:
283:
280:
279:
275:
274:
266:
265:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
70:
67:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
10555:
10543:from Commons
10538:
10521:
10500:
9893:Turkmenistan
9853:Saudi Arabia
9598:South Africa
9588:Sierra Leone
9393:Burkina Faso
9302:Names of God
9249:Unaffiliated
9204:Antireligion
9060:Universalism
9008:Assimilation
8873:Anthropology
8748:Supernatural
8743:Spirituality
8711:Sacred space
8699:Purification
8688:
8572:Denomination
8526: /
8334:Paleo-Balkan
8300:Mesopotamian
8140:Cook Islands
8111:Old Prussian
8024:UFO religion
7963:
7959:Zalmoxianism
7887:Neoshamanism
7744:Spiritualism
7627:Other ethnic
7516:
7342:Traditional
7302:Bongthingism
7190:Acoma Pueblo
7133:Mesoamerican
6830:Austronesian
6651:
6647:Neo-Buddhism
6579:
6575:Neo-Hinduism
6496:Swaminarayan
6334:
6283:Salvationist
6268:Confucianism
6119:Samaritanism
6089:Ali-Illahism
6070:
5937:
5931:Unitarianism
5872:Old Catholic
5679:Nestorianism
5637:Christianity
5624:
5590:Conservative
5439:Storytelling
5431:
5381:Cunning folk
5312:Weather lore
5301:
5187:Urban legend
5092:
5085:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5059:Staal, Frits
5052:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4942:
4935:
4925:
4911:
4902:
4895:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4841:
4816:
4780:
4776:
4767:
4753:
4739:
4706:
4700:
4679:
4666:
4650:
4639:
4589:
4583:
4567:
4564:Dagli, Caner
4558:
4535:
4512:
4499:
4496:Dagli, Caner
4474:
4471:Dagli, Caner
4465:
4449:
4440:
4417:
4411:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4371:
4362:
4353:
4340:
4319:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4282:
4273:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4198:
4192:
4170:(1): 55–84.
4167:
4163:
4157:
4148:
4142:
4133:
4127:
4102:
4094:
4069:
4061:
4052:
4046:
4030:
4018:
4009:
4003:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3963:
3957:
3946:
3938:
3923:
3915:
3906:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3836:
3809:
3795:
3789:
3769:
3750:
3744:
3728:
3712:
3704:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3666:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3629:
3621:
3605:
3589:
3580:
3574:
3558:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3480:
3468:
3452:
3443:
3437:
3421:
3405:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3356:
3340:
3324:
3308:
3297:. Retrieved
3293:the original
3286:
3277:
3261:
3245:
3238:Wilce (2006)
3233:
3221:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3110:
3101:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3024:
2944:Gut (ritual)
2895:craft guilds
2891:Masonic body
2880:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2804:
2756:
2735:Christianity
2721:upper Amazon
2695:
2689:
2671:
2664:
2645:
2629:
2616:
2582:
2573:
2572:ethnography
2570:
2561:, p. 79
2551:
2542:
2538:, p. 62
2528:
2519:
2514:
2511:outward sign
2510:
2499:
2497:
2477:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2442:
2426:
2416:
2398:
2392:
2372:
2369:Mary Douglas
2367:
2357:
2348:Edmund Leach
2344:Mary Douglas
2338:
2311:
2299:Max Gluckman
2292:
2255:
2233:
2209:
2205:
2202:Edmund Leach
2198:
2189:
2166:
2120:
2101:
2074:hieros gamos
2072:
2061:reproduction
2057:evolutionary
1974:Christianity
1927:
1891:
1871:Marcel Mauss
1868:
1849:
1804:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1723:
1719:adding to it
1714:
1684:
1677:descent and
1668:
1658:(consulting
1652:
1611:
1563:inauguration
1540:
1508:
1500:
1448:
1439:
1422:consecration
1419:
1414:
1409:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1349:
1335:
1317:
1294:
1266:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1186:
1180:
1169:
1164:
1159:and saying "
1157:hand-shaking
1122:
1105:
1103:
997:Conservative
865:Nestorianism
798:Christianity
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
544:Saba Mahmood
519:Robin Horton
504:James Frazer
474:Mary Douglas
406:
397:
294:Neo-Paganism
270:Case studies
237:Superstition
232:Soul dualism
206:
142:Great Spirit
10523:Definitions
10344:New Zealand
10281:Saint Lucia
10231:El Salvador
10136:Switzerland
10071:Netherlands
9843:Philippines
9771:South Korea
9766:North Korea
9656:Afghanistan
9603:South Sudan
9493:Ivory Coast
9277:Deification
9224:Objectivism
9199:Agnosticism
9152:Persecution
9142:Video games
9107:Populations
9018:Proselytism
8986:Monasticism
8977:Clericalism
8967:Agriculture
8958:and society
8923:Soteriology
8883:Comparative
8853:Transtheism
8838:Panentheism
8622:Monasticism
8415:Gallo-Roman
8317:Micronesian
8283:Manichaeism
8231:Hermeticism
8199:Continental
8194:Anglo-Saxon
8074:Paleolithic
8069:Prehistoric
8019:Scientology
7882:Italo-Roman
7737:Radha Soami
7717:New Thought
7557:Espiritismo
7498:Waaqeffanna
7438:Fon and Ewe
7376:Sub-Saharan
7259:Satsana Phi
7045:Ghost Dance
6986:Californian
6954:Anishinaabe
6880:Karo Pemena
6859:Indonesian
6533:Lingayatism
6481:Mahanubhava
6451:Vaishnavism
6382:Jeungsanism
6305:Folk Taoism
6288:Xiantiandao
6142:Zoroastrian
5801:Charismatic
5796:Pentecostal
5759:Anglicanism
5710:Waldensians
5645:Catholicism
5396:Folk healer
5252:Folk belief
5145:Animal tale
5045:45: 621–52.
4920:. (2000). "
4880:15: 441–52.
4540:Quran 2:158
4517:Quran 2:128
4260:Asad (1993)
4248:Asad (1993)
4236:Asad (1993)
4224:Asad (1993)
4212:Asad (1993)
4037:, pp.
3827:, pp.
3733:Bell (1997)
3719:, pp.
3610:Bell (1997)
3594:Bell (1997)
3565:, pp.
3563:Bell (1997)
3457:Bell (1997)
3428:, pp.
3426:Bell (1997)
3412:, pp.
3410:Bell (1997)
3389:(5): 1340.
3361:Bell (1997)
3345:Bell (1997)
3331:, pp.
3329:Bell (1997)
3315:, pp.
3313:Bell (1997)
3268:, pp.
3266:Bell (1997)
3252:, pp.
3250:Bell (1997)
3163:, entry on
3117:, pp.
3115:Bell (1997)
2979:Process art
2970:Nuo rituals
2883:Freemasonry
2867:Freemasonry
2811:prostrating
2559:Asad (1993)
2536:Asad (1993)
2492:Scriptorium
2403:pilgrimages
2320:kingdom of
2240:homeostatic
2123:Cargo Cults
1910:Water rites
1808:solar terms
1675:matrilineal
1487:pilgrimages
1436:Performance
1359:Historians
1185:, the term
1149:coronations
1135:, but also
924:Vaishnavism
855:Lutheranism
810:Anglicanism
494:René Girard
373:Ghost Dance
252:Transtheism
222:Sacred site
182:Nympholepsy
10570:Categories
10557:Quotations
10334:Micronesia
10211:Costa Rica
10106:San Marino
10066:Montenegro
10046:Luxembourg
9903:Uzbekistan
9878:Tajikistan
9783:Kyrgyzstan
9756:Kazakhstan
9706:East Timor
9676:Bangladesh
9666:Azerbaijan
9583:Seychelles
9548:Mozambique
9533:Mauritania
9518:Madagascar
9408:Cape Verde
9190:irreligion
9185:Secularism
9087:Minorities
9055:Toleration
9050:Syncretism
9035:Fanaticism
9025:Disability
9013:Missionary
9003:Conversion
8991:Ordination
8913:Psychology
8908:Philosophy
8848:Polytheism
8828:Monotheism
8823:Henotheism
8664:Orthopraxy
8654:Ordination
8617:Meditation
8612:Indigenous
8577:Entheogens
8562:Conversion
8388:Pueblo III
8305:Babylonian
8295:Melanesian
8221:Gnosticism
8106:Lithuanian
7999:Fourth Way
7853:Circassian
7831:Dievturība
7754:Tensegrity
7687:Falun Gong
7332:Sanamahism
7312:Donyi-Polo
6902:Polynesian
6848:Kaharingan
6773:Burkhanism
6712:Ravidassia
6690:Śvetāmbara
6476:Pushtimarg
6456:Krishnaism
6392:Vietnamese
6377:Cheondoism
6310:Yao Taoism
6246:East Asian
6012:Isma'ilism
5968:Maturidism
5747:Mennonites
5742:Hutterites
5727:Anabaptism
5620:Humanistic
5466:Vernacular
5391:Folk devil
5350:Folk music
5340:Folk dance
5270:Folk saint
5260:Birthstone
5172:Tall tales
5155:Fairy tale
4945:36: 55–71.
4709:: 80–105.
3994:, p.
3843:, p.
3735:, p.
3612:, p.
3596:, p.
3544:(2): 342.
3459:, p.
3363:, p.
3347:, p.
3299:2010-08-01
3103:interests.
3034:References
2887:Freemasons
2783:Sarum Rite
2781:, and the
2775:Roman Rite
2578:solidarity
2506:Talal Asad
2435:, p.
2407:Yom Kippur
2399:communitas
2389:Communitas
2228:See also:
2138:See also:
1930:ceremonial
1920:Holy water
1844:Durga Puja
1795:See also:
1739:last rites
1726:March 2022
1656:divination
1622:communitas
1608:liminality
1604:liminality
1579:fraternity
1575:initiation
1567:engagement
1559:graduation
1377:Invariance
1183:psychology
1129:sacraments
1127:rites and
1114:traditions
1046:Śvetāmbara
682:Böö mörgöl
464:Talal Asad
368:Cargo cult
197:Polytheism
192:Pilgrimage
177:Monotheism
162:Liminality
152:Initiation
147:Henotheism
122:Divination
112:Communitas
10452:Venezuela
10397:Argentina
10314:Australia
10266:Nicaragua
10241:Guatemala
10041:Lithuania
9863:Sri Lanka
9858:Singapore
9838:Palestine
9726:Indonesia
9716:Hong Kong
9538:Mauritius
9259:Overviews
9214:Criticism
9167:Sectarian
9157:Terrorism
9132:Theocracy
9077:Happiness
9045:Pluralism
9030:Education
8956:Religion
8928:Salvation
8918:Sociology
8863:Religious
8843:Pantheism
8833:Nontheism
8726:Mountains
8704:Sacrifice
8659:Orthodoxy
8649:Mythology
8644:Mysticism
8533:Behaviour
8442:Canaanite
8425:Mithraism
8393:Pueblo IV
8383:Pueblo II
8288:Mazdakism
8263:Hungarian
8236:Mysteries
8145:Dravidian
7927:Hungarian
7843:Caucasian
7814:Godianism
7774:Agni Yoga
7764:Theosophy
7727:Rastafari
7702:Modekngei
7682:Brahmoism
7675:Syncretic
7667:movements
7665:religious
7577:Quimbanda
7525:Candomblé
7518:Diasporic
7297:Bathouism
7287:Benzhuism
7202:Tsimshian
7153:Purépecha
7074:Longhouse
7049:Sun Dance
6981:Blackfoot
6969:Wabunowin
6964:Midewiwin
6885:Malaysian
6875:Kapitayan
6685:Digambara
6670:Ayyavazhi
6635:Vajrayana
6600:Theravada
6513:Ganapatya
6486:Ramanandi
6415:Hoahaoism
6293:Yiguandao
6188:Yarsanism
6183:Shabakism
6170:Yazdânism
6160:Zurvanism
6155:Mazdaznan
6114:Rastafari
6109:Mandaeism
5983:Wahhabism
5963:Ash'arism
5926:Tolstoyan
5916:Spiritual
5906:Mormonism
5877:Judaizers
5850:Quakerism
5828:Methodist
5818:Irvingism
5769:Calvinism
5722:Adventism
5705:Moravians
5542:Abrahamic
5449:Knowledge
5444:Tradition
5401:Folk hero
5355:Folk play
5335:Folk epic
5322:Folk arts
5292:Mythology
5277:Ghostlore
5242:Word game
5138:Narrative
4989:. (1948)
4951:. (1960)
4934:. (1977)
4731:192949893
4620:1874-6691
4575:HarperOne
4504:HarperOne
4479:HarperOne
4457:HarperOne
4184:145170270
2907:York Rite
2763:sacrament
2725:reverence
2713:shamanism
2710:ayahuasca
2475:instead.
2361:combined
2322:Swaziland
2289:Rebellion
2085:(O.T.O.).
2079:hierodule
2025:sacrifice
1978:sacrament
1852:sacrifice
1771:afterlife
1679:virilocal
1641:Shamanism
1618:see below
1480:festivals
1468:synagogue
1302:Formalism
1228:religious
1224:juridical
1210:ritualis,
1197:Etymology
1118:community
1041:Digambara
983:Yazdânism
963:Quranists
943:Ahmadiyya
929:Ayyavazhi
860:Methodism
825:Calvinism
805:Adventism
786:Vajrayana
771:Theravada
761:Pure Land
643:Religions
316:Bobohizan
227:Shamanism
137:Fetishism
97:Afterlife
10478:Category
10442:Suriname
10432:Paraguay
10417:Colombia
10324:Kiribati
10251:Honduras
10221:Dominica
10196:Barbados
10161:Scotland
10121:Slovenia
10116:Slovakia
10091:Portugal
9961:Bulgaria
9883:Thailand
9833:Pakistan
9813:Mongolia
9808:Maldives
9803:Malaysia
9691:Cambodia
9638:Zimbabwe
9613:Tanzania
9463:Ethiopia
9458:Eswatini
9438:Djibouti
9403:Cameroon
9388:Botswana
9332:Timeline
9327:Scholars
9287:Founders
9147:Violence
9102:Politics
8972:Business
8935:Theology
8679:Prophecy
8669:Paganism
8557:Covenant
8524:Apostasy
8459:Scythian
8400:Rapa Nui
8354:Thracian
8349:Illyrian
8339:Albanian
8310:Sumerian
8253:Harappan
8189:Germanic
8184:Georgian
8177:Selk'nam
8162:Etruscan
8150:Egyptian
8128:Druidism
8091:Armenian
8014:Satanism
7994:Eckankar
7917:Estonian
7902:Romanian
7892:Ossetian
7872:Germanic
7821:Armenian
7810:African
7803:paganism
7732:Sant Mat
7722:Rajneesh
7697:Meivazhi
7692:Japanese
7649:Siberian
7582:Santería
7552:Convince
7418:Bushongo
7322:Kiratism
7249:Hmongism
7116:Wocekiye
7101:Jivaroan
7069:Iroquois
7064:Ho-Chunk
7013:Cherokee
6936:American
6907:Hawaiian
6820:Sarnaism
6790:Tungusic
6778:Tengrism
6768:Mongolic
6697:Sarnaism
6628:Nichiren
6605:Mahayana
6592:Buddhism
6570:Sant Mat
6560:Sauraism
6555:Smartism
6550:Shaktism
6543:Balinese
6528:Kaumaram
6523:Kapalika
6518:Kashmiri
6503:Shaivism
6443:Hinduism
6410:Caodaism
6354:Ryukyuan
6349:Tenrikyo
6344:Shugendō
6322:Japanese
6193:Yazidism
6178:Ishikism
6056:Quranism
6029:Khawarij
5978:Salafism
5973:Atharism
5862:Esoteric
5833:Holiness
5823:Lutheran
5784:Reformed
5764:Baptists
5737:Brethren
5701:Hussites
5689:Assyrian
5605:Haymanot
5559:Orthodox
5508:Religion
5454:Medicine
5410:See also
5386:Fakelore
5365:Foodways
5330:Folk art
5130:Folklore
4797:11691889
4766:(1969).
4750:(1967).
4663:(1980).
4547:Archived
4524:Archived
4422:Archived
4329:Archived
3723:–17, 21.
3098:17788268
2961:Nabichum
2913:See also
2692:religion
2556:—
2533:—
2430:—
2308:Carnival
2140:Ritology
2118:bodies.
1903:Carnival
1754:antyesti
1645:Exorcism
1613:personae
1571:marriage
1547:adoption
1521:—
1505:writes:
1356:ceremony
1248:Sanskrit
1110:gestures
1022:Orthodox
1012:Haymanot
953:Mahdavia
919:Smartism
914:Shaktism
909:Shaivism
897:Hinduism
820:Baptists
756:Nichiren
751:Mahayana
744:Buddhism
732:Tengrism
607:Folklore
592:Journals
351:Slametan
311:Babaylan
306:Angakkuq
56:, India.
10447:Uruguay
10422:Ecuador
10402:Bolivia
10379:Vanuatu
10306:Oceania
10256:Jamaica
10236:Grenada
10191:Bahamas
10151:England
10141:Ukraine
10096:Romania
10056:Moldova
10016:Ireland
10011:Iceland
10006:Hungary
9996:Germany
9986:Finland
9981:Estonia
9976:Denmark
9971:Czechia
9966:Croatia
9951:Belgium
9946:Belarus
9941:Austria
9936:Andorra
9931:Albania
9908:Vietnam
9818:Myanmar
9793:Lebanon
9711:Georgia
9671:Bahrain
9661:Armenia
9623:Tunisia
9593:Somalia
9578:Senegal
9563:Nigeria
9553:Namibia
9543:Morocco
9508:Liberia
9503:Lesotho
9453:Eritrea
9423:Comoros
9398:Burundi
9373:Algeria
9317:Outline
9282:Deities
9209:Atheism
9122:Science
9040:Freedom
8898:History
8865:studies
8818:Dualism
8808:Animism
8773:Worship
8753:Symbols
8694:Liturgy
8607:Goddess
8567:Deities
8548:Laicism
8538:Beliefs
8517:Aspects
8489:Zapotec
8484:Vainakh
8452:Yahwism
8437:Semitic
8366:Iranian
8268:Hurrian
8258:Hittite
8248:Guanche
8241:Orphism
8172:Fuegian
8167:Finnish
8155:Atenism
8101:Latvian
8086:Arabian
8029:Raëlism
8009:Jediism
8004:Goddess
7977:De novo
7865:Druidry
7759:Thelema
7712:New Age
7597:Umbanda
7488:Tumbuka
7473:Odinala
7458:Lugbara
7378:African
7344:African
7292:Bimoism
7282:Burmese
7128:Mapuche
7094:Wyandot
7054:Guarani
7035:Choctaw
7030:Chilote
6949:Alaskan
6944:Abenaki
6895:Tagalog
6868:Kejawèn
6717:Sikhism
6680:Jainism
6640:Tibetan
6623:Amidism
6491:Warkari
6405:Đạo Mẫu
6255:Chinese
6237:Eastern
6214:Roshani
6133:Iranian
6041:Alevism
6034:Ibadism
6007:Zaydism
5684:Ancient
5655:Eastern
5615:Renewal
5600:Karaite
5581:Zionist
5569:Hasidic
5551:Judaism
5533:Western
5374:Society
5227:Proverb
5177:Parable
5070:Rituale
5061:(1990)
5051:(1987)
5020:(1999)
3078:Bibcode
3070:Science
2905:or the
2850:manāsik
2825:), and
2719:of the
2717:Urarina
2633:Dulaney
2530:skills.
2313:incwala
2210:aspects
2128:Bosnian
2065:society
2049:culture
1994:sanskar
1990:Sikhism
1984:); and
1970:baptism
1950:Judaism
1895:Ramadan
1766:Janazah
1748:shemira
1696:Funeral
1664:shamans
1660:oracles
1551:baptism
1461:worship
1430:profane
1230:usage,
1165:rituals
1125:worship
1053:Sikhism
1034:Jainism
1017:Karaite
1007:Hasidic
990:Judaism
885:Quakers
781:Tibetan
776:Tiantai
766:Shingon
702:Kejawèn
628:Oceania
102:Animism
18:Rituals
10576:Ritual
10501:Ritual
10488:Portal
10427:Guyana
10407:Brazil
10374:Tuvalu
10271:Panama
10261:Mexico
10206:Canada
10201:Belize
10131:Sweden
10111:Serbia
10101:Russia
10086:Poland
10081:Norway
10061:Monaco
10031:Latvia
10026:Kosovo
10001:Greece
9991:France
9923:Europe
9888:Turkey
9873:Taiwan
9778:Kuwait
9751:Jordan
9741:Israel
9701:Cyprus
9686:Brunei
9681:Bhutan
9633:Zambia
9628:Uganda
9568:Rwanda
9523:Malawi
9483:Guinea
9473:Gambia
9378:Angola
9365:Africa
9174:Wealth
9117:Schism
9072:Growth
8996:Priest
8981:Clergy
8800:Theism
8783:Nature
8778:Astral
8721:Groves
8689:Ritual
8674:Prayer
8632:Novice
8582:Ethnic
8507:Topics
8479:Urartu
8474:Tongan
8469:Somali
8464:Slavic
8344:Dacian
8123:Celtic
8118:Basque
8096:Baltic
7947:Udmurt
7912:Uralic
7907:Slavic
7860:Celtic
7848:Abkhaz
7836:Romuva
7826:Baltic
7801:Modern
7644:Papuan
7607:Voodoo
7562:Kumina
7503:Yoruba
7493:Urhobo
7463:Maasai
7448:Lotuko
7396:Baluba
7386:Akamba
7359:Berber
7317:Heraka
7307:Dongba
7185:Pueblo
7180:Pawnee
7170:Navajo
7160:Muisca
7123:Lenape
7111:Lakota
7089:Seneca
7079:Mohawk
7001:Ohlone
6976:Apache
6959:Ojibwe
6934:Native
6800:Manchu
6795:Evenki
6756:Altaic
6747:Ethnic
6722:Khalsa
6675:Kalash
6565:Śrauta
6434:Indian
6364:Korean
6330:Shinto
6300:Taoism
6273:Luoism
6099:Baháʼí
6094:Bábism
6046:Ahmadi
6024:Sufism
6017:Alawis
5667:Church
5595:Reform
5576:Modern
5564:Haredi
5302:Ritual
5237:Saying
5232:Riddle
5167:Legend
4848:
4817:Ritual
4814:about
4795:
4729:
4723:767933
4721:
4688:
4618:
4608:
4594:Leiden
4544:Q2:158
4521:Q2:128
4432:
4182:
4115:
4082:
4076:156–57
3802:
3777:
3674:
3161:Festus
3096:
2950:Kagura
2854:Truly
2842:Kaʿbah
2819:qiblah
2793:, and
2777:, the
2697:cultus
2601:Bosnia
2081:, and
2077:, the
1998:khalsa
1962:Muslim
1958:Shinto
1954:misogi
1946:Mikveh
1922:, and
1671:Zambia
1647:, and
1569:, and
1543:status
1465:Jewish
1445:Genres
1426:sacred
1278:dances
1203:ritual
1187:ritual
1106:ritual
1064:Social
1027:Reform
1002:Haredi
973:Sufism
727:Shinto
717:Shindo
712:Noaidi
692:Hanitu
651:Ethnic
346:Pawang
341:Jhākri
300:Ritual
207:Ritual
187:Oracle
107:Augury
54:Kerala
47:Śrauta
10540:Media
10412:Chile
10369:Tonga
10359:Samoa
10349:Palau
10339:Nauru
10246:Haiti
10166:Wales
10126:Spain
10051:Malta
10021:Italy
9913:Yemen
9868:Syria
9848:Qatar
9823:Nepal
9798:Macau
9761:Korea
9746:Japan
9721:India
9696:China
9608:Sudan
9558:Niger
9513:Libya
9498:Kenya
9478:Ghana
9468:Gabon
9443:Egypt
9383:Benin
9292:Index
9263:lists
9127:State
8945:Women
8813:Deism
8788:Place
8768:Water
8763:Truth
8731:Trees
8587:Faith
8552:Laity
8447:Punic
8405:Roman
8371:Vedic
8329:Olmec
8216:Greek
8209:Norse
8133:Irish
7954:Wicca
7749:Subud
7639:Inuit
7612:Winti
7602:Vodou
7567:Obeah
7547:Comfa
7530:Bantu
7483:Serer
7468:Mbuti
7428:Dogon
7423:Dinka
7406:Kongo
7401:Bantu
7327:Qiang
7217:Yaqui
7148:Olmec
7138:Aztec
7059:Haida
6996:Miwok
6991:Kuksu
6912:Māori
6843:Dayak
6764:Turko
6727:Sects
6663:Other
6618:Thiền
6202:Other
6104:Druze
6082:Other
5958:Sunni
5950:Islam
5732:Amish
5650:Latin
5459:Story
5210:False
5150:Fable
4793:S2CID
4727:S2CID
4719:JSTOR
4381:(PDF)
4180:S2CID
3636:23–35
3569:–103.
3432:–157.
3335:–153.
3319:–150.
3272:–140.
3256:-169.
3165:ritus
3121:–169.
2844:....
2831:Iḥrām
2801:Islam
2729:deity
2700:, or
2648:Boyer
2637:Fiske
2318:Bantu
2251:ethos
2248:group
2206:types
1934:water
1856:gifts
1816:solar
1493:, or
1354:, or
1352:mores
1290:drugs
1288:, or
1286:drink
1274:songs
1270:music
1244:ritus
1232:ritus
1219:ritus
1207:Latin
1161:hello
1133:cults
1116:of a
978:Sunni
948:Ibadi
936:Islam
697:Hausa
672:Anito
331:Dukun
321:Bomoh
276:Magic
247:Totem
50:yajna
10437:Peru
10319:Fiji
10216:Cuba
9828:Oman
9788:Laos
9736:Iraq
9731:Iran
9648:Asia
9618:Togo
9528:Mali
9418:Chad
9261:and
9188:and
8758:Text
8738:Soul
8627:Monk
8592:Fire
8273:Inca
8081:Ainu
7965:list
7942:Sámi
7572:Palo
7540:Ketu
7535:Jejé
7453:Lozi
7433:Efik
7411:Zulu
7391:Akan
7244:Ahom
7236:Miao
7234:and
7222:Zuni
7195:Hopi
7143:Maya
7040:Crow
7006:Pomo
6653:list
6610:Chan
6581:list
6538:Nath
6336:list
6072:list
5997:Shia
5939:list
5626:list
5217:Joke
5160:list
4846:ISBN
4686:ISBN
4616:ISSN
4606:ISBN
4430:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4080:ISBN
4041:–97.
3831:–38.
3800:ISBN
3775:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3416:–57.
3094:PMID
2875:and
2861:Saʿy
2823:Hajj
2805:For
2702:cult
2635:and
2595:and
2405:and
2346:and
2234:The
1966:Wudu
1864:puja
1799:and
1743:wake
1741:and
1472:Mass
1363:and
1282:food
1226:and
1214:rite
1176:emic
1172:etic
1066:and
968:Shia
677:Atua
653:and
336:Miko
326:Bora
172:Mana
34:and
9162:War
8637:Nun
8602:God
7663:New
7508:Ifá
7478:San
7277:Bon
7232:Tai
7207:Ute
6614:Zen
6278:Nuo
4785:doi
4711:doi
4598:doi
4172:doi
4109:112
3871:doi
3737:130
3614:121
3598:109
3567:102
3546:doi
3430:156
3414:156
3391:doi
3365:156
3349:155
3333:152
3317:145
3270:139
3254:138
3119:138
3086:doi
3074:179
2881:In
2690:In
2437:135
2277:of
2053:sex
1988:in
1972:in
1956:in
1948:in
1940:or
1818:or
1721:.
1515:...
1511:...
1470:or
1276:or
1252:ṛtá
1238:mos
1181:In
791:Zen
10572::
8979:/
8550:/
7443:Ik
7254:Mo
4924:"
4791:.
4781:47
4779:.
4725:.
4717:.
4707:22
4705:.
4614:.
4604:.
4487:^
4383:.
4178:.
4168:15
4166:.
4111:.
4078:.
4039:96
3996:30
3930:41
3867:43
3865:.
3861:.
3845:38
3829:36
3817:^
3808:.
3759:^
3721:13
3542:89
3540:.
3492:^
3461:94
3387:75
3385:.
3381:.
3285:.
3100:.
3092:.
3084:.
3072:.
3050:.
2909:.
2837:.
2829:.
2813:.
2789:,
2603:.
2517:.
2504:,
2409:.
2379:)
2350:.
1918:,
1783:,
1773:.
1643:,
1581:.
1565:,
1561:,
1557:,
1553:,
1549:,
1489:,
1284:,
1272:,
1167:.
1143:,
1104:A
356:Wu
45:A
10509::
7520::
7047:/
6766:-
6616:/
6612:/
5889:/
5703:/
5500:e
5493:t
5486:v
5122:e
5115:t
5108:v
4891:.
4852:.
4799:.
4787::
4733:.
4713::
4694:.
4622:.
4600::
4577:.
4542:(
4519:(
4506:.
4481:.
4459:.
4387:.
4348:.
4335:.
4314:.
4186:.
4174::
4121:.
4088:.
3998:.
3932:.
3879:.
3873::
3847:.
3783:.
3739:.
3680:.
3638:.
3616:.
3600:.
3552:.
3548::
3502:.
3463:.
3399:.
3393::
3367:.
3351:.
3302:.
3240:.
3228:.
3216:.
3204:.
3088::
3080::
2747:.
2041:.
2017:.
1728:)
1724:(
1497:.
1482:;
1346:.
1240:)
1236:(
1217:(
1093:e
1086:t
1079:v
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.