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37:
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suggested their name came from Sepy, a female immortal in their religion. He wrote that either four tribes or clans were named for this spirit and three other closely related female spirits from whom the Saponi believed they descended. Evidence came from a short list of names given by the missionary
707:
is home to the second-largest population of people who claim Saponi ancestry. Ohio has no federally recognized or state-recognized tribes. Director of the Haliwa-Saponi
Historic Legacy Project, Dr. Marty Richardson wrote, "A large group of Meadows Indians migrated to Ohio after 1835 and took
254:
The Saponi dialect is known from only two sources. One is a word list of 46 terms and phrases recorded by John
Fontaine at Fort Christanna in 1716. This contains a number of items showing it to be virtually the same language as recorded by Hale. The other source is William Byrd II's
573:
Shortly after the
American Revolutionary War, Samuel Kirkland noted a community of them living near Fort Niagara who was later believed to have joined the Mohawk, whereas others continued into Canada alongside the Cayuga. Since most of the Iroquois sided with the British in the
509:
voted to abandon the fort and school, the Siouan tribes continued to stay in that area for some time. They gradually moved away in small groups over the years 1730 to 1750. One record from 1728 indicated that
Colonel
401:
visited what he described as "Sapon, a
Village of the Nahyssans," who were the Saponi. Lederer wrote about the Saponi: "The nation is governed by an absolute Moarch; the People of a high stature, warlike and rich."
701:. In 2000, the Saponi Nation of Missouri submitted a letter of intent to Petition for Federal Acknowledgement of Existence as an Indian Tribe; however, they did not follow through with submitting a petition.
1452:
581:
Americans destroyed Saponi communities in
Pennsylvania and New York in 1779. In 1779, most of the Saponi were driven to Fort Niagara, where the Saponi separated from the Tutelo, who migrated north to
578:, after the victory by the United States, the Saponi and Tutelo who had joined the Iroquois were forced with them into exile in Canada. After that point, recorded history was silent about the tribe.
1375:
1230:
570:, which connected to other Nahyssan and Haudenosaunee communities nearby. "Pony Hollow" is a corruption of Saponi Hollow. An estimated 30 Saponi warriors lived among these communities.
1633:
1305:
1611:
1743:
1626:
712:. In 1998, a group called Saponi Nation of Ohio submitted a letter of intent to petition for recognition; however, they never submitted a completed petition.
463:. Shortly after his visit, the Saponi migrated to North Carolina. A band of Saponi returned to Virginia in 1708. There Occaneechi and Stukanox joined them.
1758:
259:(1728), in which he recorded the names of some local creeks. Byrd's scant list has been found to have included several names from unrelated Indian tribes.
1649:
1401:
1763:
466:
By 1701, the Saponi and allied tribes, often collectively referred to as
Nahyssan, Saponi, or Tutelo, had begun moving to the location of present-day
1778:
1619:
1788:
1768:
1748:
518:, guided by Ned Bearskin, a Saponi hunter. Byrd noted several abandoned fields of corn, indicating serious disturbance among the local tribes.
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adopted them into their nation during the Grand
Council of the Haudenosaunee. In 1711 the majority of Saponi migrated with the Cayuga to near
414:
1773:
413:
that passed through several Saponi villages. After their visit, the Saponi and Tutelo moved downriver and settled with
Occaneechi people.
376:. They farmed maize, beans, and squash and harvested wild plants including various nuts, berries, and stone fruits. Chiefs used staffs of
1783:
1793:
353:
society. They had settled villages and built houses of post-and-pole frames with central hearths. In the 17th century, men wore
589:
in 1780. and they were forced to cede their lands to the state of New York in 1789, but some remained in the Cayuga homelands.
130:
1176:
The Tutelo Spirit
Adoption Ceremony: Reclothing the Living in the Name of the Dead: Transcriptions and Analysis Tutelo Music
1707:
651:
443:
In 1677, the Virginia colonial government named the Saponi as tributary Indians under the colonial governor's protection.
397:
wrote in 1650 about the "Occononacheans and Nessoneicks" living on Roanoke River. The "Nessoneicks" were Saponi. In 1670,
303:
1687:
1508:
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and other organizations claim Saponi ancestry. These include the Mahenips Band of the Saponi Nation of Missouri in the
1532:
963:
659:
204:
meaning "shallow water." University of Kansas linguist Robert L. Rankin also suggested that their name derived from
1669:
548:
337:
Their primary town was called Saponi. In 1670 Lederer visited their nearby settlement, Pintahae, near present-day
501:. The tribes agreed to this for protection from hostile Haudenosaunee. In 1716, the combined Saponi, Tutelo, and
1376:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
1268:
1231:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
19:
This article is about the historic Native American tribe. For the state-recognized tribe in North Carolina, see
1697:
642:
368:
Historically, Saponi people hunted deer, bear, beaver, squirrel, turkey, and other fowl. They may have hunted
646:
326:
were dominated by oak, hickory, and pine forests. In the mid-18th century, most surviving Saponi migrated to
888:
521:
Hostilities between the Haudenosaunee and the Saponi and their neighbors ceased with the signing of the
365:
wrote that the Saponi were governed by a headman, an elders' council, and, when necessary, a war chief.
1692:
1205:
638:
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410:
267:
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wrote that Saponi was "a corruption of Monasiccapano or Monasukapanough." He wrote the name came from
1478:
1082:
467:
262:
By the time linguistic data was recorded, many related eastern Siouan tribes had settled together at
1426:
1349:
673:
1738:
1717:
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620:
586:
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270:, where the colonists sometimes referred to them as the Christanna Indians. In 1870, philologist
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led an attack against the tribes in 1676. This move was likely to avoid increasing attacks from
655:
498:
452:
362:
623:
that identify as descendants of the historical Saponi people. None of these organizations are
294:
At the time of European contact up to the early 18th century, the Saponi lived in present-day
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in north-central Pennsylvania. They also settled as Pony Hollow, just southwest of
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331:
64:
1322:
927:
The Tutelo Spirit Adoption Ceremony: Reclothing the Living in the Name of the Dead
1798:
1753:
1522:
1306:"Receipt of Petitions for Federal Acknowledgment of Existence as an Indian Tribe"
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925:
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to gain distance from the colonial frontier. By 1711 they were just east of the
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1644:
1453:"Timeline: Check out the chronology of Native American Indians history in Ohio"
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616:
515:
433:
373:
369:
315:
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913:. University of California, Berkeley: Johnson Reprint Corporation. p. 30.
478:. In 1712, they asked Virginia to prohibit alcohol sales in their settlement.
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537:
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456:
418:
311:
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1427:"Racial Choices: The Emergence of the Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe, 1835-1971"
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271:
227:
216:
154:
60:
1587:
1559:
1544:"An Odyssey among the Iroquois: A History of Tutelo Relations in New York"
1354:
Racial Choices: The Emergence of the Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe, 1835-1971
708:
advantage of fewer race-based restrictions." However, 1818 to 1842 marked
393:
In 1600, James Mooney estimated there were 2,700 Saponi. English explorer
555:
354:
350:
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1543:
605:
425:
104:
736:
460:
429:
36:
848:
Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," pages 286–87.
1293:
https://house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills041/hlrbillspdf/4875C.01.pdf
1156:
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596:, a group of Saponi who remained in North Carolina merged with the
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52:
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wrote about the Saponi in 1701. He noted they fought against the
377:
275:
20:
1104:
Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," page 293.
1068:
Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," page 292.
1054:
Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," page 291.
977:
Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," page 288.
310:. In the 17th and 18th centuries, some Saponi settled along the
257:
History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina
1593:
1178:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical Commission.
726:
424:
Nearly decimated, the Saponi relocated to three islands at the
165:
146:
116:
100:
1160:
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 15–16
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662:, added Saponi to its name in 1995, state-recognized in 2002
505:
population at the reservation was 200. Although in 1718 the
1605:
704:
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and women wore deerhide aprons. Important leaders, such as
1506:
Demallie, Raymond J., "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," in
440:
with their allies, the Occaneechi, Tutelo, and Nahyssans.
41:
Distribution of Tutelo-Saponi language in the 16th century
1517:(Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004), 286–300.
1087:
The Pittsylvania Packet (Pittsylvania Historical Society)
1083:"Rediscovering Pittsylvania's "Missing" Native Americans"
528:
In 1740, the majority of the Saponi and Tutelo moved to
1479:"Federal Register, Volume 63 Issue 50 (March 16, 1998)"
1599:
1237:. Federal Register. 24 January 2022. pp. 7554–58
176:
in 1753, and some Saponi descendants are part of the
1382:. Federal Register. 6 January 2023. pp. 7554–58
608:
and migrated north into New York with them by 1802.
1163:. Association of American Geographers. p. 133.
219:suggested the word might come from the Siouan term
544:, while some remained in Pennsylvania until 1778.
514:made a survey of the border between Virginia and
1744:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
1730:
349:The Saponi were an Eastern Siouan people with a
1152:
1150:
1148:
930:. Harrisburg, PA: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
672:, recognized by North Carolina in 1911 as the
16:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands
877:Vest, "An Odyssey among the Iroquois," p. 129.
1627:
684:
1542:Vest, Jay Hansford C. (Winter–Spring 2005).
1317:
1315:
1295:House Resolution No. 3516, State of Missouri
1157:Association of American Geographers (1925).
1145:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
784:
782:
133:tribe historically based in the Piedmont of
1759:Native American history of New York (state)
1527:. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 74.
1210:North Carolina Department of Administration
1188:Vest, "An Odyssey among the Iroquois," 133.
1173:
1142:Vest, "An Odyssey among the Iroquois," 135.
923:
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810:Vest, "An Odyssey among the Iroquois," 132.
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168:were collectively called the Nahyssan. The
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1608:, state-recognized tribe in North Carolina
1602:, state-recognized tribe in North Carolina
1596:, state-recognized tribe in North Carolina
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997:
995:
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954:Salvucci, Claudio R.; et al. (2002),
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547:A band with 28 adult Saponi remained near
172:adopted the Saponi into the League of the
35:
1764:Native American history of North Carolina
1406:National Conference of State Legislatures
1312:
1021:
860:
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806:
804:
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1779:Native American tribes in North Carolina
1200:
1198:
1196:
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1174:Speck, Frank G.; Herzog, George (1942).
1080:
1076:
1074:
956:Minor Vocabularies of Tutelo and Sappony
953:
924:Speck, Frank G.; Herzog, George (1942).
844:
842:
840:
838:
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759:
361:, wore feather cloaks. British explorer
243:The Saponi language, now extinct, was a
1789:Pre-statehood history of North Carolina
1769:Native American history of Pennsylvania
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372:and elk. They fished in rivers and the
1731:
958:, Evolution Publishing, pp. 1–7,
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886:
851:
795:
302:. Their settlements extended into the
196:, is debated. American anthropologist
1615:
1348:Richardson, Marvin M. (August 2016).
1191:
1071:
835:
676:. In 2003 they changed their name to
1600:Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation
1541:
1093:
1057:
1041:
652:Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation
47:Regions with significant populations
1774:Native American history of Virginia
1356:(PhD). University of North Carolina
887:Rankin, Robert L. (June 22, 2013).
164:confederacies. Saponi, Tutelo, and
13:
1784:Native American tribes in Virginia
1524:The Indian Tribes of North America
1509:Handbook of North American Indians
1131:The Indian Tribes of North America
1036:The Indian Tribes of North America
830:The Indian Tribes of North America
790:The Indian Tribes of North America
145:, related to the languages of the
14:
1810:
1794:Pre-statehood history of Virginia
1749:African–Native American relations
1575:
1329:. U.S. Department of the Interior
660:Eno-Occaneechi Indian Association
90:Christianity, Indigenous religion
1670:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
1643:
1584:, North Carolina History Project
1273:North Carolina Museum of History
889:"Saponi Name Origin and Meaning"
549:Granville County, North Carolina
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1118:An Odyssey among the Iroquois
1016:An Odyssey among the Iroquois
1003:An Odyssey among the Iroquois
942:Tutelo Grammar and Dictionary
911:The Siouan Tribes of the East
866:An Odyssey among the Iroquois
697:Hills, with headquarters in
289:
7:
1521:Swanton, John Reed (1952).
1256:Occaneechi Saponi timeline"
1081:Mitchell, Henry H. (1997),
715:
658:, organized in 1984 as the
554:In 1765, Saponi settled at
459:and trapped beaver for the
238:
208:meaning "shallow water" or
10:
1815:
1594:Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe
685:Unrecognized organizations
639:Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe
585:. Those Saponi settled in
576:American Revolutionary War
383:
344:
268:Brunswick County, Virginia
188:The origin and meaning of
18:
1678:
1660:
1548:American Indian Quarterly
1402:"State Recognized Tribes"
468:Salisbury, North Carolina
409:and Robert Fallam led an
278:'s information about the
99:
94:
89:
84:
76:
71:
51:
46:
34:
1089:, Chatham, Virginia: 4–8
752:
674:Indians of Person County
212:meaning "shallow tree."
1206:"NC Tribal Communities"
710:Indian removals in Ohio
670:Roxboro, North Carolina
621:state-recognized tribes
612:State-recognized tribes
587:Seneca County, New York
489:, resettled them in an
476:Windsor, North Carolina
183:
1650:Native American tribes
1511:, Volume 14: Southeast
1323:"Petitions in Process"
1001:Jay Hansford C. Vest,
909:Mooney, James (1894).
864:Jay Hansford C. Vest,
656:Mebane, North Carolina
499:Gholsonville, Virginia
160:They were part of the
1560:10.1353/aiq.2005.0072
1380:Indian Affairs Bureau
1235:Indian Affairs Bureau
699:West Plains, Missouri
629:Native American tribe
594:Person County Indians
523:1722 Treaty of Albany
247:, closely related to
95:Related ethnic groups
67:, by mid-18th century
1662:Federally recognized
1269:"Tribal Information"
625:federally recognized
314:, its tributary the
192:, sometimes spelled
1515:Raymond D. Fogelson
1258:, Occaneechi Saponi
828:John Reed Swanton,
691:unrecognized tribes
483:Alexander Spotswood
474:and west of modern
339:Lynchburg, Virginia
31:
1590:, official website
1459:. 22 December 2021
1308:. 7 December 2000.
592:Distinct from the
568:Newfield, New York
507:House of Burgesses
491:Indian Reservation
487:Colony of Virginia
485:, governor of the
284:Brantford, Ontario
274:recorded an elder
77:English, formerly
29:
1726:
1725:
564:Susquehanna River
451:English explorer
324:Virginia Piedmont
223:meaning "black."
198:John Reed Swanton
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1680:State-recognized
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226:German explorer
115:, other eastern
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1554:(1–2): 124–55.
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647:Warren counties
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583:Ontario, Canada
536:. In 1753, the
512:William Byrd II
495:Fort Christanna
449:
415:Nathanial Bacon
391:
386:
347:
322:. Lands in the
292:
280:Tutelo language
264:Fort Christanna
245:Siouan language
241:
233:Samuel Kirkland
186:
143:Siouan language
141:. They spoke a
131:Native American
42:
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24:
17:
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1739:Siouan peoples
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1582:Saponi Indians
1577:
1576:External links
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1327:Indian Affairs
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617:North Carolina
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516:North Carolina
448:
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374:Atlantic Ocean
370:woodland bison
346:
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316:Staunton River
300:North Carolina
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135:North Carolina
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79:Tutelo-Saponi
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1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1456:
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1435:. Retrieved
1430:
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1409:. Retrieved
1405:
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1379:
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1276:. Retrieved
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1234:
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899:Online forum
892:. Retrieved
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688:
633:
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558:, where the
553:
551:until 1755.
546:
534:Pennsylvania
527:
520:
480:
465:
450:
447:18th century
442:
423:
407:Thomas Batts
404:
399:John Lederer
395:Edward Bland
392:
389:17th century
367:
359:medicine men
355:breechclouts
348:
336:
328:Pennsylvania
320:Yadkin River
293:
272:Horatio Hale
261:
256:
253:
242:
228:John Lederer
225:
220:
217:James Mooney
214:
209:
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201:
193:
189:
187:
159:
126:
124:
61:Pennsylvania
26:Ethnic group
1278:January 24,
668:, based in
654:, based in
641:, based in
556:Tioga Point
453:John Lawson
438:Clarksville
363:John Lawson
351:matrilineal
1733:Categories
1708:Occaneechi
1501:References
1241:21 January
1215:24 January
894:2021-05-29
634:They are:
619:has three
606:Machapunga
562:joins the
436:rivers in
426:confluence
411:expedition
318:, and the
105:Occaneechi
1488:6 January
1463:6 January
1437:6 January
1411:6 January
1360:6 January
1333:6 January
1129:Swanton,
1034:Swanton,
788:Swanton,
737:Mosopelea
689:Numerous
598:Tuscarora
481:In 1714,
461:fur trade
304:New River
290:Territory
210:sa:p oni:
206:sa:p moni
202:moni-seep
72:Languages
1718:Waccamaw
1703:Meherrin
1386:30 March
1133:, 72–73.
747:Waccamaw
716:See also
602:Meherrin
530:Shamokin
503:Manahoac
434:Staunton
421:people.
405:In 1671
332:New York
296:Virginia
239:Language
139:Virginia
113:Manahoac
85:Religion
65:New York
53:Virginia
1713:Sappony
1688:Coharie
1606:Sappony
1568:4138803
944:, 1996.
732:Moneton
722:Catawba
678:Sappony
666:Sappony
643:Halifax
428:of the
384:History
378:hickory
345:Culture
276:Nikonha
194:Sappony
162:Monacan
119:tribes
109:Monacan
21:Sappony
1799:Saponi
1754:Cayuga
1698:Lumbee
1566:
1531:
1513:, ed.
1120:, 128.
1116:Vest,
1018:, 126.
1014:Vest,
1005:, 125.
962:
868:, 124.
727:Cheraw
604:, and
457:Seneca
380:wood.
249:Tutelo
190:Saponi
170:Cayuga
166:Yesang
153:, and
151:Biloxi
147:Tutelo
129:are a
127:Saponi
117:Siouan
101:Tutelo
30:Saponi
1564:JSTOR
832:, 71.
792:, 72.
753:Notes
742:Sewee
695:Ozark
627:as a
497:near
1529:ISBN
1490:2023
1465:2023
1439:2023
1413:2023
1388:2022
1362:2023
1335:2023
1280:2020
1243:2022
1217:2022
1038:, 73
960:ISBN
705:Ohio
645:and
432:and
330:and
298:and
221:sapa
184:Name
137:and
125:The
63:and
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430:Dan
306:in
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266:in
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