870:
839:
885:
1585:, and South Asians, particularly those from Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and India, are at high risk of developing CKD. Africans are at greater risk due to the number of people affected with hypertension among them. As an example, 37% of ESKD cases in African Americans can be attributed to high blood pressure, compared with 19% among Caucasians. Treatment efficacy also differs between racial groups. Administration of antihypertensive drugs generally halts disease progression in white populations but has little effect in slowing kidney disease among black people, and additional treatment such as bicarbonate therapy is often required. While lower socioeconomic status contributes to the number of people affected with CKD, differences in the number of people affected by CKD are still evident between Africans and Whites when controlling for environmental factors.
1478:
kidney may not work 100%. If it does, the creatinine level is often normal. The toxins show various cytotoxic activities in the serum and have different molecular weights, and some of them are bound to other proteins, primarily to albumin. Uremic toxins are classified into three groups as small water-soluble solutes, middle molecular-weight solutes, and protein-bound solutes. Hemodialysis with high-flux dialysis membrane, long or frequent treatment, and increased blood/dialysate flow has improved removal of water-soluble small molecular weight uremic toxins. Middle molecular weight molecules are removed more effectively with hemodialysis using a high-flux membrane, hemodiafiltration and hemofiltration. However, conventional dialysis treatment is limited in its ability to remove protein-bound uremic toxins.
855:
363:
1569:(MeN). It was estimated in 2013 that at least 20,000 men had died prematurely, some in their 20s and 30s; a figure of 40,000 per year was estimated in 2020. In some affected areas CKD mortality was five times the national rate. MeN primarily affects men working as sugarcane labourers. The cause is unknown, but in 2020 the science found a clearer connection between heavy labour in high temperatures and incidence of CKDu; improvements such as regular access to water, rest and shade, can significantly decrease the potential CKDu incidence. CKDu also affects people in
760:
2672:
47:
1607:
disparities. This approach fails to account for the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and social factors influencing kidney function. Depending solely on race-based metrics may lead to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis in minority populations. Alternative approaches that consider socioeconomic status, environmental exposures, and genetic vulnerability, are needed to accurately assess kidney function and address CKD care disparities.
803:(AKI) is important because AKI can be reversible. One diagnostic clue that helps differentiate CKD from AKI is a gradual rise in serum creatinine (over several months or years) as opposed to a sudden increase in the serum creatinine (several days to weeks). In many people with CKD, previous kidney disease or other underlying diseases are already known. A significant number present with CKD of unknown cause.
820:
The units of creatinine vary from country to country, but since the glomeruli make up <5% of the mass of the kidney, the GFR does not indicate all aspects of kidney health and function. This can be done by combining the GFR level with the clinical assessment of the person, including fluid status, and measuring the levels of hemoglobin, potassium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone.
1349:) and surgical interventions. Any of these can help people with CKD loose weight, however, it is not known if they can also prevent death or cardiovascular events like heart complications or stroke. It is recommended that weight management interventions should be individualised, according to a thorough patients' assessment regarding clinical condition, motivations and preferences.
884:
1190:
blood pressure and sugar, and potentially newer anti-inflammatory drugs. Doctors may also focus on managing heart disease risk, preventing infections, and avoiding further kidney damage. While dialysis may eventually be needed, a gradual transition can help preserve remaining kidney function. More research is ongoing to improve CKD management and patient outcomes.
1598:
delayed diagnosis. Structural barriers, such as lack of insurance and limited healthcare facilities, hinder access to timely care. Furthermore, health insurance coverage disparities, with minority populations lacking adequate coverage, contribute to these disparities. Denial of care worsens health outcomes and perpetuates existing health inequities.
838:
869:
832:
related to the echogenicity of either the liver or the spleen. Moreover, decreased kidney size and cortical thinning are also often seen and especially when disease progresses. However, kidney size correlates to height, and short persons tend to have small kidneys; thus, kidney size as the only parameter is not reliable.
1454:
treatment. Other benefits of early nephrology referral include proper education regarding options for kidney replacement therapy as well as pre-emptive transplantation, and timely workup and placement of an arteriovenous fistula in those people with chronic kidney disease opting for future hemodialysis.
1552:
About one in ten people have chronic kidney disease. In Canada 1.9 to 2.3 million people were estimated to have CKD in 2008. CKD affected an estimated 16.8% of U.S. adults aged 20 years and older in the period from 1999 to 2004. In 2007 8.8% of the population of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland had
1440:
People with CKD experience sleep disorders, thus unable to get quality sleep. There are several strategies that could help, such as relaxation techniques, exercise, and medication. Exercise may be helpful with sleep regulation and possibly decreases fatigue and depression in people with CKD. However,
819:
The GFR is derived from the serum creatinine and is proportional to 1/creatinine, i.e. it is a reciprocal relationship; the higher the creatinine, the lower the GFR. It reflects one aspect of kidney function, how efficiently the glomeruli – the filtering units – work. The normal GFR is 90–120 ml/min.
1767:
with chronic kidney disease may have a buildup of waste products usually removed by the kidneys. They may appear lethargic, unkempt, and lose weight, and may have hypertension. The disease can prevent appropriate concentration of urine, causing cats to urinate greater volumes and drink more water to
1725:
The incidence rate of CKD in dogs was 15.8 cases per 10,000 dog years at risk. The mortality rate of CKD was 9.7 deaths per 10,000 dog years at risk. (Rates developed from a population of 600,000 insured
Swedish dogs; one dog year at risk is one dog at risk for one year). The breeds with the highest
1543:
People who had decide against dialysis treatment when reaching end-stage chronic kidney disease could survive several years and experience improvements in their mental well-being in addition to sustained physical well-being and overall quality of life until late in their illness course. However, use
1588:
Although CKDu was first documented among sugar cane workers in Costa Rica in the 1970s, it may well have affected plantation labourers since the introduction of sugar cane farming to the
Caribbean in the 1600s. In colonial times the death records of slaves on sugar plantations was much higher than
1564:
The cause of chronic kidney disease is in some cases not known; it is referred to as chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu). As of 2020 a rapidly progressive chronic kidney disease, unexplained by diabetes and hypertension, had increased dramatically in prevalence over a few decades in
1477:
In CKD numerous uremic toxins accumulate in the blood. Even when ESKD (largely synonymous with CKD5) is treated with dialysis, the toxin levels do not go back to normal as dialysis is not that efficient. Similarly, after a kidney transplant, the levels may not go back to normal as the transplanted
815:
Screening should include calculation of the estimated GFR (eGFR) from the serum creatinine level, and measurement of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a first-morning urine specimen (this reflects the amount of a protein called albumin in the urine), as well as a urine dipstick screen for
811:
Screening those who have neither symptoms nor risk factors for CKD is not recommended. Those who should be screened include: those with hypertension or history of cardiovascular disease, those with diabetes or marked obesity, those aged > 60 years, subjects with
African American ancestry, those
596:
Cognitive decline in patients experiencing CKD is an emerging symptom revealed in research literature. Research suggests that patients with CKD face a 35–40% higher likelihood of cognitive decline and or dementia. This relation is dependent on the severity of CKD in each patient; although emerging
1357:
High dietary sodium intake may increase the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The effect of dietary restriction of salt in foods has been investigated in people with chronic kidney disease. For people with CKD, including those on dialysis, reduced salt intake may help to lower both
1189:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious condition often linked to diabetes and high blood pressure. There is no cure, but a combination of lifestyle changes and medications can help slow its progression. This might include a plant-dominant diet with less protein and salt, medications to control
831:
is useful for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in chronic kidney disease. Whether the underlying pathologic change is glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, or inflammation, the result is often increased echogenicity of the cortex. The echogenicity of the kidney should be
1597:
Denial of care in chronic kidney disease treatment and management is a significant issue for minority populations. This can be due to healthcare provider bias, structural barriers, and health insurance coverage disparities. Healthcare provider biases can lead to under-treatment, misdiagnosis, or
1539:
Survival rates of CKD are generally longer with dialysis than without (having only conservative kidney management). However, from the age of 80 and in elderly patients with comorbidities there is no difference in survival between the two groups. Quality of life might be better for people without
353:
Chronic kidney disease affected 753 million people globally in 2016 (417 million females and 336 million males.) In 2015, it caused 1.2 million deaths, up from 409,000 in 1990. The causes that contribute to the greatest number of deaths are high blood pressure at 550,000, followed by diabetes at
1229:
A low-protein, low-salt diet may result in slower progression of CKD and reduction in proteinuria as well as controlling symptoms of advanced CKD to delay dialysis start. A tailored low-protein diet, designed for low acidity, may help prevent damage to kidneys for people with CKD. Additionally,
1606:
Race-based kidney function metrics, particularly normalizing creatinine, pose ethical challenges in diagnosing and managing chronic kidney disease (CKD). While certain racial and ethnic groups are at higher risk, using race as a reference range may reinforce stereotypes and perpetuate health
1453:
It may also be useful at an earlier stage (e.g. CKD3) when urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio is more than 30 mg/mmol, when blood pressure is difficult to control, or when hematuria or other findings suggest either a primarily glomerular disorder or secondary disease amenable to specific
1217:, and death from cardiovascular disease when compared to placebo in individuals with CKD. ACEIs may be superior to ARBs for protection against progression to kidney failure and death from any cause in those with CKD. Aggressive blood pressure lowering decreases people's risk of death.
1504:
is negatively affected. Kidney transplantation increases the survival of people with stage 5 CKD when compared to other options; however, it is associated with an increased short-term mortality due to complications of the surgery. Transplantation aside, high-intensity
1133:
Stage 1: Slightly diminished function; kidney damage with normal or relatively high GFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m) and persistent albuminuria. Kidney damage is defined as pathological abnormalities or markers of damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine tests or imaging
1205:(ARBs) are recommended as first-line agents since they have been found to slow the decline of kidney function, relative to a more rapid decline in those not on one of these agents. They have also been found to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events such as
1180:
conclusion of the NDD-CKD. Even though the NDD-CKD status refers to the status of persons with earlier stages of CKD (stages 1 to 4), people with advanced stage of CKD (stage 5), who have not yet started kidney replacement therapy, are also referred to as NDD-CKD.
1408:
level and mid-arm muscle circumference may also be increased following supplementation. Despite possible improvement in these indicators of nutritional status, it is not certain that protein supplements affect quality of life, life expectancy, inflammation or
890:
End-stage chronic kidney disease with increased echogenicity, homogenous architecture without visible differentiation between parenchyma and renal sinus and reduced kidney size. Measurement of kidney length on the US image is illustrated by '+' and a dashed
456:
falls to less than 20–25 mL/min/1.73 m, when the kidneys have decreased ability to excrete potassium. Hyperkalemia in CKD can be exacerbated by acidemia (triggering the cells to release potassium into the bloodstream to neutralize the acid) and from lack of
5329:"Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention"
4791:
Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, O'Corragain OA, Edmonds PJ, Kittanamongkolchai W, Erickson SB (December 2014). "Associations of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soda with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1121:
Kidney damage is defined signs of damage seen in blood, urine, or imaging studies which includes lab albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30. All people with a GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m for 3 months are defined as having chronic kidney disease.
341:
should be avoided. Other recommended measures include staying active, and certain dietary changes such as a low-salt diet and the right amount of protein. Treatments for anemia and bone disease may also be required. Severe disease requires
3509:
Vecchio M, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW, Lucisano G, Graziano G, Saglimbene V, et al. (Cochrane Kidney and
Transplant Group) (December 2010). "Interventions for treating sexual dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease".
1449:
Guidelines for referral to a nephrologist vary between countries. Most agree that nephrology referral is required by Stage 4 CKD (when eGFR/1.73m is less than 30 mL/min; or decreasing by more than 3 mL/min/year).
1526:
In children, growth failure is a common complication from CKD. Children with CKD will be shorter than 97% of children the same age and sex. This can be treated with additional nutritional support, or medication such as
1128:
is regarded as an independent marker for worsening of kidney function and cardiovascular disease. Hence, British guidelines append the letter "P" to the stage of chronic kidney disease if protein loss is significant.
1497:(the overall death rate) which increases as kidney function decreases. The leading cause of death in chronic kidney disease is cardiovascular disease, regardless of whether there is progression to stage 5.
1151:
The term "non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease" (NDD-CKD) is a designation used to encompass the status of those persons with an established CKD who do not yet require the life-supporting treatments for
6289:
6274:
6259:
2685:
Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lockwood MB, Rhee CM, Tantisattamo E, Andreoli S, Balducci A, Laffin P, Harris T, Knight R, Kumaraswami L, Liakopoulos V, Lui SF, Kumar S, Ng M, Saadi G, Ulasi I, Tong A, Li PK (Jan 3, 2022).
1772:, which can lead to anemia (which can sometimes be indicated by pink or whitish gums, but by no means does the presence of normal colored gums guarantee that anemia is not present or developing), and lethargy.
1137:
Stage 2: Mild reduction in GFR (60–89 mL/min/1.73 m) with kidney damage. Kidney damage is defined as pathological abnormalities or markers of damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine tests or imaging
502:
and reduced kidney mass) and the skeletal resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid hormone. Osteocytes are responsible for the increased production of FGF-23, which is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme
6224:
3375:
O'Lone E, Connors M, Masson P, Wu S, Kelly PJ, Gillespie D, et al. (June 2016). "Cognition in People With End-Stage Kidney
Disease Treated With Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
4450:"Target haemoglobin to aim for with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: a position statement by ERBP following publication of the Trial to reduce cardiovascular events with Aranesp therapy (TREAT) study"
2013:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
5621:
Maisonneuve P, Agodoa L, Gellert R, Stewart JH, Buccianti G, Lowenfels AB, et al. (July 1999). "Cancer in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: an international collaborative study".
1404:
Regular consumption of oral protein-based nutritional supplements may increase serum albumin levels slightly in people with CKD, especially among those requiring hemodialysis or who are malnourished.
3543:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
404:, an effect that may be at least partly mediated by uremic toxins. People with both CKD and cardiovascular disease have significantly worse prognoses than those with only cardiovascular disease.
1523:
recommend that physicians do not perform routine cancer screening in people with limited life expectancies due to ESKD because evidence does not show that such tests lead to improved outcomes.
1441:
none of these options have been proven to be effective in the treatment of sleep disorders. This means that it is unknown what is the best guidance to improve sleep quality in this population.
4654:"The dose-response relationship between body mass index and the risk of incident stage ≥3 chronic kidney disease in a general japanese population: the Ibaraki prefectural health study (IPHS)"
3847:
2630:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
854:
6145:
485:(FGF-23) increase progressively as the kidney capacity for phosphate excretion declines, which may contribute to left ventricular hypertrophy and increased mortality in people with CKD .
1141:
Stage 3: Moderate reduction in GFR (30–59 mL/min/1.73 m):. British guidelines distinguish between stage 3A (GFR 45–59) and stage 3B (GFR 30–44) for purposes of screening and referral.
4221:"Association Between More Intensive vs Less Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering and Risk of Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 to 5: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2210:
1366:
and associated symptoms, such as dizziness, with lower salt intake. The effect of salt restriction on extracellular fluid, oedema, and total body weight reduction is not known.
576:
from the cells of the proximal tubule. Acidemia affects the function of enzymes and increases excitability of cardiac and neuronal membranes by the promotion of hyperkalemia.
2449:"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)"
4491:"The impact of selecting a high hemoglobin target level on health-related quality of life for patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5731:
2069:"Long-term effects of renin-angiotensin system-blocking therapy and a low blood pressure goal on progression of hypertensive chronic kidney disease in African Americans"
481:
results from poor phosphate elimination in the kidney, and contributes to increased cardiovascular risk by causing vascular calcification. Circulating concentrations of
5970:
227:
occurs over a period of months to years, or abnormal kidney structure (with normal function). Initially generally no symptoms are seen, but later symptoms may include
1977:
1768:
compensate. Loss of important proteins and vitamins through urine may cause abnormal metabolism and loss of appetite. The buildup of acids within blood can result in
6221:
388:
is increased due to fluid overload and production of vasoactive hormones created by the kidney via the renin–angiotensin system, increasing the risk of developing
2367:"Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors and Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With CKD: A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials"
735:, is "a new form of kidney disease that could be called agricultural nephropathy". A high and so-far unexplained number of new cases of CKD, referred to as the
4150:
4170:
563:
2211:"KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)"
582:
is common and is especially prevalent in those requiring haemodialysis. It is multifactorial in cause, but includes increased inflammation, reduction in
1860:
3144:
1516:
People with ESKD are at increased overall risk for cancer. This risk is particularly high in younger people and gradually diminishes with age. Medical
430:). Due to its high systemic concentration, urea is excreted in eccrine sweat at high concentrations and crystallizes on skin as the sweat evaporates ("
586:, and hyperuricemia leading to bone-marrow suppression. Hypoproliferative anemia occurs due to inadequate production of erythropoietin by the kidneys.
6038:
1509:
appears to be associated with improved survival and a greater quality of life, when compared to the conventional three-times-a-week hemodialysis and
1283:
1233:
Anemia – A target hemoglobin level of 100–120 g/L is recommended; raising hemoglobin levels to the normal range has not been found to be of benefit.
3896:"Screening, monitoring, and treatment of stage 1 to 3 chronic kidney disease: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians"
5869:
5806:
3839:
4744:"High-fructose corn syrup-sweetened soft drink consumption increases vascular resistance in the kidneys at rest and during sympathetic activation"
3541:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease Injury
Incidence Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
848:
with increased echogenicity and reduced cortical thickness. Measurement of kidney length on the US image is illustrated by '+' and a dashed line.
329:(ARBs) are generally first-line agents for blood pressure control, as they slow progression of the kidney disease and the risk of heart disease.
1812:"Disparities in Chronic Kidney Disease Prevalence among Males and Females in 195 Countries: Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study"
1644:
is a national nonprofit organization providing treatment-related financial assistance to one of every five people undergoing dialysis each year.
1118:
A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m is considered normal without chronic kidney disease if there is no kidney damage present.
2547:
1112:
Kidney
Disease Improving Global Outcomes – KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
6189:
4838:
Conley MM, McFarlane CM, Johnson DW, Kelly JT, Campbell KL, MacLaughlin HL, et al. (Cochrane Kidney and
Transplant Group) (March 2021).
3869:
6625:
2011:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death
Collaborators) (October 2016).
878:
with reduced kidney size and focal cortical thinning. Measurement of kidney length on the US image is illustrated by '+' and a dashed line.
321:
Screening at-risk people is recommended. Initial treatments may include medications to lower blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol.
2628:
Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).
2496:
1544:
of acute care services in these cases is common and intensity of end-of-life care is highly variable among people opting out of dialysis.
3937:"Diagnosis and management of non-dialysis chronic kidney disease in ambulatory care: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines"
2121:
523:, and vascular calcification that further impairs cardiac function. An extreme consequence is the occurrence of the rare condition named
2225:
5091:
O'Lone EL, Hodson EM, Nistor I, Bolignano D, Webster AC, Craig JC, et al. (Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group) (February 2019).
4123:
1230:
controlling salt ingestion helps to decrease the incidence of coronary heart disease, lowering blood pressure and reducing albuminuria.
5042:
Mah JY, Choy SW, Roberts MA, Desai AM, Corken M, Gwini SM, McMahon LP, et al. (Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group) (May 2020).
747:. Heat stress from long hours of piece-rate work at high average temperatures of about 36 °C (96 °F) is suspected, as are
6395:
636:. About one of five adults with hypertension and one of three adults with diabetes have CKD. If the cause is unknown, it is called
504:
2186:
1147:
Stage 5: Established kidney failure (GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m), permanent kidney replacement therapy, or end-stage kidney disease.
6708:
5990:"CKD of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: A Multilevel Clinical Case Definition for Surveillance and Epidemiological Studies"
5940:
4703:"Obesity and the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1198:
322:
2521:
1780:
As of 2019 several compounds are in development for the treatment of CKD. These include the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
1486:
CKD increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, and people with CKD often have other risk factors for heart disease, such as
5696:
Chertow GM, Paltiel AD, Owen WF, Lazarus JM (June 1996). "Cost-effectiveness of cancer screening in end-stage renal disease".
5668:
6075:
5426:
3999:
3698:"The epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Mesoamerica: a call for interdisciplinary research and action"
3093:
5757:"Does conservative kidney management offer a quantity or quality of life benefit compared to dialysis? A systematic review"
5189:
4988:
Tam KW, Wu MY, Siddiqui FJ, Chan ES, Zhu Y, Jafar TH, et al. (Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group) (November 2018).
3746:
Johnson RJ, Sánchez-Lozada LG (October 2013). "Chronic kidney disease: Mesoamerican nephropathy--new clues to the cause".
2578:"Osteoblastogenesis of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in chronic kidney disease patient with regular hemodialysis"
6791:
5044:"Oral protein-based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis"
4079:
3158:
Adrogué HJ, Madias NE (September 1981). "Changes in plasma potassium concentration during acute acid-base disturbances".
1621:
1202:
812:
with a history of kidney disease in the past, and subjects who have relatives who had kidney disease requiring dialysis.
326:
1637:
is a national organization representing people with chronic kidney diseases and professionals who treat kidney diseases.
4890:
McMahon EJ, Campbell KL, Bauer JD, Mudge DW, Kelly JT, et al. (Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group) (June 2021).
3326:
Singh-Manoux A, Oumarou-Ibrahim A, Machado-Fragua MD, Dumurgier J, Brunner EJ, Kivimaki M, et al. (January 2022).
3274:"Vitamin K Status and Cognitive Function in Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort"
1396:
molecules that reduce clotting, it does not have any impact on the prevention of vascular blockage in people with CKD.
671:
1651:
is a nonprofit, patient-focused, patient-run organization that provides non-medical services to those affected by CKD.
2342:
597:
literature indicates that patients at all stages of CKD will have a higher risk of developing these cognitive issues.
5822:"Long-term Outcomes Among Patients With Advanced Kidney Disease Who Forgo Maintenance Dialysis: A Systematic Review"
373:
CKD is initially without symptoms, and is usually detected on routine screening blood work by either an increase in
3328:"Association between kidney function and incidence of dementia: 10-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study"
2786:"Renal impairment, worsening renal function, and outcome in patients with heart failure: an updated meta-analysis"
1658:
is a nonprofit, patient-centric group focused on improving the health and well-being of CKD and people undergoing
362:
299:
6446:
6635:
5664:
5250:"Removal of uremic toxins by renal replacement therapies: a review of current progress and future perspectives"
4268:
Chauhan V, Vaid M (November 2009). "Dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease: managing a high-risk combination".
1759:
1315:
compared to controls with healthy weight, and when in advanced stages also may hinder people's eligibility to
1168:). The condition of individuals with CKD, who require either of the two types of kidney replacement therapy (
611:, and reaching orgasm, and the problems get worse with age. Most women have trouble with sexual arousal, and
6451:
2152:
1693:
657:
516:
3633:
6388:
1666:
726:
704:
244:
3463:
Kurella M, Chertow GM, Luan J, Yaffe K (November 2004). "Cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease".
2447:
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. (February 2014).
1490:. The most common cause of death in people with CKD is cardiovascular disease rather than kidney failure.
1176:), is referred to as the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Hence, the start of the ESKD is practically the
6701:
6422:
2996:"Fibroblast growth factor 23 inhibits extrarenal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human monocytes"
1556:
Chronic kidney disease was the cause of 956,000 deaths globally in 2013, up from 409,000 deaths in 1990.
499:
482:
5536:
Giri M (2004). "Choice of renal replacement therapy in patients with diabetic end stage renal disease".
4360:"Reducing the Dietary Acid Load: How a More Alkaline Diet Benefits Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease"
3674:
6511:
4448:
Locatelli F, Aljama P, Canaud B, Covic A, De Francisco A, Macdougall IC, et al. (September 2010).
1701:
1634:
1520:
1110:
Numbers 1–4 indicates risk of progression as well as frequency of monitoring (number of times a year).
931:
453:
318:
may be performed to determine the underlying cause. Several severity-based staging systems are in use.
239:. Complications can relate to hormonal dysfunction of the kidneys and include (in chronological order)
5284:
Perazella MA, Khan S (March 2006). "Increased mortality in chronic kidney disease: a call to action".
3789:
Roncal Jimenez CA, Ishimoto T, Lanaspa MA, Rivard CJ, Nakagawa T, Ejaz AA, et al. (August 2014).
739:, has been noted among male workers in Central America, mainly in sugarcane fields in the lowlands of
693:
Tubulointerstitial disease includes drug- and toxin-induced chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, and
6546:
1463:
1421:
1157:
722:
508:
291:
184:
139:
5941:"Chronic Kidney Disease (stages 3–5) prevalence estimates using data from the Neoerica study (2007)"
2829:
2671:
6812:
6647:
6541:
6310:
4990:"Omega-3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease"
3614:
1566:
1320:
935:
736:
732:
492:
5819:
1144:
Stage 4: Severe reduction in GFR (15–29 mL/min/1.73 m) Preparation for kidney replacement therapy.
6551:
6381:
5248:
Yamamoto S, Kazama JJ, Wakamatsu T, Takahashi Y, Kaneko Y, Goto S, Narita I (14 September 2016).
4840:"Interventions for weight loss in people with chronic kidney disease who are overweight or obese"
1683:
909:
100:
5754:
5450:
de Francisco AL, Piñera C (January 2006). "Challenges and future of renal replacement therapy".
5327:
Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL, et al. (October 2003).
5207:
Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argilés A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, et al. (May 2003).
4742:
Chapman CL, Grigoryan T, Vargas NT, Reed EL, Kueck PJ, Pietrafesa LD, et al. (April 2020).
3632:
Orantes CM, Herrera R, Almaguer M, Brizuela EG, Núñez L, Alvarado NP, et al. (April 2014).
2994:
Bacchetta J, Sea JL, Chun RF, Lisse TS, Wesseling-Perry K, Gales B, et al. (January 2013).
2945:
Gutiérrez OM, Mannstadt M, Isakova T, Rauh-Hain JA, Tamez H, Shah A, et al. (August 2008).
6817:
6694:
6501:
6493:
6458:
6441:
1316:
1267:
1165:
875:
579:
555:
401:
272:
256:
151:
105:
6350:
4096:
2332:
6610:
6531:
6268:
5863:
5800:
4939:
Stevenson JK, Campbell ZC, Webster AC, Chow CK, Tong A, Craig JC, et al. (August 2019).
3935:
Weckmann GF, Stracke S, Haase A, Spallek J, Ludwig F, Angelow A, et al. (October 2018).
3912:
3895:
3138:
1648:
1471:
1206:
1173:
828:
776:
653:
6301:
5910:"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors--United States, 1999-2004"
2784:
Damman K, Valente MA, Voors AA, O'Connor CM, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL (February 2014).
6615:
6481:
4219:
Malhotra R, Nguyen HA, Benavente O, Mete M, Howard BV, Mant J, et al. (October 2017).
4127:
2244:"Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization"
1781:
1727:
1641:
1517:
1263:
788:
682:
608:
559:
520:
279:
248:
157:
127:
6211:
3109:
Brandenburg VM, Cozzolino M, Ketteler M (2011). "Calciphylaxis: a still unmet challenge".
1500:
While kidney replacement therapies can maintain people indefinitely and prolong life, the
1372:
interventions may improve dietary sodium intake and fluid management for people with CKD.
593:
may develop, leading to unintentional weight loss, muscle wasting, weakness, and anorexia.
8:
6763:
6746:
6736:
6582:
6361:
6293:
5909:
5709:
5493:
Groothoff JW (July 2005). "Long-term outcomes of children with end-stage renal disease".
5369:
5209:"Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability"
5093:"Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease"
4536:, Hemmelgarn B, Culleton B, Tobe S, McFarlane P, Ruzicka M, et al. (November 2008).
4528:
4526:
3634:"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in adults of Salvadoran agricultural communities"
3590:
1731:
1510:
1311:
may have a negative impact in CKD, increasing the risk of disease progression to ESKD or
800:
759:
543:
347:
283:
131:
5820:
Wong SPY, Rubenzik T, Zelnick L, Davison SN, Louden D, Oestreich T; et al. (2022).
4629:
4604:
2688:"Patient-centred approaches for the management of unpleasant symptoms in kidney disease"
374:
6673:
6630:
6176:
6127:
6014:
5989:
5846:
5821:
5783:
5756:
5646:
5600:
5549:
5518:
5475:
5345:
5328:
5309:
5166:
5141:
5117:
5092:
5068:
5043:
5014:
4989:
4965:
4940:
4916:
4891:
4864:
4839:
4817:
4768:
4743:
4678:
4653:
4562:
4537:
4425:
4400:
4340:
4293:
4245:
4220:
4201:
4053:
4026:
3963:
3936:
3815:
3790:
3771:
3722:
3697:
3567:
3542:
3488:
3445:
3352:
3327:
3298:
3273:
3272:
Shea MK, Wang J, Barger K, Weiner DE, Booth SL, Seliger SL, et al. (August 2022).
3246:
3221:
3020:
2995:
2971:
2946:
2922:
2897:
2873:
2848:
2761:
2736:
2717:
2654:
2629:
2602:
2577:
2473:
2448:
2308:
2283:
2093:
2068:
2037:
2012:
1917:
1890:
1432:
levels. However, allergic reactions may also be more likely following IV-iron therapy.
1389:
1291:
908:
to confirm blood flow and establish the differential function between the two kidneys.
860:
845:
694:
633:
600:
569:
449:
287:
135:
71:
6298:
5944:
5895:
5837:
5755:
Buur LE, Madsen JK, Eidemak I, Krarup E, Lauridsen TG, Taasti LH; et al. (2021).
5634:
4652:
Tsujimoto T, Sairenchi T, Iso H, Irie F, Yamagishi K, Watanabe H, et al. (2014).
4523:
4189:
3558:
3043:
Bover J, Jara A, Trinidad P, Rodriguez M, Martin-Malo A, Felsenfeld AJ (August 1994).
2896:
Faul C, Amaral AP, Oskouei B, Hu MC, Sloan A, Isakova T, et al. (November 2011).
2828:
Arora P, Aronoff GR, Mulloy LL, Talavera F, Verrelli M (2018-09-16). Batuman V (ed.).
2752:
2645:
2028:
6717:
6476:
6321:
6119:
6100:"Incidence of and mortality from kidney disease in over 600,000 insured Swedish dogs"
6071:
6019:
5921:
5851:
5788:
5713:
5638:
5592:
5588:
5553:
5510:
5467:
5463:
5432:
5422:
5391:
5350:
5301:
5297:
5230:
5225:
5208:
5171:
5122:
5073:
5019:
4970:
4921:
4869:
4809:
4773:
4724:
4683:
4634:
4567:
4512:
4471:
4430:
4381:
4332:
4285:
4250:
4205:
4193:
4058:
3995:
3968:
3917:
3820:
3763:
3727:
3655:
3572:
3523:
3480:
3476:
3437:
3393:
3357:
3303:
3251:
3220:
Mak RH, Ikizler AT, Kovesdy CP, Raj DS, Stenvinkel P, Kalantar-Zadeh K (March 2011).
3202:
3175:
3171:
3126:
3089:
3066:
3025:
2976:
2927:
2878:
2807:
2766:
2721:
2709:
2659:
2607:
2478:
2429:
2388:
2338:
2313:
2265:
2098:
2067:
Appel LJ, Wright JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, Lewis JB, Wang X, et al. (April 2008).
2042:
1922:
1833:
1735:
1697:
1570:
1506:
1381:
1338:
1326:
1273:
625:
478:
188:
164:
59:
6304:
6131:
5650:
5522:
5313:
4821:
4344:
4297:
4236:
3775:
3492:
1177:
6523:
6471:
6466:
6111:
6009:
6001:
5891:
5841:
5833:
5778:
5768:
5705:
5630:
5604:
5584:
5545:
5502:
5479:
5459:
5414:
5381:
5368:
Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, House A, Rabbat C, Fok M, et al. (July 2006).
5340:
5293:
5261:
5220:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4801:
4763:
4755:
4714:
4673:
4665:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4557:
4549:
4507:
4502:
4490:
4461:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4371:
4324:
4277:
4240:
4232:
4185:
4048:
4038:
3958:
3948:
3907:
3810:
3802:
3755:
3717:
3709:
3696:
Wesseling C, Crowe J, Hogstedt C, Jakobsson K, Lucas R, Wegman DH (November 2013).
3645:
3562:
3554:
3519:
3515:
3472:
3449:
3427:
3385:
3347:
3339:
3293:
3285:
3241:
3233:
3167:
3118:
3056:
3045:"The calcemic response to PTH in the rat: effect of elevated PTH levels and uremia"
3015:
3007:
2966:
2958:
2917:
2909:
2868:
2860:
2797:
2756:
2748:
2699:
2649:
2641:
2597:
2589:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2419:
2378:
2303:
2295:
2255:
2088:
2080:
2032:
2024:
1912:
1902:
1823:
1410:
902:
311:
294:. Risk factors include a family history of chronic kidney disease. Diagnosis is by
6171:
6099:
3325:
2947:"Fibroblast growth factor 23 and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis"
6315:
6228:
6098:
Pelander L, Ljungvall I, Egenvall A, Syme H, Elliott J, Häggström J (June 2015).
5142:"Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease"
4790:
1659:
1501:
1467:
1425:
1247:
Replacement of erythropoietin is often necessary in people with advanced disease.
1237:
1169:
1161:
912:(DMSA) scans are also used in kidney imaging; with both MAG3 and DMSA being used
784:
686:
675:
472:
397:
268:
224:
4759:
3194:
603:
is very common in both men and women with CKD. A majority of men have a reduced
6775:
6758:
6663:
6536:
6506:
6412:
6404:
6326:
6005:
5773:
4099:
2012. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Retrieved 2019-07-06.
4067:
4043:
3389:
2802:
2785:
2704:
2687:
2593:
2383:
2366:
2208:
2084:
1743:
1689:
1528:
1487:
1312:
1241:
1153:
792:
583:
427:
385:
264:
220:
46:
17:
5971:"The mystery epidemic striking Nicaragua's sugar cane workers – a photo essay"
5506:
5266:
5249:
4376:
4359:
4169:
Kalantar-Zadeh, K; Jafar, TH; Nitsch, D; Neuen, BL; Perkovic, V (2021-06-24).
3953:
3414:
Bugnicourt JM, Godefroy O, Chillon JM, Choukroun G, Massy ZA (February 2013).
3237:
6806:
6741:
6731:
6642:
6577:
4281:
3713:
3650:
3343:
1943:
1747:
1214:
917:
551:
524:
464:
393:
330:
315:
6283:
5907:
4312:
3759:
2424:
2407:
1345:, or behavioural strategies), pharmacological (used to reduce absorption or
16:
This article is about CKD in general. For the end-stage of the disease, see
6668:
6658:
6620:
6123:
6023:
5925:
5855:
5792:
5642:
5596:
5557:
5514:
5471:
5436:
5395:
5386:
5354:
5305:
5234:
5175:
5126:
5077:
5023:
4974:
4925:
4873:
4813:
4777:
4728:
4687:
4669:
4638:
4571:
4533:
4516:
4475:
4434:
4385:
4336:
4289:
4254:
4197:
4062:
3972:
3921:
3870:"Thousands of sugar cane workers die as wealthy nations stall on solutions"
3824:
3767:
3731:
3659:
3576:
3527:
3484:
3441:
3432:
3415:
3397:
3361:
3307:
3255:
3206:
3130:
3029:
2980:
2931:
2882:
2811:
2770:
2713:
2663:
2611:
2482:
2433:
2392:
2365:
Xie X, Liu Y, Perkovic V, Li X, Ninomiya T, Hou W, et al. (May 2016).
2317:
2269:
2102:
2046:
1926:
1837:
768:
764:
748:
700:
629:
612:
488:
441:
431:
423:
389:
366:
343:
240:
6251:
5717:
4328:
3416:"Cognitive disorders and dementia in CKD: the neglected kidney-brain axis"
3289:
3179:
3070:
2962:
2299:
1907:
530:
Changes in mineral and bone metabolism that may cause 1) abnormalities of
183:
Medications to manage blood pressure, blood sugar, and lower cholesterol,
6654:
6433:
6345:
4719:
4702:
4466:
4449:
3122:
2260:
2243:
1565:
several regions in Central America and Mexico, a CKDu referred to as the
1385:
1363:
1359:
1125:
740:
396:. People with CKD are more likely than the general population to develop
381:. As the kidney function decreases, more unpleasant symptoms may emerge:
378:
295:
228:
173:
169:
146:
85:
4553:
4155:
3806:
3061:
3044:
2864:
1739:
5987:
5140:
Natale P, Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, Strippoli GF (May 2019).
4489:
Clement FM, Klarenbach S, Tonelli M, Johnson JA, Manns BJ (June 2009).
3894:
Qaseem A, Hopkins RH, Sweet DE, Starkey M, Shekelle P (December 2013).
1785:
1670:
1429:
1405:
1393:
1330:
1259:
796:
763:
A 12-lead ECG of a person with CKD and a severe electrolyte imbalance:
661:
535:
303:
64:
6115:
5418:
4805:
4592:. UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. February 2011.
3987:
3011:
2823:
2821:
2684:
2571:
2569:
1828:
1624:
is an international body representing specialists in kidney diseases.
1280:
levels, which are usually elevated in advanced chronic kidney disease.
6751:
6572:
6567:
6356:
6216:
2913:
1346:
1277:
913:
905:
744:
667:
Glomerular disease comprises a diverse group and is classified into:
547:
539:
437:
236:
93:
6065:
5988:
Wijewickrama ES, Gunawardena N, Jayasinghe S, Herath C (June 2019).
4892:"Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease"
4585:
4401:"Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease"
3084:
Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2012).
1811:
6175:
for "Olmesartan Medoxomil in Hypertension and Renal Impairment" at
5572:
4399:
McMahon EJ, Campbell KL, Bauer JD, Mudge DW, Kelly JT (June 2021).
3788:
2818:
2566:
1769:
1582:
1342:
1323:
beverages can make an individual "60% more likely to develop CKD".
1251:
708:
649:
590:
419:
411:
232:
89:
5409:
Heidenheim AP, Kooistra MP, Lindsay RM (2004). "Quality of life".
4586:"Anaemia management in people with chronic kidney disease (CG114)"
3413:
2944:
1788:, a mixture of low molecular weight heparin and dermatan sulfate.
1380:
In people with CKD who require hemodialysis, there is a risk that
1337:
adults with CKD include lifestyle inverventions (dietary changes,
6373:
3791:"Fructokinase activity mediates dehydration-induced renal injury"
3508:
2242:
Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY (September 2004).
1369:
1334:
1308:
573:
531:
458:
445:
307:
54:
Illustration of a kidney from a person with chronic renal failure
6686:
5884:
Conservative Care for Kidney Failure-The Other Side of the Coin.
5736:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
5370:"Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review"
5247:
4701:
Ladhani M, Craig JC, Irving M, Clayton PA, Wong G (March 2017).
4124:"K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease"
2552:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2526:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2501:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2191:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2157:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2126:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1865:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1388:, may prevent dialysis therapy from being possible. Even though
6592:
6278:
6263:
5620:
5413:. Contributions to Nephrology. Vol. 145. pp. 99–105.
5206:
5090:
4605:"Androgens for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease in adults"
4488:
3695:
2209:
KDIGO: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (August 2009).
1573:
where it is the eighth largest cause of in-hospital mortality.
1210:
863:. Hyperechoic kidney without demarcation of cortex and medulla.
772:
604:
415:
338:
252:
109:
40:
Chronic renal disease, kidney failure, impaired kidney function
4941:"eHealth interventions for people with chronic kidney disease"
4168:
3631:
2783:
1559:
6097:
1494:
468:
334:
260:
5943:. Association of Public Health Observatories. Archived from
5326:
5139:
4938:
3108:
1891:"Insulin resistance in patients with chronic kidney disease"
23:
Abnormal kidney structure or gradual loss of kidney function
6039:"Tackling the ÂŁ1.5bn a year cost of chronic kidney disease"
5908:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (March 2007).
4837:
4532:
4218:
3934:
1287:
407:
5663:
4741:
4447:
4121:
3042:
2827:
5695:
5408:
5367:
4889:
4700:
4651:
4538:"Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease"
4398:
3893:
3840:"Global heating 'may lead to epidemic of kidney disease'"
3374:
2847:
Hruska KA, Mathew S, Lund R, Qiu P, Pratt R (July 2008).
2575:
1764:
1226:
Aggressive treatment of high blood lipids is recommended.
615:
and problems with performing and enjoying sex are common.
5732:"Growth Failure in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease"
3618:
2446:
1700:
represents Kidney physicians and works closely with the
652:
disease includes large-vessel disease such as bilateral
6045:. Southfields, Essex, UK: Wilmington Healthcare Limited
3462:
2548:"Mineral & Bone Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease"
711:
infecting the kidney can cause obstructive nephropathy.
656:
and small-vessel disease such as ischemic nephropathy,
562:); and 3) vascular or other soft-tissue calcification.
5570:
3088:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 3109.
3083:
2627:
2066:
2010:
1889:
Liao MT, Sung CC, Hung KC, Wu CC, Lo L, Lu KC (2012).
572:
may result from decreased capacity to generate enough
5676:
Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation
5669:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
4151:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
4024:
3874:
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
3745:
2993:
2576:
Tjempakasari A, Suroto H, Santoso D (December 2022).
2241:
929:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) staging – CKD G1-5 A1-3
699:
Obstructive nephropathy, as exemplified by bilateral
6241:
5279:
5277:
4310:
3271:
3219:
1601:
255:. Additionally CKD patients have markedly increased
5041:
4027:"Ultrasonography of the Kidney: A Pictorial Review"
4025:Hansen KL, Nielsen MB, Ewertsen C (December 2015).
3994:. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 32–43.
3988:"Chapter 4: CKD Screening and Management: Overview"
3540:
2895:
2846:
1809:
1655:
1319:. For example, the consumption of high calorie and
452:). Hyperkalemia usually does not develop until the
5689:
5449:
4313:"Nutritional Management of Chronic Kidney Disease"
2334:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
1696:represent people with chronic kidney disease. The
1493:Chronic kidney disease results in worse all-cause
1358:systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as
369:on the head in someone with chronic kidney disease
6150:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
5876:
5274:
4987:
2497:"Eating Right for Chronic Kidney Disease | NIDDK"
337:and, if needed, to further lower blood pressure.
6804:
5571:Pierratos A, McFarlane P, Chan CT (March 2005).
4748:American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology
2364:
6212:Dialysis Complications of Chronic Renal Failure
4603:Yang Q, Abudou M, Xie XS, Wu T (October 2014).
4602:
3504:
3502:
2734:
5890:Band 5, Nummer 3, März 2022, S. e222252,
5577:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
4932:
3143:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2337:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 294–295.
2122:"Chronic Kidney Disease Tests & Diagnosis"
1888:
6702:
6389:
5616:
5614:
5374:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
5283:
4156:Clinical guideline 73: Chronic kidney disease
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3992:Handbook of Chronic Kidney Disease Management
3867:
3420:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
3192:
3157:
2849:"Hyperphosphatemia of chronic kidney disease"
2514:
2116:
2114:
2112:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1810:Bikbov B, Perico N, Remuzzi G (23 May 2018).
1805:
1803:
1801:
1712:Kidney Health Australia serves that country.
1444:
223:, in which either there is a gradual loss of
6188:Ogbru O (20 December 2019). Marks JW (ed.).
5868:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5813:
5805:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5748:
5286:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
4311:Kalantar-Zadeh K, Fouque D (November 2017).
3691:
3689:
3625:
3499:
2898:"FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy"
2840:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
1534:
1457:
354:418,000, and glomerulonephritis at 238,000.
5914:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
5146:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5097:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5048:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4994:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4945:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4896:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4844:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4609:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4405:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4267:
3512:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1560:Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology
1466:is usually required, in the form of either
795:combined with the measurement of the serum
6709:
6695:
6396:
6382:
5611:
4008:
3861:
3534:
3465:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
3226:Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
3086:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2623:
2621:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2109:
1895:Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology
1844:
1798:
1399:
1375:
1298:
45:
6190:"Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)"
6013:
5964:
5962:
5845:
5782:
5772:
5492:
5385:
5344:
5265:
5224:
5165:
5116:
5067:
5013:
4964:
4915:
4863:
4767:
4718:
4677:
4628:
4561:
4506:
4465:
4424:
4375:
4244:
4052:
4042:
3962:
3952:
3911:
3814:
3721:
3686:
3649:
3615:"United States Renal Data System (USRDS)"
3566:
3431:
3351:
3297:
3245:
3060:
3019:
2970:
2921:
2872:
2801:
2760:
2703:
2653:
2601:
2472:
2423:
2382:
2373:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
2307:
2259:
2170:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2092:
2036:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1916:
1906:
1827:
643:
278:Causes of chronic kidney disease include
6036:
5938:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
3913:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00726
3868:Chavkin S, Greene R (12 December 2011).
3675:"MesoAmerican Nephropathy: A New Entity"
3672:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3267:
3265:
1995:
1938:
1936:
1884:
1882:
1199:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
758:
566:have been associated with poor outcomes.
361:
323:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
5657:
4146:
4144:
3985:
3837:
3409:
3407:
2735:Hoyer FF, Nahrendorf M (January 2019).
2618:
2351:
2324:
2197:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
1750:were the breeds with the lowest rates.
1656:American Association of Kidney Patients
1416:
350:, or a kidney transplant for survival.
6805:
5959:
4357:
2284:"Summary of Recommendation Statements"
2140:
1961:
1610:
1352:
558:, volume, linear growth, or strength (
259:complications with increased risks of
6690:
6377:
6187:
5968:
5037:
5035:
5033:
4885:
4883:
4833:
4831:
4707:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
4454:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
4102:
3314:
3262:
3193:Shaikh H, Aeddula NR (January 2021).
2902:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2330:
1933:
1879:
1589:for slaves forced into other labour.
944:
896:
783:Diagnosis of CKD is largely based on
681:Secondary glomerular disease such as
357:
263:and hospitalization. CKD can lead to
6626:Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome
6063:
5710:10.1001/archinte.1996.00440110117016
5535:
4141:
3404:
3000:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
2737:"Uremic Toxins Activate Macrophages"
2405:
2053:
1236:Guidelines recommend treatment with
300:estimated glomerular filtration rate
243:(often related to activation of the
6792:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
4317:The New England Journal of Medicine
4122:National Kidney Foundation (2002).
3378:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
3222:"Wasting in chronic kidney disease"
2951:The New England Journal of Medicine
2371:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
2248:The New England Journal of Medicine
1686:about ÂŁ1.5 billion a year in 2020.
1622:International Society of Nephrology
1203:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
721:Genetic congenital disease such as
670:Primary glomerular disease such as
507:(responsible for the conversion of
444:with a range of symptoms including
327:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
13:
6403:
5550:10.1111/j.1755-6686.2004.tb00353.x
5346:10.1161/01.CIR.0000095676.90936.80
5133:
5084:
5030:
4981:
4880:
4828:
2522:"Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease"
672:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
624:The most common causes of CKD are
14:
6829:
6716:
6231:from Great Ormond Street Hospital
6222:Chronic Renal Failure Information
6204:
6067:Chronic kidney disease in the dog
5896:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.2252
5838:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.2255
5573:"Quotidian dialysis--update 2005"
3702:American Journal of Public Health
3278:Current Developments in Nutrition
3195:"Anemia Of Chronic Renal Disease"
2753:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037308
2187:"Managing Chronic Kidney Disease"
1861:"What Is Chronic Kidney Disease?"
1677:
1602:Race-based kidney function metric
1592:
1220:
1193:
6181:
6163:
6138:
6091:
6057:
6030:
5981:
5932:
5901:
5589:10.1097/00041552-200503000-00006
5464:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2006.01185.x
5411:Daily and Nocturnal Hemodialysis
5298:10.1097/00000441-200603000-00007
5226:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x
3477:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52508.x
3160:The American Journal of Medicine
2670:
2288:Kidney International Supplements
1715:
1627:
1615:
1392:contribute to the production of
1053:Moderately to severely decreased
883:
868:
853:
844:Chronic renal disease caused by
837:
799:level. Differentiating CKD from
609:difficulty obtaining an erection
550:metabolism; 2) abnormalities in
5724:
5564:
5529:
5486:
5443:
5402:
5361:
5320:
5241:
5200:
5182:
4784:
4735:
4694:
4645:
4596:
4578:
4482:
4441:
4392:
4351:
4304:
4261:
4237:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4377
4212:
4162:
4090:
4072:
4023:Content initially copied from:
3979:
3928:
3887:
3850:from the original on 2021-10-21
3831:
3782:
3739:
3666:
3607:
3583:
3456:
3368:
3213:
3186:
3151:
3102:
3077:
3036:
2987:
2938:
2889:
2777:
2728:
2678:
2540:
2489:
2440:
2412:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
2399:
2276:
2235:
1669:is an association representing
1547:
1428:supplements in reaching target
707:of the prostate gland; rarely,
5882:C. K. Liu, M. Kurella Tamura:
5665:American Society of Nephrology
5158:10.1002/14651858.cd012625.pub2
5109:10.1002/14651858.CD007857.pub3
5060:10.1002/14651858.CD012616.pub2
5006:10.1002/14651858.CD011353.pub2
4957:10.1002/14651858.cd012379.pub2
4908:10.1002/14651858.CD010070.pub3
4856:10.1002/14651858.CD013119.pub2
4621:10.1002/14651858.CD006881.pub2
4508:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.112
4417:10.1002/14651858.cd010070.pub3
3520:10.1002/14651858.CD007747.pub2
2582:Annals of Medicine and Surgery
2465:10.1002/14651858.CD011339.pub2
1760:Chronic kidney disease in cats
1682:It was said to be costing the
1303:
1284:Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors
1276:are used to control the serum
1033:Mildly to moderately decreased
564:CKD–mineral and bone disorders
1:
5698:Archives of Internal Medicine
5635:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06154-1
4495:Archives of Internal Medicine
4190:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00519-5
4097:CKD Evaluation and Management
3681:. National Kidney Foundation.
3559:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2646:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
2073:Archives of Internal Medicine
2029:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1791:
1694:UK National Kidney Federation
1422:Intravenous (IV) iron therapy
1362:. Some people may experience
1184:
916:with the radioactive element
901:Additional tests may include
823:
517:secondary hyperparathyroidism
515:). Later, this progresses to
467:symptoms may range from mild
6037:Trueland J (20 March 2020).
5994:Kidney International Reports
5969:Hodal K (27 November 2020).
5939:Morgan T (21 January 2009).
3591:"Kidney Disease: Fact Sheet"
3172:10.1016/0002-9343(81)90182-0
1707:
1667:Renal Physicians Association
1481:
1160:(RRT, including maintenance
806:
754:
727:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
705:benign prostatic hyperplasia
511:into 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
7:
6423:Template:Glomerular disease
4760:10.1152/ajprenal.00374.2019
3900:Annals of Internal Medicine
2224:(Suppl 113). Archived from
1775:
498:deficiency (caused by high
483:fibroblast growth factor-23
10:
6834:
6512:Balkan endemic nephropathy
6006:10.1016/j.ekir.2019.03.020
5774:10.1186/s12882-021-02516-6
5452:Hemodialysis International
4044:10.3390/diagnostics6010002
3748:Nature Reviews. Nephrology
3595:National Kidney Foundation
3390:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.12.028
2705:10.1038/s41581-021-00518-z
2594:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104796
2384:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.011
2085:10.1001/archinte.168.8.832
1757:
1702:National Service Framework
1635:National Kidney Foundation
1521:professional organizations
1464:kidney replacement therapy
1445:Referral to a nephrologist
1158:kidney replacement therapy
1019:1 if kidney damage present
999:1 if kidney damage present
968:Normal to mildly increased
932:glomerular filtration rate
454:glomerular filtration rate
440:accumulates in the blood (
15:
6784:
6724:
6603:
6560:
6547:Renovascular hypertension
6522:
6492:
6432:
6411:
6336:
6245:
6238:links in the table below.
5507:10.1007/s00467-005-1878-9
5267:10.1186/s41100-016-0056-9
5254:Renal Replacement Therapy
4377:10.1053/j.jrn.2016.11.006
3954:10.1186/s12882-018-1048-5
3673:Tangri N (29 July 2013).
3238:10.1007/s13539-011-0019-5
3201:. StatPearls Publishing.
2406:Wile D (September 2012).
2294:(1): 5–14. January 2013.
1535:Survival without dialysis
1458:Renal replacement therapy
1109:
923:
723:polycystic kidney disease
658:hemolytic–uremic syndrome
619:
509:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
292:polycystic kidney disease
219:) is a type of long-term
202:
194:
185:renal replacement therapy
179:
163:
145:
140:polycystic kidney disease
123:
115:
99:
70:
58:
53:
44:
36:
31:
6648:Renal papillary necrosis
6542:Hypertensive nephropathy
6146:"Chronic Kidney Disease"
4282:10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2077
4171:"Chronic Kidney Disease"
3990:. In Daugirdas J (ed.).
3986:Johnson D (2011-05-02).
3838:Grovern N (2021-10-21).
3714:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301594
3651:10.37757/MR2014.V16.N2.5
2830:"Chronic Kidney Disease"
2803:10.1093/eurheartj/eht386
1978:"What is renal failure?"
1567:Mesoamerican nephropathy
1435:
1240:prior to treatment with
936:albumin/creatinine ratio
777:QT interval is prolonged
737:Mesoamerican nephropathy
733:Mesoamerican nephropathy
715:
410:accumulates, leading to
245:renin–angiotensin system
235:, loss of appetite, and
6552:Renal cortical necrosis
4658:Journal of Epidemiology
4590:NICE Clinical Guideline
3760:10.1038/nrneph.2013.174
3125:(inactive 2024-08-17).
2425:10.1258/acb.2011.011281
1753:
1720:
1684:National Health Service
1576:
1400:Protein supplementation
1376:Omega-3 supplementation
1299:Lifestyle interventions
910:Dimercaptosuccinic acid
493:1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
418:(symptoms ranging from
333:may be used to control
108:, high blood pressure,
6588:Chronic kidney disease
6502:Interstitial nephritis
6459:Acute tubular necrosis
6442:Renal tubular acidosis
6169:Clinical trial number
6043:Health Service Journal
5387:10.1681/ASN.2005101085
4670:10.2188/jea.JE20140028
4225:JAMA Internal Medicine
3433:10.1681/ASN.2012050536
3344:10.1093/ageing/afab259
2790:European Heart Journal
1982:Johns Hopkins Medicine
1317:kidney transplantation
1268:metabolic bone disease
1166:kidney transplantation
876:Chronic pyelonephritis
829:Kidney ultrasonography
780:
749:agricultural chemicals
654:kidney artery stenosis
644:By anatomical location
448:and potentially fatal
402:cardiovascular disease
370:
273:kidney transplantation
213:Chronic kidney disease
152:Genetic predisposition
32:Chronic kidney disease
6611:Analgesic nephropathy
6532:Renal artery stenosis
6104:The Veterinary Record
4358:Passey C (May 2017).
4329:10.1056/NEJMra1700312
4270:Postgraduate Medicine
3111:Journal of Nephrology
2963:10.1056/NEJMoa0706130
2408:"Diuretics: a review"
2300:10.1038/kisup.2012.77
1649:Renal Support Network
1462:At stage 5 CKD,
1207:myocardial infarction
762:
560:kidney osteodystrophy
521:kidney osteodystrophy
365:
6616:Renal osteodystrophy
5495:Pediatric Nephrology
5213:Kidney International
3795:Kidney International
3553:(10053): 1545–1602.
3123:10.5301/jn.2011.6366
3049:Kidney International
2853:Kidney International
2261:10.1056/NEJMoa041031
2023:(10053): 1459–1544.
1782:olmesartan medoxomil
1728:Bernese mountain dog
1704:for kidney disease.
1642:American Kidney Fund
1417:Iron supplementation
1264:vitamin D deficiency
1126:Protein in the urine
971:Moderately increased
683:diabetic nephropathy
613:painful menstruation
471:to life-threatening
379:protein in the urine
158:socioeconomic status
92:, loss of appetite,
6737:Respiratory failure
6583:Acute renal failure
5458:(Suppl 1): S19-23.
4554:10.1503/cmaj.080351
3807:10.1038/ki.2013.492
3290:10.1093/cdn/nzac111
3062:10.1038/ki.1994.276
2865:10.1038/ki.2008.130
1908:10.1155/2012/691369
1732:miniature schnauzer
1611:Society and culture
1511:peritoneal dialysis
1424:may help more than
1390:Omega-3 fatty acids
1353:Dietary salt intake
1262:is recommended for
974:Severely increased
941:
801:acute kidney injury
775:are peaked and the
544:parathyroid hormone
505:1-alpha-hydroxylase
450:cardiac arrhythmias
348:peritoneal dialysis
284:high blood pressure
241:high blood pressure
132:high blood pressure
6674:Reflux nephropathy
6631:Diabetes insipidus
6413:Glomerular disease
6337:External resources
6236:External resources
6227:2013-03-15 at the
6177:ClinicalTrials.gov
5888:JAMA network open.
5538:EDTNA/ERCA Journal
4754:(4): F1053–F1065.
4720:10.1093/ndt/gfw075
4467:10.1093/ndt/gfq336
4184:(10293): 001–017.
1364:low blood pressure
1292:sexual dysfunction
1073:Severely decreased
928:
897:Additional imaging
861:Nephrotic syndrome
846:glomerulonephritis
781:
771:(1.6 mmol/L). The
767:(7.4 mmol/L) with
695:reflux nephropathy
634:glomerulonephritis
601:Sexual dysfunction
570:Metabolic acidosis
371:
358:Signs and symptoms
288:glomerulonephritis
206:1.2 million (2015)
198:753 million (2016)
136:glomerulonephritis
6800:
6799:
6684:
6683:
6561:General syndromes
6482:Liddle's syndrome
6477:Gitelman syndrome
6371:
6370:
6116:10.1136/vr.103059
6077:978-91-7760-208-8
5428:978-3-8055-7808-0
5419:10.1159/000081673
4806:10.1111/nep.12343
4323:(18): 1765–1776.
4231:(10): 1498–1505.
4001:978-1-58255-893-6
3471:(11): 1863–1869.
3095:978-0-07-174890-2
3012:10.1002/jbmr.1740
2331:Ferri FF (2017).
2254:(13): 1296–1305.
1829:10.1159/000489897
1698:Renal Association
1553:symptomatic CKD.
1507:home hemodialysis
1488:high blood lipids
1382:vascular blockage
1347:suppress appetite
1339:physical activity
1329:interventions in
1327:Weight management
1274:Phosphate binders
1250:It is unclear if
1116:
1115:
626:diabetes mellitus
589:In later stages,
479:Hyperphosphatemia
231:, feeling tired,
210:
209:
189:kidney transplant
165:Diagnostic method
88:, feeling tired,
26:Medical condition
6825:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6688:
6687:
6472:Bartter syndrome
6467:Fanconi syndrome
6398:
6391:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6243:
6242:
6198:
6197:
6185:
6179:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6017:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5966:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5905:
5899:
5898:, PMID 35285925.
5880:
5874:
5873:
5867:
5859:
5849:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5804:
5796:
5786:
5776:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5673:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5618:
5609:
5608:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5389:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5228:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5169:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5120:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5039:
5028:
5027:
5017:
5000:(11): CD011353.
4985:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4771:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4615:(10): CD006881.
4600:
4594:
4593:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4175:
4166:
4160:
4148:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4126:. Archived from
4119:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4046:
4021:
4006:
4005:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3956:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3725:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3617:. Archived from
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3514:(12): CD007747.
3506:
3497:
3496:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3435:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3323:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3134:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2914:10.1172/JCI46122
2908:(11): 4393–408.
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2707:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2668:Table 2, p. 137
2667:
2657:
2640:(9963): 117–71.
2625:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2418:(Pt 5): 419–31.
2403:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2215:
2206:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2153:"Kidney Failure"
2149:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1974:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1944:"Kidney Failure"
1940:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1857:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1807:
1740:Swedish elkhound
1411:body composition
1013:Mildly decreased
942:
927:
903:nuclear medicine
887:
872:
857:
841:
400:with consequent
375:serum creatinine
49:
29:
28:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6813:Kidney diseases
6803:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6780:
6720:
6715:
6685:
6680:
6599:
6556:
6518:
6488:
6428:
6407:
6402:
6372:
6367:
6366:
6332:
6331:
6254:
6229:Wayback Machine
6207:
6202:
6201:
6186:
6182:
6168:
6164:
6155:
6153:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6064:Lena P (2018).
6062:
6058:
6048:
6046:
6035:
6031:
5986:
5982:
5967:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5947:on 18 July 2011
5937:
5933:
5906:
5902:
5881:
5877:
5861:
5860:
5818:
5814:
5798:
5797:
5753:
5749:
5740:
5738:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5704:(12): 1345–50.
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5671:
5662:
5658:
5619:
5612:
5569:
5565:
5534:
5530:
5491:
5487:
5448:
5444:
5429:
5407:
5403:
5366:
5362:
5339:(17): 2154–69.
5325:
5321:
5282:
5275:
5246:
5242:
5205:
5201:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5152:(5): CD012625.
5138:
5134:
5103:(2): CD007857.
5089:
5085:
5054:(5): CD012616.
5040:
5031:
4986:
4982:
4951:(8): CD012379.
4937:
4933:
4902:(6): CD010070.
4888:
4881:
4850:(3): CD013119.
4836:
4829:
4800:(12): 791–797.
4789:
4785:
4740:
4736:
4699:
4695:
4650:
4646:
4601:
4597:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4548:(11): 1154–62.
4531:
4524:
4501:(12): 1104–12.
4487:
4483:
4446:
4442:
4411:(6): CD010070.
4397:
4393:
4356:
4352:
4309:
4305:
4266:
4262:
4217:
4213:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4159:. London, 2008.
4149:
4142:
4133:
4131:
4120:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4022:
4009:
4002:
3984:
3980:
3933:
3929:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3832:
3787:
3783:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3708:(11): 1927–30.
3694:
3687:
3683:
3671:
3667:
3630:
3626:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3539:
3535:
3507:
3500:
3461:
3457:
3412:
3405:
3373:
3369:
3324:
3315:
3270:
3263:
3218:
3214:
3191:
3187:
3156:
3152:
3136:
3135:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3082:
3078:
3041:
3037:
2992:
2988:
2943:
2939:
2894:
2890:
2845:
2841:
2826:
2819:
2782:
2778:
2733:
2729:
2692:Nat Rev Nephrol
2683:
2679:
2669:
2626:
2619:
2574:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2554:. November 2015
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2445:
2441:
2404:
2400:
2363:
2352:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2193:. October 2016.
2185:
2184:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2065:
2054:
2009:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1887:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1845:
1808:
1799:
1794:
1778:
1762:
1756:
1726:rates were the
1723:
1718:
1710:
1680:
1630:
1618:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1579:
1562:
1550:
1537:
1502:quality of life
1484:
1460:
1447:
1438:
1419:
1402:
1378:
1355:
1306:
1301:
1266:and control of
1254:improve anemia.
1238:parenteral iron
1223:
1196:
1187:
1111:
954:
953:
949:
948:
939:
930:
926:
899:
892:
888:
879:
873:
864:
858:
849:
842:
826:
809:
757:
718:
687:lupus nephritis
676:IgA nephropathy
646:
622:
514:
496:
473:pulmonary edema
414:and ultimately
398:atherosclerosis
360:
298:to measure the
269:kidney dialysis
225:kidney function
155:
80:
27:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
6831:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6776:Encephalopathy
6773:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6691:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6664:Hydronephrosis
6652:
6651:
6650:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6575:
6570:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6537:Renal ischemia
6534:
6528:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6507:Pyelonephritis
6498:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6461:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6438:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6405:Kidney disease
6401:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6378:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:article/238798
6353:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6318:
6307:
6286:
6271:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:Classification
6240:
6239:
6234:Note also the
6232:
6219:
6206:
6205:External links
6203:
6200:
6199:
6180:
6162:
6137:
6090:
6076:
6056:
6029:
6000:(6): 781–785.
5980:
5958:
5931:
5900:
5875:
5832:(3): e222255.
5826:JAMA Netw Open
5812:
5747:
5723:
5688:
5656:
5629:(9173): 93–9.
5610:
5563:
5528:
5485:
5442:
5427:
5401:
5380:(7): 2034–47.
5360:
5319:
5273:
5240:
5219:(5): 1934–43.
5199:
5181:
5132:
5083:
5029:
4980:
4931:
4879:
4827:
4783:
4734:
4713:(3): 439–449.
4693:
4664:(6): 444–451.
4644:
4595:
4577:
4522:
4481:
4460:(9): 2846–50.
4440:
4391:
4370:(3): 151–160.
4350:
4303:
4260:
4211:
4161:
4140:
4101:
4089:
4080:"Kidney scans"
4071:
4007:
4000:
3978:
3941:BMC Nephrology
3927:
3906:(12): 835–47.
3886:
3860:
3830:
3801:(2): 294–302.
3781:
3738:
3685:
3665:
3624:
3621:on 2007-02-13.
3606:
3582:
3533:
3498:
3455:
3426:(3): 353–363.
3403:
3384:(6): 925–935.
3367:
3338:(1): afab259.
3332:Age and Ageing
3313:
3284:(8): nzac111.
3261:
3212:
3185:
3150:
3101:
3094:
3076:
3035:
2986:
2937:
2888:
2839:
2817:
2776:
2727:
2698:(2): 001–017.
2677:
2617:
2565:
2539:
2513:
2488:
2439:
2398:
2350:
2343:
2323:
2275:
2234:
2231:on 2016-12-13.
2196:
2169:
2139:
2128:. October 2016
2108:
2052:
1994:
1960:
1932:
1878:
1843:
1822:(4): 313–318.
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1777:
1774:
1758:Main article:
1755:
1752:
1744:Siberian husky
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1690:Kidney Care UK
1679:
1678:United Kingdom
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:professionals.
1663:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1593:Denial of care
1591:
1578:
1575:
1561:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1529:growth hormone
1483:
1480:
1459:
1456:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1418:
1415:
1401:
1398:
1377:
1374:
1354:
1351:
1313:kidney failure
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1281:
1271:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1242:erythropoietin
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:Other measures
1219:
1195:
1194:Blood pressure
1192:
1186:
1183:
1154:kidney failure
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:Kidney failure
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
946:
945:
925:
922:
898:
895:
894:
893:
889:
882:
880:
874:
867:
865:
859:
852:
850:
843:
836:
825:
822:
808:
805:
793:urine dipstick
756:
753:
752:
751:
730:
717:
714:
713:
712:
697:
691:
690:
689:
679:
678:(or nephritis)
665:
645:
642:
621:
618:
617:
616:
598:
594:
587:
584:erythropoietin
577:
567:
556:mineralization
528:
512:
494:
486:
476:
465:Fluid overload
462:
435:
428:encephalopathy
405:
386:Blood pressure
359:
356:
331:Loop diuretics
302:(eGFR), and a
265:kidney failure
257:cardiovascular
221:kidney disease
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
181:
177:
176:
167:
161:
160:
149:
143:
142:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
103:
97:
96:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
25:
22:
18:kidney failure
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6830:
6819:
6818:Organ failure
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6759:Renal failure
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6742:Liver failure
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6732:Heart failure
6730:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6718:Organ failure
6712:
6707:
6705:
6700:
6698:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6643:Renal papilla
6641:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6578:Renal failure
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6399:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6060:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5963:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5871:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5677:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5615:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5583:(2): 119–24.
5582:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5544:(3): 138–42.
5543:
5539:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5501:(7): 849–53.
5500:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5278:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5190:"CKD Stage 4"
5185:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4130:on 2005-04-15
4129:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4098:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:(10): 560–1.
3753:
3749:
3742:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3690:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:MEDICC Review
3635:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:(3): 456–67.
3165:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:(6): 584–92.
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:(2): 148–57.
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2796:(7): 455–69.
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:(1): 97–100.
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:(5): 507–20.
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2377:(5): 728–41.
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2344:9780323529570
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1748:Finnish spitz
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1716:Other animals
1713:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:United States
1625:
1623:
1616:Organisations
1608:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1557:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:high fructose
1318:
1314:
1310:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1215:heart failure
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
956:
943:
937:
933:
921:
919:
918:technetium-99
915:
911:
907:
904:
886:
881:
877:
871:
866:
862:
856:
851:
847:
840:
835:
834:
833:
830:
821:
817:
813:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
724:
720:
719:
710:
706:
702:
701:kidney stones
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
668:
666:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
575:
571:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:bone turnover
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:
525:calciphylaxis
522:
518:
510:
506:
501:
497:
491:results from
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
403:
399:
395:
394:heart failure
391:
387:
384:
383:
382:
380:
376:
368:
364:
355:
351:
349:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
316:kidney biopsy
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
166:
162:
159:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
106:Heart disease
104:
102:
101:Complications
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
75:
73:
69:
66:
63:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6768:
6669:Pyonephrosis
6621:Nephroptosis
6587:
6494:Interstitium
6420:
6355:
6344:
6320:
6309:
6288:
6273:
6258:
6235:
6210:
6193:
6183:
6170:
6165:
6154:. Retrieved
6152:. 2017-10-16
6149:
6140:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6081:. Retrieved
6066:
6059:
6047:. Retrieved
6042:
6032:
5997:
5993:
5983:
5975:The Guardian
5974:
5949:. Retrieved
5945:the original
5934:
5920:(8): 161–5.
5917:
5913:
5903:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5864:cite journal
5829:
5825:
5815:
5801:cite journal
5764:
5760:
5750:
5739:. Retrieved
5735:
5726:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5679:. Retrieved
5675:
5659:
5626:
5622:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5410:
5404:
5377:
5373:
5363:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5292:(3): 150–3.
5289:
5285:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5051:
5047:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4899:
4895:
4847:
4843:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4612:
4608:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4545:
4541:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4276:(6): 54–61.
4273:
4269:
4263:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4181:
4177:
4164:
4154:
4132:. Retrieved
4128:the original
4092:
4084:Singlehealth
4083:
4074:
4034:
4030:
3991:
3981:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3879:November 26,
3877:. Retrieved
3873:
3863:
3852:. Retrieved
3844:The Guardian
3843:
3833:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3705:
3701:
3678:
3668:
3644:(2): 23–30.
3641:
3637:
3627:
3619:the original
3609:
3598:. Retrieved
3594:
3585:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3511:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3423:
3419:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3335:
3331:
3281:
3277:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3209:. NBK539871.
3198:
3188:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3139:cite journal
3117:(2): 142–8.
3114:
3110:
3104:
3085:
3079:
3055:(2): 310–7.
3052:
3048:
3038:
3006:(1): 46–55.
3003:
2999:
2989:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2833:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2695:
2691:
2680:
2637:
2633:
2585:
2581:
2556:. Retrieved
2551:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2525:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:
2491:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2374:
2370:
2333:
2326:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2226:the original
2221:
2217:
2190:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2130:. Retrieved
2125:
2079:(8): 832–9.
2076:
2072:
2020:
2016:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:
1898:
1894:
1869:. Retrieved
1864:
1819:
1815:
1779:
1763:
1724:
1711:
1688:
1681:
1619:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1548:Epidemiology
1542:
1538:
1525:
1515:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1470:or a kidney
1461:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1420:
1403:
1379:
1368:
1356:
1325:
1307:
1290:may improve
1197:
1188:
1178:irreversible
1150:
1124:
1120:
1117:
900:
827:
818:
814:
810:
782:
769:hypocalcemia
765:hyperkalemia
637:
630:hypertension
623:
489:Hypocalcemia
442:hyperkalemia
432:uremic frost
424:pericarditis
390:hypertension
372:
367:Uremic frost
352:
344:hemodialysis
320:
277:
249:bone disease
229:leg swelling
216:
212:
211:
147:Risk factors
86:Leg swelling
81:
76:
6655:Major calyx
6636:Nephrogenic
6346:MedlinePlus
6302:585.1-585.5
6194:MedicineNet
6172:NCT00151827
6110:(25): 656.
5761:BMC Nephrol
5333:Circulation
4068:(CC-BY 4.0)
4031:Diagnostics
3232:(1): 9–25.
3199:StatPearls
2741:Circulation
2558:19 December
2532:19 December
2528:. July 2016
2506:5 September
2162:11 November
2132:19 December
1987:18 December
1953:11 November
1948:MedlinePlus
1871:19 December
1867:. June 2017
1360:albuminuria
1304:Weight loss
1201:(ACEIs) or
816:hematuria.
789:examination
741:El Salvador
325:(ACEIs) or
306:to measure
296:blood tests
174:urine tests
170:Blood tests
37:Other names
6807:Categories
6322:DiseasesDB
6156:2023-06-12
5767:(1): 307.
5741:2022-12-09
5681:August 17,
4794:Nephrology
4366:(Review).
4364:J Ren Nutr
4134:2008-06-29
3947:(1): 258.
3854:2021-10-25
3600:2024-09-26
2588:: 104796.
2218:Kidney Int
1901:: 691369.
1792:References
1786:sulodexide
1671:nephrology
1540:dialysis.
1472:transplant
1430:hemoglobin
1406:Prealbumin
1394:eicosanoid
1331:overweight
1260:Calcitriol
1185:Management
1174:transplant
934:(GFR) and
824:Ultrasound
797:creatinine
662:vasculitis
638:idiopathic
536:phosphorus
312:Ultrasound
304:urine test
267:requiring
65:Nephrology
6573:Nephrosis
6568:Nephritis
6357:eMedicine
6217:eMedicine
4206:235631509
2722:245636182
1708:Australia
1583:Hispanics
1581:African,
1571:Sri Lanka
1518:specialty
1495:mortality
1482:Prognosis
1426:oral iron
1278:phosphate
1252:androgens
1156:known as
906:MAG3 scan
807:Screening
755:Diagnosis
745:Nicaragua
605:sex drive
548:vitamin D
540:phosphate
438:Potassium
237:confusion
195:Frequency
180:Treatment
119:Long-term
94:confusion
60:Specialty
6785:Multiple
6524:Vascular
6463:Genetic
6447:proximal
6225:Archived
6132:25622105
6124:25940343
6024:31194108
5926:17332726
5856:35285915
5793:34507554
5651:24527420
5643:10408483
5597:15687837
5558:15715116
5523:11725547
5515:15834618
5472:16441862
5437:15496796
5396:16738019
5355:14581387
5314:22569162
5306:16538076
5235:12675874
5176:31129916
5127:30790278
5078:32390133
5024:30480758
4975:31425608
4926:34164803
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