2216:
654:
20:
213:
175:
112:. An Osirian afterlife is offered to everyone, and the deceased is even referred to as "the Osiris-." This subterranean realm is described as being filled with threatening beings, traps, and snares with which the deceased must contend. The spells in the Coffin Texts allow the deceased to protect themselves against these dangers and "dying a
294:
books of the underworld as well as the Book of the Dead, in which descriptions of the routes through the afterlife are a persistent theme. The two ways depicted are the land and water routes, separated by a lake of fire, that lead to Rostau and the abode of Osiris. The oldest copy currently known
54:, reserved for royal use only, but contain substantial new material related to everyday desires, indicating a new target audience of common people. Coffin texts are dated back to 2100 BCE. Ordinary Egyptians who could afford a coffin had access to these funerary spells and the
81:. Due to the limited writing surfaces of some of these objects, the spells were often abbreviated, giving rise to long and short versions, some of which were later copied in the
286:) contain unique graphical representations of the realm of the afterlife, along with spells related to the journey of the deceased through the Duat. This collection, called
575:
510:
135:. The texts address common fears of the living, such as having to do manual labor, with spells to allow the deceased to avoid these unpleasant tasks.
568:
500:
480:
191:
Hail in peace! I repeat to you the good deeds which my own heart did for me from within the serpent-coil, in order to silence strife ...
2241:
505:
495:
490:
203:
I made every man like his fellow; and I did not command that they do wrong. It is their hearts which disobey what I have said ...
561:
470:
485:
524:
1706:
475:
643:
2121:
678:
598:
308:
2086:
2081:
1836:
688:
453:
442:
356:
2129:
1033:
2246:
2026:
673:
603:
313:
290:, was the first example of an Ancient Egyptian map of the underworld. The Book of Two Ways is a precursor to the
1068:
693:
628:
276:
2071:
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608:
2139:
2111:
584:
47:
2066:
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102:
61:
As the modern name of this collection of some 1,185 spells implies, they were mostly inscribed on
1921:
142:
intended as protection, expressions of aspiration for a blessed existence after death and of the
62:
23:
216:
Dismantled coffin of Khety c. 1919β1800 BCE with Coffin Text spells painted on the inside panels
178:
Dismantled coffin of Khety c. 1919β1800 BCE with Coffin Text spells painted on the inside panels
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8:
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434:
394:"A Fragment of an Early Book of Two Ways on the Coffin of Ankh from Dayr al-BarshΔ (B4B)"
199:
I made the great inundation, that the humble might benefit by it like the great ...
143:
2039:
1806:
1058:
823:
623:
413:
151:
39:
2190:
2056:
1976:
1410:
963:
727:
698:
449:
438:
417:
393:
352:
101:, the coffin texts emphasize the subterranean elements of the afterlife ruled by the
257:
As for any person who knows this spell, he will be like Re in the eastern sky, like
2050:
1886:
1275:
983:
405:
333:
132:
82:
225:
I shall sail rightly in my bark, I am lord of eternity in the crossing of the sky.
2044:
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1425:
1083:
1048:
760:
703:
683:
462:
1245:
1165:
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770:
283:
275:"The Book of Two Ways" redirects here. For the 2020 novel by Jodi Picoult, see
230:
207:
I have created the gods from my sweat, and the people from the tears of my eye.
163:
119:
A new theme recorded in the coffin texts is the notion that all people will be
2235:
2195:
2149:
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1215:
998:
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265:. He will go down to the circle of fire, without the flame touching him ever!
147:
139:
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70:
51:
35:
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166:(Field of offerings or peace), the paths of Rostau and the abode of Osiris.
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I made the four winds, that every man might breathe in his time ...
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according to their deeds in life. The texts allude to the use of a
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belonged to a woman named Ankh who lived during the reign of the
282:
A few coffins from the Middle
Egyptian necropolis of el-Bersheh (
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The
Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day
66:
1996:
1951:
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The
Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife, Erik Hornung,
262:
242:
159:
131:, which became the pivotal moment of judgment in the later
109:
1360:
1195:
1185:
1180:
1018:
793:
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Coffin text 1031 is spoken by the deceased, who replies:
155:
65:
coffins. They were also sometimes written on tomb walls,
1465:
183:
158:
and so on. In addition there are descriptions of the
237:
I shall see light-land, I shall dwell in it ...
162:, its landscape and inhabitants. These include the
351:. London, England: University of California Press.
253:I am equipped and effective in opening his portal!
26:coffin with the Coffin Texts painted on its panels
2233:
511:Volume 8, Middle Kingdom Copies of Pyramid Texts
58:no longer had exclusive rights to an afterlife.
50:. They are partially derived from the earlier
16:Collection of ancient Egyptian funerary spells
583:
569:
182:Coffin text 1130 is a speech by the sun god
385:
576:
562:
233:and Hike overthrow for me that evil being.
346:
471:University of Chicago Oriental Institute
340:
334:"10 Oldest Religious Texts in the World"
241:Make way for me, that I may see Nun and
211:
173:
18:
437:, "The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts",
391:
377:Goelet, Dr. Ogden; et al. (1994).
270:
2234:
376:
557:
372:
370:
368:
392:Willems, Harco (24 September 2019).
398:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
13:
2242:Funerary texts in ancient Egyptian
506:Volume 7, Texts of Spells 787-1185
365:
349:Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1
309:Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs
14:
2258:
2087:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld
2082:The Contendings of Horus and Seth
547:The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts
539:The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts
531:The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts
518:
501:Volume 6, Texts of Spells 472-787
496:Volume 5, Texts of Spells 355-471
491:Volume 4, Texts of Spells 268-354
486:Volume 3, Texts of Spells 164-267
381:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
249:who passes by the guards ...
229:I am not afraid in my limbs, for
2214:
2130:Beautiful Festival of the Valley
652:
481:Volume 2, Texts of Spells 76-163
428:
314:Ancient Egyptian funerary texts
476:Volume 1, Texts of Spells 1-75
326:
1:
319:
277:The Book of Two Ways (novel)
7:
2072:Book of Traversing Eternity
302:
169:
10:
2263:
2097:Litany of the Eye of Horus
650:
347:Lichtheim, Miriam (1975).
274:
88:
2209:
2163:
2140:Coronation of the pharaoh
2120:
2112:Spell of the Twelve Caves
2025:
1835:
1794:
1763:
1705:
849:
837:
779:
726:
717:
661:
591:
585:Ancient Egyptian religion
459:The Egyptian Coffin Texts
48:First Intermediate Period
2221:Ancient Egypt portal
2067:Book of the Heavenly Cow
410:10.1177/0307513319856848
108:, in a place called the
1922:Horus on the Crocodiles
2247:Archaeological corpora
2092:Great Hymn to the Aten
1872:Crown of justification
1596:Souls of Pe and Nekhen
874:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
709:Veneration of the dead
268:
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125:Osiris and his council
27:
469:and published by the
222:
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22:
694:Opening of the mouth
288:the Book of Two Ways
271:The Book of Two Ways
34:are a collection of
1827:The Indestructibles
1631:Hermes Trismegistus
445:, 3 vols., 1972β78.
435:Raymond O. Faulkner
336:. 28 November 2017.
97:which focus on the
93:In contrast to the
2040:Books of Breathing
1059:Four sons of Horus
218:
180:
28:
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2191:Mysteries of Isis
2164:Related religions
2057:Book of the Earth
1701:
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46:beginning in the
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2051:Book of the Dead
1887:Egyptian obelisk
1276:Kothar-wa-Khasis
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689:Offering formula
684:Mortuary temples
674:Embalming ritual
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245:! For I am that
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133:Book of the Dead
83:Book of the Dead
36:ancient Egyptian
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144:transformations
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1246:Khenti-Amentiu
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404:(2): 145β160.
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284:Deir El Bersha
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63:Middle Kingdom
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467:Alan Gardiner
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454:0-8014-8515-0
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443:0-85668-754-5
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138:They combine
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95:Pyramid Texts
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52:Pyramid Texts
49:
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25:
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2155:Sed festival
2145:Min festival
2135:Cattle count
2102:Litany of Re
2077:Coffin Texts
2076:
2049:
1992:Solar barque
1932:Imiut fetish
1927:Hypocephalus
1912:Hemhem crown
1897:Eye of Horus
1822:Land of Manu
1776:Djadjaemankh
1657:
1647:
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1460:
1440:
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1371:Nebethetepet
1365:
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1251:Khenti-kheti
1230:
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1069:Gate deities
1063:
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1038:
1028:
978:
853:
843:Theban Triad
669:Canopic jars
546:
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525:Coffin Texts
461:, edited by
458:
429:Bibliography
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299:Ahanakht I.
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186:, who says:
181:
164:Sekhet Hotep
137:
118:
114:second death
92:
60:
32:Coffin Texts
31:
29:
2181:Hermeticism
2012:Was-sceptre
1839:and objects
1316:Mehet-Weret
1159:Harpocrates
989:Banebdjedet
954:Arensnuphis
634:Osiris myth
292:New Kingdom
263:netherworld
79:mummy masks
42:written on
2236:Categories
2176:Gnosticism
2017:Winged sun
1862:Corn mummy
1764:Characters
1688:Werethekau
1526:Sebiumeker
1336:Meretseger
1201:Ikhemu-sek
1139:Hermanubis
639:Philosophy
629:Numerology
549:, Part III
320:References
2122:Festivals
1987:Shen ring
1967:Ouroboros
1902:Eye of Ra
1857:Cartouche
1795:Locations
1740:Serpopard
1707:Creatures
1638:Tjenenyet
1621:Ta-Bitjet
1566:Shesmetet
1486:Renenutet
1471:Raet-Tawy
1391:Nehmetawy
1341:Meskhenet
1109:Hedjhotep
964:Assessors
662:Practices
624:Mythology
619:Maa Kheru
599:Afterlife
541:, Part II
418:204714608
38:funerary
2186:Kemetism
2027:Writings
1937:Khepresh
1781:Rededjet
1683:Wepwawet
1668:Wadj-wer
1386:Nehebkau
1381:Nefertem
1301:Mandulis
1236:Kebechet
1226:Iusaaset
1144:Heryshaf
1094:Hatmehit
929:Apedemak
804:Nephthys
699:Pyramids
679:Funerals
533:, Part I
303:See also
170:Examples
2201:Thelema
2171:Atenism
2002:Ushabti
1972:Pschent
1962:Neshmet
1877:Deshret
1837:Symbols
1786:Ubaoner
1725:Griffin
1611:Taweret
1606:Tatenen
1541:Serapis
1536:Sekhmet
1506:Resheph
1451:Qed-her
1401:Nekhbet
1376:Nebtuwi
1241:Khensit
1211:Imhotep
1206:Imentet
1104:Hedetet
969:Astarte
904:Andjety
879:Amesemi
719:Deities
704:Temples
592:Beliefs
297:nomarch
261:in the
150:of the
129:balance
89:Content
56:pharaoh
44:coffins
2035:Amduat
1982:Serekh
1977:Scarab
1907:Hedjet
1812:Benben
1755:Uraeus
1750:Sphinx
1735:Medjed
1693:Wosret
1678:Wepset
1663:Wadjet
1586:Sopdet
1571:Shezmu
1551:Seshat
1546:Serket
1491:Renpet
1476:Rekhyt
1456:Qetesh
1421:Pakhet
1351:Mnevis
1326:Menhit
1306:Medjed
1296:Mafdet
1286:Maahes
1271:Khonsu
1261:Kherty
1256:Khepri
1124:Hemsut
1099:Hauron
1089:Hathor
1024:Buchis
1009:Ba-Pef
994:Bastet
924:Anuket
919:Anubis
894:Amu-Aa
889:Am-heh
838:Triads
829:Tefnut
814:Osiris
781:Ennead
766:Naunet
756:Kauket
746:Hauhet
741:Amunet
728:Ogdoad
452:
441:
416:
355:
259:Osiris
121:judged
106:Osiris
75:papyri
67:stelae
40:spells
1957:Nemes
1947:Menat
1942:Kneph
1917:Hennu
1807:Akhet
1673:Weneg
1626:Thoth
1591:Sopdu
1581:Sobek
1531:Seker
1521:Satis
1501:Repyt
1446:Qebui
1431:Petbe
1426:Perit
1411:Neper
1406:Nemty
1396:Neith
1356:Montu
1331:Meret
1321:Mehit
1311:Mehen
1291:Ma'at
1266:Khnum
1221:Iunit
1176:Iabet
1154:Horus
1149:Hesat
1134:Heqet
1129:Henet
1119:Hemen
1044:Dedun
1014:Bennu
914:Anput
909:Anhur
884:Ammit
869:Akhty
609:Isfet
414:S2CID
103:deity
1997:Tyet
1952:Nebu
1882:Djed
1852:Atef
1847:Ankh
1817:Duat
1802:Aaru
1771:Dedi
1720:Abtu
1715:Aani
1653:Unut
1643:Tutu
1616:Tayt
1561:Shed
1556:Shai
1436:Ptah
1191:Igai
1114:Heka
1084:Hapi
1004:Bata
984:Babi
974:Aten
949:Aqen
939:Apis
934:Apep
899:Anat
864:Aker
859:Aati
799:Isis
789:Atum
736:Amun
644:Soul
614:Maat
465:and
450:ISBN
439:ISBN
353:ISBN
243:Amun
154:and
146:and
110:Duat
77:and
30:The
1745:Sha
1576:Sia
1516:Sah
1481:Rem
1361:Mut
1346:Min
1216:Ipy
1196:Ihy
1186:Iat
1181:Iah
1019:Bes
999:Bat
959:Ash
944:Apt
824:Shu
819:Set
809:Nut
794:Geb
761:Kek
751:Heh
406:doi
402:104
247:Akh
156:akh
123:by
116:".
2238::
1466:Ra
1166:Hu
1079:Ha
771:Nu
412:.
400:.
396:.
367:^
231:Hu
184:Ra
152:ba
85:.
73:,
69:,
1658:W
1648:U
1601:T
1511:S
1461:R
1441:Q
1416:P
1366:N
1281:M
1231:K
1171:I
1074:H
1064:G
1054:F
1039:D
1029:C
979:B
854:A
577:e
570:t
563:v
420:.
408::
361:.
279:.
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