1048:
988:
1036:
32:
2791:
542:
976:
884:
964:
872:
1108:
620:. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate body.
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is commonly known as a "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head (where the nerve exits the eyeball). There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head. Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning. This
623:
Based on this anatomy, the optic nerve may be divided into four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section (this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed): 1. the optic head (which is where it begins in the eyeball (globe)
845:, can also affect the nerve. Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve. Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit, but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve.
624:
with fibers from the retina); 2. orbital part (which is the part within the orbit); 3. intracanicular part (which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal); and, 4. cranial part (the part within the cranial cavity, which ends at the optic chiasm).
836:
is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye. Tumors, especially those of the pituitary gland, can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss. Similarly,
722:
loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged. In general, the location of the damage in relation to the optic chiasm (see diagram above) will affect the areas of vision loss. Damage to the optic nerve that is
743:, which is posterior to, or behind the chiasm, causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage, e.g. if the left optic tract were cut, there would be a loss of vision from the entire right visual field.
1493:– Optic nerve analysis with both scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT II - Heidelberg Retina Tomograph). Also includes actual fundus photos.
727:, or in front of the optic chiasm (toward the face) causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage. Damage at the optic chiasm itself typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields or
859:
are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve. The
International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases (IFOND) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders.
491:
do not affect the optic nerve. However, most typically, the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and is considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system.
804:
loss, initially sparing central vision. Glaucoma is frequently associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball. The
883:
963:
522:
of the mammalian central nervous system have only limited regenerative capabilities compared to the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, in most mammals, optic
987:
201:
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639:
of the brain. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the
1416:
1107:
2401:
2330:
2185:
561:. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers, which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the
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1047:
354:
2170:
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177:
173:
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2175:
1365:
Belknap, Dianne B.; McCrea, Robert A. (1988-02-01). "Anatomical connections of the prepositus and abducens nuclei in the squirrel monkey".
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2537:
2122:
2117:
588:(the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of
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1990:
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in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the
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run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the
488:
2427:
2391:
1424:
822:. The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain. The condition tends to be episodic.
812:
fluid. The presence of excess aqueous humor, increases IOP, yielding the diagnosis and symptoms of glaucoma.
698:
is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
340:
196:
2936:
2911:
1694:
1540:
1095:
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is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being
20:
915:
691:
that occurs when one looks at a near object (for example: when reading, the lens adjusts to near vision).
675:). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the
2206:
939:
687:
that occurs when light is shone into either eye. The accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the
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The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section.
894:
715:, as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex, which is important for the diagnosis of nerve damage.
613:
467:) during embryonic development. As a consequence, the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with
327:
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1497:
Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage (University of
Liverpool)
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728:
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57:
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Jonas, Jost B.; et al. (May 1992). "Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size".
856:
838:
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1446:"The Eye's Drainage System, the Trabecular Meshwork & Glaucoma | BrightFocus Foundation"
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2013:
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showing the back of the retina. The white circle is the beginning of the optic nerve.
546:
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Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of
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2018:
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The
Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Olympus Towering Top"
1131:
644:
617:
589:
268:
256:
1240:
Smith, Austen M.; Czyz, Craig N. (2021). "Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 2 (Optic)".
1113:
Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
1023:
2880:
2760:
2755:
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783:
782:. By far, the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma;
688:
636:
605:
448:
432:
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584:, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the temporal
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1920:
1577:
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569:; in other areas of the retina, they connect to thousands of photoreceptors.
420:
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Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.
796:
is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing
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156:
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779:
771:
732:
565:, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5
503:
2870:
2570:
1355:
Textbook of
Veterinary Anatomy, 4th Edition. Dyce, Sack and Wensing
793:
767:
759:
755:
724:
480:
447:
The optic nerve has been classified as the second of twelve paired
993:
This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye
2378:
1490:
1197:
Selhorst, John; Chen, Yanjun (February 2009). "The Optic Nerve".
786:, especially in those younger than 50 years of age; and anterior
1516:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
1504:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
2805:
2340:
1169:
Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015).
829:
condition is most common in diabetic patients 40–70 years old.
648:
531:
468:
396:
1168:
775:
684:
494:
The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (
479:
of the peripheral nervous system, and are encased within the
400:
132:
1477:
Stained brain slice images which include the "optic%20nerve"
2288:
731:(see image to the right). Such damage may occur with large
659:
The optic nerve transmits all visual information including
593:
558:
407:
during the seventh week of development and is composed of
97:
16:
Second cranial nerve, which connects the eyes to the brain
957:
Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. Side view.
855:
can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but
683:. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both
909:
Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
459:because it is derived from an out-pouching of the
451:, but it is technically a myelinated tract of the
2893:
1331:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
627:From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the
1246:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
746:Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of
2531:
1541:
1364:
403:. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from
348:
2545:
1196:
832:Other optic nerve problems are less common.
1272:Benowitz, Larry; Yin, Yuqin (August 2010).
1271:
2538:
2524:
1548:
1534:
1192:
1190:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1017:Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.
1005:Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.
877:MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve.
355:
341:
96:
1305:
1239:
897:and its branches. (optic nerve is yellow)
600:from where information is relayed to the
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
701:
540:
39:This article includes a list of general
1187:
1153:
921:Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
580:, running postero-medially towards the
455:, rather than a classical nerve of the
2894:
1555:
1101:Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection
2519:
1529:
1328:
945:Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.
604:, while other axons terminate in the
1367:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1053:Human brain dura mater (reflections)
863:
596:of the optic nerve terminate in the
25:
774:(very rarely), or compression from
752:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
616:and are involved in regulating the
13:
826:Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
790:, usually in those older than 50.
592:enjoyed by a species. Most of the
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2953:
1465:
2789:
1106:
1094:
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1058:
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1034:
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998:
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914:
902:
882:
870:
209:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
30:
1290:10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.152
1173:. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
612:. Other axons terminate in the
553:The optic nerve is composed of
1438:
1409:
1358:
1349:
1322:
1265:
1233:
608:and are involved in reflexive
1:
2428:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
1147:
981:Structures of the eye labeled
750:or inheritable problems like
102:The left optic nerve and the
518:found in peripheral nerves.
442:
7:
2927:Nerves of the head and neck
2207:Inferior salivatory nucleus
1118:
654:
572:The optic nerve leaves the
10:
2958:
1651:lateral geniculate nucleus
1612:anterior olfactory nucleus
1274:"Optic Nerve Regeneration"
1122:
706:
598:lateral geniculate nucleus
429:lateral geniculate nucleus
18:
2853:
2798:
2787:
2558:
2484:
2445:
2415:
2377:
2339:
2331:Superior cervical cardiac
2287:
2263:
2234:
2224:
2194:
2133:
2104:
2094:
2036:
2024:Superior salivary nucleus
2006:
1936:
1887:
1866:
1856:
1827:
1777:spinal trigeminal nucleus
1758:
1729:
1676:
1637:
1598:
1564:
1278:Archives of Ophthalmology
788:ischemic optic neuropathy
739:. Finally, damage to the
457:peripheral nervous system
207:
195:
183:
167:
155:
143:
131:
126:
116:
111:
95:
90:
2827:Ascending and Descending
2464:spinal accessory nucleus
1904:pterygopalatine ganglion
1695:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
808:assists the drainage of
526:results in irreversible
1846:no significant branches
1748:no significant branches
1588:no significant branches
895:internal carotid artery
614:suprachiasmatic nucleus
489:Guillain–Barré syndrome
485:Peripheral neuropathies
60:more precise citations.
2166:Stylopharyngeal branch
1926:submandibular ganglion
1911:Nerve to the stapedius
1472:The optic nerve on MRI
1211:10.1055/s-0028-1124020
1125:anatomical terminology
857:neuro-ophthalmologists
834:Optic nerve hypoplasia
729:bitemporal hemianopsia
550:
530:. The fibers from the
453:central nervous system
415:; it extends from the
1379:10.1002/cne.902680103
1199:Seminars in Neurology
702:Clinical significance
576:(eye socket) via the
555:retinal ganglion cell
544:
536:primary visual cortex
423:and continues as the
409:retinal ganglion cell
395:information from the
2861:Accidental viewpoint
2014:Facial motor nucleus
1710:parasympathetic root
681:accommodation reflex
377:second cranial nerve
375:, also known as the
19:For other uses, see
2937:Otorhinolaryngology
2912:Human head and neck
2766:Vertical–horizontal
2326:Recurrent laryngeal
2171:Pharyngeal branches
1949:Posterior auricular
1797:trigeminal ganglion
1491:online case history
1450:www.brightfocus.org
806:trabecular meshwork
567:photoreceptor cells
437:superior colliculus
2866:Auditory illusions
2661:Impossible trident
2309:Superior laryngeal
2176:Tonsillar branches
1874:Intermediate nerve
1690:oculomotor nucleus
1123:This article uses
839:cerebral aneurysms
820:multiple sclerosis
551:
506:) rather than the
2889:
2888:
2881:Temporal illusion
2876:Tactile illusions
2846:(2015 photograph)
2547:Optical illusions
2513:
2512:
2441:
2440:
2407:Posterior gastric
2302:pharyngeal plexus
2297:Pharyngeal branch
2220:
2219:
2084:Scarpa's ganglion
2072:lateral lemniscus
2067:striae medullares
2050:vestibular nuclei
2038:Vestibulocochlear
2032:
2031:
1481:BrainMaps project
1142:Bistratified cell
891:ophthalmic artery
864:Additional images
802:peripheral vision
737:pituitary adenoma
645:calcarine fissure
547:fundus photograph
365:
364:
287:Vestibulocochlear
223:
222:
218:
86:
85:
78:
2949:
2793:
2746:Schroeder stairs
2721:Peripheral drift
2716:Penrose triangle
2540:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2459:nucleus ambiguus
2433:Solitary nucleus
2423:Nucleus ambiguus
2402:Anterior gastric
2349:Inferior cardiac
2279:Auricular branch
2274:Meningeal branch
2232:
2231:
2212:Solitary nucleus
2202:Nucleus ambiguus
2181:Lingual branches
2102:
2101:
2096:Glossopharyngeal
2019:Solitary nucleus
1899:Greater petrosal
1864:
1863:
1714:ciliary ganglion
1550:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
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1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1423:. Archived from
1421:casemed.case.edu
1413:
1407:
1406:
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1356:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1284:(8): 1059–1064.
1269:
1263:
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1185:
1184:
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1132:Ophthalmic nerve
1110:
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1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
906:
886:
874:
849:Ophthalmologists
841:, a swelling of
800:in a pattern of
798:optic neuropathy
735:tumors, such as
665:color perception
618:sleep-wake cycle
590:binocular vision
473:oligodendrocytes
433:pretectal nuclei
381:cranial nerve II
357:
350:
343:
293:Glossopharyngeal
225:
224:
215:edit on Wikidata
212:
100:
88:
87:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
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2950:
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2946:
2892:
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2890:
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2849:
2799:Popular culture
2794:
2785:
2756:Spinning dancer
2576:Ambiguous image
2554:
2544:
2514:
2509:
2480:
2437:
2411:
2373:
2335:
2283:
2259:
2216:
2190:
2154:lesser petrosal
2149:tympanic plexus
2129:
2090:
2055:cochlear nuclei
2028:
2002:
1940:
1932:
1889:
1883:
1852:
1823:
1754:
1725:
1672:
1633:
1627:olfactory tract
1594:
1560:
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922:
919:
910:
907:
898:
887:
878:
875:
866:
843:blood vessel(s)
709:
704:
689:lens of the eye
657:
629:optic radiation
445:
391:that transmits
361:
332:
219:
176:
107:
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2939:
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2929:
2924:
2919:
2917:Nervous system
2914:
2909:
2907:Cranial nerves
2904:
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2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
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2855:
2851:
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2848:
2847:
2839:
2838:(1961 drawing)
2831:
2830:(1960 drawing)
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2800:
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2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Shepard tables
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Penrose stairs
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
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2633:
2628:
2623:
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2613:
2608:
2606:Checker shadow
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Autostereogram
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1466:External links
1464:
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1205:(1): 029–035.
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784:optic neuritis
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637:occipital lobe
606:pretectal area
475:, rather than
449:cranial nerves
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1427:on 2020-01-26
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641:lingual gyrus
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477:Schwann cells
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438:
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430:
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421:optic chiasma
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389:cranial nerve
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42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2812:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
2810:
2676:Lilac chaser
2646:Gravity hill
1939:stylomastoid
1891:facial canal
1845:
1747:
1661:optic chiasm
1638:
1587:
1517:
1505:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1420:
1411:
1373:(1): 13–28.
1370:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1242:
1235:
1202:
1198:
1170:
853:optometrists
847:
831:
824:
814:
792:
764:inflammation
745:
720:visual field
718:The type of
717:
710:
693:
677:light reflex
663:perception,
658:
631:pass to the
626:
622:
582:optic chiasm
571:
552:
524:nerve damage
520:Fiber tracts
493:
471:produced by
465:optic stalks
461:diencephalon
446:
405:optic stalks
384:
383:, or simply
380:
376:
372:
369:neuroanatomy
366:
250:
178:A15.2.04.024
174:A14.2.01.006
137:
104:optic tracts
72:
63:
44:
2902:Optic nerve
2822:(1864 book)
2726:Poggendorff
2701:Oppel-Kundt
2696:Necker cube
2691:MĂĽller-Lyer
2666:Irradiation
2486:Hypoglossal
1867:Near origin
1666:optic tract
1089:Optic nerve
1077:Optic nerve
1065:Optic nerve
1041:Optic nerve
1029:Optic nerve
741:optic tract
578:optic canal
516:endoneurium
512:perineurium
425:optic tract
413:glial cells
373:optic nerve
311:Hypoglossal
127:Identifiers
91:Optic nerve
58:introducing
21:Optic Nerve
2896:Categories
2819:Spectropia
2736:Rubin vase
2686:McCollough
2681:Mach bands
2631:Ehrenstein
2626:Ebbinghaus
2591:Barberpole
2566:Afterimage
2079:Vestibular
1991:mandibular
1964:stylohyoid
1954:Suprahyoid
1879:Geniculate
1817:mandibular
1807:ophthalmic
1760:Trigeminal
1678:Oculomotor
1455:2022-01-10
1431:2020-01-23
1243:StatPearls
1148:References
758:, trauma,
748:congenital
696:blind spot
694:The eye's
661:brightness
643:below the
557:axons and
508:epineurium
417:optic disc
411:axons and
285:CN VIII –
269:Trigeminal
257:Oculomotor
157:NeuroNames
117:Innervates
41:references
2922:Neurology
2871:Illusions
2843:The dress
2835:Waterfall
2636:Flash lag
2616:Cornsweet
2601:Café wall
2581:Ames room
2559:Illusions
2499:Branches
2447:Accessory
2367:posterior
2354:Pulmonary
2040:(CN VIII)
1981:zygomatic
1959:digastric
1842:Branches
1812:maxillary
1803:Branches
1744:Branches
1731:Trochlear
1701:Branches
1600:Olfactory
1387:0021-9967
1298:0003-9950
1219:0271-8235
780:aneurysms
772:infection
733:pituitary
528:blindness
504:pia mater
500:arachnoid
443:Structure
309:CN XII –
305:Accessory
279:CN VII –
263:Trochlear
255:CN III –
245:Olfactory
66:June 2018
2621:Delboeuf
2571:Ambigram
2488:(CN XII)
2362:anterior
2319:internal
2314:external
2253:inferior
2248:superior
2244:Ganglia
2144:Tympanic
2123:inferior
2118:superior
2114:Ganglia
1996:cervical
1976:temporal
1860:(CN VII)
1829:Abducens
1719:inferior
1705:superior
1680:(CN III)
1566:Terminal
1417:"Vision"
1403:21565504
1316:20697009
1252:29939684
1227:19214930
1119:See also
794:Glaucoma
768:ischemia
760:toxicity
756:glaucoma
725:anterior
679:and the
669:contrast
655:Function
481:meninges
323:Overview
303:CN XI –
291:CN IX –
275:Abducens
273:CN VI –
261:CN IV –
249:CN II –
239:Terminal
2854:Related
2781:Zöllner
2771:White's
2706:Orbison
2671:Jastrow
2503:lingual
2495:Nucleus
2471:Cranial
2455:Nuclei
2449:(CN XI)
2397:Hepatic
2379:Abdomen
2235:Before
2105:Before
2098:(CN IX)
2046:Nuclei
1941:foramen
1838:Nucleus
1831:(CN VI)
1793:Course
1768:Nuclei
1740:Nucleus
1733:(CN IV)
1686:Nuclei
1657:Course
1647:Nuclei
1641:(CN II)
1618:Course
1608:Nuclei
1584:Course
1574:Nuclei
1502:lesson3
1479:at the
1395:3346381
1343:1582806
1307:3072887
1257:14 June
707:Disease
635:in the
427:to the
419:to the
399:to the
297:CN X –
267:CN V –
243:CN I –
237:CN 0 –
150:D009900
112:Details
54:improve
2806:Op art
2761:Ternus
2741:Sander
2656:Hering
2596:Bezold
2476:Spinal
2416:Nuclei
2387:Celiac
2341:Thorax
2264:After
2228:(CN X)
2195:Nuclei
2134:After
2007:Nuclei
1986:buccal
1888:Inside
1858:Facial
1762:(CN V)
1602:(CN I)
1568:(CN 0)
1507:orbit4
1401:
1393:
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776:tumors
713:vision
685:pupils
649:cuneus
532:retina
514:, and
502:, and
469:myelin
435:, and
397:retina
393:visual
371:, the
281:Facial
121:Vision
43:, but
2776:Wundt
2731:Ponzo
2611:Chubb
2392:Renal
2226:Vagus
1639:Optic
1486:IFOND
1399:S2CID
1134:(CN V
594:axons
574:orbit
563:fovea
487:like
401:brain
385:CN II
328:Table
299:Vagus
251:Optic
213:[
202:50863
133:Latin
2651:Grid
2551:list
2289:Neck
1556:The
1391:PMID
1383:ISSN
1339:PMID
1312:PMID
1294:ISSN
1259:2021
1248:PMID
1223:PMID
1215:ISSN
1175:ISBN
889:The
851:and
667:and
559:glia
496:dura
190:6183
169:TA98
145:MeSH
1937:At
1787:TMN
1772:PSN
1712:of
1375:doi
1371:268
1302:PMC
1286:doi
1282:128
1207:doi
778:or
367:In
197:FMA
185:TA2
162:289
2898::
1782:MN
1519:II
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1189:^
1155:^
770:,
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545:A
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510:,
498:,
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431:,
379:,
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