522:
384:
43:
502:
Historian Alan Gallay has speculated that the Saura and
Saxapahaw people deserted Barnwell's army because their villages were likely to be attacked by the Tuscarora in vengeance for assisting colonizers in the war. Gallay described the approximate location of the Saura homeland as "about 60 miles
696:
was named by a contingent of passported Cheraw to Bogue Chitto
Neshoba District of Choctaw land in 1810 from Dimery Settlement. Chief of Churrah, Thomas Parker, was the recipient of the re-reserve land at Honey Island Swamp on the Little PeDee and he willed that land to his nephew, John Parker.
471:
in North
Carolina. Almost all his forces were Indians, organized into four companies, based in part on tribal and cultural factors. The 1st and 2nd companies were made up of Indians with strong ties to South Carolina. The 3rd company was of "northern Indians" who lived farther from
631:
Congaree, Wereaw, and others. The Saraw are listed as living in one village with a population of 510, of which 140 were men and 370 were women and children. South
Carolina probably acquired these numbers at least partially through second-hand sources and estimates.
211:
Originally known as the "Saraw", they became known by the name of one of their villages, Cheraw. They are also known as the Charáh, Charrows, Charra, Charaws, Charraws, Chara, Joara, Juada, Sara, Saraw, Saura, Suali, Sualy, Xualla, Xualae, and Xuala.
902:
Beck, p. 170 Quote: "William Byrd of
Westover, writing in 1733, similarly reports that 'the frequent inroads of the Senecas' (1928:290) had forced the Saras, probably descendants of Joara, to leave the Dan for the Pee Dee some thirty years
618:
conducted a census of
Indians in the region. The Cheraw were grouped with the "northern" or "Piedmont" peoples. This group had relatively fewer ties to South Carolina and were not counted as accurately as were the
1240:
503:
upriver from the
Peedees", whose home is described as "on the Peedee River about 80 miles west of the coast". This puts the Saura in the general vicinity of the upper Dan and Yadkin rivers.
419:
368:, explored deep into North Carolina and described a large town he called "Sara", in the mountains that "receive from the Spaniards the name of Suala". He wrote that the Natives here mined
2908:
721:
1220:
1013:
292:
counties, was known later in the 18th and 19th centuries as "The
Cheraws", the "Cheraw Hills", and later the "Old Cheraws." Their main village was near the site of present-day
586:
They were last noted as a distinct tribe among the
Catawba in 1768. They merged into the Catawba over time, while some descendants joined the Native people living near the
1515:
1208:
959:
2084:
583:. The remnants of the tribes combined. The tribe was nearly destroyed before the middle of the 18th century and European encroachment on their old territory.
423:
1646:
511:
549:
30 years before, who had been raiding peoples on the frontier from their home in present-day New York. The Saura were known to have moved south to the
491:
The 4th company was of northern
Indians who lived even farther away and whose allegiance was still weaker. Among this group were the Saraw, Saxapahaw,
2944:
2939:
2898:
1361:
2949:
2104:
1490:
1201:
716:
399:
1946:
545:. The towns had been abandoned by the time of Byrd's visit. He noted in his writing that the Saura had been attacked and nearly destroyed by the
154:
2661:
537:
conducted an expedition to survey the North Carolina and Virginia boundary, and reported finding two Saura villages on the Dan River, known as
2094:
296:, close to the North Carolina border. Cheraw was one of the earliest inland towns which European Americans established in South Carolina.
2137:
1194:
203:, where the Cheraw name became more widely used. They became extinct as a tribe, although some descendants survived as remnant peoples.
2147:
2934:
700:
Located in Walnut Cove, North Carolina, South Stokes High School's team mascot name honors the Native American Indian Saura tribe.
1768:
1764:
514:, mistreatment, and encroachment on their territory. On July 18, 1715, a Cheraw delegation represented the Catawban tribes in
1409:
1331:
1176:
375:
James Needham and Gabriel Archer also explored the entire area from Fort Henry in 1671, and described this town as "Sarrah."
1608:
337:
In 1600 CE, they may have numbered 1,000. In 1670, they left their homes near present-day Asheville to settle on the lower
2782:
1786:
1598:
1573:
1505:
1351:
273:
1906:
1535:
1510:
1414:
1181:
1062:
1044:
1026:
1104:
1087:
1072:
1054:
1036:
346:
2351:
1588:
526:
289:
2858:
1696:
1429:
1168:
166:
2371:
1936:
1321:
1311:
670:
666:
2688:
2455:
2440:
2316:
2079:
1891:
1439:
1376:
1356:
674:
599:
350:
2719:
2698:
2257:
2217:
2001:
1623:
1578:
1485:
1454:
2651:
2625:
2450:
2386:
2336:
1661:
1628:
1235:
181:
627:, and others. Other "northern" Piedmont peoples named in the 1715 census include the Catawba, Waccamaw,
2247:
2132:
2114:
1966:
1901:
655:
591:
473:
403:
250:
Their site Joara was in western North Carolina. They were later recorded as living east of present-day
199:
After attacks in the late 17th century and early 18th century, they moved to the southeast around the
2006:
1336:
251:
786:
571:
epidemic decimated both the Cheraw and the Catawba. In 1755, the Cheraw were persuaded by colonizer
521:
2410:
2182:
2152:
1886:
615:
158:
2868:
2678:
2558:
2505:
2366:
2041:
2036:
1996:
662:
20:
1138:
2851:
2533:
2099:
1831:
1691:
1583:
1568:
1495:
685:
643:
In 1835, Cheraw descendants, who had been absorbed into the Catawba tribe, were classified as "
515:
293:
189:
1826:
1791:
1434:
1224:
1186:
651:
361:
322:
2821:
2016:
1851:
1381:
1326:
644:
411:
8:
2826:
2787:
2734:
2485:
2435:
2420:
2356:
2341:
2294:
2056:
1776:
1676:
1563:
704:
693:
692:
was named by an early settler who was born in Cheraw, South Carolina, and migrated west.
560:
162:
2873:
2515:
2430:
2331:
2284:
2187:
2167:
2074:
1991:
1926:
1861:
1269:
595:
434:
In 1700, they settled Upper Saura Village and Lower Saura Village along the River Dan.
1080:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670-1717
917:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670-1717
2724:
2714:
2620:
2475:
2361:
2326:
2274:
2242:
2207:
2202:
2142:
2124:
2089:
2031:
1981:
1941:
1856:
1651:
1613:
1558:
1341:
1304:
1100:
1083:
1068:
1050:
1032:
984:
496:
468:
285:
240:
2929:
2756:
2751:
2739:
2683:
2673:
2500:
2304:
2222:
2157:
1866:
1713:
1686:
1656:
1459:
1449:
1141:. Smithsonian Institution, carried on Access Genealogy, Indian Tribal Records. 1906
689:
446:
310:
2863:
2804:
2761:
2744:
2729:
2490:
2460:
2192:
1956:
1921:
1911:
1871:
1593:
1540:
1500:
1424:
1386:
1259:
1153:
1115:
1094:
818:
768:
620:
534:
499:, Hoopengs, and others. This 4th company was noted for high levels of desertion.
485:
365:
354:
281:
102:
90:
2903:
2836:
2831:
2799:
2766:
2548:
2415:
2262:
1986:
1836:
1811:
1801:
1316:
1021:
481:
383:
325:
Expedition visited a Cherah town. Their villages were adjacent to those of the
318:
277:
114:
68:
2923:
2846:
2666:
2595:
2553:
2510:
2470:
2445:
2299:
2232:
2227:
2197:
2046:
2021:
1931:
1881:
1796:
1733:
1666:
1419:
1366:
1274:
603:
550:
546:
461:
457:
442:
438:
200:
192:
included them in the larger eastern-Siouan confederacy, which he called "the
174:
50:
2893:
2693:
2656:
2525:
2425:
2376:
2279:
2237:
2011:
1976:
1841:
1816:
1743:
1728:
1718:
1706:
1618:
1603:
1520:
1475:
1219:
628:
587:
338:
326:
259:
255:
244:
170:
54:
1024:, Thomas J. Blumer, and J. Alan May. "Catawba and Neighboring Groups." In
2794:
2646:
2590:
2538:
2252:
2109:
1896:
1806:
1750:
1701:
1480:
1371:
1346:
1299:
1284:
580:
507:
427:
2543:
2495:
2465:
2405:
2212:
1971:
1781:
1723:
1681:
1671:
1525:
1404:
572:
456:
as maintaining a village on the east bank of the upper branches of the
707:, located in the region the tribe inhabited, are named for the Saura.
2615:
2605:
2585:
2480:
2289:
2177:
2069:
1846:
1530:
1444:
1120:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 109–10.
594:, they and the Catawba removed their families to the same areas near
342:
266:
722:
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
467:
In 1712, John Barnwell led a force of 400 to 500 troops against the
2841:
2809:
2026:
1951:
1294:
1289:
635:
In 1768, 50 to 60 surviving Cheraw people lived among the Catawba.
576:
568:
476:
and whose allegiance was not as strong. They included the Catawba,
395:
369:
224:
122:
1139:"Handbook of North American Indians: North Carolina Indian Tribes"
464:
in 1712. Some Cheraw fought with colonizers in the Tuscarora War.
2816:
2630:
2610:
2064:
1961:
1279:
624:
564:
506:
In 1715, Cheraw warriors joined other Southeastern tribes in the
477:
42:
1015:
Chiefdoms, Collapse, and Coalescence in the Early American South
563:
offered tribes protection in 1732, the Cheraw asked to join the
518:
and negotiated peace. They were out of the war by October 1715.
309:
Few historical references to the Cheraw exist. Spanish explorer
2397:
2267:
1916:
1821:
280:. This region, which now encompasses present-day Chesterfield,
150:
128:
118:
1216:
2600:
2346:
1876:
1738:
960:"South Carolina's Recognized Native American Indian Entities"
492:
314:
185:
223:
The name they called themselves is lost to history, but the
67:
1,000 (1600 CE), now extinct as a tribe, mostly merged into
1131:
272:
By the early 18th century, the Cheraw lived in present-day
193:
598:, where they had lived earlier. Their warriors served the
445:
from the north, the Cheraw moved southeast and joined the
1060:
Demallie, Raymond J. "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups." In
16:
Historical Native American tribe from the Carolinas, U.S.
258:
encountered the Cheraw further east, possibly along the
937:
Rudes et al., "Catawba and Neighboring Groups", p. 311.
928:
Rudes et al., "Catawba and Neighboring Groups", p. 309
875:
Rudes et al., "Catawba and Neighboring Groups," p. 316
837:
Rudes et al., "Catawba and Neighboring Groups", p. 310
180:
Their first European and African contact was with the
556:
In 1726 and 1736, the Cheraw moved near the Catawba.
220:
were Spanish and Portuguese spellings of their name.
991:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Affairs
372:to make purple facepaint, and had cakes of salt.
2921:
717:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
1067:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
1049:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
1031:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
1018:, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 170
852:Handbook of the American Indian North of Mexico
313:likely passed through Cheraw towns, especially
155:Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands
964:South Caroline Commission for Minority Affairs
862:
860:
418:) following the displacements of a century of
1202:
1117:The Indians of the Southeastern United States
820:The Indians of the Southeastern United States
770:The Indians of the Southeastern United States
763:
761:
243:traveled through the Xuala province in 1540.
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
673:, and the Sumter Tribe of Cheraw Indians in
885:
883:
881:
857:
788:Native Languages of the Americas, Volume 2.
1209:
1195:
1082:. Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002.
919:. Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002.
911:
909:
794:
738:
2945:Native American tribes in South Carolina
2940:Native American tribes in North Carolina
1167:Alexander Gregg and John Julius Dargan,
954:
952:
878:
781:
779:
520:
382:
2950:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
1113:
1099:. Genealogical Publishing. p. 74.
1092:
847:
845:
843:
2922:
906:
833:
831:
829:
360:In 1670, John Lederer, departing from
349:. By 1672, they may have moved to the
1190:
949:
776:
430:. The Cheraw are labeled as "Charra".
247:identified this as Cheraw territory.
922:
840:
265:In 1700, the Cheraw lived along the
188:in 1540. The early English explorer
75:Regions with significant populations
891:The Indian Tribes of North American
826:
525:Statue of a Sauratown woman at the
47:Cheraw once lived at the confluence
13:
1225:Mississippian and related cultures
1096:The Indian Tribes of North America
1063:Handbook of North American Indians
1045:Handbook of North American Indians
1027:Handbook of North American Indians
173:. They lived in villages near the
14:
2961:
1125:
677:, claim descent from the Cheraw.
1218:
1154:"South Carolina Indians: Cheraw"
527:North Carolina Museum of History
161:area of North Carolina near the
41:
2935:Extinct Native American peoples
2859:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1006:
977:
940:
931:
437:In 1710, due to attacks by the
378:
332:
317:located in present-day western
304:
1241:Timeline of Mississippi valley
896:
869:
671:Robeson County, North Carolina
667:Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina
638:
80:North Carolina, South Carolina
1:
2441:Grand Village of the Illinois
1177:Stokes County, North Carolina
727:
675:Sumter County, South Carolina
609:
579:, Pedee, and Catawba, led by
388:
2218:Grand Village of the Natchez
680:
452:The Cheraw were recorded in
234:
7:
1236:List of Mississippian sites
1114:Swanton, John Reed (1946).
1093:Swanton, John Reed (1952).
1042:Blu, Karen I. "Lumbee." In
710:
262:in central North Carolina.
254:. In 1670, German explorer
182:Hernando De Soto Expedition
10:
2966:
1170:History of the Old Cheraws
688:, is named for the tribe.
656:federally recognized tribe
614:In 1715, South Carolinian
510:to fight against European
299:
18:
2886:
2775:
2707:
2639:
2578:
2571:
2524:
2396:
2385:
2315:
2166:
2123:
2055:
1763:
1637:
1549:
1468:
1395:
1258:
1249:
1231:
252:Asheville, North Carolina
113:
108:
101:
96:
89:
84:
79:
74:
66:
61:
40:
2153:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1182:History of Saura Indians
791:Plenum Press, 1977: 251.
732:
269:at the Virginia border.
2783:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2679:Long-nosed god maskette
2559:SunWatch Indian Village
2506:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
2367:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
1065:: Volume 14, Southeast.
1047:: Volume 14, Southeast.
1029:: Volume 14, Southeast.
785:Sebeok, Thomas Albert.
663:state-recognized tribes
454:The Journal of Barnwell
206:
21:Cheraw (disambiguation)
2534:Alligator Effigy Mound
2148:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
2100:Leon-Jefferson culture
1496:Caborn-Welborn culture
686:Cheraw, South Carolina
530:
516:Williamsburg, Virginia
512:enslavement of Indians
431:
321:in 1540. In 1567, the
1263:and Upper Mississippi
652:Catawba Indian Nation
647:" in local records.
524:
386:
329:and Catawba peoples.
109:Related ethnic groups
2822:Earth/fertility cult
2526:Fort Ancient culture
1410:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1396:Lower Ohio River and
1382:Steed-Kisker culture
645:free people of color
602:cause under General
394:annotated copy of a
141:, also known as the
19:For other uses, see
2827:Green Corn Ceremony
2387:Upper Mississippian
2337:Blue Spring Shelter
2057:Fort Walton culture
1511:Hovey Lake District
705:Sauratown Mountains
694:Cheraw, Mississippi
658:in South Carolina.
561:Council of Virginia
398:Catawba map of the
274:Chesterfield County
163:Sauratown Mountains
153:-speaking tribe of
37:
2909:de Soto Expedition
2874:Underwater panther
2720:Central Algonquian
2431:Fisher Mound Group
2075:Apalachee Province
2042:Waddells Mill Pond
596:Danville, Virginia
531:
432:
29:
2917:
2916:
2882:
2881:
2567:
2566:
2183:Atchafalaya Basin
2125:Pensacola culture
2090:Fort Walton Mound
1982:Punk Rock Shelter
1942:Mouse Creek phase
1765:South Appalachian
1759:
1758:
1638:Central and Lower
1579:Castalian Springs
1569:Brentwood Library
1469:Middle Ohio River
1322:Emerald Acropolis
592:Revolutionary War
353:region, near the
347:Rockingham County
241:DeSoto Expedition
169:and north of the
135:
134:
36:
2957:
2684:Mill Creek chert
2674:Duck River cache
2576:
2575:
2394:
2393:
2158:Pensacola people
1952:Muscogee (Creek)
1792:Bell Field Mound
1506:Hovey Lake-Klein
1460:Wickliffe Mounds
1435:Rowlandton Mound
1352:Lunsford-Pulcher
1256:
1255:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1121:
1110:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
985:"Eastern Region"
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
956:
947:
944:
938:
935:
929:
926:
920:
913:
904:
900:
894:
887:
876:
873:
867:
864:
855:
849:
838:
835:
824:
815:
792:
783:
774:
765:
690:Cheraw, Colorado
543:Upper Saura Town
539:Lower Saura Town
488:, among others.
447:Keyauwee Indians
426:and the 1715–17
393:
390:
276:in northeastern
62:Total population
45:
38:
32:
28:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2899:Clarksdale bell
2878:
2864:Stone box grave
2805:Ceremonial pipe
2771:
2730:Mobilian Jargon
2703:
2635:
2563:
2520:
2388:
2381:
2318:
2311:
2169:
2162:
2119:
2051:
1997:Rucker's Bottom
1787:Beaverdam Creek
1767:
1755:
1639:
1633:
1594:Hiwassee Island
1551:
1545:
1536:Welborn Village
1464:
1425:Millstone Bluff
1398:Confluence area
1397:
1391:
1387:Sugarloaf Mound
1327:Emmons Cemetery
1262:
1260:American Bottom
1251:
1245:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1134:, official site
1128:
1107:
1022:Rudes, Blair A.
1009:
1004:
994:
992:
983:
982:
978:
968:
966:
958:
957:
950:
945:
941:
936:
932:
927:
923:
914:
907:
901:
897:
888:
879:
874:
870:
865:
858:
850:
841:
836:
827:
816:
795:
784:
777:
766:
739:
735:
730:
713:
683:
641:
612:
391:
381:
366:Virginia Colony
355:Saura Mountains
335:
307:
302:
288:, and parts of
237:
209:
184:at the site of
126:
103:Tribal religion
91:Siouan language
57:
48:
31:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2904:Mound Builders
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:Related topics
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2852:Village bundle
2844:
2839:
2837:Platform mound
2834:
2832:Horned Serpent
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2699:Stone statuary
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Leo Petroglyph
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Moccasin Bluff
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Gentleman Farm
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Carcajou Point
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Caddoan Mounds
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
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2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:Dauphin Island
2135:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
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2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
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2049:
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2039:
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2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
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1934:
1929:
1924:
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1909:
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1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Bussell Island
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
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1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Beasley Mounds
1561:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Kincaid Mounds
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:Horseshoe Lake
1329:
1324:
1319:
1317:Dickson Mounds
1314:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1150:
1135:
1132:Catawba Nation
1127:
1126:External links
1124:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1090:
1078:Gallay, Alan.
1076:
1058:
1040:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
989:Indian Affairs
976:
948:
939:
930:
921:
915:Gallay, Alan.
905:
895:
877:
868:
856:
839:
825:
793:
775:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
724:
719:
712:
709:
682:
679:
640:
637:
611:
608:
380:
377:
334:
331:
319:North Carolina
306:
303:
301:
298:
278:South Carolina
236:
233:
208:
205:
167:Pilot Mountain
133:
132:
111:
110:
106:
105:
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93:
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77:
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46:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2938:
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2925:
2910:
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2900:
2897:
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2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:Sacred bundle
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
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2733:
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2728:
2726:
2723:
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2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:Wulfing cache
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:Copper plates
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Three Sisters
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Little barley
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Serpent Mound
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2516:Summer Island
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
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2427:
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2419:
2417:
2414:
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2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2319:Mississippian
2314:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
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2273:
2269:
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2259:
2256:
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2239:
2236:
2234:
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2229:
2226:
2224:
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2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2170:Mississippian
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Corbin–Tucker
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
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2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Roods Landing
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Moccasin Bend
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
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1900:
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1888:
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1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Hoojah Branch
1860:
1858:
1855:
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1769:Mississippian
1766:
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1737:
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1692:Menard-Hodges
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1629:Swallow Bluff
1627:
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1550:Tennessee and
1548:
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1423:
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1420:Marshall Site
1418:
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1261:
1257:
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1252:Mississippian
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1129:
1119:
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1108:
1106:9780806317304
1102:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1088:0-300-10193-7
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:0-16-072300-0
1070:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1055:0-16-072300-0
1052:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1037:0-16-072300-0
1034:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:Beck, Robin.
1011:
1010:
990:
986:
980:
965:
961:
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943:
934:
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918:
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664:
659:
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648:
646:
636:
633:
630:
626:
622:
617:
616:John Barnwell
607:
605:
604:Thomas Sumter
601:
597:
593:
590:. During the
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:. In 1738, a
566:
562:
557:
554:
552:
551:Pee Dee River
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
500:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
465:
463:
462:Tuscarora War
459:
458:Pee Dee River
455:
450:
448:
444:
443:Haudenosaunee
440:
435:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
385:
376:
373:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
351:Stokes County
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
297:
295:
291:
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283:
279:
275:
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263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
232:
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226:
221:
219:
215:
204:
202:
201:Pee Dee River
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
175:Catawba River
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Cheraw people
130:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:
100:
95:
92:
88:
83:
78:
73:
70:
65:
60:
56:
55:Yadkin Rivers
52:
44:
39:
35:
22:
2894:Chevron bead
2800:Burial mound
2694:Shell gorget
2662:Spiro plates
2657:Rogan plates
2476:Knoll Spring
2451:Hartley Fort
2411:Beattie Park
2295:Transylvania
2133:Bottle Creek
2095:Lake Jackson
1977:Pisgah phase
1907:Little Egypt
1857:Garden Creek
1842:Dallas phase
1729:Tipton phase
1707:Nodena phase
1604:Mound Bottom
1589:Fewkes Group
1574:Brick Church
1476:Angel Mounds
1342:Kuhn Station
1337:John Chapman
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1143:. Retrieved
1116:
1095:
1079:
1061:
1043:
1025:
1014:
1007:Bibliography
993:. Retrieved
988:
979:
967:. Retrieved
963:
942:
933:
924:
916:
898:
890:
871:
866:Demallie 296
851:
819:
787:
769:
702:
699:
684:
660:
649:
642:
634:
623:, Cherokee,
613:
588:Lumber River
585:
581:King Haigler
575:to join the
558:
555:
542:
538:
535:William Byrd
532:
505:
501:
490:
474:Charles Town
466:
453:
451:
436:
433:
415:
407:
379:18th century
374:
359:
339:Yadkin River
336:
333:17th century
308:
305:16th century
271:
264:
260:Yadkin River
256:John Lederer
249:
245:James Mooney
238:
228:
227:called them
222:
217:
213:
210:
198:
179:
171:Yadkin River
146:
142:
138:
136:
33:
26:Ethnic group
2869:Thunderbird
2795:Black drink
2647:Emmons mask
2591:Chenopodium
2579:Agriculture
2501:Plum Island
2456:Hotel Plaza
2305:Winterville
2285:Scott Place
2223:Holly Bluff
2143:Fort Walton
1897:Lamar phase
1751:Walls phase
1647:Belle Meade
1640:Mississippi
1584:Dunbar Cave
1486:Annis Mound
1481:Angel phase
1455:Ware Mounds
1450:Twin Mounds
1300:Ramey state
1285:Monks Mound
661:Today, two
639:Descendants
508:Yamasee War
428:Yamasee War
424:enslavement
392: 1724
341:, then the
229:Ani-Suwa'li
190:John Lawson
2924:Categories
2606:Marshelder
2491:Oak Forest
2461:Hoxie Farm
2275:Pocahontas
2168:Plaquemine
2105:Letchworth
2037:Town Creek
1972:Park Mound
1937:Moundville
1922:Mandeville
1912:Long Swamp
1872:Jere Shine
1724:Quigualtam
1672:Chucalissa
1559:Backusburg
1552:Cumberland
1541:Yankeetown
1526:Slack Farm
1501:Ellerbusch
1405:Adams site
1312:Cloverdale
1160:2007-05-24
1145:2007-05-24
903:before..."
728:References
610:Population
573:James Glen
460:circa the
404:Charleston
362:Fort Henry
323:Juan Pardo
286:Darlington
165:, east of
127:and other
2735:Muskogean
2708:Languages
2621:Sunflower
2481:Mero site
2416:Blood Run
2070:Apalachee
2017:Summerour
1957:Nacoochee
1714:Owl Creek
1609:Riverview
1599:Link Farm
1491:Bone Bank
1445:Turk Site
1440:Towosahgy
1305:Woodhenge
995:24 August
969:24 August
889:Swanton,
823:, p. 109.
817:Swanton,
773:, p. 110.
767:Swanton,
681:Namesakes
654:is now a
559:When the
533:In 1728,
497:Cape Fear
469:Tuscarora
343:Dan River
290:Lancaster
267:River Dan
235:Territory
196:Nation."
157:, in the
149:, were a
85:Languages
2842:Red Horn
2810:Chanunpa
2788:Northern
2776:Religion
2757:Timucuan
2725:Cherokee
2511:Schwerdt
2471:Juntunen
2446:Griesmer
2389:cultures
2342:Bluffton
2228:Jaketown
2193:Fitzhugh
2047:Wilbanks
2027:Tomotley
2002:Savannah
1967:Ocmulgee
1947:Mulberry
1882:Joe Bell
1802:Biltmore
1797:Bessemer
1662:Campbell
1624:Old Town
1430:Orr-Herl
1367:Orendorf
1362:Mitchell
1295:Mound 72
1290:Mound 34
1275:Big Eddy
1156:. SCIway
711:See also
621:Muscogee
577:Waccamaw
569:smallpox
486:Congaree
412:Virginia
402:between
396:deerskin
370:cinnabar
282:Marlboro
225:Cherokee
159:Piedmont
131:peoples
123:Waccamaw
97:Religion
2930:Catawba
2817:Chunkey
2762:Tunican
2740:Natchez
2715:Caddoan
2689:Pottery
2640:Artwork
2631:Tobacco
2611:Pumpkin
2572:Culture
2426:Fifield
2357:Gahagan
2332:Belcher
2317:Caddoan
2300:Venable
2263:Natchez
2248:Mazique
2203:Fosters
2198:Flowery
2188:Emerald
2065:Anhaica
2022:Taskigi
1987:Rembert
1962:Nikwasi
1927:McMahan
1902:Liddell
1777:Adamson
1687:Janet's
1677:Denmark
1652:Boone's
1614:Sellars
1521:Prather
1280:Cahokia
1270:Aztalan
946:Blu 320
854:, 1906
625:Yamasee
600:Patriot
565:Saponis
482:Wateree
449:tribe.
441:of the
420:disease
311:De Soto
300:History
115:Catawba
69:Catawba
51:Pee Dee
49:of the
2752:Siouan
2745:Taensa
2616:Squash
2539:Clover
2398:Oneota
2372:Keller
2362:Hughes
2327:Battle
2268:Taensa
2253:Medora
2243:Mangum
2238:Julice
2233:Jordan
2080:Cayson
2012:Sixtoe
2007:Shiloh
1917:Mabila
1852:Etowah
1832:Citico
1822:Chiaha
1817:Chauga
1734:Tunica
1719:Parkin
1702:Nodena
1697:Murphy
1667:Carson
1516:Murphy
1372:Sleeth
1357:McCune
1347:Larson
1250:Middle
1173:, 1905
1103:
1086:
1071:
1053:
1035:
665:, the
629:Santee
553:area.
547:Seneca
484:, and
439:Seneca
410:) and
400:tribes
294:Cheraw
218:Xualla
151:Siouan
129:Siouan
119:Saponi
30:Cheraw
2767:Yuchi
2601:Maize
2586:Beans
2544:Dodge
2496:Palos
2466:Huber
2406:Anker
2377:Spiro
2347:Caddo
2280:Routh
2213:Glass
2208:Ghost
2110:Velda
2032:Toqua
1892:Lamar
1877:Joara
1867:Irene
1837:Coosa
1827:Chota
1807:Blair
1782:Avery
1744:Yazoo
1739:Koroa
1682:Eaker
1619:Obion
1377:Starr
893:, 76.
733:Notes
493:Pedee
478:Waxaw
416:right
327:Pedee
315:Joara
214:Xuala
186:Joara
147:Saura
143:Saraw
34:Saraw
2290:Sims
2258:Mott
2178:Anna
1887:King
1847:Dyar
1657:Boyd
1531:Tolu
1101:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1033:ISBN
997:2024
971:2024
703:The
650:The
541:and
422:and
408:left
239:The
216:and
207:Name
194:Esaw
137:The
53:and
2115:Yon
669:of
364:in
345:in
177:.
145:or
2926::
987:.
962:.
951:^
908:^
880:^
859:^
842:^
828:^
796:^
778:^
740:^
606:.
495:,
480:,
389:c.
387:A
357:.
284:,
231:.
121:,
117:,
1210:e
1203:t
1196:v
1163:.
1148:.
1109:.
1075:.
1057:.
1039:.
999:.
973:.
529:.
414:(
406:(
125:,
23:.
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