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any personal grievance against the organization may find that re-entry into conventional social networks is contingent on at least nominally affirming such opposition coalition claims. The archetypal account that is negotiated is a "captivity narrative" in which apostates assert that they were innocently or naïvely operating in what they had every reason to believe was a normal, secure social site; were subjected to overpowering subversive techniques; endured a period of subjugation during which they experienced tribulation and humiliation; ultimately effected escape or rescue from the organization; and subsequently renounced their former loyalties and issued a public warning of the dangers of the former organization as a matter of civic responsibility. Any expressions of ambivalence or residual attraction to the former organization are vigorously resisted and are taken as evidence of untrustworthiness. Emphasis on the irresistibility of subversive techniques is vital to apostates and their allies as a means of locating responsibility for participation on the organization rather than on the former member.
601:
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893:"Cult survivor" tales have become a familiar genre. They employ the devices of the captivity narrative in dramatic fashion, typically pitting mainstream secular values against the values held by some spiritual minority (which may be caricatured). As is true of the broader category, anti-cult captivity narratives are sometimes regarded with suspicion due to their ideological underpinnings, their formulaic character, and their utility in justifying social control measures. In addition, critics of the genre tend to reject the "
25:
79:
104:, or sold for ransom or slavery. Others were taken captive in the Middle East. These accounts established some of the major elements of the form, often putting it within a religious framework, and crediting God or Providence for gaining freedom or salvation. Following the North American experience, additional accounts were written after British people were captured during exploration and settlement in India and East Asia.
636:
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had remained
Christians. About 20,000 British and Irish captives were held in North Africa from the beginning of the 17th century to the middle of the 18th, and roughly 700 Americans were held captive as North African slaves between 1785 and 1815. The British captives produced 15 full biographical accounts of their experiences, and the American captives produced more than 100 editions of 40 full-length narratives.
782:, is premised on the notion of "cult survivor" as a social identity. It is not unusual for anyone who grew up in a religious and culturally conservative household – and who later adopted secular mainstream values – to describe themselves as a "cult survivor", notwithstanding the absence of any abuse or violence. In this sense, "cult survivor" may be used as a polemical term in connection with the so-called "
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narratives which attempt to equate difference with abuse, or to invoke a victim paradigm, may sometimes be criticized as unfair by scholars who believe that research into religious movements should be context-based and value-free. Beliefs, rituals, and customs which we assumed were merely "primitive" or "strange" may turn out to have profound meaning when examined in their own context.
294:, (1682) is a classic example of the genre. According to Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse, Rowlandson's captivity narrative was "one of the most popular captivity narratives on both sides of the Atlantic." Although the text temporarily fell out of print after 1720, it had a revival of interest in the 1780s. Other popular captivity narratives from the late 17th century include
721:, turns the tables on the familiar white captive/aboriginal captors narrative. It sensitively portrays the plight of Canadian aboriginal children who were captured and sent to residential schools, where they were stripped of their Native identity and forced to conform to Eurocentric customs and beliefs.
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tended to write narratives that negatively characterized
Indians. They portrayed the trial of events as a warning from God concerning the state of the Puritans' souls, and concluded that God was the only hope for redemption. Such a religious cast had also been part of the framework of earlier English
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in which young women captured by a "cult" and subjected to a low-protein diet are rescued Texas-style: An open air beef barbecue is held outside the "cult" compound. When the women smell the steaks, and are fed bite-sized morsels, they are instantly rescued from their "brainwashed" state, and return
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here is considerable pressure on individuals exiting
Subversive organizations to negotiate a narrative with the oppositional coalition that offers an acceptable explanation for participation in the organization and for now once again reversing loyalties. In the limiting case, exiting members without
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Other types of captivity narratives, such as those recounted by apostates from religious movements (i.e. "cult survivor" tales), have remained an enduring topic in modern media. They have been published in books and periodicals, in addition to being the subjects of film and television programs, both
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In
American literature, captivity narratives often relate particularly to the capture of European-American settlers or explorers by Native American Indians, but the captivity narrative is so inherently powerful that the story proves highly adaptable to new contents from terrorist kidnappings to UFO
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First they became instruments of propaganda against Indian "devils" and French "Papists." Later, ... the narratives played an important role in encouraging government protection of frontier settlements. Still later they became pulp thrillers, always gory and sensational, frequently plagiaristic and
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discusses the effect of those accounts in which white captives came to prefer and eventually adopt a Native
American way of life; they challenged European-American assumptions about the superiority of their culture. During some occasions of prisoner exchanges, the white captives had to be forced to
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and their Indian allies (similarly, the New
Englanders and their Indian allies took Canadiens and Indian prisoners captive). According to Kathryn Derounian-Stodola, statistics on the number of captives taken from the 15th through the 19th centuries are imprecise and unreliable, since record-keeping
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Captivity narratives, in addition to appealing to adults, have been attracting today's children as well. The narratives' exciting nature and their resilient young protagonists make for very educational and entertaining children's novels that have for goal to convey the "American characteristics of
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in the 18th and early 19th centuries. If the
Europeans converted to Islam and adopted North Africa as their home, they could often end their slavery status, but such actions disqualified them from being ransomed to freedom by European consuls in Africa, who were qualified only to free captives who
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have also found the North
American narratives useful in analyzing how the colonists or settlers constructed the "other". They also assess these works for what the narratives reveal about the settlers' sense of themselves and their culture, and the experience of crossing the line to another. Colley
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are usually stories of people captured by enemies whom they consider uncivilized, or whose beliefs and customs they oppose. The best-known captivity narratives in North
America are those concerning Europeans and Americans taken as captives and held by the indigenous peoples of North America. These
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Like captivity narratives in general, anti-cult captivity narratives also raise contextual concerns. Ethnohistoric Native
American culture differs markedly from Western European culture. Each may have its merits within its own context. Modern theorists question the fairness of pitting one culture
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Not all anti-cult captivity narratives describe physical capture. Sometimes the capture is a metaphor, as is the escape or rescue. The "captive" may be someone who claims to have been "seduced" or "recruited" into a religious lifestyle which he/she retrospectively describes as one of slavery. The
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Certain North American captivity narratives related to being held among Native peoples were published from the 18th through the 19th centuries. They reflected an already well-established genre in English literature, which some colonists would likely have been familiar with. There had already been
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vividly describes Susanna Johnson's forty-eight-month ordeal – the terror of being taken captive, childbirth during the forced march, prolonged separation from her three young children, degradation and neglect in a French prison, the loss of a newborn, a battle with smallpox, separation from her
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Traditionally, historians have made limited use of many captivity narratives. They regarded the genre with suspicion because of its ideological underpinnings. As a result of new scholarly approaches since the late 20th century, historians with a more certain grasp of Native American cultures are
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Similarly, spiritual groups may adopt a different way of life than the secular majority, but that way of life may have merits within its own context. Spiritual beliefs, rituals, and customs are not necessarily inferior simply because they differ from the secular mainstream. Anti-cult captivity
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in 1704, killing many settlers and taking more than 100 persons captive. They were taken on a several hundred-mile overland trek to Montreal. Many were held there in Canada for an extended period, with some captives adopted by First Nations families and others held for ransom. In the colonies,
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Jean Lowry, "A Journal of the Captivity of Jean Lowry and Her Children, Giving an Account of her being taken by the Indians, the 1st of April 1756, from William McCord's, in Rocky-Spring Settlement in Pennsylvania, With an Account of the Hardships she Suffered, &c." Oxford Text Archive,
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accounts of captivity by Barbary pirates. The numerous conflicts between Anglo-American colonists and the French and Native Americans led to the emphasis of Indians' cruelty in English-language captivity narratives, which served to inspire hatred for their enemies. In William Flemming's
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husband, and finally, widowhood as her spouse fell in yet another battle in the years-long French and Indian war. Spear borrowed heavily from Johnson's text, lifting both details and dialogue to construct her story. In pitching her tale to young readers, however, she focused not on the
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Jean Lowry (1760), "A Journal of the Captivity of Jean Lowry and Her Children, Giving an Account of her being taken by the Indians, the 1st of April 1756, from William McCord's, in Rocky-Spring Settlement in Pennsylvania, With an Account of the Hardships she Suffered,
370:(1707), was widely distributed in the 18th and 19th centuries, and continues to be published today. Due to his account, as well as the high number of captives, this raid, unlike others of the time, was remembered and became an element in the American frontier story.
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A Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt, only survivor of the crew of the ship Boston, during a captivity of nearly three years among the savages of Nootka Sound: with an account of the manners, mode of living, and religious opinions of the
826:, was soon made privy to its dark secrets: the nuns were required to service the priests sexually, and the children born of such liaisons were murdered and buried in a mass grave on the building's premises. Though the Maria Monk work has been exposed as a
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A narrative of the extraordinary sufferings of Mr. Robert Forbes, his wife, and five children during an unfortunate journey through the wilderness, from Canada to Kennebeck River, in the year 1784, in which three of their children were starved to
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2291:"The history of the life and sufferings of Henry Grace, of Basingstoke in the county of Southampton. Being a narrative of the hardships he underwent during several years captivity among the savages in North America, ... Written by himself"
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in February 1977, and held captive for 33 days. During that time, she was subjected to abusive treatment in an effort to "deprogram" her of her religious beliefs. She escaped her captors by pretending to cooperate, then returned to the
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A narrative of the sufferings and surprizing deliverances of William and Elizabeth Fleming, who were taken captive by Capt. Jacob, commander of the Indians, who lately made the incursions on the frontier of Pennsylvania, as related by
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A narrative of the sufferings and surprizing deliverances of William and Elizabeth Fleming, who were taken captive by Capt. Jacob, commander of the Indians, who lately made the incursions on the frontier of Pennsylvania, as related by
554:. On route to Quebec, John and his siblings were adopted by the First Nations in present-day New Brunswick but were reunited with their mother in Quebec about seven months later. In the spring of 1760, after the British victory at the
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return to their original cultures. Children who had assimilated to new families found it extremely painful to be torn from them after several years' captivity. Numerous adult and young captives who had assimilated chose to stay with
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This article references captivity narratives drawn from literature, history, sociology, religious studies, and modern media. Scholars point to certain unifying factors. Of early Puritan captivity narratives, David L. Minter writes:
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The basic structure of the captivity narrative concerns the rescue of "helpless" maidens who have been kidnapped by "natives" rescued at the last possible moment by a "hero." Commonly, this "hero" is rewarded through marriage. For
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American captivity narratives were usually based on true events, but they frequently contained fictional elements as well. Some were entirely fictional, created because the stories were popular. One spurious captivity narrative was
1945:, and starring Michelle St. John, is a "reverse" captivity narrative. It tells the story of Ashtecome, a First Nations (Canadian native) girl who is kidnapped and sent to a residential missionary school, where she is abused.
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A Journal of Lieut. Simon Stevens, from the time of his being taken, near Fort William-Henry, June the 25th 1758. With an account of his escape from Quebec, and his arrival at Louisbourg, on June the 6th,
2870:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa, But Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America, Related by Himself, by Venture Smith"
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in February, 1974. About a year later, she was photographed wielding a machine gun, helping them rob a bank. Was she an "assimilated captive" or was she only cooperating as a matter of survival? Was she
192:(1763), approximately 1,641 New Englanders were taken hostage. During the decades-long struggle between whites and Plains Indians in the mid-19th century, hundreds of women and children were captured.
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provided a large, visible enemy and intensified fears for American institutions and values. These anxieties inspired vicious anti-Catholic propaganda with pornographic overtones, such as Maria Monk's
207:, were popular in England in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first Barbary captivity narrative by a resident of North America was that of Abraham Browne (1655). The most popular was that of Captain
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was not consistent and the fate of hostages who disappeared or died was often not known. Yet conservative estimates run into the thousands, and a more realistic figure may well be higher. Between
107:
Since the late 20th century, captivity narratives have also been studied as accounts of persons leaving, or held in contemporary religious cults or movements, thanks to scholars of religion like
1432:, on the 25th day of September, in the year 1775, to the time of his exchange, on the 6th day of May, 1778 : containing voyages and travels ... Interspersed with some political observations
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Wilcomb E. Washburn, ed., "Narrative of the Captivity of Jane Frazier," vol. 109, The Garland Library of Narrative of North American Indian Captives. New York: Garland Publishing, 1977, pp 2-13
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Timothy Alden, "An Account of the Captivity of Hugh Gibson among the Delaware Indians of the Big Beaver and the Muskingum, from the latter part of July 1756, to the beginning of April, 1759,"
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is a scholar of religion who draws parallels between the propaganda function of 19th century captivity narratives concerning Native peoples, and contemporary captivity narratives concerning
2338:
Linda G. Layton, A Passion for Survival: The True Story of Marie Anne and Louis Payzant in Eighteenth-century Nova Scotia. (Halifax, NS: Nimbus Publishing, 2003, 2011), pp. 49-84.
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2547:, for a more comprehensive and nuanced look at the Patty Hearst phenomenon than is found in most individual articles. Bodi repeatedly poses the dialectic between free choice and agency.
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has studied the long history of English captivity among other cultures, both the Barbary pirate captives who preceded those in North America, and British captives in cultures such as
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in 1759, the family sailed back to Nova Scotia. In a separate event John Witherspoon was captured at Annapolis Royal during the French and Indian War and wrote about his experience.
983:. In this type of narrative, a person claims to have developed a new awareness of previously unreported ritual abuse as a result of some form of therapy which purports to recover
1885:. The film was primarily about him and his search, and was influential because of the multiple psychological layers in the character portrayal. The movie is loosely based on the
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who later released them to Halifax.) In August 1758, William Merritt was taken captive close to St. Georges (Thomaston, Maine), and taken to the Saint John River and later to
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and wrote about his captivity. Pote also wrote about being tortured. Ritual torture of war captives was common among Native American tribes, who used it as a kind of passage.
2846:. Translated by Rev. Edmund de Schweinitz. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography – via The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography volume 29, 1905.
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to cultural normality. Laycock's work shows how anti-cult captivity narratives – whether real or fictional, dramatic or comedic – remain a staple of modern media.
1917:, who is initially enslaved and mocked by being treated as an animal, but comes to respect his captors' culture and gain their respect. It spawned two sequels,
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distinguishing between plausible statements of fact and value-laden judgments in order to study the narratives as rare sources from "inside" Native societies.
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A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa: But Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America, Related by Himself
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represents the cult survivor tale at its most extreme. In it, Michelle Smith recounts horrific tales of sexual and physical abuse at the hands of the "
999:" over a five-year interval. However, the book has been extensively debunked, and is now considered most notable for its role in contributing to the
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A Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of Matthew Brayton in His Thirty-Four Years of Captivity Among the Indians of North-Western America
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by attending a convent school. She subsequently resolved to become a Catholic nun, but upon admission to the order at the Hôtel-Dieu nunnery in
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Some captivity narratives are partly or even wholly fictional, but are meant to impart a strong moral lesson, such as the purported dangers of
382:
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They were preceded, among English-speaking peoples, by publication of captivity narratives related to English people taken captive and held by
35:
1610:
A Narrative of the captivity and adventures of John Tanner, thirty years of residence among the Indians, prepared for the press by Edwin James
728:, which unfolded primarily in the mid-1970s, represents a special case. She was initially captured by a domestic U.S. terror group called the
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Memoirs of odd adventures, strange deliverances, &c. in the captivity of John Gyles, Esq; commander of the garrison on St. George's River
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Memoirs of odd adventures, strange deliverances, &c. in the captivity of John Gyles, Esq; commander of the garrison on St. George's River
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Our Western Border, Its Life, Combats, Adventures, Forays, Massacres, Captivities, Scouts, Red Chiefs, Pioneer Women, One Hundred Years Ago.
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Schwebel, Sara (June 2011). "Rewriting the Captivity Narrative for Contemporary Children: Speare, Bruchac, and the French and Indian War".
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897:" thesis, and to observe that it is extremely rare in Western nations for religious or spiritual groups to hold anyone physically captive.
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830:, it typifies those captivity narratives which depict a minority religion as not just theologically incorrect, but fundamentally abusive.
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Brian C. Cuthbertson, ed., The Journal of the Reverend John Payzant (1749–1834), (Hantsport, NS: Lancelot Press, 1981), pp. 15-16.
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Together, these analyses suggest that some of the common elements we may encounter in different types of captivity narratives include:
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A Surprising Account, of the Captivity and Escape of Philip M'Donald, and Alexander M'Leod, of Virginia, from the Chickkemogga Indians
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A Selection of Some of the Most Interesting Narratives, of Outrages, Committed by the Indians, in Their Wars with the White People,
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A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson, Containing an Account of Her Sufferings During Four Years With the Indians and French
846:, the nineteenth century captivity narrative was intended to either entertain or titillate audiences, or to function as propaganda.
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may be viewed as a "reverse" captivity narrative concerning Native peoples, the story of Donna Seidenberg Bavis (as recounted in
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424:(1798) provided American reading audiences with new narratives. In some accounts, British soldiers were the primary antagonists.
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from such movements frequently cast their accounts in the form of captivity narratives. This in turn provides justification for
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Captivity in another culture brought into question many aspects of the captives' lives. Reflecting their religious beliefs, the
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of shipwreck survivors captured by Indians in Florida. He says they survived by placing their trust in God to protect them. The
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A Narrative of the Captivity and Sufferings of Mr. Ebenezer Fletcher, of Newipswich, Who Was ... Taken Prisoner by the British
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804:
279:
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3104:, pp. 339–356. Ed. Philip J. Deloria and Neal Salisbury. Malden, Massachusetts and Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishers.
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The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr., during his Captivity in the French and Indian War from May, 1745, to August, 1747
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escaped together from Quebec along the coast of Acadia, finally reaching British-controlled Louisbourg and wrote accounts.
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Alexandra Heller-Nicholas (quoted earlier) points to the presence of a "helpless" maiden, and a "hero" who rescues her.
709:, who was captured as a young girl (1755) and spent the remainder of her 90 years among the Seneca, is such an example.
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by faith in the face of the threats and temptations of an alien way of life. Barbary captivity narratives, accounts of
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in North America, raiding between the colonies was frequent. Colonists in New England were frequently taken captive by
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Anticipates or prefigures Gothic literature with depictions of Indian "other" as dark, hellish, cunning, unpredictable
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In the final 30 years of the 18th century, there was a revival of interest in captivity narratives. Accounts such as
65:
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In its "Terms & Themes" summary of captivity narratives, the University of Houston at Clear Lake suggests that:
661:
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Neal Salisbury. "Review of Colin Caolloway, 'North Country Captives: Selected Narratives of Indian Captivities'",
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Cello-rock band Rasputina parodied captivity narratives in their song "My Captivity by Savages", from their album
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1050:'s tale of misfortune but on the youthful optimism of Susanna Johnson's largely imagined younger sister, Miriam.
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Out of thousands of religious groups, a handful have become associated with acts of violence. This includes the
609:
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Alice Baker. True stories of New England captives carried to Canada during the old French and Indian wars. 1897
1925:
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was captured; he published an account in 1774. Lt. Simon Stephens, of John Stark's ranger company, and Captain
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ransoms were raised by families or communities; there was no higher government program to do so. The minister
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Conscience in Crisis: Mennonite and Other Peace Churches in America, 1739-1789, Interpretation and Documents.
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Test of ethnic faith or loyalty: Will captive "go native," crossing to the other side, esp. by intermarriage?
249:(1793), is considered the first known captivity novel. It set the form for subsequent Indian capture novels.
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The Chronology of American Literature: America's literary achievements from the colonial era to modern times
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narratives have had an enduring place in literature, history, ethnography, and the study of Native peoples.
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Joseph Laycock, "Where Do They Get These Ideas? Changing Ideas of Cults in the Mirror of Popular Culture",
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Rewriting the Captivity Narrative for Contemporary Children: Speare, Bruchac, and the French and Indian War
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A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Horn, and Her Two Children, with Mrs. Harris, by the Camanche Indians
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2639:"Native American Religion in Early America". Divining America, TeacherServe®. National Humanities Center.
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The Greek Exile; or, A Narrative of the Captivity and Escape of Christophorus Plato Castanis, During the
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True Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, America
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Anticipates popular fiction, esp. romance narrative: action, blood, suffering, redemption – a page-turner
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American Indian captivity narratives, accounts of men and women of European descent who were captured by
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of the Big Beaver and the Muskingum, from the latter part of July 1756, to the beginning of April, 1759
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573:
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2366:'A narrative of an extraordinary escape: out of the hands of the Indians, in the Gulph of St. Lawrence
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A narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen's captivity, from the time of his being taken by the British, near
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were written by white Europeans and Americans who were captured, often as a result of shipwrecks, and
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Tragedies of the wilderness, or True and authentic narratives of captives ... By Samuel Gardner Drake
1897:
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Rachael Plummer's Narrative of Twenty One Months Servitude as a Prisoner Among the Commanchee Indians
778:
528:
282:, were popular in both America and Europe from the 17th century until the close of the United States
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2044:, March 2013, Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 80–106. Note: Laycock refers to an episode of the animated series
1306:, Containing Wonderful Passages, relating to her Captivity, and her Deliverance," both published in
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Minter, David L. "By Dens of Lions: Notes on Stylization in Early Puritan Captivity Narratives" in
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1597:, of Nantucket, in the Pacific Ocean, Jan. 1824 And the journal of a residence of two years on the
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924:. The typical contemporary anti-cult captivity narrative is one in which a purported "victim" of "
580:'s rangers and his detachment of three rangers and two light infantry privates from the 35th. The
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Part I, Travellers and Explorers, 1583–1763. 11. Jonathan Dickinson.] URL retrieved 24 March 2010
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Community and Conflict: Captivity Narratives and Cross-Border Contact in the Seventeenth Century
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The Narrative of Marie le Roy and Barbara Leininger, for Three Years Captives Among the Indians
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1933:
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The Narrative of Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger, for Three Years Captives Among the Indians
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in 1955, which ended in a murder/suicide claiming the lives of 918 people in November, 1978 in
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New England Captives Carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760 during the French and Indian War,
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2545:"Patty Hearst: A Media Heiress Caught in Media Spectacle" (2013). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 639
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The Old Jersey Captive: Or, A Narrative of the Captivity of Thomas Andros...on Board the Old
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737:" or fully conscious, acting with free will? These questions were hotly debated at the time.
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Seven captivity narratives are known that were written following capture of colonists by the
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2825:"Examination of (Jacob) Hochstattler," in Richard MacMaster, Samuel Horst and Robert Ulle,
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8:
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2420:
2127:
1906:
1890:
1824:
1713:
1560:
1469:
1358:
991:
979:
867:
562:
471:
315:
236:
218:
3843:
3248:
2162:
The Imaginary Puritan:Literature, Intellectual Labor, and the Origins of Personal Life
1496:
An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences ... in the years 1755, '56, '57, '58 & 59
1222:
4229:
3815:
3699:
3412:
3126:
3044:
3018:
2998:
2967:
2841:
2524:
2499:
2406:
2310:
2250:
2203:
2171:
2138:
1770:
1620:
1029:(1957), a historical fiction children's novel inspired by the captivity narrative of
536:
463:
447:
358:
165:
3041:
White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives
2722:
1553:
The Indian Captive; Or, A Narrative of the Captivity and Sufferings of Zadock Steele
803:, a fictional work circulated during the 19th century and beyond, and used to stoke
4028:
3783:
3474:
3309:
3138:
3111:, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University, first edition 1980, reprint, 1992.
3100:(2002) "Transforming Outsiders: Captivity, Adoption, and Slavery Reconsidered", in
2702:
2601:
2046:
1998:
1655:
984:
855:
705:
and never returned to live in Anglo-American or European communities. The story of
585:
418:
Narrative of the Remarkable Occurrences, in the Life of John Blatchford of Cape-Ann
329:
240:
200:
108:
3062:
768:
die in the murder/suicide are examples of "cult survivors", and the cult survivor
546:, recounts his being taken prisoner with his mother and three siblings during the
350:(1750), Indian barbarities are blamed on the teachings of Roman Catholic priests.
4399:
4353:
4178:
4130:
4114:
4082:
3951:
3794:
3730:
3662:
3545:
3504:
3461:
3361:
3260:
3174:
3083:
2930:
2912:
2897:
2824:
2364:
2276:
2244:
1988:
1819:
1747:
The Remarkable Adventures of Col. James Smith, Five Years a Captive Among Indians
1677:
1582:
1280:
1244:
996:
406:
A Narrative of the Capture and Treatment of John Dodge, by the English at Detroit
287:
204:
127:
101:
2306:
Collection de documents inédits sur le Canada et l'Amérique [microforme]
1641:
Narrative of the capture, sufferings, and miraculous escape of Mrs. Eliza Fraser
957:
temple in Potomac, Maryland. She subsequently filed a lawsuit claiming that her
414:
A Very Surprising Narrative of a Young Woman, Who Was Discovered in a Rocky Cave
3809:
3789:
3776:
3714:
3678:
3601:
3519:
3436:
3373:
3236:
3230:
2809:
2093:
White, Lonnie J. "White Women Captives of Southern Plains Indians, 1866–1875",
1910:
1786:
1694:
1662:
1507:
1444:
1303:
1268:
Cautiverio feliz y razón individual de las guerras dilatadas del reino de Chile
1250:
1213:
1025:
871:
758:
746:
307:
4464:
3820:
3799:
3771:
3709:
3668:
3657:
3617:
3576:
3571:
3534:
3480:
3284:
3254:
2617:
1942:
1882:
1645:
1614:
1564:
1548:
1481:
1349:
1299:
1291:
1163:
961:
had been violated by the deprogramming attempt, and that she had been denied
949:
929:
875:
815:
718:
390:
310:'s captivity (1697), both well-known accounts of the capture of women during
303:
295:
267:
604:
British captain witnessing the miseries of Christian slaves in Algiers, 1815
4298:
4290:
3632:
3586:
3560:
3499:
3379:
1938:
1902:
1866:
1830:
1766:
1636:
1570:
1385:
925:
894:
734:
725:
706:
566:
543:
513:
436:
123:
1804:
Yanoama: The Story of Helena Valero, a Girl Kidnapped by Amazonian Indians
1200:, a Spaniard, Who Was Eleven Years a Prisoner Among the Indians of Florida
233:
describes it as, "in many respects the best of all the captivity tracts."
4012:
3756:
3704:
3524:
3467:
3272:
3224:
3071:
3057:
2706:
2605:
1994:
1969:
1877:, is a drama about a man's search for his niece who was taken captive by
1839:
1722:
1423:
1169:
1003:
962:
797:
to a minority faith. Perhaps the most notorious work in this subgenre is
783:
527:
Henry Grace was taken captive by the Mi'kmaq near Fort Cumberland during
455:
176:
160:
2714:
2584:
David G. Bromley, "The Social Construction of Contested Exit Roles", in
2129:
Master Plots: Race and the Founding of an American Literature, 1787–1845
2106:
584:
took the prisoners to Miramachi and then Restogouch. (They were kept by
4237:
4186:
4122:
3849:
3724:
3637:
3621:
3529:
3278:
2740:
1874:
1758:
History of the Spirit Lake massacre and captivity of Miss Abbie Gardner
1627:
1598:
1373:
1369:
1340:
808:
799:
608:
North America was not the only region to produce captivity narratives.
478:
172:
1697:, by the Turks, Together with Various Adventures in Greece and America
1218:
The Admirable Adventures and Strange Fortunes of Master Antonie Knivet
497:. His memoirs are regarded as a precursor to the frontier romances of
2076:"Crossing the Cultural Divide:Indians and New Englanders, 1605–1763."
1870:
1013:
750:
180:
139:
or East Asia, which began after the early North American experience.
2898:"An Account of the Captivity of Hugh Gibson," in Archibald Loudoun,
2352:
Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol 2, pp. 31–62.
664:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
292:
A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson
4004:
3688:
3646:
3143:
1878:
1429:
863:
823:
474:. Whether their captivity experiences were documented is unknown).
451:
283:
539:
during the same war, and also wrote an account of his experience.
78:
4074:
2810:
Beverly W. Bond, ed. "The Captivity of Charles Stuart, 1755-57,"
2113:
Colonial and Revolutionary Literature, Early National Literature,
1803:
1601:; with observations on the manners and customs of the inhabitants
1354:
The History of the Long Captivity and Adventures of Thomas Pellow
954:
342:
3960:
Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
576:, the Acadian militia took prisoner William Caesar McCormick of
385:
wrote a captivity narrative after gaining return to her people.
4036:
1256:
773:
754:
589:
459:
3896:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
1407:
Jacob Hochstetler (1758) "Examination of (Jacob) Hochstattler"
1117:
A romantic or sexual encounter occurring in an "alien" culture
920:) may be viewed as a "reverse" captivity narrative concerning
2002:
1914:
136:
2157:
1093:
indicates that the wave of Catholic immigration after 1820:
3109:
Beyond Geography: The Western Spirit Against the Wilderness
2498:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xlv–xlvi.
2439:
2363:
Smethurst, Gamaliel (1774). Ganong, William Francis (ed.).
1682:
827:
769:
694:
Beyond Geography: The Western Spirit Against the Wilderness
143:
numerous English accounts of captivity by Barbary pirates.
3016:
Yeats: An Annual of Critical and Textual Studies XII, 1994
1183:
Memoir On the Country and Ancient Indian Tribes Of Florida
944:) who – according to a lawsuit filed on her behalf by the
2440:
Tousignant, Pierre; Dionne-Tousignant, Madeleine (1979).
2391:"Captain Robert Stobo (Concluded)", ed. George M. Kahrl,
1439:
The Captivity of Benjamin Gilbert and His Family, 1780–83
1381:
A Narrative of the Captivity of Nehemiah How in 1745-1747
1272:
Happy Captivity and Reason for the Prolonged Wars of the
3872:
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
2622:"The Scientific Study of Religion? You must be joking!"
2151:
2108:
The Cambridge History of English and American Literature
973:
Among anti-cult captivity narratives, a subgenre is the
928:" is "rescued" from a life of "slavery" by some form of
257:
32:
The examples and perspective in this English literature
2829: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2001; pp 125-26
2606:"Brainwashing and Cults: The Rise and Fall of a Theory"
213:
An Authentic Narrative of the Loss of the Brig Commerce
83:
The Abduction of Daniel Boone's Daughter by the Indians
2408:
The History of Rogers' Rangers: The First Green Berets
1581:
Narrative of the captivity of William Biggs among the
717:, a 1989 film written by Keith Leckie and directed by
2948:
A narrative of the captivity of John McCullough, ESQ,
2557:
Ruth Hughes on "The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk,"
1737:
A narrative of the captivity of John McCullough, ESQ,
790:
term "captive" may nonetheless be used figuratively.
533:
The History of the Life and Sufferings of Henry Grace
50:, or create a new English literature, as appropriate.
2915:
Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,
2166:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
1234:
Lítil saga umm herhlaup Tyrkjans á Íslandi árið 1627
550:
by the First Nations (Maliseet/Wolastoqiyik) in the
366:
was among those captured and ransomed. His account,
231:
Cambridge History of English and American Literature
2671:
The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions
1973:(2007), is a humorous take on captivity narratives.
4440:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
2195:
2159:
2126:
1014:Children's novels inspired by captivity narratives
901:against another and making broad value judgments.
1727:Narrative of My Captivity among the Sioux Indians
1683:Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas
1019:resourcefulness, hopefulness, pluck and purity".
740:
535:(Boston, 1764). Anthony Casteel was taken in the
4462:
3077:"Women Captives and Indian Captivity Narratives"
2496:The Narrative of Robert Adams: A Barbary Captive
4394:List of last surviving American enslaved people
2839:
2079:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
2005:and indoctrinated into their alien way of life.
1127:
968:
489:. He wrote about his torture by the Natives at
3984:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
2450:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
2393:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
2194:Metcalf, Richard (1998). Lamar, Howard (ed.).
2158:Armstrong, Nancy; Leonard Tennenhouse (1992).
1449:The Capture and Escape of Mercy Harbison, 1792
3159:
3038:
2902:A. Loudoun Press, Carlisle, 1811; pp. 181-186
2767:The Oxford Companion To United States History
2466:"Documentary history of the state of Maine ."
1591:A Narrative of the Mutiny, on Board the Ship
3115:Journal of John Witherspoon, Annapolis Royal
3086:, Women's History – accessed January 6, 2006
2935:Philadelphia: J.C. McCurdy, 1876; pp 204-224
2739:, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Nov., 1973), pp. 335–347,
2624:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
2521:A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison
2483:. London: Cassell & Company. p. 27.
1575:A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison
772:has become a popular one. A recent American
2926:
2924:
2688:
2686:
2042:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
1701:Matthew Brayton (1860), The Indian Captive
1111:A captor portrayed as quintessentially evil
3166:
3152:
2840:Le Roy, Marie; Leininger, Barbara (1759).
2754:"Terms & Themes: Captivity Narrative,"
2523:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
2425:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2118:
2074:Vaughan, Alden T., and Daniel K. Richter.
1991:'s capture by Indians in poetic vignettes.
1967:'s song "Cannibal Buffet", from the album
1522:An Account of the Captivity of Hugh Gibson
1390:Narrative of the Captivity of Jane Frazier
462:(two other prisoners were future Governor
4486:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
4408:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
2812:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
2362:
2356:
2249:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 49.
2198:The New Encyclopedia of the American West
2189:
2187:
2001:", in which a human child is "stolen" by
1913:, is a drama about a man captured by the
1811:Wizard of the Upper Amazon: The Story of
1709:A Thrilling Narrative of Indian Captivity
1401:Charles Stuart (1757, published in 1926)
1255:Hamel's Journal and a Description of the
1091:Oxford Companion to United States History
680:Learn how and when to remove this message
427:
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
4389:Treatment of slaves in the United States
4163:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
3477:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
2921:
2818:
2692:
2683:
2626:Vol. 34, No. 3 (Sep., 1995), pp. 287–310
2404:
2395:Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul., 1941), pp. 254–268
2278:The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr.
2236:
1941:), written by Keith Leckie, directed by
1403:The Captivity of Charles Stuart, 1755-57
936:. However, Donna Seidenberg Bavis was a
599:
431:
261:
252:
154:
77:
2891:
2799:Boston, Mass.: Green and Russell, 1756.
2787:
2478:
2193:
2124:
1849:
1751:
625:
357:, French and Abenaki warriors made the
122:In addition, modern historians such as
4463:
4326:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
4147:Queen: The Story of an American Family
4067:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
3102:A Companion to American Indian History
2906:
2833:
2803:
2518:
2184:
1132:
1120:An heroic rescue, often by a male hero
1006:of the 1980s, which culminated in the
764:Members of the Peoples Temple who did
4099:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
3928:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
3364:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
3147:
2850:
2814:Jun., 1926, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 58-81
2752:University of Houston at Clear Lake,
2493:
1775:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.
1671:Sarah Ann Horn with E. House (1839),
1394:William and Elizabeth Fleming (1756)
1336:Madagascar, or Robert Drury's Journal
1243:An Historical Relation of the Island
987:, often using suggestive techniques.
814:She claimed to have been born into a
393:wrote about her captivity during the
258:New England and the Southern colonies
3944:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
3439:(1783 England – 1821 United States)
3173:
2570:Rape-Revenge Films: A Critical Study
2242:
1765:
1264:Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán
977:story, the best-known example being
837:, Alexandra Heller-Nicholas writes:
835:Rape-Revenge Films: A Critical Study
629:
195:Many narratives included a theme of
18:
3127:Early American Captivity Narratives
3043:. The University of Chicago Press.
2369:. New Brunswick Historical Society.
2063:Women's Indian Captivity Narratives
1632:The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk
1286:The Sovereignty and Goodness of God
805:anti-Catholic sentiment in the U.S.
800:The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk
477:The most well-known became that by
334:(Boston, 1793). Another is that of
171:Because of the competition between
13:
4283:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
4155:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
3433:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
3386:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
2862:
2586:The Politics of Religious Apostasy
1411:Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger
881:The Politics of Religious Apostasy
870:to target religious movements for
542:The fifth captivity narrative, by
14:
4517:
4491:Military history of New Brunswick
4384:Songs of the Underground Railroad
4344:Abolitionism in the United States
3852:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
3483:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
3120:
2444:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
2411:. San Mateo, California. p.
2065:, p. xv (New York: Penguin, 1998)
1983:Hilary Holladay's book of poems,
1733:The Captivity of John McCullough,
1364:The Journal of John Peter Salling
1037:(2011), Sara L. Schwebel writes:
397:(the North American front of the
4432:Slave Songs of the United States
3936:The Underground Railroad Records
3846:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
3032:
2494:Adams, Charles Hansford (2006).
2447:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2405:Loescher, Burt Garfield (1969).
2133:. Baltimore: JHU Press. p.
1920:The Return of a Man Called Horse
1114:A suffering victim, often female
634:
223:God's Protecting Providence ...
23:
4481:Military history of New England
4476:Military history of Nova Scotia
3812:(19th century Indian Territory)
3786:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
3008:
2980:
2954:
2939:
2880:from the original on 2018-06-17
2794:William and Elizabeth Fleming,
2776:
2759:
2746:
2729:
2663:
2644:
2631:
2610:
2594:
2578:
2562:
2550:
2537:
2512:
2487:
2472:
2458:
2433:
2398:
2385:
2373:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2297:
2283:
2270:
2232:Eight captivity narrative. 1746
2225:
2216:
1780:
1650:An Account of the Captivity of
1501:
1316:
1188:
1179:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda
1160:The Narrative of Cabeza De Vaca
595:
556:Battle of the Plains of Abraham
485:(1736). He was captured in the
441:taken at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia
44:improve this English literature
4416:Slave-Trading in the Old South
3470:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)
2669:See "Satanic Ritual Abuse" in
2637:See Heyrman, Christine Leigh.
2243:Burt, Daniel S. (2004-01-13).
2100:
2087:
2068:
2055:
2034:
2021:
1926:Triumphs of a Man Called Horse
1695:Massacre on the Island of Scio
1196:Narrative of the captivity of
1054:
965:as a member of a hated class.
946:American Civil Liberties Union
741:Anti-cult captivity narratives
610:North African slave narratives
531:. His narrative was entitled,
16:Genre of accounts by survivors
1:
4091:The Confessions of Nat Turner
4056:
4049:
3880:The Narrative of Robert Adams
3294:
3134:The Narrative of Robert Adams
3129:, Washington State University
2009:
1985:The Dreams of Mary Rowlandson
1761:. Des Moines: Iowa Print. Co.
1718:Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees
1707:Mary Butler Renville (1863),
1543:The Narrative of Robert Adams
1226:
328:The Remarkable Adventures of
150:
4424:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
4379:Slavery in the United States
3736:Greensbury Washington Offley
2765:"Anti-Catholic Movement" in
2350:Journal of John Witherspoon,
2014:
1977:
1835:Patty Hearst – Her Own Story
1791:Nine Years Among the Indians
1294:(1697), "A Notable Exploit:
1128:Notable captivity narratives
969:Satanic captivity narratives
306:, as well as his account of
7:
4448:The Hemingses of Monticello
4349:African-American literature
3039:Baepler, Paul, ed. (1999).
2568:Alexandra Heller-Nicholas,
2452:University of Toronto Press
2222:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 273
1949:
1475:The History of Maria Kittle
1194:Gentleman of Elvas (1609),
818:family, but was exposed to
660:the claims made and adding
348:Narrative of the Sufferings
320:God's Protecting Providence
246:The History of Maria Kittle
225:(1699), is an account by a
188:(1675) and the last of the
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
4522:
4471:Military history of Acadia
4264:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
3370:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
3186:Slave Narrative Collection
3094:– accessed January 6, 2006
2858:University of Oxford, 2014
2559:University of Pennsylvania
2031:, 1994. vol. 18 (1). p. 97
1854:
1309:Magnalia Christi Americana
1166:and Patrick Charles Pautz.
1148:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
730:Symbionese Liberation Army
574:Petitcodiac River Campaign
412:(1786), Abraham Panther's
286:late in the 19th century.
4336:
4309:
4274:
4257:To a Southern Slaveholder
4248:
4213:
4045:The Bondwoman's Narrative
3994:
3920:My Bondage and My Freedom
3904:The Life of Josiah Henson
3888:American Slavery as It Is
3863:
3830:
3490:
3446:
3421:
3395:
3348:
3331:
3316:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang
3205:
3194:
3181:
2695:The New England Quarterly
2519:Seaver, James E. (2015).
2202:. Yale University Press.
2029:American Indian Quarterly
1833:and Alvin Moscow (1982),
1795:Clinton L. Smith (1927),
779:Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
147:fiction and non-fiction.
4203:The Underground Railroad
3968:The Peculiar Institution
3613:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
3014:Richard J Finneran (ed)
1735:originally published as
1731:John McCullough (1876),
1461:Susannah Willard Johnson
1123:An element of propaganda
1031:Susannah Willard Johnson
1008:McMartin preschool trial
620:
614:enslaved in North Africa
548:Raid on Lunenburg (1756)
518:siege of Annapolis Royal
516:was captured during the
487:Siege of Pemaquid (1689)
387:Susannah Willard Johnson
4374:Films featuring slavery
3838:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
3762:William Henry Singleton
3567:Ellen and William Craft
2995:Oxford University Press
2481:The Quest for Timbuctoo
2479:Gardner, Brian (1968).
2125:Gardner, Jared (2000).
1557:John Ingles (c. 1824),
1453:Arthur Bradman (1794),
1436:William Walton (1784),
1302:); and "A Narrative of
1021:Elizabeth George Speare
922:new religious movements
872:social control measures
860:new religious movements
298:'s "A Notable Exploit:
87:Charles Ferdinand Wimar
4222:Amos Fortune, Free Man
3456:Juan Francisco Manzano
3431:Marie-Joseph Angélique
3339:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
3322:Johann Georg Wolffgang
3304:Guðríður Símonardóttir
3243:James Leander Cathcart
3098:Strong, Pauline Turner
2084:(1980): pp. 53, 23–99.
1958:Frustration Plantation
1934:Where The Spirit Lives
1809:F. Bruce Lamb (1971),
1801:Helena Valero (1965),
1689:Christophorus Castanis
1579:William Biggs (1826),
1102:
1087:
1067:
1052:
911:Where the Spirit Lives
891:
848:
714:Where The Spirit Lives
605:
529:Father Le Loutre's War
507:Robert Montgomery Bird
443:
439:(1749–1834) – captive
428:Nova Scotia and Acadia
302:" on the captivity of
275:
190:French and Indian Wars
168:
90:
4171:Walk Through Darkness
4107:Underground to Canada
3720:Jermain Wesley Loguen
3665:(1848/1854 VA – 1957)
3592:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
3408:Konstantin Mihailović
3356:Lovisa von Burghausen
3063:Coleman, Emma Lewis.
2641:Accessed Oct-16-2015.
2572:New York: McFarland,
2095:Journal of the West 8
1893:by Comanche warriors.
1379:Nehemiah How (1748),
1095:
1071:
1062:
1039:
886:
862:. Bromley notes that
839:
603:
552:French and Indian War
503:William Gilmore Simms
499:James Fenimore Cooper
435:
395:French and Indian War
273:Junius Brutus Stearns
265:
253:Origins of narratives
203:captured and held by
161:Elisa Bravo Jaramillo
158:
132:Pauline Turner Strong
81:
4496:Captivity narratives
4369:Caribbean literature
4359:Atlantic slave trade
3912:Twelve Years a Slave
3805:Booker T. Washington
3607:Jordan Winston Early
2756:visited Oct-20-2015.
2707:10.1162/TNEQ_a_00091
1850:Artistic adaptations
1589:William Lay (1828),
1532:Sufferings in Africa
1327:The Redeemed Captive
1298:" (the captivity of
1001:Satanic Ritual Abuse
975:Satanic Ritual Abuse
626:Assimilated captives
470:(taken 1749) at the
466:(taken 1754) and Lt
379:Dover, New Hampshire
368:The Redeemed Captive
94:Captivity narratives
34:may not represent a
4364:Captivity narrative
4195:The Book of Negroes
3976:The Slave Community
3840:(1845–1847, Brazil)
3767:James Lindsay Smith
3674:John Andrew Jackson
3609:(1814 – after 1894)
3563:(1845 KY – 1938 OH)
3556:William Wells Brown
3515:Jared Maurice Arter
3510:William J. Anderson
3403:Johann Schiltberger
3107:Turner, Frederick.
2991:W. B. Yeats: a Life
2737:American Literature
2657:The Washington Post
2543:See Bodi, Anna E.,
2442:"du Calvet, Pierre"
1818:Michelle Smith and
1813:Manuel Córdova-Rios
1585:in Illinois in 1788
1205:Fernão Mendes Pinto
1139:Johann Schiltberger
1133:15th–16th centuries
959:freedom of religion
940:devotee (member of
917:The Washington Post
807:(see main article:
757:(see main article:
698:Frederick W. Turner
4318:Unchained Memories
3823:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
3597:Frederick Douglass
3368:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
3267:Maria ter Meetelen
3082:2005-12-21 at the
2931:Charles McKnight,
2348:John Witherspoon,
1907:Elliot Silverstein
1898:A Man Called Horse
1891:Cynthia Ann Parker
1825:Michelle Remembers
1714:Sarah F. Wakefield
1621:Jersey Prison Ship
1561:Mary Draper Ingles
1470:Ann Eliza Bleecker
1359:John Peter Salling
1296:Dux Faemina Facti,
992:Michelle Remembers
985:repressed memories
980:Michelle Remembers
948:– was abducted by
884:, Bromley writes:
645:possibly contains
606:
563:Gamaliel Smethurst
495:King William's War
472:Siege of Grand Pre
444:
332:, of Massachusetts
316:Jonathan Dickinson
312:King William's War
300:Dux Faemina Facti,
276:
237:Ann Eliza Bleecker
219:Jonathan Dickinson
169:
91:
4506:American folklore
4458:
4457:
4230:I, Juan de Pareja
4214:Young adult books
4021:Uncle Tom's Cabin
3864:Non-fiction books
3859:
3858:
3816:Harriet E. Wilson
3700:Elizabeth Keckley
3546:Henry "Box" Brown
3464:(1860–1965, Cuba)
3458:(1797–1854, Cuba)
3413:George of Hungary
3388:(1792 – fl. 1828)
3050:978-0-226-03403-4
2968:Poetry Foundation
2946:John McCullough,
2530:978-0-8061-4891-5
2505:978-0-521-60373-7
2256:978-0-618-16821-7
1889:of nine-year-old
1623:at New York, 1781
1370:Lucy Terry Prince
1158:); Translated as
1099:Awful Disclosures
926:cult mind control
820:Roman Catholicism
690:
689:
682:
647:original research
537:Attack at Jeddore
522:King George's War
464:Michael Francklin
377:, Indians raided
375:Father Rale's War
359:Raid on Deerfield
186:King Philip's War
166:Raymond Monvoisin
76:
75:
68:
4513:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4029:The Heroic Slave
3784:Pierre Toussaint
3779:(1793 VA – 1860)
3743:(1827 VA – 1900)
3475:Pierre Toussaint
3310:Antoine Qaurtier
3299:
3296:
3203:
3202:
3175:Slave narratives
3168:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3139:Internet Archive
3054:
3026:
3012:
3006:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2958:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2928:
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2727:
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2690:
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2614:
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2602:J. Gordon Melton
2598:
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2165:
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2132:
2122:
2116:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2047:King of the Hill
2038:
2032:
2025:
1999:The Stolen Child
1797:The Boy Captives
1776:
1762:
1656:Delaware Indians
1599:Mulgrave Islands
1583:Kickapoo Indians
1274:Kingdom of Chile
1257:Kingdom of Korea
1231:
1228:
868:anti-cult groups
856:David G. Bromley
703:Native Americans
685:
678:
674:
671:
665:
662:inline citations
638:
637:
630:
586:Pierre du Calvet
399:Seven Years' War
383:Elizabeth Hanson
355:Queen Anne's War
330:Jackson Johonnet
280:Native Americans
241:epistolary novel
109:David G. Bromley
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
27:
26:
19:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4501:Literary genres
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4400:Book of Negroes
4354:Anti-Tom novels
4332:
4305:
4270:
4244:
4209:
4179:The Known World
4059:
4052:
3990:
3952:Up from Slavery
3855:
3844:Miguel de Buría
3826:
3795:Wallace Turnage
3731:Solomon Northup
3663:Fountain Hughes
3505:Jordan Anderson
3492:
3486:
3462:Esteban Montejo
3448:
3442:
3423:
3417:
3391:
3362:Olaudah Equiano
3344:
3327:
3297:
3261:Elizabeth Marsh
3249:Ólafur Egilsson
3237:Felice Caronni
3198:
3196:
3190:
3177:
3172:
3123:
3084:Wayback Machine
3051:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3013:
3009:
3005:pages 56, 75-76
2985:
2981:
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2963:Hilary Holladay
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2660:, May 21, 1977.
2650:Janis Johnson,
2649:
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2073:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
1980:
1952:
1905:), directed by
1887:1836 kidnapping
1869:), directed by
1857:
1852:
1820:Lawrence Pazder
1783:
1678:Herman Melville
1504:
1319:
1281:Mary Rowlandson
1229:
1223:Ólafur Egilsson
1191:
1135:
1130:
1057:
1016:
997:Church of Satan
971:
934:exit counseling
743:
686:
675:
669:
666:
651:
639:
635:
628:
623:
598:
582:Acadian militia
561:During the war
493:village during
430:
288:Mary Rowlandson
260:
255:
205:Barbary pirates
153:
128:anthropologists
102:Barbary pirates
72:
61:
55:
52:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4519:
4509:
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4234:
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4217:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4139:Middle Passage
4135:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3996:Fiction/novels
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3980:
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3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3810:Wallace Willis
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Harriet Tubman
3787:
3780:
3777:Austin Steward
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:William Parker
3744:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3717:
3715:J. Vance Lewis
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Harriet Jacobs
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3653:William Grimes
3650:
3645:(19th century
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:Kate Drumgoold
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Solomon Bayley
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3491:North America:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3447:North America:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3437:John R. Jewitt
3434:
3427:
3425:
3422:North America:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3396:Ottoman Empire
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3374:Jean Marteilhe
3371:
3365:
3359:
3352:
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3346:
3345:
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3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3257:(late 19th c.)
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3231:Isaac Brassard
3228:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3199:of enslavement
3192:
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3189:
3188:
3182:
3179:
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3170:
3163:
3156:
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3141:
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3122:
3121:External links
3119:
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2728:
2701:(2): 318–346.
2682:
2675:James R. Lewis
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2224:
2215:
2209:978-0300070880
2208:
2183:
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2150:
2143:
2117:
2099:
2097:(1969): 327–54
2086:
2067:
2061:Introduction,
2054:
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2019:
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2011:
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2006:
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1911:Richard Harris
1894:
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1847:
1846:
1844:Taken on Trust
1837:
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1816:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1787:Herman Lehmann
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
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1753:Gardner, Abbie
1749:
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1663:Rachel Plummer
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1508:John R. Jewitt
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1304:Hannah Swarton
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1026:Calico Captive
1015:
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970:
967:
852:James R. Lewis
844:James R. Lewis
759:Peoples Temple
747:Peoples Temple
742:
739:
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308:Hannah Swarton
259:
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201:English people
152:
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113:James R. Lewis
74:
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38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
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4310:Documentaries
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3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:South America
3829:
3822:
3821:Zamba Zembola
3819:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Bethany Veney
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Venture Smith
3770:
3768:
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3763:
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3758:
3755:
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3752:James Roberts
3750:
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3694:Paul Jennings
3692:
3690:
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3680:
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3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:Omar ibn Said
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:Josiah Henson
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3643:William Green
3641:
3639:
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3626:
3623:
3619:
3618:Peter Fossett
3616:
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3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Lucinda Davis
3575:
3573:
3572:Hannah Crafts
3570:
3568:
3565:
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3559:
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3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:James Bradley
3538:
3536:
3535:Leonard Black
3533:
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3493:United States
3489:
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3481:Marcos Xiorro
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3292:
3289:
3286:
3285:Thomas Pellow
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:Petro Kilekwa
3253:
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3247:
3244:
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3238:
3235:
3232:
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3110:
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3099:
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3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:Other sources
3024:
3023:0-472-10614-7
3020:
3017:
3011:
3004:
3003:0-19-288085-3
3000:
2996:
2992:
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2874:Gutenberg.org
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2625:
2619:
2618:Eileen Barker
2613:
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2316:9780665053238
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2239:
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2205:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2177:0-520-07756-3
2173:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2146:
2144:0-8018-6538-7
2140:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2111:. Volume XV.
2110:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1943:Bruce Pittman
1940:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1909:and starring
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:American West
1880:
1876:
1873:and starring
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1862:The Searchers
1859:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1767:Pote, William
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
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1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1724:
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1710:
1706:
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1690:
1687:
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1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1646:Timothy Alden
1644:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:Thomas Andros
1613:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1565:Thomas Ingles
1562:
1559:The Story of
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:Zadock Steele
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:(1803–1805),
1509:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:Venture Smith
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:Thomas Pellow
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:John Williams
1321:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1300:Hannah Duston
1297:
1293:
1292:Cotton Mather
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:(1659–1678),
1240:
1237:
1235:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:Rolena Adorno
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:preposterous.
1061:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
988:
986:
982:
981:
976:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
950:deprogrammers
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:deprogramming
927:
923:
919:
918:
913:
912:
906:
902:
898:
896:
890:
885:
883:
882:
877:
876:deprogramming
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
847:
845:
838:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
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812:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
791:
787:
785:
781:
780:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
738:
736:
731:
727:
724:The story of
722:
720:
719:Bruce Pittman
716:
715:
710:
708:
704:
699:
695:
684:
681:
673:
670:February 2019
663:
659:
655:
649:
648:
643:This article
641:
632:
631:
618:
615:
611:
602:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:William Stark
575:
570:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
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500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
468:John Hamilton
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
438:
434:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:New Hampshire
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
364:John Williams
360:
356:
351:
349:
344:
339:
337:
333:
331:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:Hannah Duston
301:
297:
296:Cotton Mather
293:
289:
285:
281:
274:
270:
269:
268:Hannah Duston
264:
250:
248:
247:
242:
238:
234:
232:
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206:
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67:
59:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4363:
4324:
4316:
4297:
4291:The Octoroon
4289:
4281:
4262:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4043:
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4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3684:Thomas James
3633:Moses Grandy
3628:David George
3587:Lucy Delaney
3561:Peter Bruner
3500:Sam Aleckson
3380:Roustam Raza
3291:Joseph Pitts
3213:Robert Adams
3197:by continent
3133:
3108:
3101:
3090:
3064:
3040:
3015:
3010:
2990:
2987:R. F. Foster
2982:
2971:, retrieved
2962:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2914:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2882:. Retrieved
2873:
2864:
2852:
2842:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2795:
2789:
2778:
2766:
2761:
2748:
2736:
2731:
2698:
2694:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2646:
2633:
2623:
2612:
2596:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2539:
2520:
2514:
2495:
2489:
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2474:
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2445:
2435:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2387:
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2375:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2305:
2299:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2245:
2238:
2227:
2218:
2197:
2161:
2153:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
1987:, recreates
1984:
1968:
1956:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1896:
1860:
1843:
1834:
1831:Patty Hearst
1823:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1781:20th century
1771:
1757:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1692:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1649:
1640:
1637:Eliza Fraser
1631:
1618:
1609:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1574:
1571:Mary Jemison
1558:
1552:
1541:
1538:Robert Adams
1530:
1521:
1511:
1502:19th century
1495:
1485:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1437:
1427:
1414:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1386:Jane Frazier
1380:
1363:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1332:Robert Drury
1326:
1317:18th century
1307:
1295:
1285:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1242:
1233:
1217:
1208:
1195:
1189:17th century
1182:
1173:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1074:abductions.
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1017:
990:
989:
978:
972:
938:Hare Krishna
915:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:mind control
892:
887:
879:
849:
840:
834:
832:
813:
798:
792:
788:
777:
765:
763:
744:
726:Patty Hearst
723:
712:
711:
707:Mary Jemison
693:
692:In his book
691:
676:
667:
644:
607:
596:North Africa
571:
567:Robert Stobo
560:
544:John Payzant
541:
532:
526:
514:William Pote
511:
482:
481:, who wrote
476:
445:
437:John Payzant
421:
420:(1788), and
417:
413:
409:
405:
403:
372:
367:
352:
347:
340:
327:
324:
319:
299:
291:
277:
266:
245:
235:
230:
222:
221:'s Journal,
217:
212:
194:
170:
159:
145:
141:
124:Linda Colley
121:
117:
106:
99:
93:
92:
82:
62:
53:
33:
4060: 1861
4053: 1853
3757:Moses Roper
3741:John Parker
3727:(1790–1880)
3705:Boston King
3696:(1799–1874)
3525:Polly Berry
3468:Mary Prince
3382:(1783–1845)
3376:(1684-1777)
3358:(1698–1733)
3341:(1684–1736)
3324:(1644–1744)
3318:(1660–1736)
3312:(1632–1702)
3306:(1598–1682)
3298: 1735
3281:(1708–1754)
3273:Mende Nazer
3263:(1735–1785)
3251:(1564–1639)
3245:(1767–1843)
3239:(1747–1815)
3233:(1620–1702)
3225:Francis Bok
3221:(1714-1761)
3219:Marcus Berg
3215:(c. 1790–?)
3195:Individuals
3025:pages 91–92
2797:themselves.
2652:"Deprogram"
2262:7 September
1995:W. B. Yeats
1970:Ooky Spooky
1923:(1976) and
1840:Terry Waite
1743:James Smith
1723:Fanny Kelly
1652:Hugh Gibson
1606:John Tanner
1527:James Riley
1518:Hugh Gibson
1492:James Smith
1424:Ethan Allen
1397:themselves.
1259:, 1653–1666
1239:Robert Knox
1230: 1628
1170:Hans Staden
1152:La Relacion
1055:Conclusions
963:due process
784:culture war
749:founded by
735:brainwashed
572:During the
456:Nova Scotia
290:'s memoir,
211:, entitled
209:James Riley
177:New England
4465:Categories
4238:Copper Sun
4187:Unburnable
4123:Dessa Rose
3850:Osifekunde
3782:Venerable
3725:James Mars
3638:Lear Green
3622:Monticello
3582:Noah Davis
3551:John Brown
3530:Henry Bibb
3473:Venerable
3279:Hark Olufs
2884:2021-07-27
2673:edited by
2010:References
1989:Rowlandson
1875:John Wayne
1654:among the
1628:Maria Monk
1374:Bars Fight
1341:John Gyles
1209:Pilgrimage
1198:Juan Ortiz
1156:The Report
1041:Johnson's
1023:published
816:Protestant
809:Maria Monk
795:conversion
654:improve it
479:John Gyles
454:tribes in
336:Nelson Lee
197:redemption
173:New France
151:Background
3963:(1936–38)
3449:Caribbean
3275:(b. 1982)
3227:(b. 1979)
2468:Portland.
2421:cite book
2015:Citations
1997:(1889), "
1978:In poetry
1871:John Ford
1484:(1798),
1372:(1746), "
1232:–1639) ,
1143:Reisebuch
1048:Narrative
1043:Narrative
864:apostates
751:Jim Jones
658:verifying
512:Merchant
181:Canadiens
56:June 2020
48:talk page
4259:" (1848)
4005:Oroonoko
3689:John Jea
3293:(1663 –
3287:(1705–?)
3269:(1704–?)
3080:Archived
2973:30 April
2878:Archived
2741:Abstract
2723:57570772
2715:23054805
2309:. 1889.
1965:Voltaire
1950:In music
1879:Comanche
1842:(1993),
1822:(1980),
1789:(1927),
1769:(1896).
1755:(1885).
1745:(1876),
1725:(1871),
1716:(1864),
1691:(1851),
1680:(1847),
1665:(1838),
1648:(1837),
1639:(1837),
1630:(1836),
1617:(1833),
1608:(1830),
1573:(1824),
1563:and Son
1551:(1818),
1540:(1816),
1529:(1815),
1520:(1811),
1494:(1799),
1472:(1797),
1463:(1796),
1447:(1792),
1430:Montreal
1426:(1779),
1420:&c."
1413:(1759),
1388:(1756),
1361:(1745),
1352:(1740),
1343:(1736),
1334:(1729),
1325:(1709),
1283:(1682),
1266:(1673),
1253:(1668),
1216:(1625),
1207:(1614),
1181:(1575),
1172:(1557),
1150:(1542),
1141:(1460),
908:Just as
824:Montreal
696:(1980),
491:Meductic
452:Maliseet
416:(1787),
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343:Puritans
322:(1699).
284:frontier
215:(1817).
130:such as
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4131:Beloved
4115:Kindred
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4075:Our Nig
3137:at the
2293:. 1765.
2003:faeries
1961:(2004).
1929:(1983).
1881:in the
1855:In film
1739:in 1832
1513:natives
1478:, novel
955:Krishna
652:Please
520:during
448:Mi'kmaq
373:During
353:During
4451:(2008)
4443:(2002)
4435:(1867)
4427:(2008)
4419:(1931)
4411:(1847)
4403:(1783)
4329:(2008)
4321:(2003)
4302:(2022)
4294:(1859)
4286:(1858)
4267:(1853)
4249:Essays
4241:(2006)
4233:(1965)
4225:(1951)
4206:(2016)
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4142:(1990)
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4110:(1977)
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4094:(1967)
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4078:(1859)
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4037:Clotel
4032:(1852)
4024:(1852)
4016:(1841)
4008:(1688)
3987:(2018)
3979:(1972)
3971:(1956)
3955:(1901)
3947:(1881)
3939:(1872)
3931:(1861)
3923:(1855)
3915:(1853)
3907:(1849)
3899:(1845)
3891:(1839)
3883:(1816)
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590:Quebec
505:, and
460:Acadia
314:, and
227:Quaker
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4275:Plays
3067:1925.
2997:1998
2771:p. 40
2719:S2CID
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2574:p. 70
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1004:scare
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874:like
850:Like
621:Types
137:India
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3332:Asia
3045:ISBN
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2616:See
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1867:1956
1089:The
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770:meme
458:and
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