Ritual - Knowledge

2643:(OCD). They note that OCD behavior often consists of such behavior as constantly cleaning objects, concern or disgust with bodily waste or secretions, repetitive actions to prevent harm, heavy emphasis on number or order of actions etc. They then show that ethnographic descriptions of cultural rituals contain around 5 times more of such content than ethnographic descriptions of other activities such as "work". Fiske later repeated similar analysis with more descriptions from a larger collection of different cultures, also contrasting descriptions of cultural rituals to descriptions of other behavioral disorders (in addition to OCD), in order to show that only OCD-like behavior (not other illnesses) shares properties with rituals. The authors offer tentative explanations for these findings, for example that these behavioral traits are widely needed for survival, to control risk, and cultural rituals are often performed in the context of perceived collective risk. 2183: 77: 2365:'s model of the structure of initiation rites, and Gluckman's functionalist emphasis on the ritualization of social conflict to maintain social equilibrium, with a more structural model of symbols in ritual. Running counter to this emphasis on structured symbolic oppositions within a ritual was his exploration of the liminal phase of rites of passage, a phase in which "anti-structure" appears. In this phase, opposed states such as birth and death may be encompassed by a single act, object or phrase. The dynamic nature of symbols experienced in ritual provides a compelling personal experience; ritual is a "mechanism that periodically converts the obligatory into the desirable". 1403: 2375:. Drawing on Levi-Strauss' Structuralist approach, she saw ritual as symbolic communication that constrained social behaviour. Grid is a scale referring to the degree to which a symbolic system is a shared frame of reference. Group refers to the degree people are tied into a tightly knit community. When graphed on two intersecting axes, four quadrants are possible: strong group/strong grid, strong group/weak grid, weak group/weak grid, weak group/strong grid. Douglas argued that societies with strong group or strong grid were marked by more ritual activity than those weak in either group or grid. (see also, 2342:, the French anthropologist, regarded all social and cultural organization as symbolic systems of communication shaped by the inherent structure of the human brain. He therefore argued that the symbol systems are not reflections of social structure as the Functionalists believed, but are imposed on social relations to organize them. Lévi-Strauss thus viewed myth and ritual as complementary symbol systems, one verbal, one non-verbal. Lévi-Strauss was not concerned to develop a theory of ritual (although he did produce a four-volume analysis of myth) but was influential to later scholars of ritual such as 2204:, in contrast, saw ritual and technical action less as separate structural types of activity and more as a spectrum: "Actions fall into place on a continuous scale. At one extreme we have actions which are entirely profane, entirely functional, technique pure and simple; at the other we have actions which are entirely sacred, strictly aesthetic, technically non-functional. Between these two extremes we have the great majority of social actions which partake partly of the one sphere and partly of the other. From this point of view technique and ritual, profane and sacred, do not denote 2095: 1777: 2171:" were concerned with the basic question of how religion originated in human history. In the twentieth century their conjectural histories were replaced with new concerns around the question of what these beliefs and practices did for societies, regardless of their origin. In this view, religion was a universal, and while its content might vary enormously, it served certain basic functions such as the provision of prescribed solutions to basic human psychological and social problems, as well as expressing the central values of a society. 1332: 1906:

social tensions continue to persist outside the ritual, pressure mounts for the ritual's cyclical performance. In Carnival, for example, the practice of masking allows people to be what they are not, and acts as a general social leveller, erasing otherwise tense social hierarchies in a festival that emphasizes play outside the bounds of normal social limits. Yet outside carnival, social tensions of race, class and gender persist, hence requiring the repeated periodic release found in the festival.

1882: 2488: 1706: 1839: 2401:). While the ritual clearly articulated the cultural ideals of a society through ritual symbolism, the unrestrained festivities of the liminal period served to break down social barriers and to join the group into an undifferentiated unity with "no status, property, insignia, secular clothing, rank, kinship position, nothing to demarcate themselves from their fellows". These periods of symbolic inversion have been studied in a diverse range of rituals such as 10481: 1323:

becomes more style than content. Because this formal speech limits what can be said, it induces "acceptance, compliance, or at least forbearance with regard to any overt challenge". Bloch argues that this form of ritual communication makes rebellion impossible and revolution the only feasible alternative. Ritual tends to support traditional forms of social hierarchy and authority, and maintains the assumptions on which the authority is based from challenge.

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social dramas as a dynamic process through which the community renewed itself through the ritual creation of communitas during the "liminal phase". Turner analyzed the ritual events in 4 stages: breach in relations, crisis, redressive actions, and acts of reintegration. Like Gluckman, he argued these rituals maintain social order while facilitating disordered inversions, thereby moving people to a new status, just as in an initiation rite.

1307: 10557: 2669:, ritual may be understood as one of the key components of religiosity. And ritual itself may be broken down into four dimensions; content, frequency, intensity and centrality. The content of a ritual may vary from ritual to ritual, as does the frequency of its practice, the intensity of the ritual (how much of an impact it has on the practitioner), and the centrality of the ritual (in that religious tradition). 2221: 10540: 2740: 2150: 2114:, as in "the divine right" of European kings, or the divine Japanese Emperor. Political rituals also emerge in the form of uncodified or codified conventions practiced by political officials that cement respect for the arrangements of an institution or role against the individual temporarily assuming it, as can be seen in the many rituals still observed within the procedure of 42: 2110:, he argued that rituals are not an ornament of political power, but that the power of political actors depends upon their ability to create rituals and the cosmic framework within which the social hierarchy headed by the king is perceived as natural and sacred. As a "dramaturgy of power" comprehensive ritual systems may create a cosmological order that 2479:

spectrum of formality, with some less, others more formal and restrictive. Csordas argues that innovations may be introduced in less formalized rituals. As these innovations become more accepted and standardized, they are slowly adopted in more formal rituals. In this way, even the most formal of rituals are potential avenues for creative expression.

1830:). Calendrical rites impose a cultural order on nature. Mircea Eliade states that the calendrical rituals of many religious traditions recall and commemorate the basic beliefs of a community, and their yearly celebration establishes a link between past and present, as if the original events are happening over again: "Thus the gods did; thus men do." 1373:, such as the rituals of the British monarchy, which invoke "thousand year-old tradition" but whose actual form originate in the late nineteenth century, to some extent reviving earlier forms, in this case medieval, that had been discontinued in the meantime. Thus, the appeal to history is important rather than accurate historical transmission. 1259:, "the lawful and regular order of the normal, and therefore proper, natural and true structure of cosmic, worldly, human and ritual events". The word "ritual" is first recorded in English in 1570, and came into use in the 1600s to mean "the prescribed order of performing religious services" or more particularly a book of these prescriptions. 2509:"...a type of routine behaviour that symbolizes or expresses something". As a symbolic activity, it is no longer confined to religion, but is distinguished from technical action. The shift in definitions from script to behavior, which is likened to a text, is matched by a semantic distinction between ritual as an 2650:

suggest that commonalities between obsessive behavior in individuals and similar behavior in collective contexts possibly share similarities due to underlying mental processes they call hazard precaution. They suggest that individuals of societies seem to pay more attention to information relevant to

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wrote "such emotional states, if present at all, must vary not only from individual to individual, but also in the same individual on different occasions and even at different points in the same rite." Asad, in contrast, emphasizes behavior and inner emotional states; rituals are to be performed, and

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Symbolic anthropologists like Geertz analyzed rituals as language-like codes to be interpreted independently as cultural systems. Geertz rejected Functionalist arguments that ritual describes social order, arguing instead that ritual actively shapes that social order and imposes meaning on disordered

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marriage" (i.e., the tension a woman feels between her mother's family, to whom she owes allegiance, and her husband's family among whom she must live). "It is because the woman has come too closely in touch with the 'man's side' in her marriage that her dead matrikin have impaired her fertility." To

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Rituals tend to be governed by rules, a feature somewhat like formalism. Rules impose norms on the chaos of behavior, either defining the outer limits of what is acceptable or choreographing each move. Individuals are held to communally approved customs that evoke a legitimate communal authority that

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has extended this idea by shifting attention from ritual as a category, to the processes of "ritualization" by which ritual is created as a cultural form in a society. Ritualization is "a way of acting that is designed and orchestrated to distinguish and privilege what is being done in comparison to

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and community on a weekly basis involving pep rallies and the game itself. Foley observed judgement and segregation based on class, social status, wealth, and gender. He described Friday Night Lights as a ritual that overcomes those differences: "The other, gentler, more social side of football was,

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Bloch's model of ritual language denies the possibility of creativity. Thomas Csordas, in contrast, analyzes how ritual language can be used to innovate. Csordas looks at groups of rituals that share performative elements ("genres" of ritual with a shared "poetics"). These rituals may fall along the

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Beginning with Max Gluckman's concept of "rituals of rebellion", Victor Turner argued that many types of ritual also served as "social dramas" through which structural social tensions could be expressed, and temporarily resolved. Drawing on Van Gennep's model of initiation rites, Turner viewed these

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Malinowski argued that ritual was a non-technical means of addressing anxiety about activities where dangerous elements were beyond technical control: "magic is to be expected and generally to be found whenever man comes to an unbridgeable gap, a hiatus in his knowledge or in his powers of practical

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Shamanic and other ritual may effect a psychotherapeutic cure, leading anthropologists such as Jane Atkinson to theorize how. Atkinson argues that the effectiveness of a shamanic ritual for an individual may depend upon a wider audiences acknowledging the shaman's power, which may lead to the shaman

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The performance of ritual creates a theatrical-like frame around the activities, symbols and events that shape participant's experience and cognitive ordering of the world, simplifying the chaos of life and imposing a more or less coherent system of categories of meaning onto it. As Barbara Myerhoff

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Activities appealing to supernatural beings are easily considered rituals, although the appeal may be quite indirect, expressing only a generalized belief in the existence of the sacred demanding a human response. National flags, for example, may be considered more than signs representing a country.

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Drawing on the example of Medieval monastic life in Europe, he points out that ritual in this case refers to its original meaning of the "...book directing the order and manner to be observed in performing divine service". This book "prescribed practices, whether they had to do with the proper ways

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does not encourage reflection on the logical relations among these ideas, nor on the logical consequences of them as they are played out in social actuality, over time and history. On the contrary, the flag encourages a sort of all-or-nothing allegiance to the whole package, best summed 'Our flag,

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notes that from 1771 to 1852, the brief articles on ritual define it as a "book directing the order and manner to be observed in performing divine service" (i.e., as a script). There are no articles on the subject thereafter until 1910, when a new, lengthy article appeared that redefines ritual as

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argued that ritual communication is unusual in that it uses a special, restricted vocabulary, a small number of permissible illustrations, and a restrictive grammar. As a result, ritual utterances become very predictable, and the speaker is made anonymous in that they have little choice in what to

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Rites of feasting and fasting are those through which a community publicly expresses an adherence to basic, shared religious values, rather than to the overt presence of deities as is found in rites of affliction where feasting or fasting may also take place. It encompasses a range of performances

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also expanded on the symbolic approach to ritual that began with Victor Turner. Geertz argued that religious symbol systems provided both a "model of" reality (showing how to interpret the world as is) as well as a "model for" reality (clarifying its ideal state). The role of ritual, according to

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festivities; or penitential processions in Catholicism. Victor Turner described this "cultural performance" of basic values a "social drama". Such dramas allow the social stresses that are inherent in a particular culture to be expressed and worked out symbolically in a ritual catharsis; as the

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states that ritual is also invariant, implying careful choreography. This is less an appeal to traditionalism than a striving for timeless repetition. The key to invariance is bodily discipline, as in monastic prayer and meditation meant to mold dispositions and moods. This bodily discipline is

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call a "restricted code" (in opposition to a more open "elaborated code"). Maurice Bloch argues that ritual obliges participants to use this formal oratorical style, which is limited in intonation, syntax, vocabulary, loudness, and fixity of order. In adopting this style, ritual leaders' speech

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Calendrical and commemorative rites are ritual events marking particular times of year, or a fixed period since an important event. Calendrical rituals give social meaning to the passage of time, creating repetitive weekly, monthly or yearly cycles. Some rites are oriented towards a culturally

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maintained environmental balance between humans, available food (with pigs sharing the same foodstuffs as humans) and resource base. Rappaport concluded that ritual, "...helps to maintain an undegraded environment, limits fighting to frequencies which do not endanger the existence of regional

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sought to resolve these opposing theories by differentiating between "primary anxieties" felt by people who lack the techniques to secure results, and "secondary (or displaced) anxiety" felt by those who have not performed the rites meant to allay primary anxiety correctly. Homans argued that

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Ethnographic observation shows ritual can create social solidarity. Douglas Foley Went to North Town, Texas, between 1973 and 1974 to study public high school culture. He used interviews, participant observation, and unstructured chatting to study racial tension and capitalist culture in his

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that developed against colonial powers in the South Pacific. In such religio-political movements, Islanders would use ritual imitations of western practices (such as the building of landing strips) as a means of summoning cargo (manufactured goods) from the ancestors. Leaders of these groups

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Other classes of rituals include divinatory rituals; ceremonies performed by political authorities to ensure the health and fertility of human beings, animals, and crops in their territories; initiation into priesthoods devoted to certain deities, into religious associations, or into secret

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accurately. Traditionalism varies from formalism in that the ritual may not be formal yet still makes an appeal to the historical trend. An example is the American Thanksgiving dinner, which may not be formal, yet is ostensibly based on an event from the early Puritan settlement of America.

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prayer is an essential communal act that underscores the unity of the Muslim community in life and death. Indigenous cultures may have unique practices, such as the Australian Aboriginal smoking ceremony, intended to cleanse the spirit of the departed and ensure a safe journey to the

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Symbols call for interpretation, and even as interpretive criteria are extended so interpretations can be multiplied. Disciplinary practices, on the other hand, cannot be varied so easily, because learning to develop moral capabilities is not the same thing as learning to invent

2306:), and that it functioned as an institutional pressure valve, relieving those tensions through these cyclical performances. The rites ultimately functioned to reinforce social order, insofar as they allowed those tensions to be expressed without leading to actual rebellion. 1653:

Anthropologist Victor Turner defines rites of affliction actions that seek to mitigate spirits or supernatural forces that inflict humans with bad luck, illness, gynecological troubles, physical injuries, and other such misfortunes. These rites may include forms of spirit

2000:). Rites that use water are not considered water rites if it is not their central feature. For example, having water to drink during or after ritual is common, but does not make thar ritual a water ritual unless the drinking of water is a central activity such as in the 286: 2447:

Geertz, is to bring these two aspects – the "model of" and the "model for" – together: "it is in ritual – that is consecrated behaviour – that this conviction that religious conceptions are veridical and that religious directives are sound is somehow generated."

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in Sikhism. These rituals often reflect deep spiritual beliefs and provide a structured way for communities to grieve and honor the deceased. In Buddhism, for example, the bardo rituals guide the soul through the stages of death and rebirth. In Islam, the

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In other words, apt performance involves not symbols to be interpreted but abilities to be acquired according to rules that are sanctioned by those in authority: it presupposes no obscure meanings, but rather the formation of physical and linguistic

2708:. Although ritual is often used in context with worship performed in a church, the actual relationship between any religion's doctrine and its ritual(s) can vary considerably from organized religion to non-institutionalized spirituality, such as 2301:

coined the phrase "rituals of rebellion" to describe a type of ritual in which the accepted social order was symbolically turned on its head. Gluckman argued that the ritual was an expression of underlying social tensions (an idea taken up by

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say. The restrictive syntax reduces the ability of the speaker to make propositional arguments, and they are left, instead, with utterances that cannot be contradicted such as "I do thee wed" in a wedding. These kinds of utterances, known as

1662:) to establish causes—and rituals that heal, purify, exorcise, and protect. The misfortune experienced may include individual health, but also broader climate-related issues such as drought or plagues of insects. Healing rites performed by 2126:

characterized the present state (often imposed by colonial capitalist regimes) as a dismantling of the old social order, which they sought to restore. Rituals may also attain political significance after conflict, as is the case with the

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population, adjusts man-land ratios, facilitates trade, distributes local surpluses of pig throughout the regional population in the form of pork, and assures people of high quality protein when they are most in need of it". Similarly,

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A.R. Radcliffe-Brown argued that ritual should be distinguished from technical action, viewing it as a structured event: "ritual acts differ from technical acts in having in all instances some expressive or symbolic element in them."

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There are hardly any limits to the kind of actions that may be incorporated into a ritual. The rites of past and present societies have typically involved special gestures and words, recitation of fixed texts, performance of special

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control, and yet has to continue in his pursuit.". Radcliffe-Brown in contrast, saw ritual as an expression of common interest symbolically representing a community, and that anxiety was felt only if the ritual was not performed.

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Anthropologists have also analyzed ritual via insights from other behavioral sciences. The idea that cultural rituals share behavioral similarities with personal rituals of individuals was discussed early on by Freud.

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A ritual is a stereotyped sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and designed to influence preternatural entities or forces on behalf of the actors' goals and

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of eating, sleeping, working, and praying or with proper moral dispositions and spiritual aptitudes, aimed at developing virtues that are put 'to the service of God.'" Monks, in other words, were disciplined in the

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Whereas Victor Turner saw in ritual the potential to release people from the binding structures of their lives into a liberating anti-structure or communitas, Maurice Bloch argued that ritual produced conformity.

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Fiske, A. P.; Haslam, N. Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder a Pathology of the Human Disposition to Perform Socially Meaningful Rituals? Evidence of Similar Content. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1997, 185 (4), 211–222.

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symbolically inverted the normal social order, so that the king was publicly insulted, women asserted their domination over men, and the established authority of elders over the young was turned upside down.

3282: 2397:, Victor Turner argued that the liminal phase - that period 'betwixt and between' - was marked by "two models of human interrelatedness, juxtaposed and alternating": structure and anti-structure (or 1873:, sacrifice is distinguished from other forms of offering by being consecrated, and hence sanctified. As a consequence, the offering is usually destroyed in the ritual to transfer it to the deities. 1510: 1432:. Boy Scouts and the armed forces in any country teach the official ways of folding, saluting and raising the flag, thus emphasizing that the flag should never be treated as just a piece of cloth. 2179:, in contrast, looked for the function (purpose) of the institution or custom in preserving or maintaining society as a whole. They thus disagreed about the relationship of anxiety to ritual. 1606:, a condition of ambiguity or disorientation in which initiates have been stripped of their old identities, but have not yet acquired their new one. Turner states that "the attributes of 4328: 1342:(1863–1930). The painting shows common misconceptions about the event that persist to modern times: Pilgrims did not wear such outfits, and the Wampanoag are dressed in the style of 2256:

Although the functionalist model was soon superseded, later "neofunctional" theorists adopted its approach by examining the ways that ritual regulated larger ecological systems.

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avoiding hazards, which in turn can explain why collective rituals displaying actions of hazard precaution are so popular and prevail for long periods in cultural transmission.

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can constrain the possible outcomes. Historically, war in most societies has been bound by highly ritualized constraints that limit the legitimate means by which war was waged.

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correct the balance of matrilinial descent and marriage, the Isoma ritual dramatically placates the deceased spirits by requiring the woman to reside with her mother's kin.

1120:, including a religious community. Rituals are characterized, but not defined, by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism, and performance. 2901:, Freemasons who have been raised to the degree of "Master Mason" have the option of joining appendant bodies that offer additional degrees to those, such as those of the 2451:

experience. He also differed from Gluckman and Turner's emphasis on ritual action as a means of resolving social passion, arguing instead that it simply displayed them.

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Arguments, melodies, formulas, maps and pictures are not idealities to be stared at but texts to be read; so are rituals, palaces, technologies, and social formations.

1174:" category for a set activity (or set of actions) that, to the outsider, seems irrational, non-contiguous, or illogical. The term can be used also by the insider or " 4366:

Küçükcan, T. (2010). Multidimensional Approach to Religion: a way of looking at religious phenomena. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 4(10), 60–70.

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For simplicity's sake, the range of diverse rituals can be divided into categories with common characteristics, generally falling into one three major categories:

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Utz, Richard. "Negotiating Heritage: Observations on Semantic Concepts, Temporality, and the Centre for the Study of the Cultural Heritage of Medieval Rituals".

3292: 2371:, a British Functionalist, extended Turner's theory of ritual structure and anti-structure with her own contrasting set of terms "grid" and "group" in the book 1810:

or the changing of seasons, or they may mark the inauguration of an activity such as planting, harvesting, or moving from winter to summer pasture during the

2889:. These rituals are progressively taught to entrusted members during initiation into a particular Masonic rite comprising a series of degrees conferred by a 2107: 2646:

Other anthropologists have taken these insights further, and constructed more elaborate theories based on the brain functions and physiology. Liénard and

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The flag stands for larger symbols such as freedom, democracy, free enterprise or national superiority. Anthropologist Sherry Ortner writes that the flag

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is sometimes used in a technical sense for a repetitive behavior systematically used by a person to neutralize or prevent anxiety; it can be a symptom of

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to illustrate. The Isoma rite of affliction is used to cure a childless woman of infertility. Infertility is the result of a "structural tension between

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monk at work. "Monks described this labor of transcribing manuscripts as being 'like prayer and fasting, a means of correcting one's unruly passions.'"

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Wilce, James M. (2006). "Magical Laments and Anthropological Reflections: The Production and Circulation of Anthropological Text as Ritual Activity".

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Dulaney, S.; Fiske, A. P. Cultural Rituals and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Is There a Common Psychological Mechanism? Ethos 1994, 22 (3), 243–283.

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Liénard, P.; Boyer, P. Whence Collective Rituals? A Cultural Selection Model of Ritualized Behavior. American Anthropologist 2006, 108 (4), 814–827.

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on the first of January) while those calculated by the lunar calendar fall on different dates (of the Gregorian, Solar calendar) each year (such as

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The field of ritual studies has seen a number of conflicting definitions of the term. One given by Kyriakidis is that a ritual is an outsider's or "

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or fertility cult are religious rituals that are intended to stimulate reproduction in humans or in the natural world. Such rites may involve the

9283: 1862:, however, points out that sacrifice covers a range of practices from those that are manipulative and "magical" to those of pure devotion. Hindu 2639:

compared ethnographic descriptions of both rituals and non-ritual doings, such as work to behavioral descriptions from clinical descriptions of

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Verbit, M.F. (1970). The components and dimensions of religious behavior: Toward a reconceptualization of religiosity. American mosaic, 24, 39.

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However, rituals can fall in more than one category or genre, and may be grouped in a variety of other ways. For example, the anthropologist

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Parade through Macao, Latin City (2019). The Parade is held annually on December 20th to mark the anniversary of Macao's Handover to China.

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Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean

2618: 1859: 1381: 1295: 642: 398: 2769:(in Roman Catholicism, anointing of the sick is a sacrament while in Lutheranism it is not). The word "rite" is also used to denote a 1298:

argues that rituals can be characterized by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism and performance.

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The emphasis has changed to establishing the meaning of public symbols and abandoning concerns with inner emotional states since, as

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Bloch, Maurice (1974). "Symbols, Song, Dance and Features of Articulation: Is Religion an Extreme Form of Traditional Authority?".

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and offering meant to praise, please or placate divine powers. According to early anthropologist Edward Tylor, such sacrifices are

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structure interfaith relationships and appear as acts of solidarity against ethno-nationalist purifications of territory in

2548:. The point of monastic discipline was to learn skills and appropriate emotions. Asad contrasts his approach by concluding: 9904: 6889: 4738:

Tolbert, Elizabeth (1990b). "Magico-Religious Power and Gender in the Karelian Lament". In Herndon, M.; Zigler, S. (eds.).

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of course, the emphasis on camaraderie, loyalty, friendship between players, and pulling together". In his ethnography

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societies; and those accompanying the daily offering of food and libations to deities or ancestral spirits or both.

3726: 3603: 3587: 3354: 3338: 2471:, prevent speakers from making political arguments through logical argument, and are typical of what Weber called 10297: 10192: 9318: 9313: 9269: 8894: 7733: 6953: 5938: 4811: 3450: 2885:, rituals are scripted words and actions which employ Masonic symbolism to illustrate the principles espoused by 131: 10152: 9977: 9250: 8259: 8200: 8087: 7966: 7898: 6282: 5920: 5839: 5432: 4701: 2617:

Asad's work critiqued the notion that there were universal characteristics of ritual to be found in all cases.

1822:; those fixed by the solar calendar fall on the same day (of the Gregorian, Solar calendar) each year (such as 508: 8384: 8254: 10587: 10302: 9717: 9454: 9113: 8962: 8884: 8495: 8306: 7343: 6852: 5491: 1960:, a custom of spiritual and bodily purification involving bathing in a sacred waterfall, river, or lake; the 1666:

frequently identify social disorder as the cause, and make the restoration of social relationships the cure.

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or emotional bond of community between them. This stage may be marked by ritual ordeals or ritual training.

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Seijo, F. (2005). "The Politics of Fire: Spanish Forest Policy and Ritual Resistance in Galicia, Spain".

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This Lutheran pastor administers the rite of confirmation on youth confirmands after instructing them in

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Rituals appeal to tradition and are generally continued to repeat historical precedent, religious rite,

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Tolbert, Elizabeth (1990a). "Women Cry with Words: Symbolization of Affect in the Karelian Lament".

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Snoek, Jan A.M. (2014). "Masonic Rituals of Initiation". In Bodgan, Henrik; Snoek, Jan A.M. (eds.).

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It is estimated that in our times more than 350,000 Masses are celebrated each day on planet earth!

2660: 2235: 2162: 1937: 1429: 1425: 1227: 706: 558: 171: 68: 6842: 4830: 2785:. Such rites may include various sub-rites. For example, the Byzantine Rite (which is used by the 2293:

While most Functionalists sought to link ritual to the maintenance of social order, South African

1616:("threshold people") are necessarily ambiguous". In this stage of liminality or "anti-structure" ( 1592:

Wherein the initiates are separated from their old identities through physical and symbolic means.

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is the ritual travel, partway between walking and running, seven times between the two hills.

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of Bali, ensuring the optimum distribution of water over the system while limiting disputes.

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Aractingi, Jean-Marc and G. Le Pape. (2011) "Rituals and catechisms in Ecumenical Rite" in

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1-23. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.21

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of "a primal animal, which must be sacrificed in the cause of fertility or even creation".

1996:) that similarly represents purification and initiation into the religious community (the 8: 10453: 10428: 10408: 10385: 10312: 10262: 10242: 10157: 10147: 10102: 10062: 10017: 10012: 10002: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9972: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9914: 9824: 9799: 9677: 9667: 9629: 9599: 9584: 9569: 9559: 9549: 9514: 9509: 9459: 9404: 9379: 9323: 9180: 9163: 9051: 9046: 9036: 8904: 8705: 8618: 8563: 8539: 8426: 8311: 8264: 8059: 7908: 7536: 7328: 7208: 6980: 6767: 6652: 6580: 6470: 6391: 6218: 5871: 5695: 5541: 5159: 4445: 3008: 2993: 2897:; those of "Entered Apprentice", "Journeyman" (or "Fellowcraft"), and "Master Mason". In 2834: 2752: 2724: 1941: 1796: 1648: 1369: 1144: 1140: 1063: 903: 681: 613: 503: 4377: 3081: 10433: 10413: 10380: 10277: 10267: 10212: 10207: 10137: 10117: 10107: 10092: 10087: 10067: 10037: 10032: 10007: 9997: 9929: 9894: 9879: 9784: 9757: 9747: 9707: 9692: 9687: 9639: 9634: 9574: 9529: 9489: 9384: 9371: 9173: 9153: 9078: 8951: 8774: 8448: 8406: 8242: 8210: 8185: 8112: 8092: 7913: 7861: 7849: 7827: 7419: 7377: 7250: 7073: 7051: 7046: 6862: 6646: 6622: 6001: 5925: 5673: 5619: 5296: 5286: 5181: 4792: 4752: 4726: 4718: 4665: 4301:

Freud, S. (1928) Die Zukunft einer Illusion. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.

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is viewed in the same light. He observed, for example, how the first-fruits festival (

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placing greater emphasis on engaging the audience than in the healing of the patient.

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Bax, Marcel. (2010). 'Rituals'. In: Jucker, Andeas H. & Taavitsainen, Irma, eds.

4845: 4730: 4685: 4678: 4649: 4615: 4605: 4429: 4378:"Can Religiosity be Measured? Dimensions of Religious Commitment: Theories Revisited" 4199:

Language, Charisma, & Creativity: Ritual Life in the Catholic Charismatic Renewal

4183: 4112: 4079: 3922: 3799: 3774: 3671: 3628: 3093: 2919: 2814: 2770: 2632: 2362: 2282: 2278: 2175:

used the concept of function to address questions of individual psychological needs;

1823: 1800: 1776: 1630:

Wherein the initiates are symbolically confirmed in their new identity and community.

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that represents both purification and initiation into the religious community (the

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or they may be contingent, held in response to an individual or collective crisis.

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Priests and Programmers: technologies of power in the engineered landscape of Bali

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but obsessive-compulsive ritualistic behaviors are generally isolated activities.

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as its central feature. Typically, a person is immersed or bathed as a symbol of

1923: 1863: 1765: 1742: 1364: 1311: 1045: 1016: 1006: 829: 650: 513: 468: 423: 413: 211: 201: 126: 5077: 4871:

The Dangers of Ritual. Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific Theory

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Atkinson, Jane (1987). "The Effectiveness of Shamans in an Indonesian Ritual".

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rites of personal devotion, where an individual worships, including prayer and

1475: 1471: 1343: 1319: 1026: 1001: 874: 433: 428: 6414: 5041:

Silverstein, M. (2004). ""Cultural" Concepts and the Language-Culture Nexus".

4601: 4175: 2696: 2106:, political rituals actually construct power; that is, in his analysis of the 1541:

A rite of passage is a ritual event that marks a person's transition from one

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of doing something, or "correct performance, custom". The original concept of

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Rituals are a feature of all known human societies. They include not only the

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Turner uses the example of the Isoma ritual among the Ndembu of northwestern

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Ritual can be used as a form of resistance, as for example, in the various

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Boudewijnse, "British Roots of the Concept of Ritual," p. 278, citing the

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Many cultures have rites associated with death and mourning, such as the

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purification rituals may then be conducted to dispel secondary anxiety.

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In Christianity, a rite is used to refer to a sacred ceremony (such as

2694:, a ritual can comprise the prescribed outward forms of performing the 2636: 2577: 2505: 2406: 2402: 2388: 2130:

syncretic holidays and festivals that transgress religious boundaries.

2115: 1919: 1843: 1807: 1738: 1655: 1621: 1607: 1603: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1558: 1494: 1486: 1182: 1148: 1112:, words, actions, or revered objects. Rituals may be prescribed by the 967: 463: 367: 196: 191: 176: 161: 151: 146: 121: 111: 8030: 7189: 6867: 4876:

Buc, Philippe. (2007). 'The monster and the critics. A ritual reply'.

4722: 2893:. The degrees of Freemasonry derive from the three grades of medieval 2849: 2525:

mastering these performances is a skill requiring disciplined action.

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mechanism to regulate and stabilize social institutions by adjusting

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Ritual uses a limited and rigidly organized set of expressions which

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Asad, Talal (1993). "Toward a genealogy of the concept of ritual".

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churches) has Greek, Russian, and other ethnically based variants.

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D'Aquili, Eugene G., Charles D. Laughlin and John McManus. (1979)

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Barbara Boudewijnse, "British Roots of the Concept of Ritual," in

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Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo

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Religion in the Making: The Emergence of the Sciences of Religion

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In his historical analysis of articles on ritual and rite in the

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Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios and Panagiotis Roilos (eds.), (2005)

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Ritualizing the Disposal of Dead Bodies: From Corpse to Concept

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Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society

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usually emanating from a specific center; examples include the

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The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of 'Cargo Cults' in Melanesia

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Carnival, American Style; Mardi Gras at New Orleans and Mobile

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Boudewijnse, "British Roots of the Concept of Ritual," p. 278.

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prescribes rituals such as the direction to face for prayers (

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Particular objects become sacral symbols through a process of

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Waiting for Elijah: Time and Encounter in a Bosnian Landscape

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Waiting for Elijah: Time and Encounter in a Bosnian Landscape

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Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia

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put it, "not only is seeing believing, doing is believing."

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Ritual practitioner on Inwangsan Mountain, Seoul South Korea

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Toys and Reasons: Stages in the Ritualization of Experience

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Reader in Comparative Religion: An Anthropological Approach

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Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School

3820: 3818: 3283:"LET'S TALK TURKEY: 5 myths about the Thanksgiving holiday" 2822: 2625: 2149: 1965: 1281: 1132: 676: 335: 3964:

Order and Rebellion in South East Africa: Collected Essays

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Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios and Panagiotis Roilos, (2003).

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Fogelin, L. (2007). The Archaeology of Religious Ritual.

4592:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 8. 1585:

stated that rites of passage are marked by three stages:

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into groups not tied to a formal stage of life such as a

1464: 1251: 1155:, marriages, funerals and more. Even common actions like 790: 41: 5036:

Talking Politics :The Substance of Style from Abe to "W"

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The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis

2727:, thus a ritual in many cases expresses reverence for a 2157:, one of the most widely performed rituals in the world. 1806:

defined moment of change in the climatic cycle, such as

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Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas

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Ananti, Emmanuel (January 1986). AnthonyBonanno (ed.).

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Prey into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience

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Rethinking Religion: Connecting Cognition and Culture

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Handbook of Pragmatics, Vol. 8: Historical Pragmatics

4229: 4217: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3068:(1973). "Symbols in African Ritual (16 March 1973)". 4667:

Negara: the Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali

4016: 3653:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 282. 3583:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 21. 3478: 3466: 3219: 3207: 3150:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA publications. 3013:

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1620:), the initiates' role ambiguity creates a sense of 4976:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA publications 2704:, of a particular observation within a religion or 1456:, generally changing an individual's social status; 4677: 4664: 4253: 4241: 4205: 4136:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 66–67. 4100: 4067: 3981:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43. 3944: 3921: 3627: 3490: 2989:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces 3634:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 3581:The Myth of Eternal Return or, Cosmos and History 3231: 2952: – Type of ceremonial dance in Shinto ritual 2840:Hajj rituals include circumambulation around the 2655:Ritual as a methodological measure of religiosity 2566: 1617: 1598:Wherein the initiated are "betwixt and between". 10574: 4768:The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure 4326:https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199704000-00001 3766: 2940: – Chinese ethical and philosophical system 2421: 2382: 27:Activities performed according to a set sequence 4754:The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual 4676:Lessa, William A.; Vogt, Evon Z., eds. (1979). 4276:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 53. 4074:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 4055:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 128. 3889: 3798:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 166. 2996: – Icon representing a particular religion 2928: – Ceremonies associated with construction 2833:is a state of ritual purity in preparation for 2353: 2224:Balinese rice terraces regulated through ritual 4312:https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1994.22.3.02a00010 4291:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 74. 3928:. Richmond, CA: North Atlantic Books. p. 2761:), which may or may not carry the status of a 5492: 5128: 5114: 5095:, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press. 5022:Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity 2723:. Rituals often have a close connection with 2454: 1085: 81:Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru 4642:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3951:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2622:other, usually more quotidian, activities". 2482: 2067:, and elaborated to include aspects such as 5088:, Athens, Foundation of the Hellenic World. 4428:, Gainesville: University Press of Florida 4146: 3892:Structure and Function in Primitive Society 2133: 1834:Rites of sacrifice, exchange, and communion 1385:frequently performed in unison, by groups. 5499: 5485: 5121: 5107: 4912:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 4010:Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology 3145: 3135:. United States: McGraw Hill. p. 139. 1850:This genre of ritual encompasses forms of 1514: 1092: 1078: 5063:Ritual and Mantras: Rules Without Meaning 4979:Lawson, E.T. & McCauley, R.N. (1990) 4675: 4346:https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.4.814 4201:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 255–65. 3919: 3874: 3840: 3824: 3394: 2679: 1877:Rites of feasting, fasting, and festivals 8058: 5024:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5012:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 5010:Post, Paul (2015) 'Ritual Studies', in: 5005:Ritual Thinking. Sexuality, Death, World 4983:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4873:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4866:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4737: 4698: 4671:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4556: 4463: 3961: 3773:(Paperback ed.). Oxford: Berghahn. 3535: 3441: 3225: 3213: 2738: 2676:'s "practice" dimension of religiosity. 2626:Sociobiology and behavioral neuroscience 2486: 2253:, and restoring harmony after disputes. 2219: 2186:Kowtowing in a court, China, before 1889 2181: 2148: 2093: 1880: 1837: 1775: 1401: 1330: 1305: 600:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion 40: 9360: 5065:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. 5055:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5000:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. 4842:East and West at the Crossroads Masonic 4770:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 4758:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 4500:2, The Cow, al-Baqarah, The Study Quran 4444: 4196: 4007: 3942: 3793: 3748: 14: 10575: 5053:To Take Place: Toward Theory in Ritual 4898:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4762: 4746: 4659: 4553:, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com) 4530:, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com) 4490: 4488: 4098: 4034: 4022: 3991: 3894:. London: Cohen and West. p. 143. 3856: 3716: 3663: 3648: 3625: 3578: 3523: 3511: 3499: 3484: 3472: 3376: 3064: 3028: – 1913 ballet by Igor Stravinsky 2432: 1634: 1523: 1108:is a sequence of activities involving 9359: 8512: 8057: 5518: 5480: 5102: 4859:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 483–519. 4774: 4587: 4562: 4494: 4469: 4397: 4271: 4161: 4065: 3966:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 3904: 3762: 3760: 3446:. Amsterdam: Van Gorcum. p. 223. 3237: 3130: 1314:is an example of a "restricted code". 10512: 5068:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2013). 4962:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4955:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 4655:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4646: 4637: 4403:On the Study of Religious Commitment 4375: 4286: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4131: 4050: 3976: 3732: 3609: 3593: 3562: 3456: 3425: 3409: 3360: 3344: 3328: 3312: 3265: 3249: 3114: 2934: – Chinese folk religious order 2852:) are presumed the rituals of ḥajj. 2672:In this sense, ritual is similar to 2591:suggests that shared festivals like 2558: 2535: 2281:rituals served to regulate the vast 2215: 2153:A priest elevates the host during a 2112:sets a ruler apart as a divine being 2089: 1699: 1602:argued that this stage is marked by 1573:. Rites of passage may also include 289:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants 4883:Carrico, K., ed. (2011). 'Ritual.' 4651:Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions 4630: 4485: 4475:Q2:189 Study notes, The Study Quran 4438: 3907:Political Systems of Highland Burma 3291:. November 26, 2009. Archived from 2972: – Indigenous Chinese religion 1791:Calendrical and commemorative rites 1690:Death, mourning, and funerary rites 1530: 1474:, or of another character, such as 1397: 1367:have argued that many of these are 24: 9329:Religions and spiritual traditions 5521:Religious groups and denominations 4889:http://www.culanth.org/?q=node/462 4805: 4740:Music, Gender, and Culture, vol. 1 4164:Archives Européennes de Sociologie 3757: 3003:Ritualism in the Church of England 2956:List of substances used in rituals 2007: 1388: 1262: 419:Archaeology of religion and ritual 25: 10599: 5072:. Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2013 4922:Toward a theory of public ritual. 4107:. New York: Basic Books. p. 2932:Chinese ritual mastery traditions 2922: – Play of the visualization 2063:, which are then integrated into 2031: 1326: 10555: 10538: 10521: 10489: 10480: 10479: 10293:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9435:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4996:McCorkle Jr., William W. (2010) 4147:Hughes-Freeland, Felicia (ed.). 3767:HadžiMuhamedović, Safet (2021). 2938:Confucianism § Rite and centring 2731:or idealized state of humanity. 2606: 2412: 2328: 2260:, for example, examined the way 2144: 2037:This section is an excerpt from 2013:This section is an excerpt from 1893:such as communal fasting during 1704: 75: 8895:Evolutionary origin of religion 4965:Grimes, Ronald L. (1982, 2013) 4581: 4533: 4510: 4409: 4391: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4338: 4317: 4304: 4295: 4280: 4265: 4190: 4155: 4151:. London: Routledge. p. 2. 4140: 4125: 4092: 4059: 4044: 4001: 3970: 3955: 3936: 3913: 3909:. London: Bell. pp. 12–13. 3898: 3883: 3850: 3787: 3742: 3697: 3684: 3657: 3642: 3619: 3572: 3529: 3435: 3370: 3275: 2734: 2212:of almost any kind of action." 132:Evolutionary origin of religion 9251:Separation of church and state 7899:Polytheistic reconstructionism 5433:Motif-Index of Folk-Literature 4844:, Editions l'Harmattan- Paris 4702:Yearbook for Traditional Music 4684:. New York: Harper & Row. 4401:(1972). Faulkner, J.E. (ed.). 4289:Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice 4134:Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice 4103:The Interpretation of Cultures 4053:Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice 3979:Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice 3890:Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. (1939). 3707:(London 1994) p. 246 and p. 34 3192: 3183: 3170: 3167:, p. 364 (edition of Lindsay). 3154: 3139: 3124: 3058: 3040: 2866: 2567:As a form of social solidarity 1909: 1435: 1424:which effectively creates the 287:Treatise on the Apparitions of 13: 1: 6853:Traditional Sabahan religions 4943:Annual Review of Anthropology 3924:Ecology, Meaning and Religion 3876:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00020 3794:Harkins, Franklin T. (2021). 3690:Aniela Jaffé, in C. G. Jung, 3550:10.1525/aa.1987.89.2.02a00040 3396:10.1525/aa.1973.75.5.02a00100 3090:10.1126/science.179.4078.1100 3033: 2665:According to the sociologist 2641:obsessive–compulsive disorder 2422:Symbolic approaches to ritual 2383:Anti-structure and communitas 1781:Aztec ritual human sacrifices 1428:by setting it apart from the 1376: 1191:obsessive–compulsive disorder 737:Traditional African religions 282:Coral Gardens and Their Magic 5506: 4967:Beginnings in Ritual Studies 4831:Resources in other libraries 4197:Csordas, Thomas J. (2001) . 3146:Kyriakidis, E., ed. (2007). 2946: – Korean shamanic rite 2873:Masonic ritual and symbolism 2858:are among the rituals of God 2354:Structure and anti-structure 2288: 2102:According to anthropologist 1952:, a custom of purification; 1842:Deva yajna performed during 1301: 1196: 7: 9104:National religiosity levels 8329:Nauruan Indigenous religion 7879:Hellenism (modern religion) 4991:Magic, Science and Religion 4972:Kyriakidis, E., ed. (2007) 4960:The Craft of Ritual Studies 4914:. New York: The Free Press. 4596:: BRILL. pp. 319–327. 3753:. New York: Schocken books. 2912: 2574:Learning Capitalist Culture 1858:given in hope of a return. 1814:. They may be fixed by the 1459:communal rites, whether of 1336:The First Thanksgiving 1621 1131:of organized religions and 10: 10604: 8513: 5427:Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index 5422:Morphology (folkloristics) 4415:Dean, Bartholomew (2009). 4149:Ritual, Performance, Media 4012:. New York: Vintage Books. 3857:Homans, George C. (1941). 3796:Thomas Aquinas: the basics 3442:Myerhoff, Barbara (1997). 2870: 2750: 2683: 2658: 2610: 2513:(i.e., public symbol) and 2455:As a form of communication 2386: 2332: 2227: 2160: 2137: 2047:fall into two categories: 2036: 2012: 1928:A water rite is a rite or 1913: 1794: 1693: 1638: 1534: 1478:and certain non-religious 29: 10475: 10394: 10311: 10183: 9928: 9653: 9370: 9366: 9355: 9264: 9189: 8960: 8868: 8805: 8523: 8519: 8508: 8066: 8053: 7978: 7801: 7783:Transcendental Meditation 7676: 7663: 7628: 7376: 7353: 7342: 7269: 7232: 6932: 6828: 6810: 6754: 6745: 6662: 6590: 6441: 6432: 6390: 6362: 6320: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6201: 6168: 6140: 6131: 6081: 5948: 5635: 5549: 5540: 5531: 5527: 5514: 5409: 5373: 5320: 5250: 5195: 5137: 4974:The archaeology of ritual 4958:Grimes, Ronald L. (2014) 4826:Resources in your library 4602:10.1163/9789004273122_018 4176:10.1017/s0003975600002824 4099:Geertz, Clifford (1973). 3943:Lansing, Stephen (1991). 3670:. B R Gruner Publishing. 3201:Oxford English Dictionary 3148:The archaeology of ritual 2483:As a disciplinary program 2264:between tribal groups in 2238:model viewed ritual as a 1509:Rituals may be seasonal, 1444: 1147:, dedication ceremonies, 815:Armenian Apostolic Church 9420:Central African Republic 6400:Vietnamese folk religion 5791:Charismatic Christianity 5086:Towards a Ritual Poetics 5034:Silverstein, M. (2003). 5003:Perniola Mario. (2000). 4647:Bell, Catherine (1997). 4287:Bell, Catherine (1992). 4132:Bell, Catherine (1992). 4051:Bell, Catherine (1992). 3977:Bell, Catherine (1992). 2800: 2745:Luther's Small Catechism 2661:Theories about religions 2169:armchair anthropologists 2163:Structural functionalism 2134:Anthropological theories 1938:religious indoctrination 1312:Tridentine Catholic Mass 1212:"that which pertains to 707:Native American religion 362:Revitalization movements 217:Sacred–profane dichotomy 69:Anthropology of religion 9314:New religious movements 8947:Theories about religion 8900:Evolutionary psychology 7924:Modern Finnish paganism 5867:Independent Catholicism 4993:. Boston: Beacon Press. 4862:Bloch, Maurice. (1992) 4640:Genealogies of Religion 4590:Handbook of Freemasonry 4272:Foley, Douglas (2010). 3920:Rappaport, Roy (1979). 3863:American Anthropologist 3841:Lessa & Vogt (1979) 3825:Lessa & Vogt (1979) 3749:Worsley, Peter (1957). 3649:Kinser, Samuel (1990). 3626:Turner, Victor (1974). 3579:Eliade, Mircea (1954). 3538:American Anthropologist 3383:American Anthropologist 3377:Ortner, Sherry (1973). 3020: – Taoist festival 2501:Encyclopædia Britannica 2316:) of the South African 1944:. Examples include the 1495:promises to wed someone 1340:Jean Leon Gerome Ferris 621:The Journal of Religion 242:Theories about religion 32:Ritual (disambiguation) 9963:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7939:Erzyan native religion 7788:Unitarian Universalism 7148:Native American Church 5911:Oneness Pentecostalism 5029:Environmental Politics 4910:Durkheim, E. (1965 ). 4901:Douglas, Mary. (1966) 4869:Buc, Philippe. (2001) 4008:Douglas, Mary (1973). 3962:Gluckman, Max (1963). 3905:Leach, Edmund (1954). 3180:(Brill, 1998), p. 278. 3131:Brown, Donald (1991). 3048:"Definition of RITUAL" 2767:Christian denomination 2748: 2706:religious denomination 2680:Religious perspectives 2589:Safet HadžiMuhamedović 2564: 2541: 2495: 2441: 2262:gift exchanges of pigs 2225: 2187: 2158: 2099: 1889: 1847: 1828:Chinese lunar New Year 1787: 1545:to another, including 1528: 1418: 1407: 1347: 1315: 1310:The use of Latin in a 1246:may be related to the 667:Alaska Native religion 662:Afro-American religion 257:Veneration of the dead 57: 10283:Saint Kitts and Nevis 9580:São Tomé and Príncipe 9440:Republic of the Congo 7636:Aboriginal Australian 6263:Chinese folk religion 4987:Malinowski, Bronisław 4885:Cultural Anthropology 4878:Early Medieval Europe 3705:The Naked Ape Trilogy 3066:Turner, Victor Witter 2963: – type of dance 2877:List of Masonic rites 2846:and show us our rites 2759:anointing of the sick 2742: 2684:Further information: 2659:Further information: 2550: 2527: 2490: 2473:traditional authority 2425: 2223: 2185: 2152: 2097: 1992:, a rite of passage ( 1914:Further information: 1884: 1841: 1779: 1757:in Hinduism, and the 1694:Further information: 1639:Further information: 1507: 1491:pledges of allegiance 1413: 1405: 1334: 1309: 1255:("visible order)" in 1068:cultural anthropology 687:Chinese folk religion 579:Anthony F. C. Wallace 574:Daniel Martin Varisco 499:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 401:of the Religious Life 44: 36:Rite (disambiguation) 10588:Cultural conventions 9905:United Arab Emirates 8691:Religious experience 8060:Historical religions 7062:Four Mothers Society 6420:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 5752:Schwenkfelder Church 5093:Greek Ritual Poetics 5043:Current Anthropology 4953:The Rites of Passage 4907:. London: Routledge. 4777:Current Anthropology 4568:Q2:158 Study notes, 4066:Kuper, Adam (1983). 3295:on November 14, 2013 2985:Processional walkway 2981: – Art movement 2771:liturgical tradition 2715:as practiced by the 2177:A.R. Radcliffe-Brown 2173:Bronislaw Malinowski 2167:Nineteenth century " 2083:Ordo Templi Orientis 2002:Church of All Worlds 722:Shamanism in Siberia 569:Edward Burnett Tylor 399:The Elementary Forms 167:Magic (supernatural) 117:Comparative religion 30:For other uses, see 10298:Trinidad and Tobago 10193:Antigua and Barbuda 9361:Religion by country 8417:Cult of Magna Mater 6890:Philippine Dayawism 6471:Nimbarka Sampradaya 6219:Chinese Manichaeism 5891:Jehovah's Witnesses 5696:Proto-Protestantism 4938:. New York: Norton. 4926:Sociological Theory 4385:www.eskieserler.com 3692:Man and his Symbols 3082:1973Sci...179.1100T 3076:(4078): 1100–1105. 3052:merriam-webster.com 3009:Symbolic boundaries 2994:Religious symbolism 2835:pilgrimage in Islam 2753:Rite (Christianity) 2393:In his analysis of 2340:Claude Lévi-Strauss 2244:social interactions 1964:ritual ablution or 1942:ritual purification 1797:Liturgical calendar 1649:Ritual purification 1635:Rites of affliction 1370:invented traditions 1338:, oil on canvas by 1234:was the proven way 1163:" may be termed as 1145:oaths of allegiance 904:Hindu denominations 845:Ethiopian Orthodoxy 614:The Hibbert Journal 524:Claude Lévi-Strauss 509:Fustel de Coulanges 63:Part of a series on 10233:Dominican Republic 9279:Abrahamic prophets 8368:Proto-Indo-Iranian 6863:Aliran Kepercayaan 6066:Non-denominational 5988:Modernist Salafism 5674:Oriental Orthodoxy 5287:Luminous gemstones 5182:Personal narrative 5078:Philologie im Netz 5049:Smith, Jonathan Z. 4949:Gennep, Arnold van 4549:2021-09-22 at the 4526:2021-03-04 at the 4424:2011-07-17 at the 4376:Küçükcan, Talip*. 4331:2022-11-18 at the 3288:The Patriot Ledger 3025:The Rite of Spring 2827:fasting in Ramadan 2749: 2496: 2283:irrigation systems 2275:intricate calendar 2271:J. Stephen Lansing 2226: 2188: 2159: 2100: 1916:Water and religion 1890: 1887:Carnival of Venice 1885:Masquerade at the 1848: 1812:agricultural cycle 1788: 1717:. You can help by 1416:love it or leave.' 1408: 1348: 1316: 1141:purification rites 958:Non-denominational 870:Oriental Orthodoxy 424:Poles in mythology 157:Laying on of hands 58: 52:or fire ritual in 10503: 10502: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10466: 9455:Equatorial Guinea 9351: 9350: 9347: 9346: 8885:Cognitive science 8504: 8503: 8437:Mysteries of Isis 8049: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8040: 7793:White Brotherhood 7659: 7658: 7624: 7623: 7067:Keetoowah Society 6924:Sundanese Wiwitan 6741: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6466:Brahma Sampradaya 6428: 6427: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6209:Assianism/Uatsdin 6127: 6126: 5896:British Israelism 5882:Nontrinitarianism 5845:Plymouth Brethren 5840:Nondenominational 5774:Congregationalism 5662:Eastern Orthodoxy 5610:Reconstructionist 5474: 5473: 5018:Rappaport, Roy A. 4850:978-2-296-54445-1 4812:Library resources 4764:Turner, Victor W. 4748:Turner, Victor W. 4611:978-90-04-21833-8 4573:. San Francisco: 4502:. San Francisco: 4477:. San Francisco: 4455:. San Francisco: 4434:978-0-8130-3378-5 4399:Glock, Charles Y. 4238:, pp. 58–60. 4226:, pp. 56–57. 3805:978-0-367-34986-8 3780:978-1-80073-219-3 3526:, pp. 20–21. 2987: – Structure 2920:Behavioral script 2815:Quranic chapter 2 2765:depending on the 2587:, anthropologist 2546:Foucauldian sense 2363:Arnold van Gennep 2216:As social control 2090:Political rituals 1932:custom that uses 1899:slaughter of pigs 1801:Wheel of the Year 1745:in Christianity, 1735: 1734: 1583:Arnold van Gennep 1292:, and much more. 1205:derives from the 1201:The English word 1151:and presidential 1102: 1101: 890:Russian Orthodoxy 840:Eastern Orthodoxy 489:Arnold van Gennep 408:Purity and Danger 16:(Redirected from 10595: 10568: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10534: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10514: 10493: 10483: 10482: 10361:Papua New Guinea 10336:Marshall Islands 10163:Northern Ireland 9368: 9367: 9357: 9356: 9241:Secular theology 9236:Secular humanism 8521: 8520: 8510: 8509: 8385:Ancestral Pueblo 8055: 8054: 7674: 7673: 7351: 7350: 6752: 6751: 6508:Shaiva Siddhanta 6439: 6438: 6372:Korean shamanism 6251: 6250: 6242: 6241: 6138: 6137: 6051:Mahdawi movement 5921:Swedenborgianism 5901:Christadelphians 5547: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5529: 5528: 5516: 5515: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5417:Folklore studies 5132:genres and types 5123: 5116: 5109: 5100: 5099: 4800: 4771: 4759: 4757: 4743: 4734: 4695: 4683: 4672: 4670: 4661:Geertz, Clifford 4656: 4654: 4643: 4631:Cited literature 4624: 4623: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4560: 4554: 4537: 4531: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4492: 4483: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4442: 4436: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4106: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4073: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4042: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3854: 3848: 3838: 3832: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3746: 3740: 3730: 3724: 3714: 3708: 3703:Desmond Morris, 3701: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3623: 3617: 3607: 3601: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3570: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3439: 3433: 3423: 3417: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3379:"On Key Symbols" 3374: 3368: 3358: 3352: 3342: 3336: 3326: 3320: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3279: 3273: 3263: 3257: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3133:Human Universals 3128: 3122: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3044: 3018:Taiping Qingjiao 3014: 2999: 2990: 2975: 2966: 2795:Eastern Catholic 2791:Eastern Lutheran 2787:Eastern Orthodox 2562: 2553:representations. 2539: 2439: 2395:rites of passage 2266:Papua New Guinea 2246:, maintaining a 2193:George C. Homans 1982:Christian Church 1968:before prayer; 1897:by Muslims; the 1751:in Judaism, the 1730: 1727: 1708: 1700: 1627:3. Incorporation 1537:Rites of passage 1531:Rites of passage 1526: 1516: 1512: 1454:rites of passage 1398:Sacral symbolism 1139:, atonement and 1137:rites of passage 1094: 1087: 1080: 835:Coptic Orthodoxy 549:Marshall Sahlins 391:Related articles 79: 60: 59: 21: 10603: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10561: 10556: 10554: 10544: 10539: 10537: 10533:from Wiktionary 10527: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10513:sister projects 10510:at Knowledge's 10504: 10499: 10463: 10390: 10371:Solomon Islands 10307: 10179: 10083:North Macedonia 9924: 9649: 9362: 9343: 9304:Mass gatherings 9272: 9267: 9260: 9199: 9194: 9185: 9119:Religiocentrism 9099:National church 8967: 8964: 8956: 8871: 8864: 8801: 8723:Bodies of water 8515: 8500: 8285:Jamaican Maroon 8062: 8037: 7974: 7804: 7797: 7668: 7666: 7655: 7620: 7594:Trinidad Orisha 7379: 7372: 7345: 7338: 7265: 7228: 7219:Washat Dreamers 6935: 6928: 6824: 6806: 6733: 6707:Srilankan Vedda 6658: 6586: 6461:Sri Vaishnavism 6424: 6386: 6358: 6316: 6223: 6197: 6164: 6123: 6077: 6002:Twelver Shi'ism 5944: 5806:Neo-charismatic 5779:Presbyterianism 5631: 5523: 5510: 5505: 5475: 5470: 5405: 5369: 5345:Folk instrument 5316: 5297:Old wives' tale 5282:Legend tripping 5246: 5191: 5133: 5127: 5031:14 (3): 380–402 4918:Etzioni, Amitai 4837: 4836: 4835: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4806:Further reading 4803: 4692: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4612: 4586: 4582: 4570:The Study Quran 4561: 4557: 4551:Wayback Machine 4538: 4534: 4528:Wayback Machine 4515: 4511: 4493: 4486: 4468: 4464: 4452:The Study Quran 4446:Lumbard, Joseph 4443: 4439: 4426:Wayback Machine 4414: 4410: 4396: 4392: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4339: 4333:Wayback Machine 4322: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4285: 4281: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4195: 4191: 4160: 4156: 4145: 4141: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4064: 4060: 4049: 4045: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4006: 4002: 3990: 3986: 3975: 3971: 3960: 3956: 3941: 3937: 3918: 3914: 3903: 3899: 3888: 3884: 3855: 3851: 3839: 3835: 3823: 3816: 3806: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3765: 3758: 3747: 3743: 3731: 3727: 3715: 3711: 3702: 3698: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3662: 3658: 3647: 3643: 3624: 3620: 3608: 3604: 3592: 3588: 3577: 3573: 3561: 3557: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3455: 3451: 3440: 3436: 3424: 3420: 3408: 3404: 3375: 3371: 3359: 3355: 3343: 3339: 3327: 3323: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3296: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3264: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3226:Tolbert (1990b) 3224: 3220: 3214:Tolbert (1990a) 3212: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3144: 3140: 3129: 3125: 3113: 3109: 3063: 3059: 3054:. 9 April 2024. 3046: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3012: 2997: 2988: 2973: 2964: 2926:Builders' rites 2915: 2879: 2871:Main articles: 2869: 2856:Ṣafā and Marwah 2848:- these rites ( 2821:); pilgrimage ( 2803: 2755: 2737: 2688: 2686:Myth and ritual 2682: 2663: 2657: 2628: 2615: 2609: 2597:St Elijah's Day 2593:St George's Day 2569: 2563: 2557: 2540: 2534: 2522:Evans-Pritchard 2485: 2457: 2444:Clifford Geertz 2440: 2431: 2424: 2415: 2391: 2385: 2373:Natural Symbols 2356: 2337: 2331: 2297:anthropologist 2291: 2273:traced how the 2232: 2218: 2165: 2147: 2142: 2136: 2104:Clifford Geertz 2092: 2087: 2086: 2042: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2021:Fertility rites 2018: 2010: 2008:Fertility rites 2004:waterkin rite. 1976:, a custom and 1926: 1924:Water Communion 1912: 1901:in New Guinea; 1879: 1836: 1803: 1793: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1715:needs expansion 1709: 1698: 1692: 1651: 1637: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1522: 1476:fertility rites 1447: 1438: 1400: 1391: 1389:Rule-governance 1379: 1365:Terrence Ranger 1329: 1320:anthropologists 1304: 1265: 1263:Characteristics 1199: 1098: 1058: 1057: 850:Greek Orthodoxy 830:Catholic Church 646: 645: 634: 633: 594: 593: 584: 583: 559:Stanley Tambiah 514:Clifford Geertz 469:Joseph Campbell 454:Augustin Calmet 449: 448: 447:Major theorists 439: 438: 414:Myth and ritual 400: 393: 392: 383: 382: 288: 272: 271: 262: 261: 212:Sacred language 202:Rite of passage 127:Divine language 92: 91: 82: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10601: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10570: 10569: 10567:from Wikiquote 10552: 10535: 10506: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10487: 10476: 10473: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10400: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10317: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10189: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10153:United Kingdom 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9934: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9364: 9363: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9275: 9273: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9246:Secularization 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9226:Deconstruction 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9202: 9200: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9074:Fundamentalism 9071: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8981: 8976: 8970: 8968: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8876: 8874: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8811: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8552: 8550:Call to prayer 8547: 8542: 8537: 8535:Disaffiliation 8527: 8525: 8517: 8516: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8338: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8304: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8228:Greco-Buddhism 8225: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8188: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7809: 7807: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7680: 7678: 7671: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7589:Tambor de Mina 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7366:Guanche church 7357: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7271:Tibeto-Burmese 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7165: 7160: 7158:Nuu-chah-nulth 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7084:Muscogee Creek 7081: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6919:Sumbese Marapu 6916: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6840: 6838:Batak Parmalim 6834: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6760: 6758: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6447: 6445: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6326: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6248: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 6146: 6144: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6026: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5887:Bible Students 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5857:Restorationism 5854: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5813:Evangelicalism 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5724: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5535: 5525: 5524: 5512: 5511: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5441: 5436: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5360:Folk wrestling 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5205:Folk etymology 5201: 5199: 5197:Oral tradition 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5126: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5081:(2011): 70–87. 5073: 5066: 5056: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4946: 4939: 4929: 4915: 4908: 4899: 4892: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4789:10.1086/507195 4783:(6): 891–914. 4772: 4760: 4744: 4735: 4715:10.2307/767933 4696: 4690: 4673: 4657: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4610: 4580: 4566:(April 2015). 4555: 4532: 4509: 4498:(April 2015). 4484: 4473:(April 2015). 4462: 4450:Introduction, 4448:(April 2015). 4437: 4408: 4390: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4337: 4316: 4303: 4294: 4279: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4189: 4154: 4139: 4124: 4117: 4091: 4084: 4058: 4043: 4027: 4015: 4000: 3984: 3969: 3954: 3935: 3912: 3897: 3882: 3849: 3833: 3814: 3804: 3786: 3779: 3756: 3741: 3725: 3709: 3696: 3683: 3676: 3656: 3641: 3618: 3602: 3586: 3571: 3555: 3528: 3516: 3514:, p. 9ff. 3504: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3449: 3444:Secular Ritual 3434: 3418: 3402: 3369: 3353: 3337: 3321: 3305: 3274: 3258: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3191: 3182: 3169: 3153: 3138: 3123: 3107: 3057: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3021: 3015: 3006: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2868: 2865: 2802: 2799: 2779:Byzantine Rite 2751:Main article: 2736: 2733: 2681: 2678: 2656: 2653: 2627: 2624: 2619:Catherine Bell 2611:Main article: 2608: 2605: 2568: 2565: 2555: 2532: 2515:inward meaning 2484: 2481: 2456: 2453: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2387:Main article: 2384: 2381: 2355: 2352: 2333:Main article: 2330: 2327: 2290: 2287: 2279:Hindu Balinese 2230:social control 2217: 2214: 2208:of action but 2161:Main article: 2146: 2143: 2135: 2132: 2108:Balinese state 2091: 2088: 2069:marriage rites 2059:instincts for 2045:Sexual rituals 2043: 2035: 2033: 2032:Sexual rituals 2030: 2019: 2015:Fertility rite 2011: 2009: 2006: 1911: 1908: 1878: 1875: 1860:Catherine Bell 1835: 1832: 1824:New Year's Day 1820:lunar calendar 1792: 1789: 1733: 1732: 1712: 1710: 1703: 1691: 1688: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1610:or of liminal 1596: 1593: 1590: 1535:Main article: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1499: 1498: 1483: 1457: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1382:Catherine Bell 1378: 1375: 1344:Plains Indians 1328: 1327:Traditionalism 1325: 1303: 1300: 1296:Catherine Bell 1264: 1261: 1257:Vedic religion 1198: 1195: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 993: 992: 986: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 939: 938: 932: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 900: 899: 893: 892: 887: 882: 877: 875:Pentecostalism 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 801: 800: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 747: 746: 740: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 658: 657: 655:folk religions 647: 641: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 595: 591: 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 479:Émile Durkheim 476: 471: 466: 461: 459:Akbar S. Ahmed 456: 450: 446: 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 434:Elite religion 431: 429:Lived religion 426: 421: 416: 411: 404: 394: 390: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 375: 370: 364: 363: 359: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 302: 301: 297: 296: 291: 284: 278: 277: 273: 269: 268: 267: 264: 263: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 90:Basic concepts 89: 88: 87: 84: 83: 80: 72: 71: 65: 64: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10600: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10566: 10565: 10553: 10549: 10548: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10509: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10486: 10478: 10477: 10474: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10396:South America 10393: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10303:United States 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10185:North America 10182: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10043:Liechtenstein 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9495:Guinea-Bissau 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9358: 9354: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9319:Organizations 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9263: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9144:Vegetarianism 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9089:Homosexuality 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8959: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8910:Neurotheology 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8604:Folk religion 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8507: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8427:Imperial cult 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8056: 8052: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7991:Discordianism 7989: 7987: 7986:Anthroposophy 7984: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7934:Mari religion 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7771:Neo-Theosophy 7769: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7709:New Acropolis 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7662: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7375: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354:North African 7352: 7349: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7106:Kwakwakaʼwakw 7104: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6812:Austroasiatic 6809: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6783:Vattisen Yaly 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6702:Kirat Mundhum 6700: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6061:Milah Abraham 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5717:Protestantism 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307:Silver bullet 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5265:Folk religion 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:Nursery rhyme 5220: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4932:Erikson, Erik 4930: 4928:18(1): 44–59. 4927: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4691:9780060439910 4687: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4298: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4268: 4262:, p. 63. 4261: 4256: 4250:, p. 73. 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4214:, p. 64. 4213: 4208: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4118:9780465097197 4114: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4095: 4087: 4085:9780710094094 4081: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4062: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4036: 4035:Turner (1967) 4031: 4025:, p. 96. 4024: 4023:Turner (1969) 4019: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3993: 3992:Turner (1967) 3988: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3939: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3916: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3877: 3872: 3869:(2): 164–72. 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3718: 3717:Geertz (1980) 3713: 3706: 3700: 3694:(1978) p. 264 3693: 3687: 3679: 3677:9789027272539 3673: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3524:Turner (1969) 3520: 3513: 3512:Turner (1967) 3508: 3501: 3500:Turner (1973) 3496: 3494: 3487:, p. 97. 3486: 3485:Turner (1969) 3481: 3475:, p. 95. 3474: 3473:Turner (1969) 3469: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3202: 3195: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2903:Scottish Rite 2900: 2899:North America 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807:daily prayers 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2674:Charles Glock 2670: 2668: 2667:Mervin Verbit 2662: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2613:Ritualization 2607:Ritualization 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2560: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2469:performatives 2465: 2464:Maurice Bloch 2461: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2438: 2434: 2433:Geertz (1980) 2428: 2419: 2413:Social dramas 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2377:section below 2374: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2359:Victor Turner 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2335:Structuralism 2329:Structuralism 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2304:Victor Turner 2300: 2296: 2295:functionalist 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:Roy Rappaport 2254: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236:functionalist 2231: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2156: 2155:Catholic Mass 2151: 2145:Functionalism 2141: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2116:parliamentary 2113: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055:rituals from 2054: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2039:Sexual ritual 2026: 2022: 2016: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986:Amrit Sanskar 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1883: 1874: 1872: 1869:According to 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1846:in Bangladesh 1845: 1840: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1798: 1786: 1785:Codex Mendoza 1782: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1760:antam sanskar 1756: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1729: 1720: 1716: 1713:This section 1711: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:Victor Turner 1597: 1595:2. Transition 1594: 1591: 1589:1. Separation 1588: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:coming of age 1552: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1525: 1524:Turner (1973) 1519: 1506: 1504: 1503:Victor Turner 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1442: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1395: 1386: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1361:Eric Hobsbawm 1357: 1353: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1321: 1313: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222:)". In Roman 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153:inaugurations 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 991: 988: 987: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 937: 934: 933: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 898: 895: 894: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 880:Protestantism 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 799: 796: 795: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 745: 742: 741: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 659: 656: 652: 649: 648: 644: 638: 637: 630: 629: 625: 623: 622: 618: 616: 615: 611: 609: 608: 604: 602: 601: 597: 596: 588: 587: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 564:Victor Turner 562: 560: 557: 555: 554:Melford Spiro 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 539:Roy Rappaport 537: 535: 534:Steven Ozment 532: 530: 529:Robert Marett 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 484:Mircea Eliade 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 443: 442: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409: 405: 403: 402: 396: 395: 387: 386: 379: 378:Handsome Lake 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 361: 360: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 299: 298: 295: 292: 290: 285: 283: 280: 279: 275: 274: 266: 265: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 86: 85: 78: 74: 73: 70: 67: 66: 62: 61: 55: 51: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 18:Ritual action 10562: 10550:from Commons 10545: 10528: 10507: 9900:Turkmenistan 9860:Saudi Arabia 9605:South Africa 9595:Sierra Leone 9400:Burkina Faso 9309:Names of God 9256:Unaffiliated 9211:Antireligion 9067:Universalism 9015:Assimilation 8880:Anthropology 8755:Supernatural 8750:Spirituality 8718:Sacred space 8706:Purification 8695: 8579:Denomination 8533: / 8341:Paleo-Balkan 8307:Mesopotamian 8142:Cook Islands 8113:Old Prussian 8026:UFO religion 7965: 7961:Zalmoxianism 7889:Neoshamanism 7746:Spiritualism 7629:Other ethnic 7518: 7344:Traditional 7304:Bongthingism 7173:Acoma Pueblo 7121:Mesoamerican 6830:Austronesian 6651: 6647:Neo-Buddhism 6579: 6575:Neo-Hinduism 6496:Swaminarayan 6334: 6283:Salvationist 6268:Confucianism 6119:Samaritanism 6089:Ali-Illahism 6070: 5937: 5931:Unitarianism 5872:Old Catholic 5679:Nestorianism 5637:Christianity 5624: 5590:Conservative 5439:Storytelling 5431: 5381:Cunning folk 5312:Weather lore 5301: 5187:Urban legend 5092: 5085: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5059:Staal, Frits 5052: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4942: 4935: 4925: 4911: 4902: 4895: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4841: 4816: 4780: 4776: 4767: 4753: 4739: 4706: 4700: 4679: 4666: 4650: 4639: 4589: 4583: 4567: 4564:Dagli, Caner 4558: 4535: 4512: 4499: 4496:Dagli, Caner 4474: 4471:Dagli, Caner 4465: 4449: 4440: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4340: 4319: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4282: 4273: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4170:(1): 55–84. 4167: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4133: 4127: 4102: 4094: 4069: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4030: 4018: 4009: 4003: 3987: 3978: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3946: 3938: 3923: 3915: 3906: 3900: 3891: 3885: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3836: 3809: 3795: 3789: 3769: 3750: 3744: 3728: 3712: 3704: 3699: 3691: 3686: 3666: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3629: 3621: 3605: 3589: 3580: 3574: 3558: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3480: 3468: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3421: 3405: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3356: 3340: 3324: 3308: 3297:. 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9698:Cambodia 9645:Zimbabwe 9620:Tanzania 9470:Ethiopia 9465:Eswatini 9445:Djibouti 9410:Cameroon 9395:Botswana 9339:Timeline 9334:Scholars 9294:Founders 9154:Violence 9109:Politics 8979:Business 8942:Theology 8686:Prophecy 8676:Paganism 8564:Covenant 8531:Apostasy 8466:Scythian 8407:Rapa Nui 8361:Thracian 8356:Illyrian 8346:Albanian 8317:Sumerian 8275:Illinois 8255:Harappan 8206:Frankish 8191:Germanic 8186:Georgian 8179:Selk'nam 8164:Etruscan 8152:Egyptian 8130:Druidism 8093:Armenian 8016:Satanism 7996:Eckankar 7919:Estonian 7904:Romanian 7894:Ossetian 7874:Germanic 7823:Armenian 7812:African 7805:paganism 7734:Sant Mat 7724:Rajneesh 7699:Meivazhi 7694:Japanese 7651:Siberian 7584:Santería 7554:Convince 7420:Bushongo 7324:Kiratism 7251:Hmongism 7200:Wocekiye 7101:Jivaroan 7057:Cherokee 7052:Iroquois 7047:Ho-Chunk 6936:American 6907:Hawaiian 6820:Sarnaism 6790:Tungusic 6778:Tengrism 6768:Mongolic 6697:Sarnaism 6628:Nichiren 6605:Mahayana 6592:Buddhism 6570:Sant Mat 6560:Sauraism 6555:Smartism 6550:Shaktism 6543:Balinese 6528:Kaumaram 6523:Kapalika 6518:Kashmiri 6503:Shaivism 6443:Hinduism 6410:Caodaism 6354:Ryukyuan 6349:Tenrikyo 6344:Shugendō 6322:Japanese 6193:Yazidism 6178:Ishikism 6056:Quranism 6029:Khawarij 5978:Salafism 5973:Atharism 5862:Esoteric 5833:Holiness 5823:Lutheran 5784:Reformed 5764:Baptists 5737:Brethren 5701:Hussites 5689:Assyrian 5605:Haymanot 5559:Orthodox 5508:Religion 5454:Medicine 5410:See also 5386:Fakelore 5365:Foodways 5330:Folk art 5130:Folklore 4797:11691889 4766:(1969). 4750:(1967). 4663:(1980). 4547:Archived 4524:Archived 4422:Archived 4329:Archived 3723:–17, 21. 3098:17788268 2961:Nabichum 2913:See also 2692:religion 2556:— 2533:— 2430:— 2308:Carnival 2140:Ritology 2118:bodies. 1903:Carnival 1754:antyesti 1645:Exorcism 1613:personae 1571:marriage 1547:adoption 1521:— 1505:writes: 1356:ceremony 1248:Sanskrit 1110:gestures 1022:Orthodox 1012:Haymanot 953:Mahdavia 919:Smartism 914:Shaktism 909:Shaivism 897:Hinduism 820:Baptists 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