304:
573:
762:
524:
968:
589:
1927:
1196:) who can distinguish three primary colors). Dichromats usually know they have a color vision problem, and it can affect their daily lives. Dichromacy in humans includes protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia. Out of the male population, 2% have severe difficulties distinguishing between red, orange, yellow, and green (orange and yellow are different combinations of red and green light). Colors in this range, which appear very different to a normal viewer, appear to a dichromat to be the same or a similar color. The terms protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia come from Greek, and respectively mean "inability to see (
1981:. Males have only one X chromosome (XY), and females have two (XX); Because the male only has one of each gene, if it is affected, the male will be color blind. Because a female has two alleles of each gene (one on each chromosome), if only one gene is affected, the dominant normal alleles will "override" the affected, recessive allele and the female will have normal color vision. However, if the female has two mutated alleles, she will still be color blind. This is why there is a disproportionate prevalence of color blindness, with ~8% of males exhibiting color blindness and ~0.5% of females.
1042:
2874:, and others) and specialized tests oriented specifically to the needs of aviation. If an applicant fails the standard tests, they will receive a restriction on their medical certificate that states: "Not valid for night flying or by color signal control". They may apply to the FAA to take a specialized test, administered by the FAA. Typically, this test is the "color vision light gun test". For this test an FAA inspector will meet the pilot at an airport with an operating control tower. The color
368:
613:
2862:
night flying and no flying by color signals—such a restriction effectively prevents a pilot from holding certain flying occupations, such as that of an airline pilot, although commercial pilot certification is still possible, and there are a few flying occupations that do not require night flight and thus are still available to those with restrictions due to color blindness (e.g., agricultural aviation). The government allows several types of tests, including medical standard tests (
1998:
of OPN1SW that degrade the performance of the S-cones. The OPN1SW gene is almost invariant in the human population. Congenital tritan defects are often progressive, with nearly normal trichromatic vision in childhood (e.g. mild tritanomaly) progressing to dichromacy (tritanopia) as the S-cones slowly die. Tritanomaly and tritanopia are therefore different penetrance of the same disease, and some sources have argued that tritanomaly therefore be referred to as incomplete tritanopia.
352:
316:
9492:
328:
340:
1843:
1078:
9502:
8866:
2546:
2172:
64:
2209:, project small colored lights to a subject, who is required to identify the color of the lights. The colors are those of typical signal lights, i.e. red, green, and yellow, which also happen to be colors of confusion of red–green CVD. Lanterns do not diagnose color blindness, but they are occupational screening tests to ensure an applicant has sufficient color discrimination to be able to perform a job.
2903:
1290:
1323:. For a protanope, the brightness of red is much reduced compared to normal. This dimming can be so pronounced that reds may be confused with black or dark gray, and red traffic lights may appear to be extinguished. They may learn to distinguish reds from yellows primarily on the basis of their apparent brightness or lightness, not on any perceptible hue difference.
2356:(have no color tint). They improve on the other lens types by causing less distortion of colors and will essentially increase the saturation of some colors. They will only work on trichromats (anomalous or normal), and unlike the other types, do not have a significant effect on Dichromats. The glasses do not significantly increase one's ability on color blind tests.
2644:, a physiologist, investigated and concluded that the color blindness of the engineer (who had died) had caused the crash. Professor Holmgren then created the first test for color vision using multicolored skeins of wool to detect color blindness and thereby exclude the color blind from jobs in the transportation industry
1229:, but the color matches they make differ from normal trichromats. In order to match a given spectral yellow light, protanomalous observers need more red light in a red/green mixture than a normal observer, and deuteranomalous observers need more green. This difference can be measured by an instrument called an
2245:, which compares a mixture of red and green light in variable proportions to a fixed spectral yellow of variable luminosity. The subject must change the two variables until the colors appear to match. They are expensive and require expertise to administer, so they are generally only used in academic settings.
2807:
In April 2003, Romania removed color blindness from its list of disqualifying conditions for learner driver's licenses. It is now qualified as a condition that could potentially compromise driver safety, therefore a driver may have to be evaluated by an authorized ophthalmologist to determine if they
1367:
CVD. Tritan CVD is related to the S-cone and includes tritanomaly (anomalous trichromacy) and tritanopia (dichromacy). Blue–yellow color blindness is much less common than red–green color blindness, and more often has acquired causes than genetic. Tritans have difficulty discerning between bluish and
1220:
Anomalous trichromacy is the mildest type of color deficiency, but the severity ranges from almost dichromacy (strong) to almost normal trichromacy (mild). In fact, many mild anomalous trichromats have very little difficulty carrying out tasks that require normal color vision and some may not even be
1353:
for medium-wavelength sensitive cone cells. Their neutral point is at a slightly longer wavelength, 498 nm, a more greenish hue of cyan. Deutans have the same hue discrimination problems as protans, but without the dimming of long wavelengths. Deuteranopic unilateral dichromats report that with
728:
Some tentative evidence finds that the color blind are better at penetrating certain color camouflages. Such findings may give an evolutionary reason for the high rate of red–green color blindness. There is also a study suggesting that people with some types of color blindness can distinguish colors
4568:
True cases of tritanomaly, as distinct from partial or incomplete tritanopia, have never been satisfactorily documented. Although the separate existence of tritanopia and tritanomaly, with different modes of inheritance, has been postulated, it now seems more likely that tritanomaly does not exist,
2861:
requires that pilots be tested for normal color vision as part of their medical clearance in order to obtain the required medical certificate, a prerequisite to obtaining a pilot's certification. If testing reveals color blindness, the applicant may be issued a license with restrictions, such as no
2387:
Some applications can simulate color blindness by applying a filter to an image or screen that reduces the gamut of an image to that of a specific type of color blindness. While they do not directly help color blind people, they allow those with normal color vision to understand how the color blind
1997:
which encodes the S-opsin protein and follows autosomal dominant inheritance. The cause of blue–yellow color blindness is not analogous to the cause of red–green color blindness, i.e. the peak sensitivity of the S-opsin does not shift to longer wavelengths. Rather, there are 6 known point mutations
1156:
is caused by lack of functionality of L (red) and M (green) cones, and is therefore mediated by the same genes as red–green color blindness (on the X chromosome). Peak spectral sensitivities are in the blue region of the visible spectrum (near 440 nm). People with this condition generally show
1151:
Cone monochromacy is the condition of having only a single class of cone. A cone monochromat can have good pattern vision at normal daylight levels, but will not be able to distinguish hues. Cone monochromacy is divided into classes defined by the single remaining cone class. However, red and green
624:
There are other several features of traffic lights available that help accommodate the color blind. British Rail signals use more easily identifiable colors: The red is blood red, the amber is yellow and the green is a bluish color. Most
British road traffic lights are mounted vertically on a black
2521:
Color blindness affects a large number of individuals, with protans and deutans being the most common types. In individuals with
Northern European ancestry, as many as 8 percent of men and 0.4 percent of women experience congenital color deficiency. Interestingly, even Dalton's first paper already
654:
are a common means of simulating these light sources to determine not necessarily whether someone is color blind, but whether they can functionally distinguish these specific signal colors. Those who cannot pass this test are generally completely restricted from working on aircraft, ships or rail,
2878:
will be shone at the pilot from the tower, and they must identify the color. If they pass they may be issued a waiver, which states that the color vision test is no longer required during medical examinations. They will then receive a new medical certificate with the restriction removed. This was
2328:
to improve discrimination of some colors. However, it can make other colors more difficult to distinguish. A 1981 review of various studies to evaluate the effect of the X-chrom (one brand) contact lens concluded that, while the lens may allow the wearer to achieve a better score on certain color
1269:
CVD. Protan CVD is related to the L-cone and includes protanomaly (anomalous trichromacy) and protanopia (dichromacy). Deutan CVD is related to the M-cone and includes deuteranomaly (anomalous trichromacy) and deuteranopia (dichromacy). The phenotype (visual experience) of deutans and protans is
2746:
Color vision is important for occupations using telephone or computer networking cabling, as the individual wires inside the cables are color-coded using green, orange, brown, blue and white colors. Electronic wiring, transformers, resistors, and capacitors are color-coded as well, using black,
1094:
Based on clinical appearance, color blindness may be described as total or partial. Total color blindness (monochromacy) is much less common than partial color blindness. Partial color blindness includes dichromacy and anomalous trichromacy, but is often clinically defined as mild, moderate or
2853:
on runways, and the like. Some jurisdictions restrict the issuance of pilot credentials to persons with color blindness for this reason. Restrictions may be partial, allowing color-blind persons to obtain certification but with restrictions, or total, in which case color-blind persons are not
2183:
is the test most often used to detect red–green deficiencies and most often recognized by the public. Some tests are clinical in nature, designed to be fast, simple, and effective at identifying broad categories of color blindness. Others focus on precision and are generally available only in
584:
can be difficult for the red–green color blindness. This difficulty includes distinguishing red/amber lights from sodium street lamps, distinguishing green lights (closer to cyan) from normal white lights, and distinguishing red from amber lights, especially when there are no positional clues
2698:
A Brazilian court ruled that the color blind are protected by the Inter-American
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities. At trial, it was decided that the carriers of color blindness have a right of access to wider knowledge, or the full
2557:...there is no reason to suppose a perfect resemblance in the disposition of the Optic Nerve in all Men, since there is an infinite variety in every thing in Nature, and chiefly in those that are Material, 'tis therefore very probable that all Men see not the same Colours in the same Objects.
535:
color tasks associated with selecting or preparing food. Selecting food for ripeness can be difficult; the green–yellow transition of bananas is particularly hard to identify. It can also be difficult to detect bruises, mold, or rot on some foods, to determine when meat is done by color, to
2890:
and the U.S. Federal
Aviation Administration, has established a more accurate assessment of color deficiencies in pilot applicants' red/green and yellow–blue color range which could lead to a 35% reduction in the number of prospective pilots who fail to meet the minimum medical threshold.
242:
for some severe conditions causing color blindness. Minor forms of color blindness do not significantly affect daily life and the color blind automatically develop adaptations and coping mechanisms to compensate for the deficiency. However, diagnosis may allow an individual, or their
672:
is the analysis of color in its use in fashion, to determine personal color combinations that are most aesthetically pleasing. Colors to combine can include clothing, accessories, makeup, hair color, skin color, eye color, etc. Color analysis involves many aesthetic and comparative
303:
1907:
genes, but the mapping of the human genome has shown there are many causative mutations that do not directly affect the opsins. Mutations capable of causing color blindness originate from at least 19 different chromosomes and 56 different genes (as shown online at the
596:
The main coping mechanism to overcome these challenges is to memorize the position of lights. The order of the common triplet traffic light is standardized as red–amber–green from top to bottom or left to right. Cases that deviate from this standard are rare. One such case is a
725:, which may be advantageous when looking for predators, food, or camouflaged objects hidden among foliage. Dichromats tend to learn to use texture and shape clues and so may be able to penetrate camouflage that has been designed to deceive individuals with normal color vision.
1429:
The below table shows the cone complements for different types of human color vision, including those considered color blindness, normal color vision and 'superior' color vision. The cone complement contains the types of cones (or their opsins) expressed by an individual.
296:
The first indication of color blindness generally consists of a person using the wrong color for an object, such as when painting, or calling a color by the wrong name. The colors that are confused are very consistent among people with the same type of color blindness.
1409:. Unlike protans and deutans, the mutation for this color blindness is carried on chromosome 7. Therefore, it is not sex-linked (equally prevalent in both males and females). The OMIM gene code for this mutation is 304000 "Colorblindness, Partial Tritanomaly".
2758:
have discussed the difficulties when color clashes occur, and research undertaken by FIFA has shown that enjoyment and player progression can be hampered by issues distinguishing the difference between the pitch and training objects or field markings.
780:, usually comparative but also sometimes connotative or denotative. However, these tasks are often problematic for the color blind when design of the color code has not followed best practices for accessibility. For example, one of the most ubiquitous
2579:, too, there are striking differences among individuals: and, indeed, I am inclined to suspect, that, in the greater number of instances, the supposed defects of sight in this respect ought to be ascribed rather to a defect in the power of conception.
1128:
In cerebral achromatopsia, a person cannot perceive colors even though the eyes are capable of distinguishing them. Some sources do not consider these to be true color blindness, because the failure is of perception, not of vision. They are forms of
2141:. The cones are not equally prevalent and not evenly distributed in the retina. When the number of one of these cone types is significantly reduced, this can also lead to or contribute to a color vision deficiency. This is one of the causes of
2707:
Color blindness may make it difficult or impossible for a person to engage in certain activities. Persons with color blindness may be legally or practically barred from occupations in which color perception is an essential part of the job
1822:: inherited or congenital/genetic color vision deficiencies are most commonly caused by mutations of the genes encoding opsin proteins. However, several other genes can also lead to less common and/or more severe forms of color blindness.
1139:
is the condition of possessing only a single channel for conveying information about color. Monochromats are unable to distinguish any colors and perceive only variations in brightness. Congenital monochromacy occurs in two primary forms:
2302:, there is currently no FDA approved treatment for any form of CVD, and otherwise no cure for CVD currently exists. Management of the condition by using lenses to alleviate symptoms or smartphone apps to aid with daily tasks is possible.
2632:
first discriminated between protans and deutans (then as class I + II). He was also the first to develop an objective test method, where subjects sorted colored sheets of paper, and was the first to describe a female colorblind subject.
822:
Using other signals that are parallel to the color coding, such as patterns, shapes, size or order. This not only helps the color blind, but also aids understanding by normally sighted people by providing them with multiple reinforcing
1085:
Much terminology has existed and does exist for the classification of color blindness, but the typical classification for color blindness follows the von Kries classifications, which uses severity and affected cone for naming.
2603:, which described "Harris the Shoemaker" and several of his brothers with what would later be described as protanopia. There appear to be no earlier surviving historical mentions of color blindness, despite its prevalence.
2121:
An autopsy of his eye after his death in 1844 showed this to be definitively untrue, though other filters are possible. Actual physiological examples usually affect the blue–yellow opponent channel and are named
292:
A color blind person will have decreased (or no) color discrimination along the red–green axis, blue–yellow axis, or both. However, the vast majority of the color blind are only affected on their red–green axis.
6707:
6692:
6677:
2332:
Tinted glasses (e.g. Pilestone/Colorlite glasses) apply a tint (e.g. magenta) to incoming light that can distort colors in a way that makes some color tasks easier to complete. These glasses can circumvent many
2811:
In June 2020, India relaxed its ban on driver's licenses for the color blind to now only apply to those with strong CVD. While previously restricted, those who test as mild or moderate can now pass the medical
1419:
is the "fourth type" of color blindness, and a type of blue–yellow color blindness. However, its existence is hypothetical and given the molecular basis of human color vision, it is unlikely this type could
2233:
is a simplified version used specifically for screening for CVD. In either case, the subject is asked to arrange a set of colored caps or chips to form a gradual transition of color between two anchor caps.
2107:
I was led to conjecture that one of the humours of my eye must be a transparent, but coloured, medium, so constituted as to absorb red and green rays principally... I suppose it must be the vitreous humor.
2199:) to the color blind but distinguishable to color normals. Pseudoisochromatic plates are used as screening tools because they are cheap, fast, and simple, but they do not provide precise diagnosis of CVD.
6412:
2348:
glasses) filter a narrow band of light that excites both the L and M cones (yellow–green wavelengths). When combined with an additional stopband in the short wavelength (blue) region, these lenses
6381:
2799:. Protans are further disadvantaged due to the darkened perception of reds, which can make it more difficult to quickly recognize brake lights. In response, some countries have refused to grant
5507:
Malebranch's search after truth, or, A treatise of the nature of the humane mind and of its management for avoiding error in the sciences : vol I: done out of French from the last edition
2732:...I consider that to above all others do we owe the present and future control of color-blindness on land and sea, by which life and property are safer, and the risks of travelling less.
1241:
There are two major types of color blindness: difficulty distinguishing between red and green, and difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow. These definitions are based on the
1221:
aware that they have a color vision deficiency. The types of anomalous trichromacy include protanomaly, deuteranomaly and tritanomaly. It is approximately three times more common than
2380:
Some applications will make images easier to interpret by the color blind by enhancing color contrast in natural images and/or information graphics. These methods are generally called
2096:
can also lead to hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, which includes various color defects. Exposure to chemicals such as styrene or organic solvents can also lead to color vision defects.
2845:
Although many aspects of aviation depend on color coding, only a few of them are critical enough to be interfered with by some milder types of color blindness. Some examples include
2652:
888:) when possible. Some denotative tasks can be converted to comparative tasks by depicting the actual color whenever the color name is mentioned; for example, colored typography in "
3838:
2274:
forms that do not have a strongly color deficient phenotype at a young age. However, it can also be used to sequence the L- and M-Opsins on the X-chromosome, since the most common
2214:
1930:
Punnett squares for each combination of parents' color vision status giving probabilities of their offsprings' status; A superscript 'c' denotes a chromosome with an affected gene.
2329:
vision tests, it did not correct color vision in the natural environment. A case history using the X-Chrom lens for a rod monochromat is reported and an X-Chrom manual is online.
5938:"Decree issued by president of a republic ratifying Legislative Decree No. 198, of june 13, which approved the Inter-American Convention AG/RES. 1608 – in Portuguese language"
830:
5247:
2773:
sometimes need to ask the referee for help distinguishing between the red and brown balls due to their color blindness. Both have played foul shots on notable occasions by
2400:
was the first to use such a device in early 2004; the eyeborg allowed him to start painting in color by memorizing the sound corresponding to each color. In 2012, at a
5505:
4811:
Betancur-Sánchez AM, Vásquez-Trespalacios EM, Sardi-Correa C (January 2017). "Impaired colour vision in workers exposed to organic solvents: A systematic review".
4532:
2808:
can drive safely. As of May 2008, there is an ongoing campaign to remove the legal restrictions that prohibit color blind citizens from getting driver's licenses.
3376:
984:
2388:
see the world. Their use can help improve inclusive design by allowing designers to simulate their own images to ensure they are accessible to the color blind.
3989:
911:), using the most common shades of colors. For example, green and yellow are colors of confusion in red–green CVD, but it is not common to mix forest green (
1828:: color blindness that is not present at birth, may be caused by chronic illness, accidents, medication, chemical exposure or simply normal aging processes.
4673:
6404:
864:
2648:. However, there is a claim that there is no firm evidence that color deficiency did cause the collision, or that it might have not been the sole cause.
1148:, where the retina contains no cone cells, so that in addition to the absence of color discrimination, vision in lights of normal intensity is difficult.
6331:
3345:
6377:
2316:
There are three kinds of lenses that an individual can wear that can increase their accuracy in some color related tasks (although none of these will "
375:
Confusion colors are pairs or groups of colors that will often be mistaken by the color blind. Confusion colors for red–green color blindness include:
2195:
and HRR test, embed a figure in the plate as a number of spots surrounded by spots of a slightly different color. These colors must appear identical (
1989:
Congenital blue–yellow color blindness is a much rarer form of color blindness including tritanopia/tritanomaly. These conditions are mediated by the
9118:
1297:
of an individual with normal color vision (left), and a color blind (protanopic) retina. The center of the fovea holds very few blue-sensitive cones.
2099:
Simple colored filters can also create mild color vision deficiencies. John Dalton's original hypothesis for his deuteranopia was actually that the
7926:
3956:
2871:
2030:. Progressive diseases often involve deterioration of the retina and other parts of the eye, so often progress from color blindness to more severe
629:, traffic lights are sometimes differentiated by shape in addition to color: square for red, diamond for yellow, and circle for green (see image).
429:
7323:
5272:
Simon-Liedtke JT, Farup I (February 2016). "Evaluating color vision deficiency daltonization methods using a behavioral visual-search method".
3797:
685:
Inability to distinguish color does not necessarily preclude the ability to become a celebrated artist. The 20th century expressionist painter
6129:
5911:
2611:
1779:
1270:
quite similar. Common colors of confusion include red/brown/green/yellow as well as blue/purple. Both forms are almost always symptomatic of
5356:
3739:
Sousa BR, Loureiro TM, Goulart PR, Cortes MI, Costa MF, Bonci DM, Baran LC, Hauzman E, Ventura DF, Miquilini L, Souza GS (21 October 2020).
2659:). Edridge-Green classified color vision based on how many distinct colors a subject could see in the spectrum. Normal subjects were termed
1921:
1339:
report that with only their protanopic eye open, they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and those longer than it as yellow.
1061:. Several scales are designed with special consideration for the color blind and are widespread in academia, including Cividis, Viridis and
729:
that people with normal color vision are not able to distinguish. In World War II, color blind observers were used to penetrate camouflage.
284:. The effect of color blindness on artistic ability is controversial, but a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind.
7995:
7921:
4585:
4475:
5941:
5191:
2879:
once a
Statement of Demonstrated Ability (SODA), but the SODA was dropped, and converted to a simple waiver (letter) early in the 2000s.
732:
In the presence of chromatic noise, the color blind are more capable of seeing a luminous signal, as long as the chromatic noise appears
4200:
2827:. The stipulation on deutans was revoked in 1997 citing a lack of available test facilities, and the ban on protans was revoked in 2003.
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5967:
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rectangle with a white border (forming a "sighting board"), so that drivers can more easily look for the position of the light. In the
553:
460:, depending on the strength of their CVD. For two colors on a confusion line to be metameric, the chromaticities first have to be made
2815:
Australia instituted a tiered ban on the color blind from obtaining commercial driver's licenses in 1994. This included a ban for all
2226:
650:
also rely heavily on red–green–yellow colors. In both cases, these color combinations can be difficult for the red–green color blind.
2716:
operating vehicles in response to color-coded signals). This occupational safety principle originates from the aftermath of the 1875
183:. The severity of color blindness ranges from mostly unnoticeable to full absence of color perception. Color blindness is usually an
3054:
2755:
776:
are useful tools for designers to convey information. The interpretation of this information requires users to perform a variety of
9269:
6796:
2695:, color vision deficiencies have not been found to constitute a disability that triggers protection from workplace discrimination.
2286:, but this is just a prediction of the phenotype, since color vision can be affected by countless non-genetic factors such as your
2149:
1935:
1271:
192:
31:
2230:
693:, on biographical, gene inheritance and other grounds has been identified as a person with protanopia. 19th century French artist
6935:
2830:
All color blind individuals are banned from obtaining a driver's license in China and since 2016 in Russia (2012 for dichromats).
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863:
Maximizing the area of colors (e.g. increase size, thickness or boldness of colored element) makes the color easier to identify.
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9123:
8488:
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7938:
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6357:
3608:
Morgan MJ, Adam A, Mollon JD (June 1992). "Dichromats detect colour-camouflaged objects that are not detected by trichromats".
2618:. Genetic analysis of Dalton's preserved eyeball confirmed him as having deuteranopia in 1995, some 150 years after his death.
2553:
During the 17th and 18th century, several philosophers hypothesized that not all individuals perceived colors in the same way:
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6025:
6000:
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4017:
1903:
Color blindness is typically an inherited genetic disorder. The most common forms of color blindness are associated with the
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2655:
devised an alternative theory of color vision and color blindness based on Newton's classification of 7 fundamental colors (
2042:
Physical trauma can cause color blindness, either neurologically – brain trauma which produces swelling of the brain in the
7803:
5162:
Zeltzer HI (July 1979). "Use of modified X-Chrom for relief of light dazzlement and color blindness of a rod monochromat".
3717:
834:
572:
6650:
6041:
5373:
Birch J (2012). "Subjects with colour vision deficiency in the community: what do primary care physicians need to know?".
3861:"Optimizing colormaps with consideration for color vision deficiency to enable accurate interpretation of scientific data"
2795:
Red–green color blindness can make it difficult to drive, primarily due to the inability to differentiate red–amber–green
2599:
claims that the first well-circulated case study of color blindness was published in a 1777 letter from Joseph
Huddart to
9335:
7916:
4557:
Sharpe LT, Stockman A, Jägle H, Nathans J (1999). "Opsin genes, cone photopigments, color vision, and color blindness.".
3474:
2928:
2750:
Participation, officiating and viewing sporting events can be impacted by color blindness. Professional football players
2526:...it is remarkable that, out of 25 pupils I once had, to whom I explained this subject, 2 were found to agree with me...
1909:
856:
to ensure the information carried by color is still sufficiently conveyed. At a minimum, the design should be tested for
1938:(Daltonism), which includes protanopia/protanomaly and deuteranopia/deuteranomaly. These conditions are mediated by the
938:
For denotative tasks, using colors that are classically associated with a color name. For example, use "firetruck" red (
646:
in marine and aviation settings employ red and green lights to signal the relative position of other ships or aircraft.
558:
Changes in skin color due to bruising, sunburn, rashes or even blushing are easily missed by the red–green color blind.
7911:
7798:
7365:
6089:
5309:
4540:
1354:
only their deuteranopic eye open, they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and longer than it as yellow.
756:
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7526:
4640:. Random House Reference (First ed.). New York, NY: Random House, for the American Medical Association. p.
3741:"Specificity of the chromatic noise influence on the luminance contrast discrimination to the color vision phenotype"
2850:
2175:
An
Ishihara test image as seen by subjects with normal color vision and by those with a variety of color deficiencies
1890:
1245:
of the partial color blindness. Clinically, it is more common to use a genotypical definition, which describes which
2365:
Many mobile and computer applications have been developed to aid color blind individuals in completing color tasks:
1872:
9280:
7631:
5054:"New Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test norms of normal observers for each year of age 5–22 and for age decades 30–70"
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1864:
239:
17:
3981:
1274:, so affects males disproportionately more than females. This form of color blindness is sometimes referred to as
9505:
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8206:
7724:
7636:
3418:"Colour blindness does not preclude fame as an artist: celebrated Australian artist Clifton Pugh was a protanope"
2858:
2015:
1789:
469:
207:. Rarer genetic conditions causing color blindness include congenital blue–yellow color blindness (tritan type),
5629:
Hunt DM, Dulai KS, Bowmaker JK, Mollon JD (17 February 1995). "The chemistry of John Dalton's color blindness".
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community. However, the light has been criticized due to the potential hazard it poses for color blind drivers.
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1978:
1868:
5964:"Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities"
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3341:
710:
4895:
Hunt D, Dulai K, Bowmaker J, Mollon J (17 February 1995). "The
Chemistry of John Dalton's Color Blindness".
8117:
7808:
7793:
6789:
4240:
1081:
These color charts show how different color blind people see compared to a person with normal color vision.
515:
The following sections describe specific color tasks with which the color blind typically have difficulty.
35:
5915:
3173:"OSHA does not have requirements for normal color vision. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
9143:
8803:
8577:
7005:
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6928:
833:
to ensure there is sufficient brightness contrast between colors. However, this does not account for the
5794:
Mollon JD, Cavonius LR (2012). "The
Lagerlunda collision and the introduction of color vision testing".
5410:"Subjects with colour vision deficiency in the community: what do primary care physicians need to know?"
4156:
Moreland J, Kerr J (1979). "Optimization of a
Rayleigh-type equation for the detection of tritanomaly".
3948:
815:
When possible (e.g. in simple video games or apps), allowing the user to choose their own colors is the
191:
in the retina, which mediate color vision. The most common form is caused by a genetic condition called
9345:
8932:
8481:
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7703:
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7521:
7394:
7382:
7338:
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967:
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3172:
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as they could not discern Indigo. Subjects with superior color vision, who could discern indigo, were
2179:
The main method for diagnosing a color vision deficiency is in testing the color vision directly. The
544:
apple, or to distinguish colors associated with artificial flavors (e.g. jelly beans, sports drinks).
199:
1 in 12 males (8%) and 1 in 200 females (0.5%). The condition is more prevalent in males, because the
9110:
9003:
8661:
8112:
8000:
7906:
7753:
7598:
7399:
7345:
2883:
2396:
was developed to allow the wearer to hear sounds representing different colors. Achromatopsic artist
2148:
Some people are also unable to distinct between blue and green, which appears to be a combination of
1775:
923:). Mistakes by the color blind increase drastically when uncommon shades are used, e.g. neon green (
647:
9320:
9138:
8788:
8521:
7651:
7622:
7246:
7211:
6722:
6119:
4764:"Occupational styrene exposure and acquired dyschromatopsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3952:
3497:
2887:
2721:
2717:
2641:
2637:
1853:
737:
588:
523:
2625:
studied color vision abnormalities in 1798 by asking two young subjects to match pairs of colors.
2053:
Color blindness may also present itself as a symptom of degenerative diseases of the eye, such as
1113:
since there is no ability to see color. Although the term may refer to acquired disorders such as
9372:
9325:
9315:
9310:
9305:
8122:
7876:
7676:
7196:
7189:
6782:
5862:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character
5353:
2725:
2724:
blamed on the color blindness of the engineer and created the first occupational screening test (
2206:
1857:
1279:
784:
color codes is the "red means bad and green means good" or similar systems, based on the classic
651:
351:
5751:
Vingrys AJ, Cole BL (1986). "Origins of colour vision standards within the transport industry".
1973:, and therefore affect males and females disproportionately. Because the color blind 'affected'
315:
9330:
8391:
8361:
8296:
8291:
8018:
7296:
7161:
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Maximizing brightness (value) and saturation (chroma) of the colors to maximize color contrast.
208:
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5188:
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747:) that are discernible to the color blind but unreadable to people with typical color vision.
598:
238:. There is no cure for most causes of color blindness, however there is ongoing research into
9531:
9254:
9009:
8553:
8474:
8334:
8010:
6619:
Dalton J (1798). "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations".
6229:
6203:
5471:
4948:"Environment and culture shape both the colour lexicon and the genetics of colour perception"
4736:
4207:
511:– When colors look nice – or convey an emotional response – but do not carry explicit meaning
486:
Cole describes four color tasks, all of which are impeded to some degree by color blindness:
30:"Colorblind" redirects here. For the disorder that causes most forms of color blindness, see
8728:
7978:
5963:
5102:
4007:
2404:, Harbisson explained how he could now perceive colors outside the ability of human vision.
424:
These colors of confusion are defined quantitatively by straight confusion lines plotted in
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8107:
7693:
7688:
7646:
7461:
7377:
6835:
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4959:
4904:
4121:
Deeb SS (2006). "Genetics of variation in human color vision and the retinal cone mosaic".
3882:
3752:
3671:
3617:
3561:
3390:
3118:
2279:
2058:
2019:
1065:. These comprise a light-to-dark scale superimposed on a yellow-to-blue scale, making them
826:
Using brightness contrast (different shades) in addition to color contrast (different hues)
617:
527:
Simulation of the normal (above) and dichromatic (below) perception of red and green apples
264:
Depending on the jurisdiction, the color blind are ineligible for certain careers, such as
6868:
3550:"Multidimensional scaling reveals a color dimension unique to 'color-deficient' observers"
3076:
1335:. A very few people have been found who have one normal eye and one protanopic eye. These
8:
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445:
92:
6716:
5807:
5210:"Aeromedical implications of the X-chrom lens for improving color vision deficiencies"
5140:
3210:
1045:
Three sequential colormaps that have been designed to be accessible to the color blind
800:, and therefore should be avoided or supplemented with a parallel connotative system (
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9017:
8832:
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8723:
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5996:
5990:
5897:
5877:
5811:
5768:
5730:
5692:
Seebeck A (1837). "Über den bei mancher Personen vorkommenden Mangel an Farbensinn".
5654:
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5477:
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The opponent channels can also be affected by the prevalence of certain cones in the
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132:
80:
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The phenomenon only came to be scientifically studied in 1794, when English chemist
1041:
694:
605:, which is upside-down (green–amber–red top to bottom) due to the sentiments of its
371:
Confusion lines for the three types of dichromacy superimposed on CIEXYZ color space
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in Sweden brought color blindness to the forefront. Following the crash, Professor
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and peak wavelengths. A subject's color vision can therefore be classified through
1328:
1324:
945:
643:
505:– When identifying colors, for example by name, such as "where is the yellow ball?"
457:
6805:
6774:
5248:"A Scientist Accidentally Developed Sunglasses That Could Correct Color Blindness"
4723:
Description, user reviews, drug side effects, interactions–prescribing information
4050:
2076:
of prescription drug use. For example, red–green color blindness can be caused by
1926:
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9435:
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9395:
9297:
9133:
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8903:
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5195:
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problem or variation in the functionality of one or more of the three classes of
5285:
4824:
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2747:
brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, gray, white, silver, and gold.
1319:
for comparison)—that is, they cannot discriminate light of this wavelength from
761:
227:, or from medication toxicity. Color vision also naturally degrades in old age.
9495:
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9405:
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7184:
7118:
7108:
6647:
5529:
4971:
3839:"14 Avoiding the Use of Color Alone to Convey Meaning and Algorithms That Help"
3764:
3197:
Marmor MF, Lanthony P (March 2001). "The dilemma of color deficiency and art".
2796:
2751:
2629:
2584:
2401:
2397:
2287:
2138:
2131:
2100:
2011:
1390:
1381:
or short-wavelength sensitive cone cells. Tritans see short-wavelength colors (
1332:
1316:
1130:
865:
Color contrast improves as the angle the color subtends on the retina increases
769:, to ensure that no information is lost to the various forms of color blindness
744:
669:
626:
606:
273:
265:
6738:
6701:
5426:
5409:
4134:
3574:
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2377:) of a color on screen or the color of an object by using the device's camera.
2046:– or retinally, either acute (e.g. from laser exposure) or chronic (e.g. from
701:
rather than painting after he was diagnosed as having a red–green deficiency.
576:
The lack of standard positional clues makes this light difficult to interpret.
367:
9520:
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8753:
8693:
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8600:
8506:
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7883:
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7708:
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7481:
7409:
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7123:
7028:
6895:
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6817:
6809:
6592:
6457:
5881:
5587:
4979:
4505:[Color vision test for detection and evaluation of dyschromatopsia].
4232:
3823:
3522:
Simonite T (5 December 2005). "Colour blindness may have hidden advantages".
2993:
2938:
2916:
2867:
2241:
are typically designed to detect red–green deficiencies and are based on the
2007:
1955:
1805:
1406:
1233:, where red and green lights are mixed by a subject to match a yellow light.
1189:
1166:
1145:
1118:
835:
different perceptions of brightness to different varieties of color blindness
612:
581:
235:
212:
85:
6913:
6565:
6538:
6511:
6484:
6332:"Do color blindmen a driver's license. Color blindmen allowed to drive cars"
6097:
5650:
5579:
5386:
4916:
4863:
3299:
3282:
2712:
mixing paint colors), or in which color perception is important for safety (
1950:. An 'affected' gene is either missing (as in Protanopia and Deuteranopia -
1311:
for long-wavelength sensitive cone cells. Protans have a neutral point at a
1173:(nearsightedness). Visual acuity usually falls to the 20/50 to 20/400 range.
878:
9215:
9178:
9171:
8977:
8960:
8952:
8893:
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8748:
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6181:
5873:
5842:
5815:
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5603:
5394:
5087:
5069:
5038:
5029:
5012:
4997:
4881:
4832:
4797:
4502:
4461:, edited by Jacqueline L. Longe, 4th ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2018, pp. 890–892.
4427:
4347:
4290:
4142:
4107:
3914:
3782:
3629:
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3443:
3267:
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1994:
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1136:
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686:
541:
441:
418:
382:
281:
269:
204:
176:
98:
75:
plate. Viewers with normal color vision should clearly see the number "74".
5772:
5658:
5564:"The G. Palmer Story (Or, "What It's Like, Sometimes, To Be A Scientist")"
5449:"Extraordinary Facts relating to the Vision of Colours: With Observations"
5209:
5148:
4924:
4518:
4058:
3637:
3001:
2985:
2549:
An 1895 illustration of normal vision and various kinds of color blindness
1152:
cone monochromats have not been definitively described in the literature.
811:
Good practices to ensure design is accessible to the color blind include:
215:. Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the
9352:
9210:
8987:
8982:
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8781:
8686:
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5294:
5225:
5175:
4177:
4098:
4081:
3531:
3249:
3131:
3106:
2770:
2691:
In the United States, under federal anti-discrimination laws such as the
2607:
2374:
2254:
While genetic testing cannot directly evaluate a subject's color vision (
2073:
2006:
Several inherited diseases are known to cause color blindness, including
1970:
1226:
1193:
1162:
277:
220:
148:
5595:
5563:
4706:
2776:
2616:
Extraordinary Facts relating to the Vision of Colours: With Observations
2533:
Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations
2114:
Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations
2026:
or commence in childhood or adulthood. They can be static/stationary or
1368:
greenish hues. Tritans have a neutral point at 571 nm (yellowish).
493: – When multiple colors must be compared, such as with mixing paint
9362:
9205:
9033:
8937:
8925:
8681:
8644:
8639:
8622:
8356:
8319:
8243:
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4779:
4282:
3141:
2127:
2085:
2077:
2023:
1951:
1222:
1183:
1058:
1049:
A common task for data visualization is to represent a color scale, or
988:
972:
908:
885:
801:
773:
481:
258:
254:
6669:
6257:"Discrimination against Romanians with genetic chromatic deficiencies"
6172:
6155:
5013:"Specifying colours for colour vision testing using computer graphics"
3342:"New documentary uncovers the Irish links to America's Tipperary Hill"
2545:
2258:), most congenital color vision deficiencies are well-correlated with
1815:
Color vision deficiencies can be classified as inherited or acquired.
1188:
Dichromats can match any color they see with some mixture of just two
1062:
1025:
than blue–yellow CVD, design should generally prioritize those users (
874:
9222:
9195:
9190:
8699:
8407:
8381:
8255:
8201:
8189:
8074:
8069:
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7286:
7263:
7076:
7023:
7018:
6995:
6124:
5889:
5857:
3684:
3659:
2324:
A red-tint contact lens worn over the non-dominant eye will leverage
2267:
2255:
2171:
2123:
2066:
1904:
1801:
1797:
1796:. Mechanisms for color blindness are related to the functionality of
1246:
1242:
1158:
1066:
705:'s red–green color blindness did not stop him from becoming first an
499: – When colors are given an implicit meaning, such as red = stop
465:
188:
6278:"Mild to medium colour blind people can now obtain driver's license"
4503:"Test chromatique pour dépistage et étalonnage des dyschromatopsies"
4457:
Steefel, Lorraine T., and Timothy E. Moore, PhD. "Color Blindness."
1842:
975:
pieces must be carefully chosen to be accessible to the color blind.
9477:
9200:
8808:
8446:
8211:
7745:
7548:
7179:
6575:
Color science: concepts and methods, quantitative data and formulae
4738:
Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects: Clinical ocular toxicology e‑book
3877:
3712:
3107:"Do EnChroma glasses improve color vision for colorblind subjects?"
2345:
2263:
2259:
2062:
2054:
1393:) as greenish and drastically dimmed, some of these colors even as
1377:(< 0.01% of individuals): Lacking, or possessing anomalous
1117:, it typically refers to congenital color vision disorders, namely
1054:
706:
537:
249:
184:
124:
120:
116:
8865:
6405:"Colour-blindness research could clear more pilots to fly: UK CAA"
4762:
Choi AR, Braun JM, Papandonatos GD, Greenberg PB (November 2017).
2130:, and are most typically an effect of yellowing or removal of the
1077:
456:
of that type will see the chromaticities as metameric if they are
9249:
8531:
8273:
8216:
7758:
7565:
7496:
7466:
7456:
7063:
5912:"Full text of the decision of the court – in Portuguese language"
2760:
2656:
2393:
2278:
of these two genes are known and have even been related to exact
2213:
2043:
1974:
1809:
873:
Converting connotative tasks to comparative tasks by including a
698:
9472:
9075:
9065:
8466:
8376:
7278:
7255:
6975:
6696:
6681:
6621:
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester
2820:
2816:
2275:
2089:
1990:
1966:
1962:
1943:
1939:
1386:
1378:
1350:
1308:
1170:
805:
425:
257:, but they do not grant the wearer "normal color vision". Some
5220:(3). Oklahoma City: Federal Aviation Administration: 249–255.
4761:
4734:
1289:
9100:
9095:
9085:
9055:
8526:
8497:
8348:
6042:"Football players shocked when experiencing Colour Blindness"
1793:
1784:
Color blindness is any deviation of color vision from normal
1398:
1394:
1320:
1250:
979:
A common task for designers is to select a subset of colors (
722:
224:
200:
180:
158:
Red–green: 8% males, 0.5% females (Northern European descent)
63:
2849:
of aircraft that have lost radio communication, color-coded
2610:
gave the first account of color blindness in a paper to the
2320:" color blindness or grant the wearer normal color vision):
9090:
9070:
9050:
8920:
8837:
7428:
6990:
6362:
5995:(4th ed.). Berkeley, California: McGraw-Hill/Osborne.
4945:
4037:
Weiss AH, Biersdorf WR (1989). "Blue cone monochromatism".
3946:
2919:– Ability to see colors, but inability to recognize colors.
1402:
1382:
1312:
983:
colormap) that are as mutually differentiable as possible (
4583:
4556:
4360:
3738:
3548:
Bosten J, Robinson J, Jordan G, Mollon J (December 2005).
3547:
3314:
Cole BL (1972). "The handicap of abnormal colour vision".
1984:
9166:
9060:
8825:
5673:
3283:"Multispectral analysis of color vision deficiency tests"
2886:'s Applied Vision Research Centre, sponsored by the UK's
1405:
respectively, and purple colors are perceived as various
955:
592:
The infamous inverted traffic light in Syracuse, New York
243:
parents/teachers, to actively accommodate the condition.
216:
5274:
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
1915:
5628:
4894:
4569:
but rather has been mistaken for incomplete tritanopia.
3369:"The Story Behind Syracuse's Upside-Down Traffic Light"
1069:
and perceptually uniform to all forms of color vision.
829:
To achieve good contrast, conventional wisdom suggests
6599:
5610:
5568:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
2925:– Ability to see colors, but inability to name colors.
1293:
Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the
554:
Evolution of color vision in primates § Skin Tone
5127:
Siegel IM (1981). "The X-Chrom lens. On seeing red".
3471:
Art Encyclopedia. The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art
1780:
Congenital red–green color blindness § Mechanism
1286:
is still used to describe red–green color blindness.
721:
Deuteranomals are better at distinguishing shades of
6659:
4735:
Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW, Chambers WA (2014).
2898:
1977:
are recessive, color blindness specifically follows
1922:
Congenital red–green color blindness § Genetics
877:, even when the meaning is considered obvious (e.g.
472:
may not be isoluminant to a person with dichromacy.
230:
Diagnosis of color blindness is usually done with a
7977:
6804:
4394:"The genetics of normal and defective color vision"
4314:"The genetics of normal and defective color vision"
3947:Spring KR, Parry-Hill MJ, Fellers TJ, Davidson MW.
3234:"Vision, eye disease, and art: 2015 Keeler Lecture"
1282:, who had red–green dichromacy. In some languages,
1021:, and vice versa. However, since red–green is much
788:. However, this color coding will almost always be
195:(including protan and deutan types), which affects
27:
Decreased ability to see color or color differences
6491:
6060:"Billiard Index: Mark Williams MBE player profile"
5271:
4946:Josserand M, Meeussen E, Majid A, Dediu D (2021).
4633:
4459:The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
2646:requiring color vision to interpret safety signals
2266:can be directly evaluated and used to predict the
2225:can be used as screening or diagnostic tools. The
1934:By far the most common form of color blindness is
736:to them. This is the effect behind most "reverse"
9119:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
7922:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
4476:"Disease-causing Mutations and protein structure"
4361:Harrison G, Tanner J, Pilbeam D, Baker P (1988).
4039:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
3930:Zeitschrift für Psychologie Physiologie Sinnesorg
2854:permitted to obtain piloting credentials at all.
2373:) can identify the name (or coordinates within a
1812:and thereby convert light into chemical signals.
9518:
4813:Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia
3607:
1349:(6% of males): Lacking, or possessing anomalous
1307:(2% of males): Lacking, or possessing anomalous
1018:
6378:"Aerospace Medical Dispositions – Color vision"
6307:"Some of us see the world in a different light"
5858:"Trichromic Vision and Anomalous Trichromatism"
4264:
4262:
2739:Color-blindness: Its Danger & Its Detection
2084:. Blue–yellow color blindness can be caused by
1397:. Yellow and orange are indistinguishable from
6572:
6442:. Washington, DC: Optical Society of America.
5793:
5335:Eculture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age.
5164:Journal of the American Optometric Association
5051:
4694:Description, Types of Color Vision Deficiency,
4036:
3798:"Diagnosis of Defective Colour Vision, 2nd Ed"
3196:
2882:Research published in 2009 carried out by the
2061:, and as part of the retinal damage caused by
1424:
1358:
1010:
468:. Also, colors that may be isoluminant to the
261:can use a device's camera to identify colors.
57:Color vision deficiency, impaired color vision
8482:
6943:
6929:
6790:
6437:
5855:
5453:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
5363:, Neil Harbisson at TED Global, 27 June 2012.
4552:
4550:
4123:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
3104:
3077:"Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness)"
2612:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1969:genes are on the X chromosome, they are
1144:Rod monochromacy, frequently called complete
860:CVD, the most common kind of color blindness.
253:) may help the red–green color blind at some
7996:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
6545:
5535:Elements of the philosophy of the human mind
4680:. Color Blindness, Color Vision Deficiency.
4631:
4593:Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology
4478:. UCL Biochemistry BSM Group. Archived from
4367:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
4259:
4155:
3543:
3541:
3366:
2589:Elements of the philosophy of the human mind
1256:
1005:Unfortunately, the colors with the greatest
867:. This applies to all types of color vision.
7324:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
6983:
5750:
5709:"The evolution of concepts of color vision"
5503:
5375:Journal of the Optical Society of America A
5214:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
4440:
3928:von Kries J (1897). "Ueber Farbensysteme".
2972:Gordon N (March 1998). "Colour blindness".
2069:deficiency may also cause color blindness.
1871:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
677:that can be difficult for the color blind.
531:Color blindness causes difficulty with the
437:
9501:
8489:
8475:
6936:
6922:
6797:
6783:
5787:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5439:
5437:
5407:
5198:. Artoptical.com. Retrieved on 2016-12-10.
4584:Rodriguez-Carmona M, Patterson EJ (2020).
4579:
4577:
4547:
4391:
4311:
3854:
3852:
3843:Best Practices in Accessible Online Design
3415:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
831:converting a (digital) design to grayscale
453:
62:
6402:
6230:"ORDIN 87 03/02/2003 – Portal Legislativ"
6204:"ORDIN 87 03/02/2003 – Portal Legislativ"
6171:
5724:
5425:
5293:
5077:
5028:
4987:
4871:
4787:
4417:
4337:
4097:
4079:
3927:
3904:
3894:
3876:
3813:
3772:
3683:
3603:
3601:
3573:
3538:
3489:
3433:
3298:
3257:
3140:
3130:
3100:
3098:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
1891:Learn how and when to remove this message
1315:-like wavelength around 492 nm (see
1236:
1192:(in contrast to those with normal sight (
9270:International Commission on Illumination
6464:
6149:
6147:
5679:
5616:
5469:
4741:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 79.
4674:"NEI - Types of Color Vision Deficiency"
4500:
4385:
4354:
3521:
2544:
2212:
2170:
1925:
1288:
1215:
1076:
1040:
1002:actually accessible to the color blind.
966:
962:
760:
611:
587:
571:
522:
366:
6518:
6020:. Columbus, Ohio: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.
5828:
5746:
5744:
5691:
5550:
5528:
5434:
5161:
5094:
5052:Kinnear PR, Sahraie A (December 2002).
5010:
4852:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4768:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
4574:
4269:Wong B (June 2011). "Color blindness".
4001:
3999:
3849:
3379:from the original on 16 September 2014.
2337:, though this is typically not allowed.
2034:, up to and including total blindness.
2001:
1985:Genetics of blue–yellow color blindness
1958:(as in Protanomaly and Deuteranomaly).
428:, usually plotted on the corresponding
14:
9519:
9260:Color Association of the United States
6618:
6492:Rubin ML, Cassin B, Solomon S (1984).
5992:All in One A+ Certification Exam Guide
5988:
5443:
5126:
4560:Color vision: From genes to perception
4026:from the original on 27 December 2016.
3598:
3280:
3231:
3095:
3008:
2971:
2950:
2191:, a classification which includes the
1788:color vision (often as defined by the
1036:
697:became successful by concentrating on
536:distinguish some varietals, such as a
8470:
8433:
7829:
7232:
6961:
6917:
6778:
6600:Kuchenbecker J, Broschmann D (2014).
6577:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
6254:
6144:
6120:"Rueful Ebdon mistakes brown for red"
5829:McLaren K (1985). "Newton's indigo".
5753:Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics
5561:
5372:
5207:
5100:
3976:
3974:
3858:
3795:
3477:from the original on 25 November 2010
3422:Clinical & Experimental Optometry
3416:Cole BL, Harris RW (September 2009).
2803:to individuals with color blindness:
2037:
1916:Genetics of red–green color blindness
1746:
1698:
1451:
1435:
1363:Blue–yellow color blindness includes
1014:
789:
401:Confusion colors for tritan include:
203:genes responsible are located on the
7804:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
6467:Colour blindness: causes and effects
6355:
6286:. Press Trust of India. 26 June 2020
6153:
6015:
5741:
5476:. Wayenborgh Publishing. p. 3.
5058:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
4845:
4839:
4268:
4120:
4005:
3996:
3836:
3313:
2834:
2699:enjoyment of their human condition.
2621:Influenced by Dalton, German writer
2392:In 2003, a cybernetic device called
2160:
1936:congenital red–green color blindness
1869:adding citations to reliable sources
1836:
1272:congenital red–green color blindness
1089:
991:should be as different as possible.
709:and later a character designer with
193:congenital red–green color blindness
32:Congenital red–green color blindness
7927:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
7764:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
6496:. Gainesville, Fla: Triad Pub. Co.
6236:(in Romanian). Ministerul Justiției
6210:(in Romanian). Ministerul Justiției
6160:Clinical and Experimental Optometry
5706:
5201:
4671:
4632:Leikin JB, Lipsky MS, eds. (2003).
4237:"Severity of Colorblindness Varies"
4198:
3959:from the original on 27 August 2007
3949:"Human Vision and Color Perception"
3708:"Colour blindness not all it seems"
3495:
3348:from the original on 15 August 2017
3316:Clinical and Experimental Optometry
2929:List of people with color blindness
2790:
2298:Despite much recent improvement in
1910:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1331:are indistinguishable from various
1261:Red–green color blindness includes
987:). For example, player pieces in a
765:Testing the colors of a web chart,
689:, three-time winner of Australia's
444:along a confusion line will appear
362:
24:
9124:Blue–green distinction in language
7799:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
6430:
6358:"Answers for Pilots: Color vision"
5970:from the original on 16 April 2013
5944:from the original on 25 March 2012
5765:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb01155.x
5337:Springer (New York, 2009). p. 319
4707:"VIAGRA (SILDENAFIL CITRATE) DRUG"
4441:MacAdam DL, Judd DB, eds. (1979).
3971:
3344:. TheJournal.ie. 6 November 2016.
3328:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1972.tb06271.x
3069:
2840:
2645:
2249:
2080:, a drug used in the treatment of
785:
757:Color coding in data visualization
25:
9553:
9537:Visual disturbances and blindness
7527:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
6641:
5808:10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.10.003
5310:"Colour Blindness: Experience it"
4231:
3992:from the original on 29 May 2014.
3720:from the original on 23 June 2016
3660:"Colour-Blindness and Camouflage"
3057:from the original on 28 July 2016
2667:. The color blind were therefore
2614:, which was published in 1798 as
1946:genes, respectively, both on the
1800:, and often to the expression of
1072:
1053:colormap, often in the form of a
1022:
884:Avoiding denotative color tasks (
846:
750:
561:
147:Adjustments to teaching methods,
9500:
9491:
9490:
9281:International Colour Association
8864:
8496:
7632:Central retinal artery occlusion
6415:from the original on 2 June 2009
6396:
6384:from the original on 12 May 2009
6370:
5831:Color Research & Application
5459:(1). England, Manchester: 28–45.
5245:
4684:from the original on 8 July 2014
4533:"Acquired colour vision defects"
4507:Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie
3815:10.1097/00006324-200207000-00005
3610:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3498:"Dreams come true, Disney style"
3464:
3435:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2009.00384.x
2901:
2300:gene therapy for color blindness
2270:. This is especially useful for
1841:
1225:. Anomalous trichromats exhibit
781:
777:
674:
638:
632:
350:
338:
326:
314:
302:
7637:Branch retinal artery occlusion
7366:Terrien's marginal degeneration
6602:Plates for color vision testing
6349:
6324:
6298:
6270:
6248:
6222:
6196:
6132:from the original on 4 May 2012
6112:
6082:
6052:
6034:
6009:
5982:
5956:
5930:
5904:
5849:
5822:
5700:
5685:
5622:
5522:
5497:
5463:
5401:
5366:
5347:
5327:
5302:
5265:
5239:
5182:
5155:
5120:
5045:
5004:
4939:
4888:
4804:
4755:
4728:
4699:
4665:
4625:
4601:10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_277-3
4525:
4494:
4468:
4451:
4434:
4312:Neitz J, Neitz M (April 2011).
4305:
4225:
4201:"Accommodating Color Blindness"
4192:
4149:
4114:
4073:
4030:
3940:
3921:
3830:
3789:
3732:
3700:
3652:
3515:
3458:
3409:
3383:
3360:
3334:
2859:Federal Aviation Administration
2693:Americans with Disabilities Act
2653:Frederick William Edridge-Green
2407:
2227:Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test
1098:
599:traffic light in Tipperary Hill
449:
432:. The lines all intersect at a
9276:International Color Consortium
9265:International Colour Authority
8434:
7667:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
7627:Central retinal vein occlusion
7356:Pellucid marginal degeneration
6648:"A Glossary of Color Science."
6573:Stiles WS, Wyszecki G (2000).
6550:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
6469:. Chester: Dalton Publishing.
6438:Kaiser PK, Boynton RM (1996).
6304:
6156:"Colour Blindness and Driving"
6096:. 15 July 2012. Archived from
5473:The History of Color Blindness
4586:"Photoreceptors, Color Vision"
4444:Contributions to color science
4009:A Dictionary of Hallucinations
3367:Zhang, Sarah (17 March 2014).
3307:
3274:
3225:
3190:
3165:
2702:
2671:(equivalent to dichromacy) or
1979:X-linked recessive inheritance
994:Classic advice suggests using
918:
899:
475:
175:) is the decreased ability to
13:
1:
9341:List of Crayola crayon colors
7720:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
7611:Posterior vitreous detachment
7477:Persistent pupillary membrane
6494:Dictionary of eye terminology
6411:. Reed Business Information.
5408:Chan X, Goh S, Tan N (2014).
5141:10.1016/S0039-6257(81)80001-X
4636:Complete Medical Encyclopedia
4051:10.3928/0191-3913-19890901-04
3211:10.1016/S0039-6257(00)00192-2
3047:"Facts About Color Blindness"
2944:
2522:arrived upon this 8% number:
2293:
1177:
1165:(light sensitivity), reduced
1109:Monochromacy is often called
912:
852:Viewing the design through a
716:
711:Walt Disney Animation Studios
547:
9542:X-linked recessive disorders
8207:Leber's congenital amaurosis
8118:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
7830:
7809:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
7794:Persistent fetal vasculature
7725:Leber's congenital amaurosis
5414:Asia Pacific Family Medicine
4410:10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.002
4330:10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.002
4241:Medical College of Wisconsin
4170:10.1016/0042-6989(79)90209-8
3896:10.1371/journal.pone.0199239
3802:Optometry and Vision Science
2155:
2016:Leber's congenital amaurosis
949:
930:
924:
616:Horizontal traffic light in
567:
36:Color blind (disambiguation)
7:
9144:Traditional colors of Japan
8921:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
8804:Multi-primary color display
8578:Spectral power distribution
7006:Meibomian gland dysfunction
6546:Hilbert D, Byrne A (1997).
6403:Warburton S (29 May 2009).
6090:"Hawkins on Top Down Under"
5286:10.1016/j.jvcir.2015.12.014
4825:10.1016/j.oftal.2016.05.008
3982:"Types of Colour Blindness"
3473:. Oxford University Press.
3232:Marmor MF (February 2016).
2894:
2728:) against the color blind.
2575:In the power of conceiving
2229:is very sensitive, but the
2103:of his eye was discolored:
1832:
1425:Summary of cone complements
1359:Blue–yellow color blindness
1030:
1026:
998:, but several of these are
939:
857:
842:
838:
797:
793:
627:eastern provinces of Canada
10:
9558:
7730:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
7704:Central serous retinopathy
7522:Focal choroidal excavation
7395:Corneal neovascularization
7212:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
6962:
5011:Toufeeq A (October 2004).
4972:10.1038/s41598-021-98550-3
4082:"Colour vision deficiency"
3765:10.1038/s41598-020-74875-3
2857:In the United States, the
2838:
2788:
2784:
2540:
2309:
2164:
2152:and exposure to UV-light.
1919:
1792:) that produces a reduced
1773:
1446:
1441:
1181:
1102:
819:inclusive design practice.
754:
662:
658:
636:
565:
551:
479:
411:dark blue/violet and black
287:
29:
9486:
9458:
9371:
9296:
9289:
9240:
9159:
9109:
9041:
9032:
9004:Color realism (art style)
8951:
8884:
8873:
8862:
8762:
8709:
8662:Evolution of color vision
8591:
8514:
8505:
8442:
8429:
8400:
8347:
8312:
8272:
8197:
8184:
8135:
8113:Convergence insufficiency
8100:
8041:
8009:
7986:
7956:
7897:
7855:
7842:
7838:
7825:
7754:Primary juvenile glaucoma
7738:
7599:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
7579:
7539:
7495:
7436:
7427:
7277:
7254:
7245:
7241:
7233:
7228:
7170:
7132:
7099:
7062:
7014:
6974:
6970:
6957:
6948:Diseases of the human eye
6849:
6816:
6748:
6663:
6154:Cole B (September 2016).
5856:Edridge-Green FW (1913).
5427:10.1186/s12930-014-0010-3
5103:"Color vision deficiency"
4392:Neitz J, Neitz M (2011).
4135:10.1016/j.gde.2006.04.002
4080:Simunovic MP (May 2010).
3575:10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.031
3391:"What is Color Analysis?"
2884:City University of London
2819:, and a stipulation that
2686:
2683:(anomalous trichromacy).
2413:Rates of color blindness
2305:
2189:Pseudoisochromatic plates
2088:, an active component of
2072:Color blindness may be a
1776:Trichromatic color vision
1769:
1743:
1726:
1695:
1647:
1550:
1543:
1517:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1257:Red–green color blindness
954:) to represent the word "
738:Pseudoisochromatic plates
397:red, green, orange, brown
154:
143:
131:
112:
104:
91:
79:
70:
61:
53:
48:
9321:List of colors (compact)
9139:Color in Chinese culture
8789:Digital image processing
8522:Electromagnetic spectrum
7623:Ocular ischemic syndrome
6356:King KD (January 2012).
5538:(1 ed.). p. 80
4661:– via archive.org.
4537:colourblindawareness.org
4465:, Accessed 29 Dec. 2021.
3953:Florida State University
3105:Gómez-Robledo L (2018).
2888:Civil Aviation Authority
2722:Alarik Frithiof Holmgren
2642:Alarik Frithiof Holmgren
2369:Some applications (e.g.
436:, which varies with the
9326:List of colors by shade
8123:One and a half syndrome
7877:Foster Kennedy syndrome
6523:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
5796:Survey of Ophthalmology
5651:10.1126/science.7863342
5504:Malebranche N (1712) .
5387:10.1364/JOSAA.29.000313
5208:Welsh KW (April 1978).
5129:Survey of Ophthalmology
5107:Genetics Home Reference
4917:10.1126/science.7863342
4864:10.1136/oem.2005.022400
4848:"Solvent neurotoxicity"
4501:V I, Gastaud P (1996).
4012:. Springer. p. 4.
3300:10.5755/j01.ms.17.1.259
3199:Survey of Ophthalmology
2737:Benjamin Joy Jeffries,
2360:
2207:Farnsworth Lantern Test
1681:Blue cone monochromacy
1460: = anomalous
1019:blue–yellow color blind
585:available (see image).
518:
438:type of color blindness
414:violet and yellow-green
169:color vision deficiency
9331:List of color palettes
8362:Argyll Robertson pupil
7162:Periorbital cellulitis
6653:4 October 2015 at the
5874:10.1098/rspb.1913.0010
5843:10.1002/col.5080100411
5707:Lee BB (1 July 2008).
5314:Colour Blind Awareness
5070:10.1136/bjo.86.12.1408
5030:10.1038/sj.eye.6701378
3986:Colour Blind Awareness
3796:Hovis JK (July 2002).
3630:10.1098/rspb.1992.0074
3496:Lee Hw (15 May 2011).
3395:London Image Institute
2851:glide-path indications
2744:
2718:Lagerlunda train crash
2638:Lagerlunda train crash
2594:
2572:
2567:The search after truth
2550:
2538:
2354:neutral-density filter
2280:spectral sensitivities
2218:
2217:A Farnsworth D-15 test
2176:
2119:
1931:
1699:Total color blindness
1599:Anomalous trichromacy
1541:Anomalous trichromacy
1298:
1237:Based on affected cone
1154:Blue cone monochromacy
1123:blue cone monochromacy
1115:cerebral achromatopsia
1082:
1046:
976:
917:) with bright yellow (
907:For denotative tasks (
770:
680:
621:
593:
577:
528:
372:
209:blue cone monochromacy
34:. For other uses, see
9255:Color Marketing Group
9010:On Vision and Colours
8943:Tinctures in heraldry
8554:Structural coloration
8335:Scintillating scotoma
8001:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
7944:Toxic and nutritional
7917:posterior (PION)
7400:Kayser–Fleischer ring
5580:10.1093/jhmas/XI.1.66
4846:Dick F (March 2006).
2986:10.1038/sj.ph.1900446
2791:§ Traffic lights
2730:
2573:
2555:
2548:
2524:
2475:Anomalous trichromacy
2216:
2174:
2105:
1929:
1645:Anomalous trichromacy
1337:unilateral dichromats
1292:
1216:Anomalous trichromacy
1111:total color blindness
1080:
1044:
1011:red–green color blind
970:
963:Unordered Information
764:
648:Railway signal lights
615:
591:
575:
526:
454:Anomalous trichromats
370:
280:, and members of the
97:Decreased ability to
9336:List of color spaces
9228:Tint, shade and tone
9111:Cultural differences
8926:Polychromatic colors
8911:Complementary colors
8899:Monochromatic colors
8108:Conjugate gaze palsy
7979:Paralytic strabismus
7912:anterior (AION)
7694:Retinitis pigmentosa
7689:Macular degeneration
7462:Intermediate uveitis
7378:Keratoconjunctivitis
6836:Intraocular pressure
6604:. New York: Thieme.
6521:The science of color
4543:on 16 December 2014.
4099:10.1038/eye.2009.251
3532:10.1038/news051205-1
3250:10.1038/eye.2015.197
3132:10.1364/OE.26.028693
2841:§ Signal lights
2774:
2726:Holmgren's wool test
2059:macular degeneration
2020:retinitis pigmentosa
2002:Other genetic causes
1865:improve this section
1329:lavender, and purple
929:) with dark yellow (
618:Halifax, Nova Scotia
430:chromaticity diagram
9316:List of colors: N–Z
9311:List of colors: G–M
9306:List of colors: A–F
8413:Childhood blindness
8392:Parinaud's syndrome
7962:Extraocular muscles
7750:Ocular hypertension
7714:Epiretinal membrane
7699:Retinal haemorrhage
7554:Congenital cataract
6519:Shevell SK (2003).
6465:McIntyre D (2002).
6128:. 13 October 2008.
5643:1995Sci...267..984H
5470:Lanthony P (2018).
5354:"I listen to color"
5333:Alfredo M. Ronchi:
4964:2021NatSR..1119095J
4909:1995Sci...267..984H
4447:. NBS. p. 584.
3887:2018PLoSO..1399239N
3845:. Pressbooks @ MSL.
3757:2020NatSR..1017897S
3716:. 6 December 2015.
3676:1940Natur.146Q.226.
3670:(3694): 226. 1940.
3622:1992RSPSB.248..291M
3566:2005CBio...15.R950B
3123:2018OExpr..2628693G
3117:(22): 28693–28703.
2847:color-gun signaling
2563:Nicolas Malebranche
2414:
2326:binocular disparity
2312:Color blind glasses
2193:Ishihara color test
2184:academic settings.
2181:Ishihara color test
1455: = normal
1161:("jiggling eyes"),
1037:Ordered Information
1015:colors of confusion
786:signal light colors
464:, meaning equal in
357:Monochromatic sight
245:Color blind glasses
138:Ishihara color test
73:Ishihara color test
9363:List of web colors
9358:List of RAL colors
8764:Color reproduction
8729:Lüscher color test
8566:Color of chemicals
7939:Leber's hereditary
7606:Retinal detachment
7559:Childhood cataract
7371:Post-LASIK ectasia
7152:Orbital cellulitis
7101:Lacrimal apparatus
6749:External resources
6440:Human color vision
6283:The Times of India
6100:on 17 October 2023
6094:World Snooker Tour
5694:Annalen der Physik
5359:2012-08-12 at the
5194:2015-04-12 at the
4952:Scientific Reports
4780:10.1002/ajim.22766
4713:. drug information
4283:10.1038/nmeth.1618
4247:on 5 February 2007
3745:Scientific Reports
2825:Farnsworth Lantern
2551:
2412:
2335:color vision tests
2219:
2177:
2094:Hydroxychloroquine
2038:Non-genetic causes
2032:visual impairments
1932:
1299:
1200:) with the first (
1083:
1047:
977:
896: purple
771:
639:§ Occupations
622:
603:Syracuse, New York
594:
578:
529:
373:
321:Deuteranopic sight
179:or differences in
9514:
9513:
9454:
9453:
9236:
9235:
9028:
9027:
9018:Theory of Colours
8860:
8859:
8772:Color photography
8724:Color preferences
8667:Impossible colors
8657:Color vision test
8652:Color temperature
8630:Color calibration
8559:Animal coloration
8464:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8367:Marcus Gunn pupil
8343:
8342:
8264:Visual impairment
8131:
8130:
8037:
8036:
8024:Fourth-nerve (IV)
7952:
7951:
7889:Optic disc drusen
7821:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7535:
7534:
7423:
7422:
7329:Corneal dystrophy
7224:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7095:
7094:
6911:
6910:
6772:
6771:
6611:978-3-13-175481-3
6584:978-0-471-39918-6
6557:978-0-262-52231-1
6548:Readings on color
6530:978-0-444-51251-2
6503:978-0-937404-07-2
6476:978-0-9541886-0-3
6449:978-1-55752-461-4
6234:PORTAL LEGISLATIV
6208:PORTAL LEGISLATIV
6173:10.1111/cxo.12396
6027:978-0-02-802253-6
6018:Basic Electronics
6002:978-0-07-222274-6
5989:Meyers M (2002).
5682:, pp. 25–26.
5637:(5200): 984–988.
5562:Walls GL (1956).
5483:978-90-6299-903-3
5343:978-3-540-75273-8
5189:An X-Chrom manual
4903:(5200): 984–988.
4858:(3): 221–6, 179.
4748:978-0-323-31985-0
4651:978-0-8129-9100-0
4610:978-3-642-27851-8
4378:978-0-19-854144-8
4164:(12): 1369–1375.
4019:978-1-4419-1222-0
3859:Nuñez JR (2018).
3560:(23): R950–R952.
3287:Materials Science
3281:Fomins S (2011).
3083:. 18 October 2017
3053:. February 2015.
2835:Piloting aircraft
2801:driver's licenses
2597:Gordon Lynn Walls
2519:
2518:
2262:. Therefore, the
2223:Arrangement tests
2167:Color vision test
2161:Color vision test
2048:ultraviolet light
1901:
1900:
1893:
1790:standard observer
1767:
1766:
1729:(carrier theory)
1090:Based on severity
665:Color of clothing
644:Navigation lights
470:standard observer
232:color vision test
162:
161:
133:Diagnostic method
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
9549:
9504:
9503:
9494:
9493:
9294:
9293:
9160:Color dimensions
9149:Human skin color
9039:
9038:
8916:Analogous colors
8882:
8881:
8868:
8794:Color management
8711:Color psychology
8677:Opponent process
8593:Color perception
8512:
8511:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8468:
8467:
8431:
8430:
8195:
8194:
8186:Vision disorders
8145:Refractive error
8087:Brown's syndrome
8043:Other strabismus
8029:Sixth-nerve (VI)
8019:Oculomotor (III)
7991:Ophthalmoparesis
7984:
7983:
7975:
7974:
7966:Binocular vision
7899:Optic neuropathy
7865:optic papillitis
7853:
7852:
7840:
7839:
7827:
7826:
7716:(Macular pucker)
7434:
7433:
7415:Band keratopathy
7252:
7251:
7243:
7242:
7230:
7229:
7157:Orbital lymphoma
7044:Blepharophimosis
7034:Blepharochalasis
6981:
6980:
6972:
6971:
6959:
6958:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6915:
6914:
6876:Opponent process
6799:
6792:
6785:
6776:
6775:
6661:
6660:
6636:
6615:
6596:
6569:
6542:
6515:
6488:
6461:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6175:
6151:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6066:. Archived from
6056:
6050:
6049:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6013:
6007:
6006:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5914:. Archived from
5908:
5902:
5901:
5868:(586): 164–170.
5853:
5847:
5846:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5748:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5559:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5370:
5364:
5351:
5345:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5205:
5199:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5032:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4639:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4595:. pp. 1–7.
4590:
4581:
4572:
4571:
4565:
4554:
4545:
4544:
4539:. Archived from
4529:
4523:
4522:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4472:
4466:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4369:183–187, 287–290
4358:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4243:. Archived from
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4206:. Archived from
4205:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4006:Blom JD (2009).
4003:
3994:
3993:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3898:
3880:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3776:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3685:10.1038/146226a0
3656:
3650:
3649:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3577:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3467:"Charles Meryon"
3462:
3456:
3455:
3437:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3397:. 1 January 2022
3387:
3381:
3380:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3144:
3134:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3043:
3006:
3005:
2969:
2934:Motion blindness
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2876:signal light gun
2781:the wrong ball.
2778:
2742:
2623:J. W. von Goethe
2601:Joseph Priestley
2592:
2570:
2536:
2415:
2411:
2117:
2057:and age-related
1896:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1845:
1837:
1433:
1432:
1119:rod monochromacy
953:
952:
943:
942:
934:
933:
928:
927:
922:
921:
916:
915:
903:
902:
897:
893:
879:red means danger
790:undifferentiable
363:Confusion colors
354:
345:Tritanopic sight
342:
333:Protanopic sight
330:
318:
306:
66:
46:
45:
21:
18:Colour blindness
9557:
9556:
9552:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9547:
9546:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9510:
9482:
9450:
9367:
9285:
9242:
9232:
9155:
9134:Blue in culture
9105:
9024:
8971:Secondary color
8947:
8904:black-and-white
8876:
8869:
8856:
8758:
8744:National colors
8739:Political color
8719:Color symbolism
8705:
8635:Color constancy
8613:Color blindness
8587:
8544:Spectral colors
8501:
8495:
8465:
8456:
8438:
8417:
8396:
8339:
8308:
8268:
8222:Color blindness
8188:
8180:
8127:
8101:Other binocular
8096:
8033:
8005:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7948:
7893:
7846:
7834:
7813:
7769:Ocular hypotony
7734:
7594:Chorioretinitis
7575:
7531:
7515:Chorioretinitis
7491:
7472:Rubeosis iridis
7450:
7419:
7390:Corneal opacity
7346:Corneal ectasia
7273:
7237:
7216:
7202:Pseudopterygium
7166:
7128:
7091:
7058:
7054:Ankyloblepharon
7010:
6966:
6953:
6952:
6942:
6912:
6907:
6859:Color blindness
6845:
6812:
6803:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6744:
6743:
6672:
6655:Wayback Machine
6644:
6639:
6612:
6585:
6558:
6531:
6504:
6477:
6450:
6433:
6431:Further reading
6428:
6418:
6416:
6401:
6397:
6387:
6385:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6313:
6303:
6299:
6289:
6287:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6152:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6073:
6071:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6016:Grob B (2001).
6014:
6010:
6003:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5947:
5945:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5918:on 14 July 2012
5910:
5909:
5905:
5854:
5850:
5827:
5823:
5792:
5788:
5749:
5742:
5705:
5701:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5627:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5560:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5468:
5464:
5442:
5435:
5406:
5402:
5371:
5367:
5361:Wayback Machine
5352:
5348:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5270:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5206:
5202:
5196:Wayback Machine
5187:
5183:
5160:
5156:
5125:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5099:
5095:
5064:(12): 1408–11.
5050:
5046:
5009:
5005:
4944:
4940:
4893:
4889:
4844:
4840:
4809:
4805:
4774:(11): 930–946.
4760:
4756:
4749:
4733:
4729:
4716:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4687:
4685:
4678:www.nei.nih.gov
4670:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4630:
4626:
4611:
4588:
4582:
4575:
4566:. p. 351.
4563:
4555:
4548:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4513:(11): 679–688.
4499:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4456:
4452:
4439:
4435:
4398:Vision Research
4390:
4386:
4379:
4359:
4355:
4318:Vision Research
4310:
4306:
4267:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4158:Vision Research
4154:
4150:
4119:
4115:
4078:
4074:
4035:
4031:
4020:
4004:
3997:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3945:
3941:
3926:
3922:
3871:(7): e0199239.
3857:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3794:
3790:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3616:(1323): 291–5.
3606:
3599:
3554:Current Biology
3546:
3539:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3502:The Korea Times
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3463:
3459:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3312:
3308:
3279:
3275:
3230:
3226:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3103:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3009:
2970:
2951:
2947:
2909:Medicine portal
2907:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2843:
2837:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2764:World Champions
2743:
2736:
2705:
2689:
2593:
2583:
2571:
2561:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2410:
2363:
2340:Glasses with a
2314:
2308:
2296:
2284:genetic testing
2252:
2250:Genetic testing
2231:Farnsworth D-15
2169:
2163:
2158:
2118:
2111:
2040:
2022:. These can be
2004:
1987:
1924:
1918:
1897:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1862:
1846:
1835:
1782:
1772:
1728:
1649:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1456:
1427:
1361:
1259:
1239:
1218:
1186:
1180:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1075:
1039:
996:Brewer palettes
965:
950:
940:
931:
925:
919:
913:
900:
895:
889:
759:
753:
745:Ishihara plates
719:
691:Archibald Prize
683:
667:
661:
641:
635:
570:
564:
556:
550:
521:
484:
478:
434:copunctal point
405:yellow and grey
388:blue and purple
365:
358:
355:
346:
343:
334:
331:
322:
319:
310:
307:
290:
274:police officers
266:aircraft pilots
223:, parts of the
165:Color blindness
49:Color blindness
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9555:
9545:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9508:
9498:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9464:
9462:
9456:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9377:
9375:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9349:
9348:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9302:
9300:
9291:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9246:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9163:
9161:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9130:Color history
9128:
9127:
9126:
9115:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9047:
9045:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9022:
9014:
9013:(Schopenhauer)
9006:
9001:
8998:Color analysis
8995:
8993:Color triangle
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8974:
8973:
8968:
8957:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8890:
8888:
8879:
8871:
8870:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8840:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8799:Color printing
8796:
8791:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8768:
8766:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8734:Kruithof curve
8731:
8726:
8721:
8715:
8713:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8696:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8684:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8620:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8606:Sonochromatism
8597:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8574:
8573:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8556:
8546:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8518:
8516:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8494:
8493:
8486:
8479:
8471:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8452:Onchocerciasis
8449:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8427:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8410:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8353:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8304:Quadrantanopia
8301:
8300:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8278:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8249:Oguchi disease
8241:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8164:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8152:
8141:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8092:Duane syndrome
8089:
8084:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8062:
8057:
8047:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8015:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7972:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7903:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7869:
7868:
7867:
7860:Optic neuritis
7856:
7850:
7836:
7835:
7823:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7789:Phthisis bulbi
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7742:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7672:Coats' disease
7669:
7664:
7662:of prematurity
7659:
7654:
7649:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7620:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7585:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7571:Ectopia lentis
7568:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7556:
7545:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7507:
7501:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7429:Vascular tunic
7425:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7312:Photokeratitis
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7283:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7260:
7258:
7249:
7239:
7238:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7185:Conjunctivitis
7182:
7176:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7138:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7119:Dacryocystitis
7116:
7111:
7109:Dacryoadenitis
7105:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6987:
6985:
6978:
6968:
6967:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6918:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6869:Köllner's rule
6866:
6855:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6802:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6779:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6730:
6719:
6704:
6689:
6673:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:Classification
6658:
6657:
6643:
6642:External links
6640:
6638:
6637:
6616:
6610:
6597:
6583:
6570:
6556:
6543:
6529:
6516:
6502:
6489:
6475:
6462:
6448:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6395:
6369:
6348:
6323:
6297:
6269:
6247:
6221:
6195:
6166:(5): 484–487.
6143:
6111:
6081:
6070:on 8 July 2008
6064:Billiard Index
6051:
6033:
6026:
6008:
6001:
5981:
5955:
5929:
5903:
5848:
5837:(4): 225–229.
5821:
5786:
5740:
5719:(4): 209–224.
5699:
5684:
5672:
5621:
5609:
5549:
5521:
5496:
5482:
5462:
5433:
5400:
5381:(3): 313–320.
5365:
5346:
5326:
5301:
5264:
5238:
5200:
5181:
5154:
5119:
5101:Reference GH.
5093:
5044:
5023:(10): 1001–5.
5003:
4938:
4887:
4838:
4803:
4754:
4747:
4727:
4698:
4664:
4650:
4624:
4609:
4573:
4546:
4524:
4493:
4467:
4450:
4433:
4404:(7): 633–651.
4384:
4377:
4353:
4304:
4271:Nature Methods
4258:
4224:
4213:on 15 May 2008
4191:
4148:
4129:(3): 301–307.
4113:
4072:
4029:
4018:
3995:
3970:
3939:
3920:
3848:
3829:
3788:
3731:
3699:
3651:
3597:
3537:
3514:
3488:
3457:
3408:
3382:
3359:
3333:
3322:(8): 304–310.
3306:
3293:(1): 104–108.
3273:
3244:(2): 287–303.
3224:
3189:
3164:
3111:Optics Express
3094:
3068:
3007:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2896:
2893:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2823:must pass the
2813:
2809:
2797:traffic lights
2786:
2783:
2756:Fabio Carvalho
2752:Thomas Delaney
2734:
2704:
2701:
2688:
2685:
2630:August Seebeck
2585:Dugald Stewart
2581:
2559:
2542:
2539:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2409:
2406:
2402:TED Conference
2398:Neil Harbisson
2390:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2338:
2330:
2310:Main article:
2307:
2304:
2295:
2292:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:Rayleigh match
2234:
2211:
2210:
2205:, such as the
2200:
2165:Main article:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2139:retinal mosaic
2109:
2101:vitreous humor
2044:occipital lobe
2039:
2036:
2012:cone dystrophy
2003:
2000:
1986:
1983:
1920:Main article:
1917:
1914:
1899:
1898:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:Tetrachromacy
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1707:Achromatopsia
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1584:Deuteranomaly
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1500:Normal vision
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1333:shades of blue
1317:spectral color
1258:
1255:
1238:
1235:
1217:
1214:
1190:primary colors
1182:Main article:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1149:
1131:visual agnosia
1103:Main article:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1074:
1073:Classification
1071:
1038:
1035:
1023:more prevalent
964:
961:
960:
959:
936:
905:
882:
871:
868:
861:
850:
827:
824:
820:
752:
751:Digital design
749:
742:"hidden digit"
718:
715:
695:Charles Méryon
682:
679:
670:Color analysis
660:
657:
634:
631:
607:Irish American
582:traffic lights
580:The colors of
568:§ Driving
563:
562:Traffic lights
560:
552:Main article:
549:
546:
520:
517:
513:
512:
506:
500:
494:
480:Main article:
477:
474:
452:of that type.
442:Chromaticities
422:
421:
415:
412:
409:
408:blue and green
406:
399:
398:
395:
389:
386:
380:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
349:
347:
344:
337:
335:
332:
325:
323:
320:
313:
311:
308:
301:
289:
286:
234:, such as the
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
145:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
95:
89:
88:
83:
77:
76:
71:Example of an
68:
67:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9554:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9507:
9499:
9497:
9489:
9488:
9485:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9465:
9463:
9461:
9457:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9370:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9295:
9292:
9288:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:organizations
9239:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9192:
9189:
9185:
9184:Pastel colors
9182:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9108:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9007:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8966:Primary color
8964:
8963:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8950:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8933:Light-on-dark
8931:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8872:
8867:
8853:
8852:Color mapping
8850:
8848:
8845:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8819:
8818:
8817:
8814:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8777:Color balance
8775:
8774:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8761:
8755:
8754:Chromotherapy
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8708:
8702:
8701:
8697:
8695:
8694:Tetrachromacy
8692:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8618:Achromatopsia
8616:
8615:
8614:
8611:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8601:Chromesthesia
8599:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8590:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8567:
8564:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8515:Color physics
8513:
8510:
8508:
8507:Color science
8504:
8499:
8492:
8487:
8485:
8480:
8478:
8473:
8472:
8469:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8428:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8372:Adie syndrome
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8271:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8227:Achromatopsia
8225:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8167:Anisometropia
8165:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8134:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7970:Accommodation
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7884:Optic atrophy
7882:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7784:Keratomycosis
7782:
7780:
7779:Globe rupture
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7709:Macular edema
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7618:Retinoschisis
7616:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7505:Choroideremia
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7482:Iridodialysis
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7410:Arcus senilis
7408:
7406:
7405:Haab's striae
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7319:Corneal ulcer
7317:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7297:acanthamoebic
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7247:Fibrous tunic
7244:
7240:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7124:Xerophthalmia
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7029:Lagophthalmos
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6960:
6956:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6939:
6934:
6932:
6927:
6925:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6896:Tetrachromacy
6894:
6892:
6891:Pentachromacy
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6864:Achromatopsia
6862:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6826:Accommodation
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6810:visual system
6807:
6800:
6795:
6793:
6788:
6786:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6603:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6414:
6410:
6409:Air transport
6406:
6399:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6352:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6258:
6255:Corlăţean T.
6251:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6148:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6029:
6023:
6019:
6012:
6004:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5985:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5825:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5802:(2): 178–94.
5801:
5797:
5790:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5759:(4): 369–75.
5758:
5754:
5747:
5745:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5713:Neurociencias
5710:
5703:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5680:Lanthony 2018
5676:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5619:, p. 14.
5618:
5617:Lanthony 2018
5613:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5509:
5508:
5500:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5466:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5296:
5295:11250/2461824
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5135:(5): 312–24.
5134:
5130:
5123:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4724:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4695:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4653:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4509:(in French).
4508:
4504:
4497:
4482:on 1 May 2005
4481:
4477:
4471:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4364:Human Biology
4357:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:(7): 633–51.
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4092:(5): 747–55.
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:(5): 218–23.
4044:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3602:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:(5): 407–15.
3204:
3200:
3193:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:Public Health
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2940:
2939:Tetrachromacy
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:Color agnosia
2915:
2914:
2910:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:requirements.
2810:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2782:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2767:Mark Williams
2765:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:In 1875, the
2634:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2534:
2531:John Dalton,
2527:
2523:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:Deuteranomaly
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2383:
2382:daltonization
2379:
2376:
2372:
2371:color pickers
2368:
2367:
2366:
2355:
2352:constitute a
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:Anomaloscopes
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2173:
2168:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2112:John Dalton,
2108:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:achromatopsia
1999:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1956:chimeric gene
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1895:
1892:
1884:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1850:This section
1848:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:that 'catch'
1807:
1806:photopigments
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:Tetrachromacy
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1696:Monochromacy
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:Deuteranopia
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1434:
1431:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:shades of red
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:and spectral
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1253:is affected.
1252:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1213:
1211:
1208:), or third (
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1167:visual acuity
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1146:achromatopsia
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1087:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
974:
969:
957:
947:
944:) instead of
937:
910:
906:
892:
887:
883:
880:
876:
872:
869:
866:
862:
859:
855:
854:CVD Simulator
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:, especially
836:
832:
828:
825:
821:
818:
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
763:
758:
748:
746:
743:
739:
735:
730:
726:
724:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
678:
676:
671:
666:
656:
655:for example.
653:
652:Lantern Tests
649:
645:
640:
633:Signal lights
630:
628:
619:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
590:
586:
583:
574:
569:
559:
555:
545:
543:
539:
534:
525:
516:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
488:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
420:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:
402:
396:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
379:cyan and grey
378:
377:
376:
369:
353:
348:
341:
336:
329:
324:
317:
312:
305:
300:
299:
298:
294:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:train drivers
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
241:
237:
236:Ishihara test
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:achromatopsia
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
94:
90:
87:
86:Ophthalmology
84:
82:
78:
74:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9532:Color vision
9216:Fluorescence
9179:Colorfulness
9172:Dichromatism
9016:
9008:
8978:Chromaticity
8961:Color mixing
8953:Color theory
8886:Color scheme
8749:Chromophobia
8698:
8612:
8262: /
8258: /
8237:Monochromacy
8221:
8169: /
8065:Heterophoria
8053: /
7752: /
7748: /
7652:hypertensive
7625: /
7446:Ciliary body
7361:Keratoglobus
7269:Episcleritis
7147:Enophthalmos
7142:Exophthalmos
7087:Trichomegaly
7082:Distichiasis
6984:Inflammation
6886:Monochromacy
6858:
6851:Color vision
6841:Visual field
6756:
6732:
6721:
6706:
6691:
6676:
6624:
6620:
6601:
6574:
6547:
6520:
6493:
6466:
6439:
6417:. Retrieved
6408:
6398:
6386:. Retrieved
6372:
6361:
6351:
6339:. Retrieved
6335:
6326:
6314:. Retrieved
6310:
6300:
6288:. Retrieved
6281:
6272:
6260:. Retrieved
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6233:
6224:
6212:. Retrieved
6207:
6198:
6163:
6159:
6134:. Retrieved
6123:
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6098:the original
6084:
6072:. Retrieved
6068:the original
6063:
6054:
6045:
6036:
6017:
6011:
5991:
5984:
5972:. Retrieved
5958:
5946:. Retrieved
5932:
5920:. Retrieved
5916:the original
5906:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5834:
5830:
5824:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5756:
5752:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5693:
5687:
5675:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5612:
5574:(1): 66–96.
5571:
5567:
5540:. Retrieved
5534:
5524:
5512:. Retrieved
5510:. p. 88
5506:
5499:
5487:. Retrieved
5472:
5465:
5456:
5452:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5349:
5334:
5329:
5317:. Retrieved
5313:
5304:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5255:. Retrieved
5251:
5241:
5231:30 September
5229:. Retrieved
5217:
5213:
5203:
5184:
5170:(7): 813–8.
5167:
5163:
5157:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5110:. Retrieved
5106:
5096:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5020:
5016:
5006:
4958:(1): 19095.
4955:
4951:
4941:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4819:(1): 12–18.
4816:
4812:
4806:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4715:. Retrieved
4710:
4701:
4693:
4686:. Retrieved
4677:
4667:
4655:. Retrieved
4635:
4627:
4592:
4567:
4559:
4541:the original
4536:
4527:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4484:. Retrieved
4480:the original
4470:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4443:
4436:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4363:
4356:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4274:
4270:
4249:. Retrieved
4245:the original
4227:
4215:. Retrieved
4208:the original
4199:Hoffman PS.
4194:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4008:
3985:
3961:. Retrieved
3942:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3868:
3864:
3842:
3837:Caprette H.
3832:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3751:(1): 17897.
3748:
3744:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3711:
3702:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3613:
3609:
3557:
3553:
3523:
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3501:
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3470:
3460:
3428:(5): 421–8.
3425:
3421:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3394:
3385:
3372:
3362:
3350:. Retrieved
3336:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3177:www.osha.gov
3176:
3167:
3114:
3110:
3085:. Retrieved
3080:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3050:
2977:
2973:
2923:Color anomia
2881:
2863:
2856:
2844:
2794:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2697:
2690:
2681:pentachromic
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:heptachromic
2664:
2660:
2650:
2635:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2588:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2556:
2552:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2474:
2452:Deuteranopia
2428:
2408:Epidemiology
2391:
2381:
2364:
2349:
2342:notch filter
2317:
2315:
2297:
2253:
2236:
2222:
2202:
2188:
2178:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2082:tuberculosis
2071:
2052:
2041:
2005:
1995:Chromosome 7
1988:
1960:
1948:X chromosome
1933:
1902:
1887:
1878:
1863:Please help
1851:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1786:trichromatic
1783:
1630:Tritanomaly
1526:Protanomaly
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1436:Cone system
1428:
1416:
1412:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1304:
1300:
1283:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1240:
1231:Anomaloscope
1219:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1137:Monochromacy
1135:
1127:
1110:
1108:
1105:Monochromacy
1099:Monochromacy
1093:
1084:
1050:
1048:
1004:
999:
993:
980:
978:
909:color naming
898:or "purple (
890:
886:color naming
853:
847:monochromacy
816:
810:
772:
766:
741:
731:
727:
720:
687:Clifton Pugh
684:
668:
642:
623:
595:
579:
557:
542:Granny Smith
532:
530:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
485:
461:
458:close enough
433:
423:
400:
374:
309:Normal sight
295:
291:
282:armed forces
278:firefighters
263:
248:
240:gene therapy
229:
205:X chromosome
196:
172:
168:
164:
163:
40:
9353:Color chart
9211:Iridescence
9043:Basic terms
9034:Color terms
8988:Color wheel
8983:Color solid
8847:Color space
8833:subtractive
8816:Color model
8687:Unique hues
8583:Colorimetry
8549:Chromophore
8387:Cycloplegia
8330:Photophobia
8325:Hemeralopia
8282:Hemianopsia
8260:Vision loss
8171:Aniseikonia
8162:Astigmatism
8082:Cyclotropia
8060:Hypertropia
7872:Papilledema
7844:Optic nerve
7677:Sickle cell
7657:Purtscher's
7642:Retinopathy
7510:Choroiditis
7351:Keratoconus
7172:Conjunctiva
7049:Xanthelasma
7001:Blepharitis
6901:Trichromacy
6758:MedlinePlus
6262:31 December
6240:31 December
6214:31 December
6136:15 November
6104:15 November
6074:15 November
5455:. Memoirs.
5319:11 December
5280:: 236–247.
5252:Smithsonian
4672:Unknown U.
4463:Gale eBooks
3507:25 November
3401:21 February
3142:10481/57698
2980:(2): 81–4.
2771:Peter Ebdon
2703:Occupations
2661:hexachromic
2608:John Dalton
2509:Tritanomaly
2487:Protanomaly
2384:algorithms.
2375:color space
2288:cone mosaic
2272:progressive
2143:tritanomaly
2074:side effect
2050:exposure).
2028:progressive
1747:'Superior'
1673:Dichromacy
1658:Tritanopia
1622:Dichromacy
1576:Dichromacy
1561:Protanopia
1515:Trichromacy
1280:John Dalton
1227:trichromacy
1204:), second (
1194:trichromats
1163:photophobia
1013:tend to be
981:qualitative
782:connotative
778:Color Tasks
774:Color codes
533:connotative
497:Connotative
491:Comparative
476:Color tasks
462:isoluminant
391:yellow and
259:mobile apps
255:color tasks
221:optic nerve
149:mobile apps
54:Other names
9521:Categories
9373:Shades of:
9206:Brightness
8938:Web colors
8894:Color tool
8877:philosophy
8782:Color cast
8682:Afterimage
8672:Metamerism
8645:Color code
8640:Color task
8623:Dichromacy
8436:Infections
8357:Anisocoria
8320:Asthenopia
8313:subjective
8297:homonymous
8292:bitemporal
8244:Nyctalopia
8232:Dichromacy
8176:Presbyopia
8137:Refraction
7958:Strabismus
7848:Optic disc
7207:Pinguecula
7072:Trichiasis
6881:Dichromacy
6806:Physiology
6734:DiseasesDB
6419:29 October
4711:RxList.com
4657:1 December
4277:(6): 441.
3936:: 241–324.
3878:1712.01662
3808:(7): 406.
2945:References
2839:See also:
2789:See also:
2463:Tritanopia
2441:Protanopia
2429:Dichromacy
2294:Management
2128:Xanthopsia
2086:sildenafil
2078:ethambutol
2024:congenital
1971:sex-linked
1961:Since the
1954:) or is a
1952:Dichromacy
1802:photopsins
1798:cone cells
1774:See also:
1223:dichromacy
1184:Dichromacy
1178:Dichromacy
1059:choropleth
1051:sequential
989:board game
973:board game
971:Colors of
755:See also:
717:Advantages
675:color task
663:See also:
637:See also:
566:See also:
548:Skin color
503:Denotative
482:Color task
450:dichromats
393:neon green
189:cone cells
99:see colors
9223:Grayscale
9196:Lightness
9191:Luminance
9000:(fashion)
8700:The dress
8408:Nystagmus
8382:Mydriasis
8256:Blindness
8202:Amblyopia
8190:Blindness
8150:Hyperopia
8075:Exophoria
8070:Esophoria
8055:Exotropia
8051:Esotropia
7589:Retinitis
7287:Keratitis
7264:Scleritis
7197:Pterygium
7077:Madarosis
7024:Ectropion
7019:Entropion
6996:Chalazion
6627:: 28–45.
6593:799532137
6458:472932250
6125:BBC Sport
5898:129045064
5882:0950-1193
5588:0022-5045
5530:Stewart D
5420:(1): 10.
5257:6 January
4980:2045-2322
4619:226504635
3824:1538-9235
3481:7 January
3352:15 August
2994:0033-3506
2669:dichromic
2651:In 1920,
2628:In 1837,
2268:phenotype
2256:phenotype
2197:metameric
2156:Diagnosis
2124:Cyanopsia
2067:Vitamin A
1905:Photopsin
1852:does not
1820:Inherited
1548:blindness
1284:daltonism
1276:daltonism
1243:phenotype
1159:nystagmus
1067:monotonic
808:, etc.).
734:metameric
509:Aesthetic
466:lightness
446:metameric
419:rose-pink
383:rose-pink
185:inherited
177:see color
155:Frequency
144:Treatment
121:inherited
108:Long term
81:Specialty
9496:Category
9478:Lighting
9201:Darkness
9021:(Goethe)
8821:additive
8809:Quattron
8447:Trachoma
8212:Diplopia
7907:Ischemic
7832:Pathways
7746:Glaucoma
7647:diabetic
7549:Cataract
7487:Synechia
7339:Meesmann
7307:Exposure
7292:herpetic
7190:allergic
7180:Chemosis
7114:Epiphora
6651:Archived
6566:35762680
6539:52271315
6512:10375427
6485:49204679
6413:Archived
6388:11 April
6382:Archived
6190:26368283
6182:27470192
6130:Archived
5968:Archived
5942:Archived
5816:22301271
5781:41486427
5735:21593994
5604:13295579
5596:24619193
5542:14 April
5532:(1792).
5514:14 April
5489:14 April
5447:(1798).
5445:Dalton J
5395:22472762
5357:Archived
5246:Zhou L.
5192:Archived
5088:12446376
5039:15192692
4998:34580373
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