31:
120:, which was inserted between the sheet being written upon and the copy. Carbonless paper was used as business stationery requiring one or more copies of the original, such as invoices and receipts. The copies were often paper of different colors (e.g., white original for customer, yellow copy for supplier's records, and other colors for subsequent copies). Stationery with carbonless copy paper can be supplied collated either in pads or books bound into sets, or as loose sets, or as
2014:
1172:
2024:
1184:
204:(PCBs) was banned due to health and environmental concerns, PCBs were used as a transfer agent in carbonless copy paper. PCBs are readily transferred to human skin during handling of such papers, and it is difficult to achieve decontamination by ordinary washing with soap and water. In Japan, carbonless copy paper is still treated as a PCB-contaminated waste.
208:
carbonless copy paper produced after 1987. In most cases, good industrial hygiene and work practices should be adequate to reduce or eliminate symptoms. These include adequate ventilation, humidity, and temperature controls; proper housekeeping; minimal hand-to-mouth and hand-to-eye contact; and periodic cleansing of hands.
207:
Exposure to certain types of carbonless copy paper or its components has resulted, under some conditions, in mild to moderate symptoms of skin irritation and irritation of the mucosal membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. A 2000 review found no irritation or sensitization on contact with
76:
dye or ink on the back side of the top sheet, and a clay coating on the front side of the bottom sheet. When pressure is applied (from writing or impact printing), the dye capsules rupture and react with the clay to duplicate the markings made to the top sheet. Intermediary sheets, with clay on the
93:
dye or ink or a reactive clay. The back of the first sheet is coated with micro-encapsulated dye (referred to as a Coated Back or CB sheet). The lowermost sheet is coated on the top surface with a clay that quickly reacts with the dye to form a permanent mark (Coated Front, CF). Any intermediate
215:
present in its air, whereas a well-ventilated office where little such paper was used did not. The study also found that there were higher rates of sick leave and illness complaints at the office using large amounts of carbonless copy paper. Another study, which was published in
238:
With the increasing adoption of inexpensive inkjet printers and laser printers on computer systems since the 1980s, the use of carbonless multipart forms in businesses has declined, as it is simpler to make copies of documents.
234:
In 2001, three employees of a medical center in San
Francisco filed a lawsuit against their employer, blaming exposure to carbonless copy paper and other chemicals for their inflammatory breast cancer.
334:
de Voogt P; Klamer J C; Brinkman U A Th (December 1984). "Identification and quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls in paper and paper board using fused silica capillary gas chromatography".
637:
Fukazawa h, H. K.; Hoshino, K.; Shiozawa, T.; Matsushita, H.; Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol a in wastewater from wastepaper recycling plants".
169:
153:
211:
In a 1997 study, the
University of Florida found that a poorly-ventilated office where large amounts of carbonless copy paper were used had significant levels of
61:
designed to transfer information written on the front onto sheets beneath. It was developed by chemists Lowell
Schleicher and Barry Green, as an alternative to
875:
778:
Takemura; Ma, J.; Sayama, K.; Terao, Y.; Zhu, B.; Shimoi, K. (2005). "In vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A".
319:
1157:
101:), the pressure causes the micro-capsules to break and release their dye. Since the capsules are so small, the resulting print is very accurate.
843:
553:
1924:
1147:
284:
104:
Carbonless copy paper was also available in a self-contained version that had both the ink and the clay on the same side of the paper.
908:
866:
1132:
853:
848:
681:
579:
445:
220:, connected chronic occupational exposure to paper dust and carbonless copy paper with an increased risk of adult-onset asthma.
77:
front and dye capsules on the back, can be used to create multiple copies; this may be referred to as multipart stationery.
881:
2068:
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1919:
1914:
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116:, applying for a patent on June 30, 1953. Formerly, the options were to write documents more than once or use
1838:
901:
264:
2063:
731:"Bisphenol a data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial nonfood exposure, or both"
1489:
1107:
814:
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315:
2058:
212:
493:
Graves CG, Matanoski GM, Tardiff RG (2000). "Carbonless copy paper and workplace safety: a review".
1317:
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201:
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When the sheets are written on with pressure (e.g., ball-point pen) or impact (e.g., typewriter,
2027:
1813:
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133:
291:
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472:"Invitation of proposals concerning to PCB contaminated solid wastes treatment technologies"
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sheets are coated with clay on top and dye on the bottom (Coated Front and Back, CFB).
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474:. Hyogo Prefectural Environment Create Center Public Corporation. January 27, 2003
136:, which is widely used today. Other dyes and supporting chemicals used are PTSMH (
1999:
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1974:
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1112:
1061:
531:"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Carbonless Copy Paper"
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593:(7). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: 1007–1011.
533:. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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1984:
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The average carbonless copy paper contains a high concentration of
554:"Scientists Test Carbonless Copy Paper For Sickening Side Effects"
1747:
1292:
1286:
989:
984:
941:
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931:
161:
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448:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
882:
Scientist Test
Carbonless Copy Paper for Sickening Side Effect
1681:
1676:
1382:
1232:
53:(No Carbon Required, taken from the initials of its creator,
886:
577:
188:, and others. The dyes in carbonless copy papers may cause
85:
Carbonless copy paper consists of sheets of paper that are
68:
Carbonless copying provides an alternative to the use of
1201:
132:
The first dye used commercially in this application was
578:
Jaakkola, Maritta S.; Jouni J.K. Jaakkola (July 2007).
492:
336:
876:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
777:
728:
446:"NPL Site Narrative for Fox River NRDA/PCB Releases"
400:. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 1: 61–62.
390:"Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Non-carbon Copy Paper"
195:
285:"Carbonless Paper Pioneer Lowell Schleicher Dies"
2040:
112:Carbonless copy paper was first produced by the
387:
383:
381:
580:"Office Work Exposures and Adult-Onset Asthma"
140:-toluene sulfinate of Michler's hydrol), TMA (
1217:
902:
378:
1279:
1224:
1210:
909:
895:
867:Patent: Pressure-sensitive record material
682:"Concerned About BPA: Check Your Receipts"
327:
754:
729:Stahlhut; Welshons, W.; Swan, S. (2009).
606:
421:
324: Pressure responsive record materials
551:
65:and is sometimes misidentified as such.
29:
464:
14:
2041:
702:
679:
1205:
890:
127:
2023:
1183:
872:Hazard Review: Carbonless Copy Paper
684:. Society for Science and the Public
388:Kuratsune M, Masuda Y (April 1972).
815:"Co-workers' rare cancer a mystery"
813:Lee, Henry K. (December 14, 2001).
812:
290:. Appletonideas.com. Archived from
24:
25:
2080:
860:
735:Environmental Health Perspectives
680:Raloff, Janet (October 7, 2009).
587:Environmental Health Perspectives
394:Environmental Health Perspectives
218:Environmental Health Perspectives
200:Until the 1970s, when the use of
196:Health and environmental concerns
124:for printers designed to use it.
2022:
2013:
2012:
1182:
1171:
1170:
703:Begley, Sharon (June 29, 2009).
166:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
806:
771:
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696:
673:
630:
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144:), phenol-formaldehyde resins,
545:
523:
486:
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308:
277:
13:
1:
1839:Environmental impact of paper
916:
836:
659:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00507-5
265:List of duplicating processes
27:Coated paper used for copying
80:
72:. Carbonless copy paper has
7:
819:The San Francisco Chronicle
242:
10:
2085:
1786:Surface chemistry of paper
1289:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
558:University of Florida News
213:volatile organic compounds
2008:
1947:
1892:
1804:
1761:
1720:
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1335:
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1166:
1100:
1039:
1031:Teradata Data Warehousing
998:
924:
792:10.1016/j.tox.2004.09.015
202:polychlorinated biphenyls
2069:NCR Corporation products
1318:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
270:
170:polyoxypropylene diamine
154:formaldehyde isocyanates
1834:Elemental chlorine free
1791:Units of paper quantity
496:Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
150:diisopropylnaphthalenes
107:
1814:Bleaching of wood pulp
1021:Netkey Digital Signage
849:Business Weeks Expose'
705:"When Studies Collide"
509:10.1006/rtph.2000.1408
192:in sensitive persons.
134:crystal violet lactone
55:National Cash Register
35:
1733:Corrugated fiberboard
1490:Electrical insulation
1343:Thomas Francis Carter
957:Carbonless Copy Paper
925:Products and services
552:Meisenheimer, Karen.
142:trimellitic anhydride
122:continuous stationery
47:non-carbon copy paper
39:Carbonless copy paper
34:Carbonless copy paper
33:
1011:Copient Technologies
2064:American inventions
747:10.1289/ehp.0800376
651:2001Chmsp..44..973F
348:1984BuECT..32...45D
229:endocrine disruptor
186:diethylene triamine
1153:Wright Bros. House
356:10.1007/BF01607463
190:contact dermatitis
128:Dyes and chemicals
99:dot-matrix printer
91:micro-encapsulated
74:micro-encapsulated
36:
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2035:
1361:
1360:
1353:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
1331:
1330:
1301:
1300:
1244:Paper engineering
1199:
1198:
261:AKA Ditto machine
259:Spirit duplicator
16:(Redirected from
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2059:Chemical hazards
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2016:
2015:
2000:Beverage cartons
1990:Watercolor paper
1849:Hollander beater
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1016:NCR Self-Service
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1266:Battle of Talas
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57:) is a type of
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786:(2): 215–221.
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1047:Bill Anderson
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1026:Symbios Logic
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854:A Paper Trail
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503:(1): 99–117.
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452:on 2015-02-14
451:
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297:on 2013-11-12
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48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2049:Coated paper
1965:Papier-mâché
1960:Paper towels
1879:Soda pulping
1796:Wet strength
1597:Photographic
1470:Cotton (rag)
1457:
1443:Construction
1188:
1175:
1128:Country Club
956:
824:November 29,
822:. Retrieved
818:
808:
783:
779:
773:
738:
734:
724:
712:. Retrieved
708:
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686:. Retrieved
675:
642:
638:
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621:the original
590:
586:
573:
561:. Retrieved
557:
547:
535:. Retrieved
525:
500:
494:
488:
478:February 20,
476:. Retrieved
466:
454:. Retrieved
450:the original
440:
397:
393:
342:(1): 45–52.
339:
335:
329:
310:
299:. Retrieved
292:the original
279:
254:Carbon paper
237:
233:
222:
217:
210:
206:
199:
176:, aliphatic
174:epoxy resins
137:
131:
118:carbon paper
111:
103:
96:
84:
67:
63:carbon paper
59:coated paper
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:
1995:Paper money
1955:Lined paper
1874:Papermaking
1807:and process
1805:Manufacture
1781:Paper sizes
1510:Greaseproof
1495:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
1348:Dard Hunter
1280:Originators
1248:Papermaking
1087:James Ritty
1067:Lars Nyberg
1006:4Front UNIX
962:Century 100
874:, from the
639:Chemosphere
537:October 13,
249:Carbon copy
225:bisphenol A
182:bisphenol A
178:isocyanates
158:hydrocarbon
2043:Categories
1932:Paper mill
1859:Organosolv
1738:Fiber crop
1728:China clay
1687:Waterproof
1587:Paperboard
1465:Correction
1458:Carbonless
1306:Developers
1148:Slidertown
1113:Book Award
1092:Tom Watson
1072:Bob Oelman
837:References
780:Toxicology
714:October 9,
688:October 7,
563:3 November
316:US 2730457
301:2013-11-12
227:(BPA), an
1985:Notebooks
1970:Cardboard
1753:Wood pulp
1721:Materials
1697:Wood-free
1672:Wallpaper
1667:Tree-free
1607:Red rosin
1592:Parchment
1577:Onionskin
1572:Newsprint
1433:Cartridge
1428:Cardstock
1423:Cardboard
1373:Acid-free
1133:Institute
1057:Joe Desch
999:Divisions
918:NCR Voyix
81:Operation
51:NCR paper
2018:Category
1975:Clothing
1893:Industry
1829:Deinking
1819:Calender
1776:Grammage
1662:Transfer
1627:Security
1500:Glassine
1403:Blotting
1378:Air-laid
1336:Scholars
1177:Category
1118:Building
1052:Ed Deeds
800:15596252
765:19479022
709:Newsweek
667:11513431
617:17637914
517:11029273
456:June 24,
432:17539088
372:23290658
243:See also
162:solvents
148:, DIPN (
146:azo dyes
2028:Commons
1980:Tissues
1771:Density
1748:Papyrus
1707:Writing
1657:Tracing
1647:Thermal
1622:Scritta
1617:Rolling
1582:Origami
1545:Butcher
1480:Display
1448:Contact
1413:Bristol
1388:Asphalt
1293:Damjing
1287:Cai Lun
1258:History
1190:Commons
1108:Babbitt
990:WaveLAN
980:Voyager
756:2685842
647:Bibcode
608:1913573
423:1474878
414:3428153
364:6421348
344:Bibcode
160:-based
1910:Europe
1905:Canada
1652:Tissue
1562:Manila
1535:Korean
1530:Ingres
1525:Inkjet
1438:Coated
1418:Carbon
1393:Banana
1187:
1040:People
798:
763:
753:
665:
615:
605:
515:
430:
420:
412:
370:
362:
321:
87:coated
2054:Paper
1920:Japan
1915:India
1682:Wasli
1677:Washi
1637:Stone
1567:Mummy
1557:Lokta
1540:Kraft
1520:India
1505:Graph
1475:CrĂŞpe
1398:Bible
1383:Amate
1366:Types
1233:Paper
1101:Other
952:53C9x
624:(PDF)
583:(PDF)
410:JSTOR
368:S2CID
295:(PDF)
288:(PDF)
271:Notes
89:with
49:, or
1948:Uses
1937:List
1712:Xuan
1702:Wove
1632:Seed
1612:Rice
1552:Laid
1515:Hemp
1453:Copy
1408:Bond
1143:Slab
967:CRAM
947:5380
826:2009
796:PMID
761:PMID
716:2009
690:2009
663:PMID
613:PMID
565:2015
539:2007
513:PMID
480:2008
458:2009
428:PMID
360:PMID
108:Uses
1692:Wax
1642:Tar
985:VRX
975:TMX
971:SLU
942:340
937:315
932:304
788:doi
784:207
751:PMC
743:doi
739:117
655:doi
603:PMC
595:doi
591:115
505:doi
418:PMC
402:doi
352:doi
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43:CCP
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1485:DĂł
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511:.
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