1131:
25:
212:
680:
Ofo distinguishes between alienable and inalienable possession by the use of a prefix for first-, second-, and third-person singular as well as first-person dual. That can be abbreviated to 1sg, 2sg, 3sg, and 1du, respectively. The alienable possessions include the following: 1sg {ba-, aba-}, 2sg
1178:
Swanton, John R. 1909. A New Siouan
Dialect. "Putnam Anniversary Volume: Anthropological Essays Presented to Prederic Ward Putnam in Honor of His Seventieth Birthday," pp. 477–86. New York: G. E. Stechert.
282:
met an elder Ofo speaker, Rosa
Pierrette, in 1908 while he was conducting fieldwork among the Tunica. From her information, he was then able to confirm that the language was Siouan and was similar to
887:
The documentation of Ofo does not provide enough information to develop a complete syntax of the language. However, structures also found in related languages have been found.
1039:
There is no information in the Ofo data to support Ofo having explicit complement clauses. However, it is apparent that embedded clauses precede the main clause.
891:
895:
286:. Pierrette had spoken Ofo as a child, but Swanton says she told him that the rest of her tribe "had killed each other off" when she was 17.
1652:
898:
word order. The order of verbs may be described as being clause-final. Many cases appear to support that. An example can be seen below:
1320:
1175:, Typed and Autographed Document, 613 cards. National Anthropological Archives, 2455-OFO, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
1667:
1662:
681:{č-, ača-}, 3sg {}, 1du {ã-}. The inalienable possessions include the following: 1sg {mi-}, 2sg {čĩ-}, 3sg {ĩ-}, 1du {ã-}.
1270:
1657:
68:
46:
39:
713:
Instrumental prefixes describe the manner in which an action is carried out. Some instrumental prefixes are below:
274:. On the basis of the presence of the phoneme /f/ in these names, early linguists once suspected that Ofo was a
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33:
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669:
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50:
1164:
Dorsey, J. Owen, and John R. Swanton. 1912. "A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo
Languages."
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8:
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LAVIS III: Language
Variety in the South: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
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1141:
539:
358:
283:
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131:
1633:
1470:
1464:
1405:
252:
1267:"The Ofo Language of Louisiana: Philological Recovery of Grammar and Typology"
1646:
1352:
1266:
842:
580:
260:
92:
1293:
186:
693:, to demonstrate negation. That enclitic is usually after the predicate.
575:
248:
102:
943:
592:
585:
240:
228:
112:
637:
615:
256:
232:
195:
179:
1298:
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1086:
495:
946:
939:
936:
Only some forms are known because of a lack of documentation.
266:
In the 18th century, the
Mosopelea were known under the names
942:
case appears in Ofo and can be interpreted as resembling an
236:
211:
1226:
de Reuse, Willem J. (1981). "Grassmann's Law in Ofo".
243:, until about 1673. The tribe moved south along the
1215:. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press. p. 483.
806:. It is the equivalent to the future in English:
1644:
1168:47. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
878:-pi, 'wink, blink, keep on winking or blinking'
705:to pluralize the subject, the object, or both.
1314:
1228:International Journal of American Linguistics
1152:International Journal of American Linguistics
1034:
1143:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
1134:A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages
794:
791:Ofo appears to have no grammatical gender.
1321:
1307:
1157:Moseley, Christopher and R. E. Asher, ed.
1146:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
210:
1150:Holmer, Nils, M., "An Ofo Phonetic Law,"
894:ordering in sentences, which gives it an
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1280:. University of Alabama, 2004. PDF file.
1261:
1259:
1257:
1225:
1129:
1051:
708:
32:This article includes a list of general
16:Extinct Siouan language of United States
1208:
1645:
1302:
1254:
1166:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin
1139:
1063:
915:
494:
227:is a language formerly spoken by the
1328:
302:counting as an aspirated consonant:
18:
13:
1653:Extinct languages of North America
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1679:
1287:
1104:
668:Ofo is considered to be a mildly
294:Ofo follows a process similar to
1161:(New York:Routelege, 1994) Map 5
696:
23:
1085:The causative is marked by the
1668:Languages extinct in the 1990s
1663:Languages of the United States
1219:
1202:
1189:
1140:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1911).
824:atcikthé-be, 'I will kill you'
701:Ofo uses the enclitic suffix -
1:
1182:
1159:Atlas of the Worlds Languages
927:'I will hit you with my fist'
717:atə- 'by extreme temperature'
689:Ofo uses the enclitic suffix
675:
663:
333:The inventory is as follows:
1197:Handbook of American Indians
1171:Swanton, John R., ca. 1908.
867:-we, 'itch, keep on itching'
289:
216:Distribution of Ofo language
7:
1209:Swanton, John Reed (1909).
857:, 'sick, keep on suffering'
684:
10:
1684:
1125:
1035:Complements and causatives
720:tu-, du- 'by pulling/hand'
278:. However, anthropologist
1627:
1594:
1585:
1550:
1523:
1512:
1490:
1454:
1431:
1393:
1386:
1366:
1345:
1336:
1081:'if he goes, I will come'
882:
831:is formed using the word
795:Space, time, and modality
786:
742:
738:po- 'by blowing/shooting'
565:
538:
434:
369:
340:
209:
193:
177:
172:
128:
118:
108:
98:
88:
83:
1658:Western Siouan languages
1294:Ofo on Native Languages
931:
921:b-aphú̂ska a-tci-tp-ábe
802:consists of the suffix
53:more precise citations.
1195:Frederick Webb Hodge,
1173:Ofo-English dictionary
1135:
890:Ofo appears to have a
670:polysynthetic language
656:All vowels, including
1133:
924:my-fist I-you-hit-IRR
709:Instrumental prefixes
1212:A new Siouan dialect
814:, 'he will kill you'
259:, settling near the
1030:'you help me dress'
989:'hold your tongue!'
829:Continuative aspect
749:
660:, may bear stress.
1552:Mississippi Siouan
1387:Mississippi Valley
1273:2014-03-29 at the
1136:
747:
326:'to breathe' >
314:'white egret' and
276:Muskogean language
231:, also called the
150:Ohio Valley Siouan
124:early 20th century
1640:
1639:
1634:extinct languages
1623:
1622:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1508:
1507:
1432:Chiwere–Winnebago
1154:, 1, no. 1, 1947.
821:, 'you will work'
784:
783:
735:pú- 'by pressure'
732:ka- 'by striking'
654:
653:
561:
560:
474:
442:
408:
377:
245:Mississippi River
235:, in what is now
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79:
78:
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1342:
1330:Siouan languages
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1265:Rankin, Robert.
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1200:
1193:
1147:
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1053:
917:
839:Iterative aspect
750:
746:
726:pa- 'by pushing'
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318:'fire' + either
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1491:(unclassified)
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1234:(3): 243–244.
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173:Language codes
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1007:
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843:reduplication
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807:
805:
801:
800:Irrealis mood
792:
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759:
756:
755:mí̃ti, mí̃*te
752:
751:
748:Ofo pronouns
737:
734:
731:
729:la- 'by foot'
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
714:
706:
704:
697:Pluralization
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692:
682:
673:
671:
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520:
519:
516:
514:
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497:
493:
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444:
439:
437:
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403:
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394:
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384:
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365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
322:'to burn' or
310:'white' >
297:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
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93:United States
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52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
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1231:
1227:
1221:
1211:
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1151:
1142:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
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1080:
1076:(he).go-COND
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1029:
1027:.you.put on}
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
994:
988:
983:
982:your.tongue
981:
976:
974:
968:
967:
962:
961:
956:
953:
949:in English.
938:
935:
926:
923:
920:
913:
911:a-tci-tp-ábe
910:
905:
902:
889:
886:
875:
871:
864:
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832:
828:
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712:
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332:
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271:
267:
265:
239:, along the
225:Ofo language
224:
222:
194:
157:
65:
56:
37:
1515:Ohio Valley
1499:Mitchigamea
1477:Omaha–Ponca
1401:Assiniboine
1012:.you.put on
957:your.tongue
896:object-verb
778:á̃ti, á̃*ti
251:, near the
249:Mississippi
103:Mississippi
51:introducing
1647:Categories
1183:References
1121:'to teach'
1117:teach-CAUS
1078:I-come-IRR
944:accusative
914:I-you-hit-
903:b-aphú̂ska
757:" 'I, me'
676:Possession
664:Morphology
328:/apesʰihi/
306:'crane' +
241:Ohio River
229:Ofo people
154:Ofo–Biloxi
113:Ofo people
59:April 2014
34:references
1632:indicate
1248:224809424
1199:, p. 109.
986:.you.give
975:tcilétci
971:.you.give
473:aspirated
436:Fricative
406:aspirated
330:'smoke'.
324:/təsʰihi/
320:/təsʰihi/
312:/oskəfʰa/
290:Phonology
272:Offogoula
257:Louisiana
233:Mosopelea
196:Glottolog
180:ISO 639-3
109:Ethnicity
1597:Catawban
1456:Dhegihan
1446:Ho-Chunk
1271:Archived
1112:ifphé-we
1098:ifphé-we
1087:enclitic
1072:á-kiu-bĕ
1059:á-kiu-bĕ
1050:(he).go-
954:tcilétci
817:tcóktat-
685:Negation
496:Sonorant
316:/apʰeti/
203:ofoo1242
1630:Italics
1607:Catawba
1587:Eastern
1534:Moneton
1440:Chiwere
1394:Dakotan
1358:Hidatsa
1338:Western
1126:Sources
1070:détõ-ni
1062:I-come-
1045:détõ-ni
1023:dress {
947:pronoun
906:my-fist
810:óktat-,
780:" 'we'
773:" 'he'
762:čí̃*ti"
581:Central
371:Plosive
364:Glottal
354:Palatal
304:/oskʰa/
298:, with
120:Extinct
47:improve
1614:Woccon
1561:Biloxi
1482:Quapaw
1423:Stoney
1416:Lakota
1411:Dakota
1377:Mandan
1368:Mandan
1246:
1103:teach-
1020:tcókpe
1006:tcókpe
940:Dative
883:Syntax
787:Gender
764:'you'
743:Person
566:Vowels
441:tenuis
376:tenuis
349:Dental
344:Labial
308:/afʰã/
284:Biloxi
261:Tunica
140:Siouan
99:Region
36:, but
1471:Osage
1465:Kansa
1406:Sioux
1244:S2CID
1016:athé
998:dress
979:tcĭku
965:tcĭku
833:nóñki
771:í̃*ti
576:Front
540:Nasal
359:Velar
1353:Crow
1105:CAUS
1052:COND
995:athé
932:Case
804:-abe
647:ã,ãː
645:a,aː
631:o,oː
621:e,eː
609:ũ,ũː
607:u,uː
600:ĩ,ĩː
598:i,iː
593:High
586:Back
422:t͡ʃʰ
270:and
268:Oufé
237:Ohio
223:The
1568:Ofo
1236:doi
1090:-we
1064:IRR
916:IRR
876:fku
872:fku
870:tó-
865:šni
861:šni
819:abĕ
812:abe
691:-ni
658:/ə/
638:Low
616:Mid
391:t͡ʃ
300:/h/
247:to
187:ofo
158:Ofo
84:Ofo
1649::
1269:.
1256:^
1242:.
1232:47
1230:.
1092:.
1025:me
1010:me
984:me
977:ó̃
969:me
963:ó̃
855:te
851:te
849:è-
845::
835:.
703:tu
672:.
483:sʰ
478:fʰ
427:kʰ
417:tʰ
412:pʰ
263:.
1468:–
1322:e
1315:t
1308:v
1250:.
1238::
1018:ã
1004:ã
874:-
863:-
853:-
776:"
769:"
760:"
753:"
626:ə
550:n
545:m
527:d
522:b
511:j
506:l
501:w
466:h
461:x
456:ʃ
451:s
446:f
396:k
386:t
381:p
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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