Natchez people - Knowledge

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controlling the hostile Natchez. It is likely that the White Apple faction functioned at least semi-independently. Whatever power the family of the Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent did have over outlying villages was reduced in the late 1720s after both died. They were succeeded by relatively young, inexperienced leaders. While the new Great Sun was technically the paramount chief of the Natchez, the chief of White Apple became the eldest Sun chief and had more political clout than the Great Sun. The French continued to hold the Great Sun responsible for the conduct of all Natchez villages. They insisted on dealing with the Natchez as if the people were a unified nation ruled from its capital, the Grand Village of the Natchez.

966:, attacked the stronghold of the Natchez at White Apple. On the 24th, the Natchez made propositions of peace and some chiefs met Perier who proposed they enter a cabin that seemed to be deserted, but as soon as they crossed its threshold, they were made prisoners by Perier. On January 25, 45 men, and 450 women and children surrendered and were taken as prisoners, but the rest of the Natchez and their chiefs escaped in the night. The next morning, only two sick men and one woman were found in the fort. Perier burned the fort and on the 28th, the French began their withdrawal. Perier sold the chiefs Great Sun, the Little Sun, the 45 other male prisoners and the 450 women and children into slavery in 1386: 661: 1437:

naturally descend one "class" per generation, and would be required to marry outside the "class" to avoid incest. The only exception was the case of a male child of a male Noble, who acquired the Honored title by birth. Many researchers agree that the Honored group was not a noble class but rather a title of prestige given to commoner men for acts of valor in war, or to commoner women who ritually sacrificed their babies upon the death of a Sun as part of funeral and mourning practices. In addition, people of Honored status could be promoted to Nobles for meritorious deeds.

25: 1428:(siblings, first cousins, and second cousins). The custom of Suns' marrying commoners rather than Nobles may have been a preference rather than a requirement. Finally, while Swanton's interpretation claims that Nobles were also required to marry commoners, later researchers have questioned this idea. They have noted in particular a mistranslation of the primary sources and a misreading by Swanton. In other words, it could be that exogamous marriage was required only of Suns, and this requirement may have been mainly a result of the taboo against incest. 863:

Rosalie reprimanded the murderer. Unsatisfied with that response, Natchez warriors of White Apple retaliated by attacking nearby French settlements. Tattooed Serpent's diplomatic efforts helped restore peace. But within a year, Bienville led a French army into Natchez territory, intent on punishing the warriors of White Apple. Bienville demanded the surrender of a White Apple chief as recompense for the earlier Natchez attacks. Under pressure from the French and other Natchez villages, White Apple turned the chief over to the French.

3311: 1397:, could have at least delayed the Natchez Paradox's effects. Researchers who argue for this idea often couple it with the proposal that the Natchez system of noble exogamy in the early 18th century was a relatively recent development in their society. According to this argument, during the relatively chaotic 16th and 17th centuries, the Natchez maintained their traditional social system by adapting it to new conditions. They assimilated foreigners as commoners and made a new requirement of noble exogamy. 1111:. Some Cherokee-Natchez were permitted to remain in South Carolina as settlers along with the Kusso, Eastern Band Natchez and the PeeDee. (The state of South Carolina recognized the Natchez-Kusso tribe, Eastern Band Natchez and the PeeDee Tribe.) Most of the balance of Natchez citizens are within the Cherokee Nation (est. 185,000), the Mvskoke Nation, Seminole Nation, Chickasaw Nation, with a few in the modern Choctaw Nation on their respective reservations in Oklahoma; nearly half of the state. 217: 947: 561: 392: 151: 546: 534: 669: 127: 997:. Some of the Natchez warriors who had found refuge among the Chickasaw joined them in fighting the French. The Natchez Wars and the Chickasaw Wars were also related to French attempts to gain free passage along the Mississippi River. During the 1736 campaign against the Chickasaw, the French demanded again that the Natchez among them be turned over. The Chickasaw, compromising, turned over several Natchez, along with some French prisoners of war. 92: 139: 1366:. That is, the children of female Suns, Nobles, or Honoreds were born into the status of their mothers. However, the children of male Suns and Nobles did not take on commoner status from their mothers, as noble exogamy and matrilineal descent would appear to dictate, but rather were ranked one class below their fathers. In other words, children of male Suns became Nobles, while children of male Nobles became Honored, according to Swanton. 3011: 1149: 2999: 780:, maintained their distance from the French and entertained the possibility of seeking alliances elsewhere. The Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent leaders lived in the Grand Village of the Natchez and were generally friendly toward the French. When violence broke out between the Natchez and the French, the village of White Apple was usually the main source of tensions, as in the Natchez revolt. 684: 843:

the Natchez War. All four conflicts involved the two opposing factions within the Natchez nation. The Great Sun's faction was generally friendly toward the French. Violence usually began in or was triggered by events among the Natchez of White Apple. In all but the last war, peace was regained largely due to the efforts of Tattooed Serpent of the Grand Village of the Natchez.

657:, both hereditary positions. The Great Sun had supreme authority over civil affairs, and the Tattooed Serpent oversaw political issues of war and peace, and diplomacy with other nations. Both lived at the Grand Village of the Natchez. Lesser chiefs, mostly from the Sun royal family, presided at other Natchez villages. 638:(or Hickories). Historian James Barnett, Jr. described this dispersed leadership structure as developing in the post-epidemic years. It enabled the Natchez to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with European settlers of all nations, but eventually resulted in deeper internal divisions in Natchez society. 898:

the Natchez settlement, Perier appointed the Sieur de Chépart (also known as Etcheparre and Chopart), who was described by as "rapacious, haughty, and tyrannical", abusing soldiers, settlers, and the Natchez alike. Perier and Chépart entered a partnership to develop a large plantation on Natchez land.

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Three general changes to Swanton's interpretation have been proposed to address the Natchez Paradox. First, a type of asymmetrical descent may have been practiced in which only male children of male nobility inherited the social class one step below their fathers, while female children of male nobles

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Morse, Jedidiah. (1804). The American gazetteer : exhibiting a full account of the civil divisions, rivers, harbours, Indian tribes, &c. of the American continent, also of the West India and other appendant islands : with a particular description of Louisiana. 2nd edition. Charlestown,

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Because of the contributions of the free men of color during the Natchez War, the French allowed them to join Louisiana's militias. This gave them important connections into the colonial society, contributing to their achieving an independent social status between the French colonists and slaves. In

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Louisiana's Africans, both slave and free blacks, were also affected by the Indian wars. The Natchez had encouraged African slaves to join them in rebellion. Most did not, but some did. In January 1730 a group of African slaves fought off a Choctaw attack, giving the Natchez time to regroup in their

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were initially reluctant to fight on either side. In the summer of 1730, a large group of Natchez asked for refuge with the Tunica, which was given. During the night, the Natchez turned on their hosts, killing 20 and plundering the town. In return, the Tunica attacked Natchez refugees throughout the

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War broke out again in 1722 and 1723. Called the Second and Third Natchez Wars by the French, they were essentially two phases of a single conflict. It began in White Apple, where an argument over a debt resulted in a French trader's killing one of the Natchez villagers. The French commander of Fort

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The First Natchez War of 1716 was precipitated by Natchez raiders from White Apple killing four French traders. Bienville, seeking to resolve the conflict, called a meeting of chiefs at the Grand Village of the Natchez. The assembled chiefs proclaimed their innocence and implicated the war chiefs of

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led an expedition down the Mississippi River. The Natchez received the party well, but when the French returned upriver, they were met by a hostile force of about 1,500 Natchez warriors and hurried away. At the time of the next French visit in the 1690s, the Natchez were welcoming and friendly. When

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forced the Natchez to evacuate, leaving the fort in ruins. In January 1730, the French attempted to besiege the main fort of the Natchez, but they were driven off. Two days later a force of about 500 Choctaw attacked and captured the fort, killing at least 100 Natchez, and recovered about 50 French

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arrived as the new governor of Louisiana with orders to further develop the Natchez settlement. Perier broke with Bienville's policy of diplomatic engagement with the Natchez and other tribes, and refused to recognize Native American ownership of their traditional lands. To oversee Fort Rosalie and

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The last of these wars was the largest, in which the Natchez destroyed the French settlements in their territory. In retaliation, the French eventually killed or deported most of the Natchez people. Overshadowing the first three in scale and importance, the 1729 rebellion is sometimes simply called

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The French colonial authorities regularly described the Natchez as being ruled with absolute, despotic authority by the Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent. The existence of two opposing factions was well known and documented. The Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent repeatedly pointed out their difficulty in

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Although Carolinian merchants had been operating in the American Southeast for decades, French merchants rapidly established economic networks throughout the region with a few years of their arrival. Most Indian tribes in the region sought to maintain trade links with as many Europeans as possible,

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of the Natchez chiefdom which was in its ascendancy at the time. The encounter was brief and violent; the natives attacked and chased the Spanish with their canoes. No further European contact with the indigenous people in this area occurred for more than 140 years, but they suffered from epidemics

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Lorenz proposes that the entire kinship system was not based on classes, castes, or clans, but rather degrees of genealogical separation from the ruling Sun matriline. Lorenz's interpretation does not include asymmetrical descent or noble exogamy. Rather, a person was a Sun if he or she was within

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marriage. Members of the highest ranking class, called Suns, are thought to have been required to marry only members of the lowest commoner class, called Stinkards or commoners. The Natchez descent system has received a great deal of academic study. Scholars debate how the system functioned before

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During the early 18th century, according to French sources, the Natchez lived in six to nine village districts with a population estimated at 4,000–6,000 people, and with the ability to muster 1,500 warriors. There were three village districts in the lower St. Catherine's Creek area, called Tioux,

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were organized into ranked clans, with the requirement that one cannot marry within one's clan. Related to this theory is the idea that Honored status was not a class or a clan, but a title. Sun status, likewise, may not have been a class but rather a term for the royal family. If true, Natchez

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The Chickasaw tried to remain neutral, but when groups of Natchez began seeking refuge in 1730, the Chickasaw allied with the refugees against the French. By 1731 the Chickasaw had accepted many refugees. When in 1731 the French demanded the surrender of Natchez living among them, the Chickasaw

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separation from the ruling matriline's eldest female Sun (called the "White Woman"). Nobles were those people who were four, five, or six degrees removed from the White Woman, while people seven degrees or more removed were commoners. In this system, the male children of male ruling Suns would

798:, and maintained a military post at Fort Rosalie. French colonists often intermarried with Natchez women. At first the Natchez welcomed the French settlers and assigned them land grants, although historians have noted it was unlikely they had the same concept of land ownership as the French. 760:

encouraging competition and price reductions. By the 1710s, the Natchez had become solidly integrated with the French, trading furs for firearms, blankets, alcohol and other supplies. Despite this, the Natchez kept their markets open for all European merchants. The increasing pace of

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Many later researchers have focused on the so-called "Natchez Paradox" that Swanton's model is said to engender. The paradox is that if the rules described were followed strictly, over time the commoner class would become depleted, while the lower nobility classes would grow larger.

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in 1911. Swanton's interpretations and conclusions are still generally accepted and widely cited. Later researchers have addressed various problems with Swanton's interpretation. Some researchers have proposed modifications of Swanton's model, while others have rejected most of it.

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the 19th century, the free people of color established a relatively large class, especially in New Orleans. Many worked as highly skilled artisans; others became educated; they established businesses and acquired property. Of French and African ancestry, the base of most Louisiana

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society, with descent reckoned along female lines. The paramount chief named the Great Sun was always the son of the Female Sun, whose daughter would be the mother of the next Great Sun. This ensured that the chiefdom stayed under the control of the single Sun lineage.

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system is based on a relatively small number of French colonists who recorded information about Natchez social life between about 1700 and 1730. Fragmentary and ambiguous, the French accounts are the only historic accounts of Natchez society before 1730. Natchez

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During the 1730s and 1740s, as the French–Natchez conflict developed into a French–Chickasaw war, the Choctaw fell into internal discord. The rift between pro-French and pro-English factions within the Choctaw nation reached the point of violence and civil war.

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Mothers sometimes sacrificed infants in such ceremonies, an act which conferred honor and special status to the mother. Relatives of adults who chose ritual suicide were likewise honored and rose in status. The practice of ritual suicide and

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There are significant numbers of Natchez citizens within the federally recognized tribe of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation; approximately 12,000. The Natchez were constituent members of the historic Creek Confederacy and signatories on the 1790

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tribe, who lived north of the Natchez, were frequently visited by Carolinian traders, thus giving them access to a source of firearms and alcohol. One of the most lucrative trades with Carolinian merchants involved trading in

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On November 28, 1729, the Natchez led by Indian chief the Great Sun, attacked and destroyed the entire French settlement at Fort Rosalie, killing between 229 and 285 colonists and taking about 450 women and children captive.

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Mothers. Other Natchez Sun leaders have included K.T. "Hutke" Fields (Principal Peace Chief/Great Sun, 1996–), Eliza Jane Sumpka (Primary Clan Mother), William Harjo LoneFight, Robert M. Riviera (Principal War Chief, 1997),

706:. Great honor was associated with such sacrifice, and sometimes many Natchez chose to follow a Sun into death. For example, at the death of the Tattooed Serpent in 1725, two of his wives, one of his sisters (nicknamed 521:

of infectious disease carried indirectly by other Native Americans from European traders. These and other intrusions had severely reduced the native populations. By the historic period local power had shifted to the

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In the 1710s and 1720s, war broke out four times between the French and the Natchez. The French called these the First Natchez War (1716), the Second Natchez War (1722), the Third Natchez War (1723), and the

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of the Natchez was required to ensure the prosperity and safety of the French colony. He secured the neutrality of the Choctaw and engaged in the prosecution of the war of extermination against the Natchez.

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In November 1729, Chépart announced the complete removal of the Natchez from their land in the near future and ordered them to vacate the village of White Apple so that he could use its land for a new

756:, an Indian tribe living near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The grand chief of the Chaouachas was killed; his wife and ten others were carried off to Carolina where they were sold into slavery. 630:

Flour, and the Grand Village of the Natchez. Three other village districts were located to the northeast, along upper St. Catherine's Creek and Fairchild's Creek, called White Apple (or White Earth),

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in Oklahoma. The nation developed a constitution in 2003, which confirms its long-held traditions of self-government. Approximately 197,000 Natchez are members of the nation. Membership is based on

908:. This turned out to be the final affront to the Natchez, and they were unwilling to yield to the French demands. The chiefs of White Apple sent emissaries to potential allies, including the Yazoo, 1362:) called Suns, Nobles, and Honored People. Noble exogamy was practiced, meaning that members of the noble classes could marry only commoners. A person's social status and class were determined 787:

During the 1710s and 1720s, French presence and settlement in Natchez territory increased from a handful of traders and missionaries to hundreds of settlers (some 400 French colonists and 200

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warriors. These raiding parties moved over great distances to capture slaves from hostile tribes. In one instance, a 1713 raiding party of Chickasaw, Natchez, and Yazoo raiders attacked the

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or the updated records of 1973. The nation allows citizens to have more than one tribal affiliation, asking only for volunteer work or donations to support the nation and its programs.

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The French and Natchez continued to attack each other until 1731. On January 21, 1731, Perier with the troops of the colony and two battalions of marines commanded by his brother,

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Small Natchez communities and settlements may be found in and throughout the Southeast and as far north as North Carolina. There are three state-recognized Natchez communities in

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The Natchez revolt expanded into a larger regional conflict with many repercussions. The Yazoo and Koroa Indians allied with the Natchez and suffered the same fate in defeat. The

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Archaeological Examination of Electromagnetic Features: An Example from the French Dwelling Site, a Late Eighteenth Century Plantation Site in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi

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An overview of the internal division in Natchez society, their role in the conflicts of the region, and the French misunderstandings of Natchez politics can be found in

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in present-day Illinois near the confluence of the Illinois, Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Its peoples are noted for their hierarchical communities, building complex

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society would have been a moiety of just two groups, commoners and nobles. The requirement of exogamy may have applied to Suns only, rather than the entire nobility.

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caused internal tensions to worsen within Natchez society. Several villages, led by the Grand Village of the Natchez and including the villages of Flour and

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inherited their mothers' commoner status in matrilineal descent. Related to this is the idea that the Honored category was not a social class but rather an

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of a Natchez mother and father with their newborn child on the banks of the Mississippi River, inspired by Chateaubriand's fictionalized account of the

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During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, French colonists in the American Southeast initiated a power struggle with those living in the colony of

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DuVal, Kathleen (2006). "Interconnectedness and Diversity in 'French Louisiana'". In Wood, Peter H.; Waselkov, Gregory A.; Hatley, M. Thomas (eds.).

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Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase — A Special Presentation from the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress

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in a state court after a 30-year fight, on the basis of descent from a Natchez mother after the Spanish had banned trade in Indian slaves (1764)

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Third, the social classes described by Swanton were not classes or castes, as the terms are generally used in English, but exogamous ranked

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For an overview of colonial Louisiana and French-Indian relations, see DuVal, "Interconnectedness and Diversity in 'French Louisiana'", in

748:. For decades, the Chickasaw conducted slave raids over a wide region in the American Southeast, often being joined by allied Natchez and 6442: 6365: 4542: 3599: 1127:. During this time, the Natchez enjoyed signatory status and membership within the Creek Confederacy and established their town near the 6305: 5994: 3524: 2891: 974: 623: 576: 6422: 6064: 5854: 5339: 4552: 943:

captives and 50–100 African slaves. French leaders were delighted, but surprised when the Choctaw demanded ransoms for the captives.

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or other newcomers from across the ocean. The Natchez are also noted for having had an unusual social system of nobility classes and

316:. Other Mississippian societies in the southeast had generally experienced important transformations shortly after contact with the 5959: 1408:, with patterns of descent common to most Native peoples of the American southeast. Tribes such as the Chickasaw, Creek, Timucua, 5754: 4173: 4169: 575:

The French explored the lower Mississippi River in the late 17th century. Initial French-Natchez encounters were mixed. In 1682

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The current leadership of the Natchez Nation consists of a Peace Chief (called the "Great Sun"), a War Chief, and four primary

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After the war of 1729–1731, Natchez society was in flux and the people scattered. Most survivors eventually settled among the

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among the Natchez was divided into two major categories, commoners and nobility. The nobility was further divided into three

806: 761: 313: 278: 3015: 2815: 1825:, ed. Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2nd edition, 2006 475:

The Natchez used Emerald Mound in their time, but they abandoned the site before 1700. Their center of power shifted to the

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have not reached consensus on how the Natchez social system originally functioned, and the topic is somewhat controversial.

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Although significantly weakened by the defeat, the Natchez managed to regroup and make one last attack on the French at

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upon the death of a chief existed among other Native Americans living along the lower Mississippi River, such as the

257: 68: 46: 3124: 1687:, ed. Janine Scancarelli and Heather Kay Hardy, University of Nebraska Press, 2005, pp. 385–453, accessed 9 Dec 2010 1424:. In the early 18th century, all the Suns of a given generation appear to have been related within three degrees of 1178: 39: 5844: 4756: 3993: 2708:

Old Frontiers, The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838

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in October 1731. With reinforcements from Spain and Native American allies, the French under the fort's commander

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encountered a powerful chiefdom located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. Native sources called it "

6255: 6049: 6024: 5944: 5636: 5380: 4776: 4341: 3726: 3716: 1174: 931: 692: 677: 619: 581: 301:. An early American geographer noted in his 1797 gazetteer that they were also known as the "Sun Set Indians". 5093: 4860: 4845: 4721: 4484: 4296: 3844: 3781: 3761: 2534:, ed. Janine Scancarelli and Heather Kay Hardy, University of Nebraska Press, 2005, p, 6, accessed 9 Dec 2010 564: 483: 453: 2971:

The History of Louisiana: Or of the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina... 1774 (English) / 1751 (French)

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visited the Natchez in 1700, he was given a three-day-long peace ceremony, which involved the smoking of a

568: 550: 538: 522: 476: 894: 6355: 6124: 5709: 5694: 5568: 5056: 5030: 4855: 4791: 4741: 4066: 4033: 3640: 2843: 503: 414:, which extended throughout the lower Mississippi Valley and its tributaries. Its largest center was at 5964: 5719: 4652: 4537: 4519: 4371: 4306: 3240: 1241: 3050: 1078:. The creek became known as Notchy Creek after the Natchez. The settlement was called Natchey Town or 923:

of nearby French plantations, inviting them to join the Natchez in rising up to drive out the French.

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upon the death of a Sun. When a male Sun died, his wives were expected to accompany him by performing

452:. During the late prehistoric era, around 1500, Plaquemine-culture people occupied territory from the 6182: 6134: 4411: 3741: 1255:, each of which have independent governments: the Eastern Band Natchez, formerly Natchez-PeeDee; the 1132: 1116: 554: 491: 5656: 2913: 6069: 5924: 5894: 5453: 5355: 4815: 4587: 4557: 4291: 3408: 3329: 3027: 3003: 2811: 2460:. Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv (Natchez Nation) and Este Mvskokulke Momen Hopetvke, Inc. (EMMH) 1613:. Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv (Natchez Nation) and Este Mvskokulke Momen Hopetvke, Inc. (EMMH) 1588:. Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv (Natchez Nation) and Este Mvskokulke Momen Hopetvke, Inc. (EMMH) 1563:. Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv (Natchez Nation) and Este Mvskokulke Momen Hopetvke, Inc. (EMMH) 1159: 851:

assisted the French in fighting the 1716 Natchez War. After the 1716 Natchez War, the French built

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The earliest European account of the Natchez may be from the journals of the Spanish expedition of

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Natchez Great Temple on Mound C and the Sun Chiefs cabin, drawn by Alexandre de Batz in the 1730s

376: 1491:(ca. 1857 – 1930s), medicine man, cultural historian, one of the last native speakers of Natchez 1420:

Some researchers argue that the prohibition against Suns' marrying Suns was largely a matter of

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Natchez-Kusso (Four Holes Indian Organization); and the PeeDee Indian Tribe of South Carolina.

1124: 1075: 1067: 683: 615: 50: 3071: 1479:(ca. 1850 – 1930s) storyteller, cultural historian, one of the last native speakers of Natchez 6223: 6157: 6104: 5999: 5899: 5666: 5631: 5621: 5562: 4231: 4196: 3839: 3629: 3591: 3555: 2760: 2166: 2139: 2103: 1498: 1446: 1237: 1066:

in North Carolina. The main Natchez town, dating to about 1755, was located near present-day

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Lorenz, Karl G. (2000). "The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.).

516:," after the paramount chief's name. Various scholars have debated if this chiefdom was the 5794: 5646: 5518: 5226: 4421: 4256: 3786: 3731: 3290: 1018: 856: 732: 286: 8: 6285: 5581: 5508: 5483: 5448: 5428: 5231: 5192: 5139: 4890: 4840: 4825: 4761: 4746: 4699: 4461: 4181: 4081: 3968: 3285: 3225: 3205: 3109: 2986:. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 43. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 2899: 2088: 1330: 1298: 1245: 1107:

A few remained in North Carolina. Their descendants are part of the federally recognized

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Massachusetts: Printed by and for Samuel Etheridge, and for Thomas and Andrews. p. 358.

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Kimball, Geoffrey (2005). "Natchez". In Hardy, Heather K.; Scancarelli, Janine (eds.).

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Phelps, Dawson A. (June 1957). "The Chickasaw, the English, and the French 1699–1744".

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of 1729, where the Natchez slaughtered most of the French soldiers and colonists, with

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Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico

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The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670–1717

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Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42

1733: 1729: 6396: 6197: 5904: 5661: 5641: 5423: 5129: 5119: 5025: 4880: 4766: 4731: 4679: 4647: 4612: 4607: 4547: 4529: 4494: 4436: 4386: 4346: 4261: 4056: 4018: 3963: 3746: 3709: 3580: 3210: 3185: 3155: 2926: 2873: 2847: 2787: 2764: 2741: 2711: 2692: 2669: 2603:

An overview of these three general modifications of Swanton's system can be found in

2176: 2145: 2113: 2033: 1871: 1052: 958:. Annotated to show paths of d'Artaguette and Bienville in Chickasaw Campaign of 1736 736: 653:). When the French arrived, the Natchez were ruled by the Great Sun and his brother, 445: 3310: 3065: 482:

By 1700, the Natchez occupied a territory that covered only an area roughly between

6417: 6340: 6177: 6129: 6079: 6019: 5934: 5859: 5849: 5824: 5779: 5626: 5576: 5557: 5547: 5498: 5493: 5161: 5156: 5144: 5088: 5078: 4905: 4709: 4627: 4562: 4271: 4118: 4091: 4061: 3864: 3854: 2918: 2887: 2428: 1464: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1101: 1032: 938:

The Natchez seized and occupied Fort Rosalie. Retaliation by the French and allied

753: 654: 457: 290: 267: 231: 204: 176: 172: 168: 2969: 2734:

Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Revised and Expanded Edition

490:

in the south. This area is approximately that of the northern half of present-day

6233: 6187: 5939: 5884: 5874: 5734: 5513: 5443: 5438: 5418: 5385: 5268: 5209: 5166: 5149: 5134: 4895: 4865: 4597: 4361: 4326: 4316: 4276: 3998: 3945: 3905: 3829: 3791: 3664: 3215: 3150: 3040: 2979: 2197: 2023: 1343: 1335: 1222: 1014: 1010: 699: 646: 611: 585: 537:

Platform mounds (in the distance) and reconstructed wattle-and-daub house at the

372: 436:

evidence indicates that people of the Plaquemine culture, an elaboration of the

6315: 6300: 6290: 5929: 5759: 5714: 5611: 5523: 5478: 5308: 5241: 5236: 5204: 5171: 4953: 4820: 4391: 4241: 4216: 4206: 3721: 3570: 3280: 3235: 3180: 2726: 2168:

American Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Social and Economic Histories

1805: 1375: 1363: 1297:

in the early 20th century, some scholars believe that it may be related to the

1252: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1063: 1017:

before they could act. More slaves fought for the French, however, as did some

1006: 994: 967: 888: 880: 836: 829: 811: 703: 626:, among others. Both brothers played a major role in French-Natchez relations. 603: 433: 423: 400: 380: 344: 317: 156: 6192: 5324: 2543: 1606: 1581: 1556: 6411: 6172: 6167: 6059: 6009: 6004: 5989: 5979: 5974: 5724: 5601: 5413: 5390: 5251: 5071: 5000: 4958: 4915: 4875: 4850: 4704: 4637: 4632: 4602: 4451: 4426: 4336: 4286: 4201: 4138: 4071: 3824: 3771: 3679: 3425: 3295: 3200: 2930: 2432: 1508: 1425: 1351: 1082:(Cherokee for "Natchez Place"). It was the birthplace of the Cherokee leader 1071: 985: 946: 517: 465: 91: 2505: 2479: 560: 391: 379:

nations in Oklahoma. Two Natchez communities are recognized by the state of

343:, the Natchez were defeated. Most of the captured survivors were shipped to 6375: 6330: 6280: 6270: 6250: 6218: 6119: 6074: 6054: 5839: 5819: 5784: 5699: 5684: 5503: 5375: 5298: 5098: 5061: 4930: 4830: 4781: 4684: 4642: 4416: 4381: 4246: 4221: 4148: 4133: 4123: 4111: 4023: 4008: 3925: 3880: 3624: 3494: 3260: 3104: 2861: 2453: 1502: 1458: 1433: 1421: 1355: 1339: 1294: 993:

refused. French-Chickasaw relations rapidly deteriorated, resulting in the

852: 815: 749: 673: 642: 595: 545: 533: 440:, had lived in the Natchez Bluffs region since at least as long ago as 700 356: 188: 668: 460:

in the south. The Plaquemine people built many platform mounds, including

6228: 6109: 6089: 5954: 5814: 5804: 5689: 5433: 5199: 5051: 4995: 4943: 4657: 4514: 4301: 4211: 4155: 4106: 3885: 3776: 3751: 3704: 3689: 3529: 3255: 3195: 2838:

Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory

1476: 1306: 1230: 1226: 1128: 721: 449: 325: 120: 2066: 1983: 1963: 1385: 6265: 6162: 6034: 5949: 5774: 4948: 4900: 4870: 4810: 4617: 4376: 4186: 4128: 4086: 4076: 3930: 3809: 3514: 2938: 1482: 905: 512: 441: 5864: 2293: 1972:

Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association

1055:. Most of the latter two Natchez groups ended up integrating with the 6039: 5869: 5020: 5010: 4990: 4885: 4694: 4582: 4474: 4251: 3935: 3849: 3460: 3145: 1413: 1048: 913: 740: 360: 352: 333: 132: 2922: 2032:] (in French). Paris, France: Éditions L'Harmattan. p. 16. 1236:

Natchez families are also found as members among the balance of the

1148: 6238: 6202: 6152: 6014: 5799: 5246: 5214: 4431: 4356: 3699: 3694: 3504: 1488: 1379: 1318: 1302: 1268: 1218: 1056: 1044: 691:

in 1725, with retainers waiting to be sacrificed from a drawing by

592: 368: 364: 309: 298: 273: 208: 144: 16:

Native American people originally from the Lower Mississippi Valley

3010: 6245: 5729: 5606: 5528: 5221: 5035: 5015: 4469: 4366: 3684: 1394: 1322: 939: 902: 848: 792: 713: 549:

A modern reconstruction of a traditional Natchez dwelling at the

415: 371:, where Natchez members are enrolled in the federally recognized 348: 328: 321: 3021: 479:. The Grand Village had between three and five platform mounds. 96: 5591: 4802: 4672: 4321: 4226: 3575: 3101: 2998: 2710:(Reprint edition, AYER Company ed.). Southern Publishers. 2546:, Native Languages of the Americas, (retrieved 9 December 2010) 1531: 1521: 1256: 920: 855:

near the Grand Village of the Natchez. The present-day city of

725: 602:

began to settle among the Natchez in 1698. On the coast of the

599: 469: 340: 3621: 1841: 1393:

Second, the assimilation of foreign people, such as groups of

351:; others took refuge with other tribes, such as the Muskogean 281:

people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area in the

220:

Distribution of the Natchez people and their chiefdoms in 1682

216: 6335: 5005: 4751: 4281: 4143: 2242: 2240: 1409: 1359: 1317:

The Natchez are noted for having an unusual social system of

909: 427: 243: 1485:(1914–1986), traditionalist, scholar, and stomp dance leader 444:. The Natchez Bluffs are located along the east side of the 367:. Today, most Natchez families and communities are found in 6295: 2202:. Shreveport, Louisiana: Mid-South Press. pp. 102–107. 1401: 1326:

the 1730 diaspora and the topic has generated controversy.

1263: 818:

in the background, from a panoramic painting by John Egan,

2237: 1473:(born 1966), president and CEO of American Native Services 1009:, inspired by the Natchez revolt, attempted to organize a 930:

After the attack on Fort Rosalie, Perier decided that the

2610: 2324: 2300: 2259: 1998: 1996: 1927: 1915: 1511:(born 1967), traditionalist, flautist, cultural historian 1217:), a treaty tribe, are within the southern halves of the 916:, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. They also sent messages to the 312:

characteristics to have survived long into the period of

246: 240: 2890:; Murdock, George P.; Scaglion, Richard (October 1971). 399:

The historic Natchez were preceded in this area by what

1751: 1271:, Archie Sam, White Tobacco Sam, Creek Sam and others. 866: 859:

developed from the 1716 establishment of Fort Rosalie.

2727:"Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana" 2218: 1993: 2622: 2585: 2278:

Mooney, James (July 1899). "The End of the Natchez".

1662: 1449:

as a drug to those who are believed to be bewitched.

1329:

Primary source documentation on the pre-1730 Natchez

1209:

Today the primary settlements of the Natchez Nation (

258: 249: 237: 2886: 2312: 1823:

Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast

1794:

Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast

1739: 1656:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

472:. Emerald Mound was an important ceremonial center. 2555:See the section titled "Natchez Descent System" in 2206: 1703: 981:mounted a counter attack and defeated the Natchez. 293:, although it may be very distantly related to the 234: 2974:. London/New Orleans: T. Becket/ J.S.W. Harmonson. 2835: 2780:Native languages of the Southeastern United States 2532:Native Languages of the Southeastern United States 2199:Fort Rosalie, the French at Old Natchez: 1682–1762 1903: 1685:Native Languages of the Southeastern United States 1240:. They are represented as corporations within the 2144:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. p. 10. 1884: 1863:Looting Spiro Mounds: An American King Tut's Tomb 1461:, 18th-century female Sun (mother of a Great Sun) 768:, openly supported the French. Others, including 6428:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands 6409: 2967: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2025:La Louisiane française dans l'impasse: 1731–1743 674:Great Sun, Paramount Chief of the Natchez People 5354: 3130:List of archaeological periods (North America) 289:, in the United States. They spoke a language 5340: 3607: 3087: 2126: 2095: 3024:, website of the Natchez Nation of Oklahoma. 1022: 801: 707: 3062:, 1867; available at University of Chicago. 2576:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWhite1971 ( 2510:Social Networks and Archival Context (SNAC) 2484:Social Networks and Archival Context (SNAC) 2015: 1177:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 486:and South Fork Coles Creek in the north to 5347: 5333: 3614: 3600: 3094: 3080: 2251:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGayarré1854 ( 2229:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGayarré1854 ( 2030:French Louisiana at the Impasse: 1731-1743 2007:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGayarré1854 ( 624:Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville 426:architecture, and intensively cultivating 5855:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 2912: 2101: 2073: 1961: 1834:Map of historic Natchez village areas in 1786: 1338:have also been studied. The first modern 1197:Learn how and when to remove this message 1005:forts. In June 1731, a group of enslaved 304:The Natchez are noted for being the only 69:Learn how and when to remove this message 6453:Native American tribes in North Carolina 6448:Native American tribes in South Carolina 3047:Internet Project, University of Arkansas 2968:Le Page du Pratz, Antoine-Simon (1947). 2567: 2565: 2195: 2158: 1895:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite1971 ( 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1728:See the National Park Service web pages 1714:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite1971 ( 1607:"About Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv" 1582:"About Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv" 1557:"About Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv" 1384: 945: 870: 805: 682: 667: 659: 559: 544: 532: 390: 215: 32:This article includes a list of general 2978: 2777: 2682: 2640: 2392:"History – 1814 Treaty of Fort Jackson" 2246: 2224: 2021: 2002: 1859: 1757: 1668: 1642:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 577:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle 6410: 3034:George Sabo III, "The Natchez Indians" 2860: 2833: 2800: 2754: 2685:The Natchez Indians: A History to 1735 2668:] (in French). Editions du Félin. 2659: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2591: 2556: 2330: 2306: 2277: 2265: 2212: 2052: 1966:THE NATCHEZ INDIANS: A History to 1735 1957: 1955: 1946: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1847: 1835: 1745: 1674: 1138: 1013:, but French authorities disputed the 272: 6433:Native American tribes in Mississippi 5328: 3595: 3075: 2892:"Natchez Class and Rank Reconsidered" 2724: 2705: 2571: 2562: 2318: 2164: 2137: 2079: 1890: 1790: 1763: 1709: 1062:The Natchez settled mostly along the 1038: 956:Mémoires Historiques sur la Louisiane 528: 339:In 1731, after several wars with the 2414: 1734:Grand Village of the Natchez Indians 1175:adding citations to reliable sources 1142: 867:Natchez revolt in 1729 and aftermath 468:structure in North America north of 115:Regions with significant populations 18: 6438:Native American tribes in Louisiana 6326:Norse colonization of North America 2368:"History – 1796 Treaty of Colerain" 2344:"History – 1790 Treaty of New York" 1952: 1658:(5th ed.). 2011. p. 1173. 1644:(11th ed.). 2004. p. 825. 1497:(ca. 1770s – after 1836), slave in 1051:, or with British colonists in the 649:was called the Great Sun (Natchez: 13: 6443:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 3630:Mississippian and related cultures 3309: 2961: 1378:given to commoner men and was not 1229:descent from people listed on the 410:, part of the larger, prehistoric 38:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 6464: 3028:Natchez Nation Profile and Videos 2991: 2732:. In Waselkov, Gregory A. (ed.). 1452: 1312: 791:). They cultivated several large 6423:Plaquemine Mississippian culture 3623: 3103: 3009: 2997: 1301:. Its two last fluent speakers, 1147: 1109:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 497: 230: 149: 137: 125: 123:– Natchez Bluffs, (historical), 90: 23: 6346:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 5264:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 2689:University Press of Mississippi 2652: 2634: 2597: 2549: 2537: 2524: 2498: 2472: 2446: 2408: 2384: 2360: 2336: 2271: 2189: 2110:University Press of Mississippi 2046: 1939: 1853: 1828: 1815: 1599: 1574: 1549: 606:, French colonists established 285:, near the present-day city of 3646:Timeline of Mississippi valley 2683:Barnett, James F. Jr. (2007). 2055:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 1962:Parmenter, Jon (Winter 2010). 1722: 1690: 1648: 1634: 1440: 1389:Postcard of Fort Rosalie, 1907 693:Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz 678:Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz 386: 1: 4846:Grand Village of the Illinois 2691:. Conclusion; and pp. 12-15. 2165:Usner, Daniel H. Jr. (1998). 1860:La Vere, David (2007-04-01). 1800:(2nd ed.). Lincoln, NE: 1628: 1350:In Swanton's interpretation, 819: 698:The Natchez performed ritual 565:Mississippian culture pottery 324:practices. It was a strongly 291:with no known close relatives 6311:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 6261:Eastern Agricultural Complex 4623:Grand Village of the Natchez 3546:Eastern Agricultural Complex 3347:Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds 2784:University of Nebraska Press 2738:University of Nebraska Press 2173:University of Nebraska Press 2087:(Report). Washington, D.C.: 1868:University of Oklahoma Press 1802:University of Nebraska Press 1699:The Internet Archive website 1293:. As originally proposed by 979:Louis Juchereau de St. Denis 569:Grand Village of the Natchez 551:Grand Village of the Natchez 539:Grand Village of the Natchez 523:Grand Village of the Natchez 477:Grand Village of the Natchez 7: 5695:Bandelier National Monument 5569:List of Mississippian sites 5356:Pre-Columbian North America 3641:List of Mississippian sites 3466:Southwest of Cut Off Lagoon 2844:University Press of Florida 2801:Lawson, Charles F. (2004). 1681:Geoffrey Kimball, "Natchez" 1527:Hernando de Soto Expedition 1515: 1274: 620:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 10: 6469: 6115:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 5720:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 5429:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 3241:Mazique Archeological Site 2138:James, D. Clayton (1993). 1289:is generally considered a 1278: 1242:Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma 989:1730s and into the 1740s. 886: 827: 712:by the French), his first 687:The funeral procession of 645:were called Suns, and the 456:in the north to about the 97:Natchez Nation of Oklahoma 6384: 6356:Three Sisters agriculture 6211: 6143: 5675: 5404: 5362: 5291: 5180: 5112: 5044: 4983: 4976: 4929: 4801: 4790: 4720: 4571: 4528: 4460: 4168: 4042: 3954: 3873: 3800: 3663: 3654: 3636: 3538: 3487: 3320: 3307: 3271:Shackleford Church Mounds 3138: 3120: 3068:at the Concordia Sentinel 3053:, Mississippi History Now 2645:. pp. 473–672 (667). 2641:Swanton, John R. (1928). 2544:"Natchez Indian Language" 2415:Noel, Smyth (July 2022). 2102:Dougherty, Kevin (2010). 1133:Talladega County, Alabama 950:"Carte de Lousiane" from 802:Conflicts with the French 555:Adams County, Mississippi 518:Emerald Phase (1500–1680) 492:Adams County, Mississippi 203: 198: 187: 182: 167: 162: 119: 114: 109: 104: 89: 5895:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 5454:Buttermilk Creek complex 4558:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery 3409:Little Pecan Island Site 3330:Atchafalaya Basin Mounds 3161:Churupa Plantation Mound 2812:Florida State University 2725:DuVal, Kathleen (2006). 2706:Brown, John P. (1986) . 2433:10.1215/00141801-9705904 2396:New Georgia Encyclopedia 2372:New Georgia Encyclopedia 2348:New Georgia Encyclopedia 2196:Register, James (1969). 2108:. Jackson, Mississippi: 2022:Saadani, Khalil (2008). 1968:by James F. Barnett, Jr" 1964:"Review: Reviewed Work: 1850:, pp. 151, 160–161. 1542: 283:Lower Mississippi Valley 6095:Town Creek Indian Mound 6065:Sierra de San Francisco 5920:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 5188:Ballgame (Southeastern) 5084:Long-nosed god maskette 4964:SunWatch Indian Village 4911:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs 4772:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village 3392:Greenwood Cemetery Site 2660:Balvay, Arnaud (2008). 2480:"Sam, Watt (1876-1944)" 2281:American Anthropologist 2080:Klein, Michael (2000). 1989:(subscription required) 1471:William Harjo LoneFight 676:" in a 1758 drawing by 53:more precise citations. 5750:Coso Rock Art District 5637:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 5540:List of Hopewell sites 4939:Alligator Effigy Mound 4553:Hickory Ridge Cemetery 4505:Leon-Jefferson culture 3901:Caborn-Welborn culture 3551:Fourche Maline culture 3314: 3231:Lamarque Landing Mound 2662:La Révolte des Natchez 2105:Weapons of Mississippi 1467:(died 1725), war chief 1390: 1125:Treaty of Fort Jackson 1076:Little Tennessee River 1068:Murphy, North Carolina 1024:gens de couleur libres 1023: 975:Fort St. Jean Baptiste 959: 884: 825: 708: 695: 680: 665: 572: 557: 542: 396: 221: 6158:Arlington Springs Man 6000:Portsmouth Earthworks 3668:and Upper Mississippi 3556:Mississippian culture 3500:Chandler Landing Site 3313: 2866:Myths of the Cherokee 2761:Yale University Press 2755:Gallay, Alan (2002). 2666:The Natchez Rebellion 2454:"Natchez Nation Home" 2171:. Lincoln, Nebraska: 1499:Saint Louis, Missouri 1447:Potentilla canadensis 1388: 1238:Five Civilized Tribes 949: 875:1835 oil painting by 874: 809: 762:European colonization 686: 671: 663: 563: 548: 536: 488:St. Catherine's Creek 464:, the second-largest 412:Mississippian culture 394: 314:European colonization 306:Mississippian culture 219: 199:Related ethnic groups 6366:Transoceanic contact 6256:Container Revolution 5830:Gila Cliff Dwellings 5795:Etowah Indian Mounds 5227:Earth/fertility cult 4931:Fort Ancient culture 3815:Dogtooth Bend Mounds 3801:Lower Ohio River and 3787:Steed-Kisker culture 3403:Little Cheniere Site 3357:Bayou Portage Mounds 3291:Troyville Earthworks 3125:Late Woodland period 3059:History of Louisiana 3006:at Wikimedia Commons 1870:. pp. 119–122. 1246:Sac & Fox Nation 1171:improve this section 1019:free people of color 932:complete destruction 857:Natchez, Mississippi 508:de Soto's expedition 287:Natchez, Mississippi 6286:Green Corn Ceremony 6100:Turkey River Mounds 5890:Lake Jackson Mounds 5710:Blue Spring Shelter 5232:Green Corn Ceremony 4792:Upper Mississippian 4742:Blue Spring Shelter 4462:Fort Walton culture 3916:Hovey Lake District 3455:Schwing Place Mound 3362:Bayou Sorrel Mounds 3286:Transylvania Mounds 3226:Kings Crossing site 3206:Frogmore Mound Site 3176:Cypress Grove Mound 3114:Plum Bayou cultures 3051:The Natchez Indians 3045:Indians of Arkansas 2810:(Master's Thesis). 2619:, pp. 157–158. 2607:, pp. 152–155. 2530:"Introduction", in 2333:, pp. 387–388. 2309:, pp. 520–521. 2268:, pp. 162–163. 2249:, pp. 447–448. 2089:Library of Congress 1949:, pp. 158–163. 1936:, pp. 298–299. 1924:, pp. 296–297. 1331:kinship and descent 1299:Muskogean languages 1139:Contemporary nation 438:Coles Creek culture 295:Muskogean languages 274:[naːʃt͡seh] 86: 6371:Underwater panther 6045:Rosenstock Village 5915:Marmes Rockshelter 5900:L'Anse aux Meadows 5314:de Soto Expedition 5279:Underwater panther 5125:Central Algonquian 4836:Fisher Mound Group 4480:Apalachee Province 4447:Waddells Mill Pond 3566:Plaquemine culture 3478:Temple Mounds Site 3472:St. Gabriel Mounds 3449:Richeau Field Site 3374:Cypress Point Site 3315: 3301:Wade Landing Mound 3266:Scott Place Mounds 3191:Filhiol Mound Site 3171:Crippen Point site 3039:2016-03-03 at the 2870:Dover Publications 2868:(Dover ed.). 2512:. SNAC Cooperative 2486:. SNAC Cooperative 2141:Antebellum Natchez 1730:Emerald Mound Site 1495:Marguerite Scypion 1391: 1342:study was done by 1121:Treaty of Colerain 1117:Treaty of New York 1104:(later Oklahoma). 1039:Natchez after 1730 960: 952:Dumont de Montigny 885: 826: 696: 681: 666: 573: 558: 543: 529:French contact era 408:Plaquemine culture 397: 322:exogamous marriage 222: 84: 6405: 6404: 6397:Pre-Columbian era 6198:Spirit Cave mummy 5995:Plum Bayou Mounds 5905:Lynch Quarry Site 5424:Ancient Beringian 5322: 5321: 5287: 5286: 4972: 4971: 4588:Atchafalaya Basin 4530:Pensacola culture 4495:Fort Walton Mound 4387:Punk Rock Shelter 4347:Mouse Creek phase 4170:South Appalachian 4164: 4163: 4043:Central and Lower 3984:Castalian Springs 3974:Brentwood Library 3874:Middle Ohio River 3727:Emerald Acropolis 3589: 3588: 3581:Troyville culture 3525:Plum Bayou Mounds 3398:Kleinpeter Mounds 3352:Bayou L’Ours Site 3335:Bayou Black Mound 3323:Coles Creek sites 3211:Ghost Site Mounds 3186:Feltus Mound Site 3139:Coles Creek sites 3057:Charles Gayarré, 3014:Works related to 3002:Media related to 2888:White, Douglas R. 2879:978-0-486-28907-6 2853:978-0-8130-1778-5 2793:978-0-8032-4235-7 2770:978-0-300-10193-5 2747:978-0-8032-9861-3 2717:978-0-405-02830-4 2698:978-1-57806-988-0 2675:978-2-86645-684-9 2151:978-0-8071-1860-3 2119:978-1-60473-452-2 2039:978-2-296-05111-9 1760:, pp. 12–14. 1445:The Natchez give 1432:three degrees of 1207: 1206: 1199: 1053:Thirteen Colonies 964:Perier de Salvert 847:White Apple. The 837:Natchez Rebellion 789:enslaved Africans 737:Mississippi River 446:Mississippi River 347:and sold by into 299:Creek Confederacy 214: 213: 79: 78: 71: 6460: 6341:Projectile point 6178:Leanderthal Lady 6105:Upward Sun River 6080:Stallings Island 6070:Shell ring sites 6020:Recapture Canyon 5935:Moorehead Circle 5780:El Fin del Mundo 5765:Cueva de la Olla 5571: 5558:Maritime Archaic 5542: 5372: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5089:Mill Creek chert 5079:Duck River cache 4981: 4980: 4799: 4798: 4563:Pensacola people 4357:Muscogee (Creek) 4197:Bell Field Mound 3911:Hovey Lake-Klein 3865:Wickliffe Mounds 3840:Rowlandton Mound 3757:Lunsford-Pulcher 3661: 3660: 3628: 3627: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3488:Plum Bayou sites 3380:Eagle Point Site 3251:Mound Plantation 3166:Coles Creek Site 3108: 3107: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3013: 3001: 2987: 2980:Swanton, John R. 2975: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2941:. Archived from 2916: 2896: 2883: 2857: 2841: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2820: 2814:. Archived from 2809: 2797: 2774: 2751: 2731: 2721: 2702: 2679: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2569: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2135: 2124: 2123: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2000: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1959: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1832: 1826: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1804:. Archived from 1799: 1788: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1707: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1553: 1465:Tattooed Serpent 1291:language isolate 1287:Natchez language 1281:Natchez language 1223:Cherokee Nations 1202: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1182: 1151: 1143: 1102:Indian Territory 1033:Creoles of color 1026: 893:In August 1726, 877:Eugène Delacroix 824: 821: 711: 689:Tattooed Serpent 655:Tattooed Serpent 622:and his brother 618:was governed by 616:French Louisiana 504:Hernando de Soto 484:Fairchilds Creek 458:Homochitto River 377:Muscogee (Creek) 310:complex chiefdom 276: 271: 261: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 155: 153: 152: 143: 141: 140: 131: 129: 128: 105:Total population 94: 87: 83: 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 49:this article by 40:inline citations 27: 26: 19: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6392:Genetic history 6380: 6234:Ceremonial pipe 6207: 6188:Minnesota Woman 6145: 6139: 5960:Ocmulgee Mounds 5940:Morrison Mounds 5885:Kolomoki Mounds 5875:Kimball Village 5735:Candelaria Cave 5677: 5671: 5652:Suwannee Valley 5587:Old Cordilleran 5567: 5538: 5406: 5400: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5323: 5318: 5304:Clarksdale bell 5283: 5269:Stone box grave 5210:Ceremonial pipe 5176: 5135:Mobilian Jargon 5108: 5040: 4968: 4925: 4793: 4786: 4723: 4716: 4574: 4567: 4524: 4456: 4402:Rucker's Bottom 4192:Beaverdam Creek 4172: 4160: 4044: 4038: 3999:Hiwassee Island 3956: 3950: 3941:Welborn Village 3869: 3830:Millstone Bluff 3803:Confluence area 3802: 3796: 3792:Sugarloaf Mound 3732:Emmons Cemetery 3667: 3665:American Bottom 3656: 3650: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3590: 3585: 3534: 3483: 3437:Pennison Mounds 3414:Jerry Haas Site 3341:Bayou Cypremont 3322: 3316: 3305: 3216:Greenhouse site 3151:Balmoral Mounds 3134: 3116: 3102: 3100: 3041:Wayback Machine 2994: 2964: 2962:Further reading 2959: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2923:10.2307/3773172 2914:10.1.1.173.4259 2894: 2880: 2854: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2807: 2794: 2771: 2748: 2729: 2718: 2699: 2676: 2655: 2650: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2136: 2127: 2120: 2100: 2096: 2084: 2078: 2074: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2001: 1994: 1988: 1960: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1797: 1789: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1695: 1691: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1616: 1614: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1589: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1518: 1455: 1443: 1376:honorific title 1344:John R. Swanton 1336:oral traditions 1315: 1283: 1277: 1203: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1168: 1152: 1141: 1041: 1015:Samba rebellion 891: 869: 832: 822: 804: 700:human sacrifice 647:paramount chief 614:in 1702. Early 586:ceremonial pipe 531: 500: 454:Big Black River 448:in present-day 389: 279:Native American 266: 259: 233: 229: 150: 148: 138: 136: 126: 124: 100: 82: 75: 64: 58: 55: 45:Please help to 44: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6466: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6316:Mound Builders 6313: 6308: 6303: 6301:Medicine wheel 6298: 6293: 6291:Horned Serpent 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6030:Roberts Island 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5965:Old Stone Fort 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5930:Moaning Cavern 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5880:Kincaid Mounds 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5760:Cuarenta Casas 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5715:Bluefish Caves 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5676:Archaeological 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5474:Caloosahatchee 5471: 5466: 5461: 5459:Caborn-Welborn 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5405:Archaeological 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5309:Mound Builders 5306: 5301: 5296: 5295:Related topics 5292: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5257:Village bundle 5249: 5244: 5242:Platform mound 5239: 5237:Horned Serpent 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5104:Stone statuary 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4954:Leo Petroglyph 4951: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4891:Moccasin Bluff 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4841:Gentleman Farm 4838: 4833: 4828: 4826:Carcajou Point 4823: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Caddoan Mounds 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543:Dauphin Island 4540: 4534: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4217:Bussell Island 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3969:Beasley Mounds 3966: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3820:Kincaid Mounds 3817: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3737:Horseshoe Lake 3734: 3729: 3724: 3722:Dickson Mounds 3719: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3571:Platform mound 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3542:Related topics 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3443:Portage Mounds 3440: 3434: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3406: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3281:Sundown Mounds 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3236:Marsden Mounds 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3181:DePrato Mounds 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3156:Boone's Mounds 3153: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3031: 3030:– Chickasaw.TV 3025: 3022:Natchez Nation 3019: 3016:Natchez people 3007: 2993: 2992:External links 2990: 2989: 2988: 2976: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2907:(4): 369–388. 2884: 2878: 2858: 2852: 2831: 2798: 2792: 2775: 2769: 2752: 2746: 2722: 2716: 2703: 2697: 2680: 2674: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2633: 2631:, p. 156. 2621: 2609: 2596: 2594:, p. 152. 2584: 2561: 2548: 2536: 2523: 2497: 2471: 2458:Natchez Nation 2445: 2407: 2383: 2359: 2335: 2323: 2321:, p. 539. 2311: 2299: 2288:(3): 514–515. 2270: 2258: 2236: 2227:, p. 442. 2217: 2205: 2188: 2181: 2175:. p. 26. 2157: 2150: 2125: 2118: 2112:. p. 25. 2094: 2072: 2061:(2): 122–123. 2045: 2038: 2014: 2005:, p. 396. 1992: 1978:(1): 112–114. 1951: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1883: 1877:978-0806138138 1876: 1852: 1840: 1838:, p. 149. 1827: 1814: 1811:on 2005-05-31. 1762: 1750: 1748:, p. 143. 1738: 1721: 1712:, p. 369. 1702: 1689: 1673: 1671:, p. 426. 1661: 1647: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1611:Natchez Nation 1598: 1586:Natchez Nation 1573: 1561:Natchez Nation 1547: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1454: 1453:Notable people 1451: 1442: 1439: 1314: 1313:Descent system 1311: 1279:Main article: 1276: 1273: 1253:South Carolina 1205: 1204: 1155: 1153: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1098:Trail of Tears 1089:Attacullaculla 1084:Dragging Canoe 1064:Hiwassee River 1040: 1037: 1011:slave uprising 995:Chickasaw Wars 968:Saint-Domingue 895:Étienne Perier 889:Natchez revolt 887:Main article: 868: 865: 830:Natchez revolt 828:Main article: 812:Natchez revolt 803: 800: 704:ritual suicide 651:uwahšiL li∙kip 604:Gulf of Mexico 530: 527: 499: 496: 434:Archaeological 424:platform mound 401:archaeologists 388: 385: 381:South Carolina 345:Saint-Domingue 318:Spanish Empire 212: 211: 201: 200: 196: 195: 185: 184: 180: 179: 165: 164: 160: 159: 157:South Carolina 117: 116: 112: 111: 107: 106: 102: 101: 95: 80: 77: 76: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6465: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276:Falcon dancer 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212:Miscellaneous 6210: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6183:Melbourne Man 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6173:La Brea Woman 6171: 6169: 6168:Kennewick Man 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6060:Serpent Mound 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010:Pueblo Bonito 6008: 6006: 6005:Poverty Point 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5990:Pinson Mounds 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5980:Painted Bluff 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:Horr's Island 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5790:Effigy Mounds 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755:Crystal River 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5667:Weeden Island 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632:Safety Harbor 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5622:Poverty Point 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5602:Paleo-Indians 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5563:Mississippian 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5252:Sacred bundle 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5072:Wulfing cache 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5057:Copper plates 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5031:Three Sisters 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001:Little barley 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4959:Serpent Mound 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4921:Summer Island 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4724:Mississippian 4719: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4575:Mississippian 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4490:Corbin–Tucker 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397:Roods Landing 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4337:Moccasin Bend 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4267:Hoojah Branch 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4174:Mississippian 4171: 4167: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4097:Menard-Hodges 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4034:Swallow Bluff 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3955:Tennessee and 3953: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3825:Marshall Site 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3657:Mississippian 3653: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3426:Morgan Mounds 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3386:Gibson Mounds 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368:Clovelly Site 3366: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3296:Venable Mound 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3221:Insley Mounds 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3201:Flowery Mound 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3018:at Wikisource 3017: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2948:on 2008-06-26 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862:Mooney, James 2859: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2821:on 2007-11-26 2817: 2813: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2579: 2574:, p. 370 2573: 2568: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2254: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2184: 2182:0-8032-9563-4 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2161: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2091:. p. 21. 2090: 2083: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2010: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1898: 1892: 1887: 1879: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1849: 1844: 1837: 1831: 1824: 1818: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1651: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1510: 1509:Tommy Wildcat 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1426:consanguinity 1423: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1364:matrilineally 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:social status 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1201: 1198: 1190: 1187:February 2023 1180: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1156:This section 1154: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:Tellico River 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1002: 998: 996: 990: 987: 982: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 957: 953: 948: 944: 941: 936: 933: 928: 924: 922: 919: 915: 911: 907: 904: 899: 896: 890: 882: 878: 873: 864: 860: 858: 854: 850: 844: 840: 838: 831: 817: 813: 808: 799: 797: 794: 790: 785: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 757: 755: 751: 747: 746:Indian slaves 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 723: 717: 715: 710: 705: 701: 694: 690: 685: 679: 675: 670: 662: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 633: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 594: 589: 588:and a feast. 587: 583: 578: 571:historic site 570: 566: 562: 556: 552: 547: 540: 535: 526: 524: 519: 515: 514: 509: 505: 498:Protohistoric 495: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 473: 471: 467: 466:pre-Columbian 463: 462:Emerald Mound 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 406: 402: 395:Emerald Mound 393: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 330: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 269: 264: 263: 254: 227: 218: 210: 206: 202: 197: 194: 190: 186: 181: 178: 174: 170: 166: 161: 158: 146: 134: 122: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 73: 70: 62: 59:February 2023 52: 48: 42: 41: 35: 30: 21: 20: 6376:Water glyphs 6331:Oasisamerica 6321:N.A.G.P.R.A. 6281:Folsom point 6271:Effigy mound 6251:Clovis point 6219:Aridoamerica 6120:Wickiup Hill 6075:Spiro Mounds 6055:Salmon Ruins 6050:Russell Cave 5845:Helen Blazes 5840:Grimes Point 5820:Fort Juelson 5810:Fort Ancient 5785:El Vallecito 5745:Chaco Canyon 5685:Angel Mounds 5647:Steed-Kisker 5597:Paleo-Arctic 5519:Glacial Kame 5504:Fort Ancient 5396:Post-Classic 5367: 5299:Chevron bead 5205:Burial mound 5099:Shell gorget 5067:Spiro plates 5062:Rogan plates 4881:Knoll Spring 4856:Hartley Fort 4816:Beattie Park 4700:Transylvania 4667: 4538:Bottle Creek 4500:Lake Jackson 4382:Pisgah phase 4312:Little Egypt 4262:Garden Creek 4247:Dallas phase 4134:Tipton phase 4112:Nodena phase 4009:Mound Bottom 3994:Fewkes Group 3979:Brick Church 3881:Angel Mounds 3747:Kuhn Station 3742:John Chapman 3560: 3520:Maberry Site 3510:Dogtown Site 3495:Baytown Site 3431:Pecan Mounds 3420:Machias Lake 3276:Spanish Fort 3261:Raffman site 3066:Natchez Wars 3058: 3044: 2983: 2970: 2950:. 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Retrieved 1560: 1551: 1503:freedom suit 1459:Tattooed Arm 1444: 1434:matrilateral 1430: 1422:incest taboo 1419: 1399: 1392: 1372: 1368: 1349: 1340:ethnographic 1328: 1321:classes and 1316: 1295:John Swanton 1284: 1261: 1250: 1235: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1193: 1184: 1169:Please help 1157: 1113: 1106: 1087: 1079: 1061: 1047:(Muscogee), 1042: 1029: 1003: 999: 991: 983: 972: 961: 955: 937: 929: 925: 900: 892: 883:in Louisiana 881:Natchez Wars 861: 853:Fort Rosalie 845: 841: 833: 816:Fort Rosalie 786: 782: 777: 773: 765: 758: 730: 718: 709:La Glorieuse 697: 688: 650: 641:The Natchez 640: 635: 631: 628: 610:in 1699 and 596:missionaries 590: 574: 511: 501: 481: 474: 432: 398: 338: 334:Ethnologists 303: 225: 223: 189:Christianity 81:Ethnic group 65: 56: 37: 6361:Thunderbird 6229:Black drink 6193:Peñon woman 6130:Winterville 6110:Velda Mound 6090:Taos Pueblo 5985:Parkin Park 5970:Orwell site 5955:Nodena site 5850:Holly Bluff 5825:Four Mounds 5815:Fort Center 5740:Casa Grande 5690:Anzick site 5582:Monongahela 5509:Fort Walton 5484:Coles Creek 5449:Belle Glade 5434:Anishinaabe 5274:Thunderbird 5200:Black drink 5052:Emmons mask 4996:Chenopodium 4984:Agriculture 4906:Plum Island 4861:Hotel Plaza 4710:Winterville 4690:Scott Place 4628:Holly Bluff 4548:Fort Walton 4302:Lamar phase 4156:Walls phase 4052:Belle Meade 4045:Mississippi 3989:Dunbar Cave 3891:Annis Mound 3886:Angel phase 3860:Ware Mounds 3855:Twin Mounds 3705:Ramey state 3690:Monks Mound 3530:Roland Site 3256:Peck Mounds 3246:Mott Mounds 3196:Fisher site 3110:Coles Creek 2629:Lorenz 2000 2617:Lorenz 2000 2605:Lorenz 2000 2592:Lorenz 2000 2557:Lorenz 2000 2516:15 February 2490:15 February 2464:15 February 2438:15 February 2331:Mooney 1995 2307:Mooney 1995 2266:Lorenz 2000 2213:Lawson 2004 1947:Lorenz 2000 1934:Gallay 2002 1922:Gallay 2002 1910:Gallay 2002 1848:Lorenz 2000 1836:Lorenz 2000 1746:Lorenz 2000 1477:Nancy Raven 1441:Ethnobotany 1307:Nancy Raven 1231:Dawes Rolls 1227:matrilineal 1129:Coosa River 1123:, and 1814 823: 1850 796:plantations 770:White Apple 722:infanticide 450:Mississippi 387:Prehistoric 326:matrilineal 121:Mississippi 51:introducing 6412:Categories 6306:Metallurgy 6266:Eden point 6163:Buhl Woman 6035:Rock Eagle 6025:River Styx 5950:Mummy Cave 5945:Moundville 5925:Mesa Verde 5910:Marksville 5657:Tchefuncte 5617:Plaquemine 5553:Las Palmas 5469:Calf Creek 5464:Cades Pond 5011:Marshelder 4896:Oak Forest 4866:Hoxie Farm 4680:Pocahontas 4573:Plaquemine 4510:Letchworth 4442:Town Creek 4377:Park Mound 4342:Moundville 4327:Mandeville 4317:Long Swamp 4277:Jere Shine 4129:Quigualtam 4077:Chucalissa 3964:Backusburg 3957:Cumberland 3946:Yankeetown 3931:Slack Farm 3906:Ellerbusch 3810:Adams site 3717:Cloverdale 3515:Hayes site 2952:2007-08-15 2572:White 1971 2427:(3): 277. 2401:2020-05-15 2377:2020-05-15 2353:2020-05-15 2319:Brown 1986 1891:White 1971 1710:White 1971 1629:References 1617:2024-02-15 1592:2024-02-15 1567:2024-02-15 1501:who won a 1483:Archie Sam 1380:hereditary 906:plantation 774:Jenzenaque 754:Chaouachas 636:Jenzenaque 513:Quigualtam 506:. 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