2312:
offensive weapon; by the end of the 16th and into the 17th, its niche was primarily defensive, though this did not preclude fights between pikemen. The push of pike became rare and battles were increasingly resolved by shooting. Directly linked to this was halberds becoming less common, as their primary role in breaking the push became less relevant and their secondary role (repulsing cavalry) was better filled by more pikes: the French regulars abandoned the halberd in 1568 (aside from NCOs), and the Dutch not long after, while the
Spanish army, as well as those of various Holy Roman Empire states, would continue to use the halberd in limited numbers into the mid-17th century (the English used the similar billhook). The predominance of shooting was not a universal advancement, however. For example, in the Wars of Religion of the 1560s and 1570s, 54% of wounds suffered by French soldiers were inflicted by swords, these being the most common weapons on the battlefield as pikemen, halberdiers, arquebusiers, musketeers, and cavalry all carried them as sidearms.
135:
2594:
against cavalry – still the dominant fast-attack arm on the battlefield – and was extremely sturdy and difficult to defeat. It was very hard to isolate or outflank and destroy a tercio by maneuver due to its great depth and distribution of firepower to all sides (as opposed to the maximization of combat power in the frontal arc as adopted by later formations). The individual units of pikemen and musketeers were not fixed and were re-ordered during battle to defend a wing or to bring greater fire power or pikes to bear in a certain direction. Finally, its depth meant that it could run over shallower formations in a close assault – that is, should the slow-moving tercio manage to strike the enemy line.
2602:
musketeers, and those arquebusiers whose shooting was not blocked by friendly forces, were supposed to keep up a continuous fire by rotation. This led to a fairly slow rate of advance, estimated by modern writers at roughly 60 meters a minute. Movement of such seemingly unwieldy groups of soldiers was difficult but well-trained and experienced tercios were able to move and manoeuvre with surprising facility and to great advantage over less-experienced opponents. They would be co-ordinated with each other in a way that often caught attacking infantry or cavalry with fire coming from different directions from two or more of these strong infantry squares.
3074:, resulted in the abandonment of the deeper formations of troops more ideal for the melee-oriented pikemen. Military thinking switched to shallower lines that maximized the firepower of an infantry formation. By one calculation, a formation equipped entirely with mid-18th century flintlocks could output ten times as many shots in an equivalent period of time as a typical early 17th century pike and shot formation equipped with matchlocks (pike:shot ratio of 3:2), enormously changing the tactical calculus of the infantry's armament. From 1688 to 1696, 3 out of every 5 Austrian and British soldiers had a flintlock musket, the rest mostly had matchlocks.
2879:. Although inspired by the Romans, Maurice's soldiers carried the weapons of their day—250 were pikemen and the remaining 300 were arquebusiers and musketeers, 60 of the shot serving as a skirmish screen in front of the battalion, the rest forming up in two equal bodies, one on either side of the pikemen. Two or more of these battalions were to form the regiment, which was thus theoretically 1,100 men or stronger, but unlike the tercio, the regiment had the battalions as fully functional sub-units, each of mixed pike and shot which could, and generally did, operate independently, or could support each other closely.
38:
2824:
2985:
where all of the gunners in the ranks would fire at the same time. This was intended to bring down as many members of the opposing force's front line as possible, causing ranks moving up behind them to trip and fall as they were forced forward by the ranks further back. Finally, he embedded four small "infantry guns" into each battalion, allowing them to move about independently and not suffer from a lack of cannon fire if they became detached.
2913:
2763:
2616:
2472:
2378:
and 40% pikes; this was adjusted in 1589 to 10% halberds, 30% pikes and 60% unspecified firearms. By 1600 France set a 1:1 ratio of pikes to firearms, and Spain 10% halberds, 30% pikes, 25% muskets, and 35% arquebuses. In 1560, following an order to increase the proportion of firearms, Spanish units in Italy became 54% pikes and 46% firearms. The
Spanish average throughout the 16th century was 2 pikes for every 1 firearm.
2382:
arquebusiers, 45 pikemen, 12 halberdiers and targeteers, and 3 musicians (two fifers and a drummer). A study of a selection of Dutch companies from 1587, standardized by
William of Orange, showed 34% pikes, 9% halberds, 5% swords and bucklers, and 52% firearms. Bucklers disappeared from the ranks by the end of the 16th century, as did halberds except in the hands of NCOs and bodyguards.
2454:
India, China, and
Southeast Asia until about the mid-19th century due to being far less complicated to manufacture. For example, by the mid-17th century, only 10–13% of Javanese soldiers used firearms, and by the 1680s, 20% of Thai soldiers used firearms. By 1825, 50% of Burmese soldiers had firearms, and as late as 1858, only 15% of the Vietnamese soldiers summoned to fight the
2415:
were not as useful in these engagements due to the pike's low value as a personal weapon (indeed, in the
English Civil Wars, only 15% of battle deaths occurred in major battles, whereas nearly half occurred in battles with fewer than 250 total casualties). In 1632, the Spanish army standardized their infantry companies at 68% arquebuses and muskets and 32% pikes.
3107:, where flintlock muskets were outnumbered by matchlocks (the flintlock would not enter regular service until 1699). During the same conflict, the Polish-Lithuanian army also made extensive use of pikes. In 1703, the French army also discontinued the use of the pike, followed in 1704 by the British and in 1708 by the Dutch. Between 1699 and 1721,
2578:" at each corner. The large square in the center was made up of the pikemen, 56 files across and 22 ranks deep. The outer edges of the central pike square were lined with a thin rank of arquebusiers totaling 250 men. At each corner of this great pike square were the smaller squares of arquebusiers, called
3011:
positional advantage, but Gustav's smaller and lighter units were able to easily re-align to face the formerly open flank, their light guns cutting into their ranks while the heavier guns on both sides continued to exchange fire elsewhere. Tilly was soon driven from the field, his forces in disarray.
3266:
Michael
Mallett. "The Italian Wars 1494–1559 War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe." Routledge: October 2018. "The Black Band of Guelders, one of the most prestigious landskecht contingents, which fought for the French at Marignano, had 12,000 pikemen, 2,000 arquebusiers, 2,000 swordsmen, and
2894:
In the end, Maurice's armies depended primarily on defensive siege warfare to wear down the
Spanish attempting to wrest control of the heavily fortified towns of the Seven Provinces, rather than risking the loss of all through open battle. On the rare occasion that open battle occurred, this reformed
2863:
In addition to standardizing drill, weapon caliber, pike length, and so on, Maurice turned to his readings in classical military doctrine to establish smaller, more flexible combat formations than the ponderous regiments and tercios which then presided over open battle. Each Dutch battalion was to be
2449:
in 1700, Russian line infantry companies were 83% muskets and 17% pikes. The musketeers were initially equipped with sword-like plug bayonets; they did not fully switch to socket bayonets until 1709. A Swedish infantry company at the start of the war consisted of 66% muskets and 33% pikes. While they
2311:
The proportion of melee weapons to shot varied depending on the state and era, as did the exact weapons used. In general, the later the date, the more prominent firearms were. Due to this, the role of the pike changed over time. In the late 15th century and the first half of the 16th, the pike was an
2246:
and established the
Landsknechte units. Many of their tactics were adapted from the Swiss mercenaries, but the use of firearms was added. The firearms, in conjunction with the pike formations, gave the Imperials a tactical edge over the French. Those pike and shot regiments were recruited in Germany,
3089:
doctrine used by the French. A common end date for the use of the pike in infantry formations is 1700, although some armies such as the
Prussians had already abandoned the pike decades prior, whereas others such as the Swedish and Russians continued to use it for several decades afterward—the Swedes
3036:
against the cavalry-heavy
Manchus. The arquebusiers inflicted many losses on the Manchus, but were routed. This prompted a revision of military tactics in Korea. After the defeat at Sarhū, the Joseon forces revised their doctrine to have spearmen supporting the arquebusiers to better withstand shock
2984:
He started by re-arranging the formations to be thinner, typically only four to six ranks deep, spreading them out horizontally into rectangles instead of squares. This further maximized the number of musketeers near the front of the formation. Additionally he introduced the practice of volley fire,
2426:
In 1618–1629, the pike to shot ratio fluctuated between 1 and 2 muskets per pike for various Western European armies. 1631–1632 saw an increased proportion of firearms, with some formations being more than 80% gunmen. The standard in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire in 1641 was 66% muskets
2414:
were 58% muskets and arquebuses, 36% pikes, and 6% halberds; this changed again in 1627 to 65% muskets, 20% pikes, and 15% halberds. The ideal field ratio often deviated from the usual combat experience; skirmishes, sieges, and minor actions were far more common than large pitched battles, and pikes
2377:
In Venice the proportions were first fixed in 1548, at 10% halberds, 30% arquebuses, and 60% pikes. French contracts of 1562 simply specified 33% of arquebusiers. For the English 1571-2 campaign in France the recommended balance in newly formed companies was 6% halberds, 20% muskets, 34% arquebuses,
2589:
Normal attrition of combat units (including sickness and desertion) and the sheer lack of men usually led to the tercios being far smaller in practice than the numbers above suggest but the roughly 1:1 ratio of pikemen to shooters was generally maintained. The tercios for all armies were usually of
2453:
The rapidly rising percentage of firearms spurred by pike-and-shot battles, until reaching near-100% by the 18th century, was generally not mirrored in non-European countries that did not adopt such tactics. Nor was the proliferation of the flintlock; matchlocks remained the most common firearms in
2373:
The Spanish army standardized the tercio arrangement in 1534. At this time a tercio was 14 companies of two types. The first type, numbering twelve per tercio, had 219 pikemen and 20 musketeers. The second, comprising the remaining 2, had 224 arquebusiers and 15 musketeers. Thus, at full strength a
2327:
was one of the first forces to use the arquebus to a large degree. In its 1477 to 1488 wars, 25 percent of its soldiers had firearms (both arquebuses and more primitive handgonnes), an unusually high ratio for the time. The average in Europe by the end of the 15th century was that 10 percent of the
2319:
organized its army into 1,250 lances of nine men each, thus its forces were 2/8 heavy cavalry (men-at-arms and sergeants), 3/8 mounted archers (who also carried hand weapons and could fight dismounted), 1/8 pikemen, 1/8 crossbowmen, and 1/8 handgunners; the last man in each lance was a noncombatant
3098:
officially stopped using pikemen in 1699. It had been progressively phasing out both pikes and lances since the Thirty Years War. Following Montecuccoli's reforms in the 1660s, the paper strength of an Imperial infantry company was 48 pikemen, 88 musketeers, and 8 shieldmen. The Imperial Army used
2988:
Gustav also placed detached musketeers in small units among the cavalry. In traditional deployments the infantry would be deployed in the middle with cavalry on both sides, protecting the flanks. Battles would often open with the cavalry attacking their counterparts in an effort to drive them off,
2676:
The great rivals of the Spanish/Habsburg Empire, the Kings of France, had access to a smaller and poorly organized force of pike and shot. The French military establishment showed considerably less interest in shot as a native troop type than did the Spanish until the end of the sixteenth century,
2570:
in the 1530s by order of Charles. The tercios were originally made up of one-third pikemen, one-third arquebusiers and one-third swordsmen. Tercios were administrative organizations and were in charge of up to 3000 soldiers. These were divided into ten companies that were deployed in battle. These
2374:
tercio had 2,628 pikemen (77%), 448 arquebusiers (14%), and 300 musketeers (9%). However in practice, muster rolls showed that tercios averaged 1,500-strong and had a ratio of 31% shot to 69% pikes. The musketeers used a particularly heavy firearm which fired balls twice the size of an arquebus's.
2286:
with "El Gran Capitán". The arquebusiers could shoot down their foes, and could then run to the nearby pikemen for shelter if enemy cavalry or pikes drew near. This was especially necessary because the firearms of the early 16th century were inaccurate, took a very long time to load and only had a
3499:
Philip T. Hoffman. "Why Did Europe Conquer the World?". Princeton University Press: January 2017. Pages 56–58. A matchlock would output 1–2 shots per minute, a flintlock 2–4, and a formation of 1,000 for each unit would respectively have 400 and 1,000 gunners, with the matchlock musketeers having
2882:
These battalions were fielded much less deep than the infantry squares of the Spanish, the pikemen being generally described as five to ten ranks deep, the shot eight to twelve ranks. In this way, fewer musketeers were left inactive in the rear of the formation, as was the case with tercios which
3010:
in 1631. Battle opened in traditional fashion, with Tilly's cavalry moving forward to attack the flanks. This drove off the Saxons on the one flank, but on the other Gustav's new combined cavalry/musket force drove off any attempt to charge. With one flank now open Tilly nevertheless had a major
3001:
The effect of these changes was profound. Gustav had been largely ignored by most of Europe after his mixed results in Poland, and when he arrived in Germany in 1630 he was not immediately challenged. He managed to build up a force of 24,000 regulars and was joined by a force of 18,000 Saxons of
2593:
To modern eyes the tercio square seems cumbersome and wasteful of men, many of the soldiers being positioned so that they could not bring their weapons to bear against the enemy. However, in a time when firearms were short-ranged and slow to load, it had its benefits. It offered great protection
2396:
wrote a military manual outlining his ideal compositions for military formations. In regards to missile weapons, an infantry brigade of 2,699 men was to be equipped with 1,080 matchlock arquebuses and 216 bows (40% firearms). A cavalry brigade of 2,988 men was to be equipped with 1,152 bows, 432
3069:
was now so deadly that combat was often decided by shooting alone. Moreover, the flintlock could be loaded and fired approximately twice as fast as the matchlock, and misfired far less. The abandonment of the pike, together with the faster firing rate made possible by the standardization of the
3045:. Both times, they were defeated, but their performance left a strong impression on the Manchus. The first emperor of the newly declared Qing dynasty later wrote: "The Koreans are incapable on horseback but do not transgress the principles of the military arts. They excel at infantry fighting."
3014:
Follow-up battles had similar outcomes, and Tilly was eventually mortally wounded during one of these. By the end of 1632 Gustav controlled much of Germany. His successes were short-lived however, as the opposing Imperial forces quickly adopted similar tactics. From this point on pike and shot
2601:
of at least three tercios, with one in the front and two behind, the rearward formations echeloned off on either side so that all three resembled a stepped pyramid. The word tercio means "a third" (that is, one third of the whole brigade). This entire formation would be flanked by cavalry. The
2331:
According to a Castilian ordinance for "people of war" of 1497, Spanish foot soldiers were divided into three categories. One-third of the infantry carried pikes; one-third had swords and shields; and the final one-third consisted of crossbowmen and gunmen. It is in this configuration that the
2720:
also had their own small contingents of arquebusiers, usually comprising not more than 10–20% of their total force. The French were also late to adopt the musket, the first reference to their use being at the end of the 1560s—twenty years after its use by the Spanish, Germans and Italians.
2381:
In the 1570s the standard infantry company in Dutch service (whether they be Dutch or foreign hires such as Germans and English) had about 150 men, including 4 officers (a captain, lieutenant, quartermaster, and barber-surgeon), 5 NCOs (two sergeants and three corporals), 15 musketeers, 65
2705:. Detachments of around 1,000 men could be sent off to separate duty, but in practice the Legions were initially little more than an ill-disciplined rabble and a failure as a battlefield force, and as such were soon relegated to garrison duty until they matured in the seventeenth century.
2749:, defending themselves with the pike when surviving heavy cavalry got close. Although the battle was ultimately lost by the Spanish and Imperial forces, it demonstrated the self-sufficiency of the mixed pike and shot formations, something sorely lacking in the French armies of the day.
3118:
Even later, the obsolete pike would still find a use in such countries as Ireland, Russia, and China, generally in the hands of desperate peasant rebels who did not have access to firearms. One attempt to resurrect the pike as a primary infantry weapon occurred during the
95:
2997:
a real advantage before the two forces met. Under normal conditions detached musketeers without pikemen would be easy targets for the enemy cavalry, but if they did close to sabre range, the Swedish cavalry would be a more immediate concern.
2427:
and 33% pikes. As pike-on-pike clashes became less common in field battles, so did armor. By 1660 body armor had mostly disappeared in pike and shot formations; the pikes themselves had also shortened, from 18 feet to 13 feet. During the
2886:
Maurice called for a deployment of his battalions in three offset lines, each line giving the one in front of it close support by means of a checkerboard formation, another similarity to Roman military systems, in this case the Legion's
2409:
In 1601, Spanish regiments in the Low Countries were 44% pikes and 56% muskets and arquebuses. German ones had far fewer firearms, with 79% pikes to 21% arquebuses and muskets. Proportions changed, and by 1625 the field infantry of the
3027:
supported their gunmen (25–30% of their initial force) with spear and bow levies, but the pike was not as emphasized as it was in contemporary Europe due to the lack of a large cavalry threat in either Japan or Korea. At the 1619
2405:
manned by two men each, and 512 arquebuses (33% firearms), plus eight proper cannons. On paper these were roughly in line with contemporary European rates but it is not known if these proportions were ever reached in practice.
2689:, in which he was defeated and captured. Francis had declared the establishment of the French "Legions" in the 1530s, large infantry formations of 6,000 men which were roughly composed of 60% pikemen, 30% arquebusiers and 10%
2855:
from Spanish control starting in 1568. After soldiering on for years with a polyglot army of foreign-supplied troops and mercenaries, the Dutch took steps to reform their armies starting in 1590 under their captain-general,
2298:, one of the great victories of the Italian Wars, in which the heavily outnumbered Spanish pike-and-shot forces, in a strong defensive position, crushed the attacking gendarmes and Swiss mercenaries of the French army.
2590:
1,000 to 2,000 men, although even these numbers could be reduced by the conditions already mentioned. Tercio-type formations were also used by other powers, chiefly in the Germanic areas of the Holy Roman Empire.
2418:
Contemporary Japanese units, while heavily focused on firearms by East Asian standards, had higher ratios of other weapons to arquebuses compared to late 16th to early 17th century European formations. When Japan
2366:, the standard unit, had 400 men, of whom 300 were pikemen (75%), 50 were arquebusiers (12.5%), and 50 were halberdiers or two-handed swordsmen (12.5%). Arquebusiers, halberdiers, and swordsmen
2899:, and crushing them. Maurice's reforms are more famous for the effect they had on others—taken up and perfected, and would be put to the test on the battlefields of the seventeenth century.
3127:
planned to recruit twenty regiments of pikemen in 1862. In April 1862 it was authorized that every Confederate infantry regiment would include two companies of pikemen, a plan supported by
2258:
by an army composed of armoured gendarme cavalry and Swiss mercenary infantry. The chastened Spanish undertook a thorough reorganization of their army and tactics under the great captain
2571:
companies were further subdivided into small units that could be deployed individually or brought together to form great battle formations that were sometimes called "Spanish squares".
3276:
Jörgensen, Christer; Pavkovic, Michael F.; Rice, Rob S.; Schneid, Frederick C.; Scott, Chris L. (2006). Fighting Techniques of the Early Modern World. Thomas Dunne Books. Page 12.
98:
A 16th-century pamphlet showing a mixed pike and shot formation. Pikemen are represented by the letter "p", the two "winges of shot" by the letter "o". (The letter "h" represents
3015:
formations gradually spread out into ever-wider rectangles to maximize firepower of the muskets. Formations became more flexible, with more firepower and independence of action.
2564:
continued to show valuable flexibility as the Italian Wars progressed, and the Spanish string of battlefield successes continued. The colunellas were eventually replaced by the
2401:", miniature bombards loaded with one hundred pellets each, essentially 21.6 kg blunderbusses (20% firearms). A wagon brigade of 3,109 men was equipped with 145 wagons, 256
2533:
2895:
army, as many reformed armies have done in the past, behaved variably, running from the Spanish tercios one day, fighting those same tercios only a few days later, at the
2574:
As these squares matured in usage during the 16th century, they generally took on the appearance of a "bastioned square" – that is, a large square with smaller square "
2262:("El Gran Capitán"). Realizing that he could not match the sheer offensive power of the French gendarmes and Swiss pikes, he took advantage of the shooting power of
2270:, and to employ them in a mutually-supporting formation, preferably in a strong defensive position. At first, this mixed infantry formation was referred to as a
2739:
In the one great battle fought in the sixteenth century between the French and their Imperial rivals after the Spanish and Imperial adoption of the tercio, the
2362:'s companies consisted of 70% pikes, 12% arquebuses, 12% two-handed swords, and 6% halberds. For landsknechts in general, the usual arrangement was that one
3388:
Alexander Astroth. "The Decline of Japanese Firearm Manufacturing and Proliferation in the Seventeenth Century." Emory Endeavors in History: 2013. Page 136.
3257:
DelbrĂĽck, Hans (1990) . The Dawn of Modern Warfare. History of the Art of War. IV. Transl. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
2385:
In 1588, the English Trained Bands consisted of 36% arquebusiers, 6% musketeers, 16% bowmen, 26% pikemen, and 16% billmen. Lansdowne MS 56, attributed to
3490:
Andrade, Tonio (2016). "The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History." Princeton University Press. Page 187.
2716:, or, to a lesser extent, French pikemen being supported at times by bands of mercenary adventurer shot, largely Gascons and Italians. (The Swiss and
3061:, had been in use since the mid-16th century, but remained less common than matchlocks until the late 17th), or to greatly decrease their numbers. A
2340:
set his companies at 50% pikes, 33% swords and shields, and 17% arquebuses. This ratio was flexible and could be changed as tactics required. The
2981:
decided to reorganize his battlefield formations, initially adopting the "Dutch formations", but then adding a number of innovations of his own.
2544:
The armies of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, further developed the pike and shot formation. The front line of Charles' German
2458:
had firearms. By the 1840s, only 30–40% of Chinese soldiers had firearms (all matchlocks), the rest being armed with spears, swords, and bows.
3481:(2016). "The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History." Princeton University Press. Pages 240–241.
2423:
in 1592, 30% of Japanese soldiers had firearms, and the rest were equipped with pikes, swords, and bows. Firearms usage declined after 1603.
2732:
foes had to improvise a native infantry force, it was largely made up of arquebusiers with few if any pikes (other than the large blocks of
2344:, which demonstrated the power of the arqebus, had the Spanish army roughly following this ratio, with the infantry being 25% arquebusiers.
2442:
in the 1690s still had 2 muskets for every 1 pike. Meanwhile, by 1687, the French army's ratio was set at 75–80% muskets and 20–25% pikes.
3656:
3397:
Guthrie, William. "The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia." Praeger: Feb. 2003. Page 33.
3469:
Gahir, Sunita; Spencer, Sharon, eds. (2006). "Weapon – A Visual History of Arms and Armor". New York City: DK Publishing. Page 260.
3424:
Chandler, David G.; Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2003). "The Oxford History of the British Army." Oxford University Press. p. 65
2989:
thereby opening the infantry to a cavalry charge from the side. An attempt to do this against his new formations would be met with
2278:. It interspersed formations of men in close order armed with the pike and looser formations armed with the firearm, initially the
1078:
3032:, the Koreans (drawing on lessons from 1592 to 1598) deployed an all-shot formation (10,000 arquebusiers and 3,000 archers) using
3024:
1510:
2158:. Other weapons such as swords, halberds, and crossbows were also sometimes used. The formation was initially developed by the
3549:
3524:
3406:
Stuart Reid. "All The King's Armies: A Military History of the English Civil War: 1642–1651." History Press: 2007. Chapter 1.
3205:
3539:
2438:, the Imperial Army had set its infantry companies at 61% firearms, 33% pikes, and 6% shieldmen. The English army of the
1866:
134:
3023:
Meanwhile in East Asia, the utility of pike and shot style formations were still being tested. The Japanese army in the
2677:
and continued to prefer close combat arms, particularly heavy cavalry, as the decisive force in their armies until the
2061:
1839:
449:
3640:
3581:
3564:
Simon Millar, Peter Dennis. "Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans." Osprey Publishing: 2008. Page 22-24.
3188:
2960:
2810:
2663:
2519:
2386:
2337:
2259:
1515:
81:
59:
3131:. Many pikes were produced but were never used in battle and the plan to include pikemen in the army was abandoned.
2942:
2792:
2645:
2501:
52:
3003:
2239:
1593:
2708:
In practice, pike and shot formations that the French used on the sixteenth-century battlefield were often of an
1938:
1576:
1363:
183:
3321:
Bouko de Groot. "Dutch Armies of the 80 Years’ War 1568–1648 (1)." Bloomsbury Publishing, April 7 2017. Page 12
2938:
2934:
2788:
2784:
2641:
2637:
2497:
2493:
2287:
short range, meaning the shooters were often only able to get off a few shots before the enemy was upon them.
1702:
3330:
P. Groen (ed.), De Tachtigjarige Oorlog, Van opstand naar geregelde oorlogvoering 1568–1648 (The Hague 2013).
3124:
3095:
2582:(sleeves), each 240 men strong. Finally, two groups in open order, each of 90 men and armed with the longer
2333:
2142:
that first appeared during the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and was used until the development of the
2119:
1566:
3038:
3007:
2056:
755:
515:
2420:
2066:
1253:
1050:
921:
459:
1530:
2359:
1640:
1148:
492:
366:
200:
17:
3509:
Chandler, David G. "The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough" Spellmount Limited: 1990. Page 78.
2389:, states that ideally infantry formations should consist of 50% shot, 30% pikes, and 20% billhooks.
2923:
2773:
2626:
2482:
2411:
2091:
1958:
1505:
1198:
1011:
859:
46:
3352:
Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, p. 163-165.
3042:
2927:
2777:
2725:
2678:
2630:
2486:
2044:
2026:
1782:
1341:
1263:
1208:
1088:
801:
464:
343:
3442:
Gabriele Esposito. "Armies of the Great Northern War: 1700–1720." Osprey: 2019. Pages 10 and 16.
2872:
1911:
1886:
1608:
1520:
1393:
1268:
864:
841:
267:
166:
63:
2843:
Foremost amongst the enemies of the Spanish Habsburg empire in the late 16th century were the
2450:
all carried swords, Swedish musketeers were not completely equipped with bayonets until 1704.
3091:
2745:
2324:
2208:
2195:
1500:
1433:
1386:
1035:
998:
961:
879:
831:
715:
525:
318:
222:
2896:
2828:
2455:
2348:
2235:
1891:
1793:
1650:
1645:
1463:
1428:
1163:
978:
836:
772:
626:
596:
173:
2254:, the hitherto successful Spanish army was trounced while opposing the French invasion of
8:
2832:
2682:
2351:
had an army armed 70% with pikes, 10% with muskets, and the remaining 20% with halberds,
2341:
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1742:
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1490:
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1443:
1403:
1313:
1123:
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973:
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227:
151:
3574:
The Black Bands of Giovanni: Infantry and Diplomacy During the Italian Wars (1526–1528)
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By the 16th century, late-medieval troop types that had proven most successful in the
3636:
3595:, eds Brett D. Steele and Tamera Dorland. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2005.
3577:
3545:
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2255:
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1968:
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988:
941:
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750:
543:
520:
454:
102:.) A group of "loose shotte" has been pushed forward into the front of the formation.
3617:
Fighting Techniques of the Early Modern World: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics
3593:
The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment
3294:
J. R. Hale: "War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450 —1620." London 1985, p. 52.
2431:(1642–1651), both sides preferred 2 guns to 1 pike, though this ratio was flexible.
2232:. The emerging artillery corps of heavy cannons was a rapidly improving technology.
2081:
3451:
Artéus, G Karolinska och Europeisk stridstaktik 1700–1712, P 29, 30. Exlibria, 1972
3104:
3078:
3057:
began to abandon the pike altogether (flintlocks and proto-flintlocks, such as the
3054:
2852:
2435:
2316:
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2051:
1983:
1876:
1814:
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308:
232:
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144:
3006:
turned his undefeated 31,000-man veteran army to do battle, meeting Gustav at the
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3002:
questionable quality under von Arnim. Battle was first joined in major form when
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548:
338:
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156:
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After the mid-seventeenth century, armies that standardized the adoption of the
3478:
3460:
Charney, Michael (2004). "Southeast Asian Warfare, 1300–1900." Page 55-56, 246.
2844:
2724:
This was essentially the condition of the French Royal infantry throughout the
2439:
2290:
This new tactic resulted in triumph for the Spanish and Fernández de Córdoba's
2183:
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1819:
1243:
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571:
538:
426:
383:
348:
323:
190:
123:
3624:
The Battle of LĂĽtzen: an examination of 17th century military material culture
2146:
in the late 17th century. This type of formation combined soldiers armed with
3650:
3589:
The French Reluctance to Adopt Firearms Technology in the Early Modern Period
3128:
3112:
3086:
3058:
2267:
2229:
2147:
1918:
1906:
1762:
1682:
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421:
328:
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Showaler, Dennis. "The Early Modern World." Greenwood Press: 2007. Page 63.
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2011:
2006:
1901:
1846:
1480:
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956:
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272:
3065:
could be affixed to the musket, turning it into a spear, and the musket's
2736:
they sometimes hired), rendering formal pike and shot tactics impossible.
3248:
Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, "The Italian Wars: 1494–1559", p. 64.
3033:
2990:
2848:
2283:
2266:, an emerging technology at the time, with the defensive strength of the
2225:
2203:
2164:
2016:
1767:
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561:
262:
257:
2402:
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1973:
1943:
1665:
1029:
3230:
Lopez, Ignacio. "The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704." Osprey: 2012. Page 4.
3169:
Jeremy Black, "European Warfare: 1494–1660", Routledge 2002, p. 39-40.
3140:
3037:
cavalry. The new Korean force was tested against the Manchus again in
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1963:
1787:
1737:
1687:
1677:
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1537:
1328:
1323:
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725:
411:
378:
247:
3208:. Toronto, ON, Canada: Rakoczi Press. pp. 35–36. Archived from
2912:
2762:
2615:
2471:
2888:
2876:
2743:, the Imperial pike and shot formations shot down attacking French
2729:
2728:
that occupied most of the latter sixteenth century, and when their
2694:
2586:, were placed in front of, and to the sides of, the arquebusiers.
2553:
2279:
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2151:
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1978:
1953:
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806:
361:
303:
215:
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1988:
1948:
1712:
1546:
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884:
869:
745:
406:
401:
371:
290:
252:
99:
2332:
Spanish army won the first Italian Wars. In preparation for the
3627:
3541:
Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
3082:
2974:
2583:
2221:
2213:
2174:
2155:
1495:
891:
708:
444:
2206:, dominated European warfare, especially the heavily armoured
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After bad experiences with the classic tercios formations in
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502:
497:
3094:
in particular were using it to great effect until 1721. The
2597:
Armies using the tercio generally intended to field them in
2827:
A model of a section of a pike and shot formation from the
242:
237:
94:
2851:(often retroactively known as the "Dutch"), who fought a
2685:
to establish his own pike and shot contingents after the
2532:
115:
3203:
3183:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 205–10.
2860:, who had read ancient military treatises extensively.
2839:) dress was not common for military troops at the time.
2693:. These legions were raised regionally, one in each of
3512:
3576:. Pisa: Pisa University Press, Edizioni Plus, 2005.
3610:
A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century
2461:
2993:, perhaps not dangerous on its own, but giving the
2864:550 men strong, similar to the size of the ancient
2605:
3081:fought on 19 May 1643, the Spanish abandoned the
3648:
3619:. New York, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2006.
3111:converted almost all Russian foot-regiments to
3206:"A thousand years of the Hungarian art of war"
3602:New York, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.
2712:nature, the large blocks of Swiss mercenary,
2113:
2941:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2791:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2644:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2500:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3523:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGuthrie2003 (
3143:, a society devoted to study of the period
2120:
2106:
2961:Learn how and when to remove this message
2811:Learn how and when to remove this message
2664:Learn how and when to remove this message
2520:Learn how and when to remove this message
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
2822:
2531:
2212:(a professional version of the medieval
1079:List of military strategies and concepts
93:
45:This article includes a list of general
3518:
3178:
14:
3649:
3537:
2902:
2328:infantry were equipped with firearms.
2274:("colonelcy"), and was commanded by a
2560:during the Italian wars. The Spanish
2347:Following its 1506 military reforms,
3018:
2939:adding citations to reliable sources
2906:
2789:adding citations to reliable sources
2756:
2642:adding citations to reliable sources
2609:
2498:adding citations to reliable sources
2465:
31:
3635:. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973.
3612:. London: Methuen & Co., 1937.
24:
3657:Warfare of the early modern period
3633:The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529
2681:; this despite the desire of King
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3668:
3204:Anthony Tihamer Komjathy (1982).
3134:
2462:Spanish and Imperial developments
2392:In 1571 the Ming Chinese general
2355:, or other close-combat weapons.
2336:of 1502 to 1504, Spanish general
2238:opposed the French armies in the
3600:France in the Sixteenth Century.
3004:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly
2911:
2883:deployed in a bastioned-square.
2761:
2752:
2614:
2470:
2240:War of the Burgundian Succession
133:
36:
3615:Jorgensen, Christer (et al.).
3558:
3531:
3503:
3493:
3484:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
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3382:
3373:
3364:
3355:
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3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
2606:The French failure to keep pace
2178:) infantries, and later by the
3626:. University of Glasgow, 2015
3260:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3197:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3099:this configuration during the
13:
1:
3500:twice the number of misfires.
3147:
3125:Confederate States of America
3096:Army of the Holy Roman Empire
2282:. They reappeared during the
2552:, renowned for their use of
2338:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
2260:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
2186:armies in the 17th century.
7:
3141:The Pike & Shot Society
1577:Military–industrial complex
1051:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
3673:
3587:Baumgartner, Frederic J.
3179:Vaughan, Richard (2002) .
3048:
2835:in Stockholm. Consistent (
2301:
2202:and the late phase of the
3631:Taylor, Frederick Lewis.
3598:Baumgartner, Frederic J.
3544:. ABC-CLIO. p. 202.
2306:
2189:
1641:Loss-of-strength gradient
493:Combat information center
3538:Tucker, Spencer (2011).
2853:long war of independence
2150:and soldiers armed with
1959:Military science fiction
1444:Technology and equipment
860:List of military tactics
3339:J. Tincey and R. Hook,
3285:Jörgensen et al, p. 15.
3103:, most famously at the
3085:system and adopted the
2726:French Wars of Religion
2679:French Wars of Religion
2368:all received double pay
2027:Wartime sexual violence
1783:Full-spectrum dominance
1594:Supply-chain management
66:more precise citations.
2840:
2541:
2412:German Catholic League
1939:Awards and decorations
1912:Peace through strength
1887:Low-intensity conflict
1521:Conscientious objector
1394:Area of responsibility
103:
3070:flintlock musket and
3008:Battle of Breitenfeld
2826:
2540:in "bastioned square"
2535:
2370:compared to pikemen.
2325:Black Army of Hungary
526:Torpedo data computer
516:Ship gun fire-control
97:
3572:Arfaioli, Maurizio.
2935:improve this section
2897:Battle of Nieuwpoort
2785:improve this section
2638:improve this section
2494:improve this section
2456:Cochinchina campaign
2445:At the start of the
2397:arquebuses, and 60 "
2247:Austria, and Tyrol.
2236:Emperor Maximilian I
2057:Military occupations
1892:Military engineering
1794:Unrestricted Warfare
1651:Force multiplication
544:Military manoeuvrers
3341:The Armada Campaign
3267:1,000 halberdiers."
2903:Swedish innovations
2342:Battle of Cerignola
2296:Battle of Cerignola
2284:conquest of Granada
2160:Holy Roman Imperial
1743:Penal military unit
1728:Rules of engagement
1404:Command and control
1024:Operations research
488:Director (military)
478:Fire-control system
228:Command and control
109:Part of a series on
3361:Guthrie, p. 16-17.
3212:on 26 January 2011
3160:Hillgarth, p. 377.
3121:American Civil War
2841:
2831:on display at the
2741:Battle of Ceresole
2542:
2447:Great Northern War
2429:English Civil Wars
2252:Battle of Seminara
2196:Hundred Years' War
2140:tactical formation
1852:Counter-insurgency
1773:Command of the sea
1718:Jewish laws on war
1693:Geneva Conventions
1229:Divide and conquer
1019:Military operation
984:Tactical objective
483:Fire-control radar
460:Electronic-warfare
104:
27:Infantry formation
3622:Schürger, André.
3551:978-1-59884-429-0
3101:Great Turkish War
3019:Outside of Europe
2971:
2970:
2963:
2858:Maurice of Nassau
2829:Thirty Years' War
2821:
2820:
2813:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2334:Third Italian War
2135:was a historical
2130:
2129:
2022:Horses in warfare
1969:Anti-war movement
1872:Gunboat diplomacy
1862:Disaster response
1810:Philosophy of war
1805:Principles of war
1778:Deterrence theory
1723:Right of conquest
1646:Lanchester's laws
1414:Principles of war
1104:Counter-offensive
1084:Military campaign
989:Target saturation
912:Counterinsurgency
521:Gun data computer
455:Close air support
417:Aircraft carriers
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
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3353:
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3337:
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3328:
3322:
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3313:
3310:
3304:
3303:Iganacio, p. 13.
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3181:Charles the Bold
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3105:Battle of Vienna
3079:Battle of Rocroi
3055:flintlock musket
2966:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2915:
2907:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2765:
2757:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2618:
2610:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2474:
2466:
2436:Battle of Vienna
2399:crouching tigers
2317:Burgundian State
2122:
2115:
2108:
1877:Humanitarian aid
1815:Security dilemma
1636:Power projection
1419:Economy of force
1399:Chain of command
1114:Defence in depth
1099:Commerce raiding
917:Defeat in detail
233:Defense ministry
137:
128:
127:
118:
106:
105:
87:
80:
76:
73:
67:
62:this article by
53:inline citations
40:
39:
32:
21:
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3428:
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3405:
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3387:
3383:
3379:Ignacio, p. 13.
3378:
3374:
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3356:
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3347:
3338:
3334:
3329:
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3289:
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3271:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:Iganacio, p. 5.
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3137:
3072:paper cartridge
3051:
3030:Battle of Sarhū
3021:
2995:Swedish cavalry
2979:Gustav II Adolf
2967:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2932:
2916:
2905:
2845:Seven Provinces
2817:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2782:
2766:
2755:
2687:Battle of Pavia
2670:
2659:
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2635:
2619:
2608:
2526:
2515:
2509:
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2309:
2304:
2250:In 1495 at the
2200:Burgundian Wars
2192:
2126:
2097:
2096:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1897:Multilateralism
1882:Law enforcement
1842:
1832:
1831:
1800:Just war theory
1758:
1748:
1747:
1698:Geneva Protocol
1668:
1658:
1657:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1389:
1379:
1378:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1264:Network-centric
1184:
1174:
1173:
1076:
1066:
1065:
1014:
1004:
1003:
952:Rapid dominance
857:
847:
846:
802:Electromagnetic
711:
701:
700:
687:
640:
588:
564:
554:
553:
549:Combat training
530:
507:
473:Combat systems:
469:
431:
427:Auxiliary ships
393:
353:
295:
218:
208:
207:
147:
121:
120:
119:
114:
88:
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71:
68:
58:Please help to
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41:
37:
28:
23:
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15:
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11:
5:
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3613:
3603:
3596:
3585:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3550:
3530:
3521:, p. 180.
3511:
3502:
3492:
3483:
3479:Andrade, Tonio
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3433:Guthrie, p. 33
3426:
3417:
3415:Millar, p. 22.
3408:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3370:Black, p. 155.
3363:
3354:
3345:
3343:(1996), p. 47.
3332:
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3287:
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3250:
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3189:
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3151:
3149:
3146:
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3144:
3136:
3135:External links
3133:
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2440:Nine Years War
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2220:, the Spanish
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1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1820:Tripwire force
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1342:Administrative
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:New generation
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1244:Fleet in being
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1182:Grand strategy
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:Scorched earth
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:Deep operation
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
970:
969:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
888:
887:
882:
877:
867:
858:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
842:Unconventional
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
790:
788:Disinformation
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
759:
758:
753:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
712:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
693:
686:
685:
684:
683:
682:
681:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
639:
638:
637:
636:
635:
634:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
587:
586:
585:
584:
579:
574:
565:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
539:Basic training
536:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
468:
467:
465:Reconnaissance
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
392:
391:
386:
384:Special forces
381:
376:
375:
374:
364:
359:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
294:
293:
284:
279:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
204:
203:
198:
188:
187:
186:
181:
171:
170:
169:
162:Post-classical
159:
154:
148:
143:
142:
139:
138:
130:
129:
111:
110:
90:
89:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3669:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3642:
3641:0-8371-5025-6
3638:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3606:Oman, Charles
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:88-8492-231-3
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3520:
3515:
3506:
3496:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3190:0-85115-918-4
3186:
3182:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3129:Robert E. Lee
3126:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3113:line infantry
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3087:line infantry
3084:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:miquelet lock
3056:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2965:
2962:
2954:
2951:November 2022
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2920:This section
2918:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2875:described by
2874:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2812:
2804:
2801:November 2022
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2770:This section
2768:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2753:Dutch reforms
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2697:, Languedoc,
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2668:
2665:
2657:
2654:November 2022
2647:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2623:This section
2621:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:doppelsöldner
2548:consisted of
2547:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2521:
2513:
2510:November 2022
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2479:This section
2477:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2421:invaded Korea
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2387:Lord Burghley
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2315:In 1471, the
2313:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:Pike and shot
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Warrior caste
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1919:Show of force
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Peacebuilding
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Air supremacy
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Islamic rules
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Court-martial
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Arms industry
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:Broken-backed
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Expeditionary
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:Counterattack
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
850:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Psychological
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Combined arms
766:
764:
761:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
710:
705:
704:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
680:
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
641:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:Fortification
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
589:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
567:
566:
563:
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
425:
423:
422:Landing craft
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
292:
288:
287:Standing army
285:
283:
280:
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
212:
211:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
185:
182:
180:
179:pike and shot
177:
176:
175:
172:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
146:
141:
140:
136:
132:
131:
125:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
101:
96:
86:
83:
75:
65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3632:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3599:
3592:
3588:
3573:
3560:
3540:
3533:
3519:Guthrie 2003
3514:
3505:
3495:
3486:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3210:the original
3199:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3117:
3076:
3052:
3022:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2983:
2972:
2957:
2948:
2933:Please help
2921:
2893:
2891:deployment.
2885:
2881:
2862:
2842:
2807:
2798:
2783:Please help
2771:
2744:
2738:
2734:Landsknechts
2733:
2723:
2718:Landsknechts
2717:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2675:
2660:
2651:
2636:Please help
2624:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2546:Landsknechte
2543:
2537:
2516:
2507:
2492:Please help
2480:
2452:
2444:
2434:At the 1683
2433:
2425:
2417:
2408:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2358:In 1515 the
2357:
2346:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2291:
2289:
2271:
2249:
2244:Italian wars
2234:
2207:
2193:
2173:
2165:Landsknechte
2163:
2132:
2131:
2032:Fifth column
2012:War resister
2007:Women in war
1902:Peacekeeping
1847:Arms control
1792:
1481:Mobilization
1476:Conscription
1434:Intelligence
1387:Organization
1028:
957:Encirclement
837:Radiological
773:Conventional
627:Subterranean
534:Development:
533:
510:
472:
434:
397:Naval units:
396:
389:Signal corps
356:
319:Intelligence
299:Specialties:
298:
223:Organization
178:
174:Early modern
78:
69:
50:
29:
3092:Charles XII
3034:volley fire
2991:volley fire
2849:Netherlands
2833:Army Museum
2714:Landsknecht
2691:Halberdiers
2403:swivel guns
2226:Landsknecht
2204:Reconquista
2017:War studies
1840:Non-warfare
1768:Appeasement
1733:Martial law
1572:War economy
1511:Transgender
1464:Recruitment
1224:Containment
1109:Culminating
1089:Anti-access
1012:Operational
932:Envelopment
875:Air assault
756:Air cavalry
716:Air defence
696:Information
597:Cold-region
562:Battlespace
511:Historical:
357:Land units:
263:Space force
258:Coast guard
191:Late modern
152:Prehistoric
100:halberdiers
64:introducing
3216:11 October
3148:References
3077:After the
2562:colunellas
2558:zweihänder
2394:Qi Jiguang
2360:Black Band
2353:hog-spears
2292:colunellas
2228:mercenary
2152:arquebuses
2077:War crimes
2067:Operations
1974:Foot drill
1944:Battle cry
1857:deterrence
1516:Harassment
1491:Specialism
1314:Technology
1309:Succession
1254:Liberation
1189:Asymmetric
1124:Empty fort
1030:Blitzkrieg
999:Withdrawal
962:Investment
741:Camouflage
736:Biological
674:Underwater
649:Amphibious
568:Aerospace
435:Air units:
412:Submarines
201:fourth-gen
196:industrial
184:napoleonic
72:March 2013
47:references
3123:when the
3067:firepower
3043:1636–1637
3025:Imjin War
2922:does not
2869:legionary
2772:does not
2746:gendarmes
2699:Champagne
2683:Francis I
2625:does not
2481:does not
2272:colunella
1964:War novel
1867:Grey-zone
1827:War games
1788:Overmatch
1738:War crime
1688:Desertion
1678:Ceasefire
1673:Armistice
1560:Logistics
1538:Mercenary
1526:Volunteer
1457:Personnel
1429:Engineers
1374:Sociology
1329:World war
1324:Total war
1304:Strategic
1294:Religious
1279:Political
1274:Perpetual
1249:Irregular
1164:Offensive
1139:Defensive
1134:Deception
1094:Attrition
942:Guerrilla
937:Formation
880:Airbridge
812:Loitering
726:Artillery
379:Artillery
314:Engineers
277:Irregular
248:Air force
18:Colunella
3651:Category
3090:of King
2889:Quincunx
2877:Vegetius
2871:480-man
2730:Huguenot
2695:Normandy
2599:brigades
2576:bastions
2554:arquebus
2364:Fähnlein
2349:Florence
2280:arquebus
2264:firearms
2242:and the
2224:and the
2209:gendarme
2137:infantry
1979:War song
1954:War film
1587:Materiel
1506:Children
1486:Training
1424:Medicine
1409:Doctrine
1364:Training
1299:Resource
1284:Princely
1234:Economic
1219:Conquest
1214:Colonial
1209:Cold war
1194:Blockade
1074:Strategy
1046:Maneuver
807:Infantry
763:Chemical
617:Mountain
577:Airborne
440:Fighters
407:Warships
362:Infantry
304:Rifleman
268:Reserves
216:Military
3109:Peter I
3063:bayonet
3049:Decline
2943:removed
2928:sources
2847:of the
2837:uniform
2793:removed
2778:sources
2703:Picardy
2646:removed
2631:sources
2567:tercios
2502:removed
2487:sources
2302:History
2294:at the
2276:colonel
2230:pikemen
2216:), the
2184:Swedish
2175:Tercios
2170:Spanish
2156:muskets
2154:and/or
2144:bayonet
2092:Writers
2087:Weapons
2052:Battles
2001:Related
1989:Wargame
1984:Uniform
1932:Culture
1713:Perfidy
1708:Justice
1629:Science
1614:Outpost
1567:History
1547:Warrior
1543:Soldier
1531:foreign
1469:counter
1369:Service
1319:Theater
1259:Limited
1239:Endemic
1154:Nuclear
922:Foxhole
897:Cavalry
885:Airdrop
870:Airlift
855:Tactics
827:Nuclear
817:Missile
746:Cavalry
731:Barrage
709:Weapons
669:Surface
450:Command
445:Bombers
402:Frogman
372:Cavalry
329:Medical
291:Militia
273:Regular
253:Marines
167:castles
157:Ancient
145:History
124:outline
60:improve
3639:
3580:
3548:
3187:
3083:Tercio
2975:Poland
2873:cohort
2710:ad hoc
2584:musket
2580:mangas
2538:tercio
2320:page.
2307:Ratios
2256:Naples
2222:Tercio
2214:knight
2190:Origin
2168:) and
2072:Sieges
1756:Theory
1496:Morale
1354:Policy
1349:Branch
1129:Mosaic
1119:Fabian
1061:Covert
994:Trench
979:Screen
902:Charge
892:Battle
865:Aerial
783:Denial
751:Horses
679:Seabed
632:Tunnel
612:Jungle
602:Desert
572:Aerial
339:Diving
334:Police
49:, but
3591:, in
2866:Roman
2218:Swiss
2180:Dutch
2148:pikes
2045:Lists
1501:Women
1439:Ranks
1359:Staff
1289:Proxy
1204:Class
1159:Naval
1144:Depth
974:Swarm
967:Siege
947:Naval
927:Drone
822:Music
797:Robot
793:Drone
778:Cyber
721:Armor
691:Cyber
664:Green
659:Brown
622:Urban
582:Space
503:Radar
498:Sonar
367:Armor
349:Pilot
344:Comms
324:Recon
309:Staff
282:Ranks
3637:ISBN
3578:ISBN
3546:ISBN
3525:help
3218:2010
3185:ISBN
3041:and
3039:1627
2926:any
2924:cite
2776:any
2774:cite
2701:and
2629:any
2627:cite
2556:and
2485:any
2483:cite
2323:The
2268:pike
2182:and
2082:Wars
1599:Base
1149:Goal
1056:Raid
654:Blue
592:Land
243:Navy
238:Army
3115:.
2937:by
2787:by
2640:by
2496:by
1666:Law
1609:FOB
1604:MOB
644:Sea
116:War
3653::
3608:.
2977:,
2536:A
2198:,
1545:/
795:/
289:/
275:/
3643:.
3584:.
3554:.
3527:)
3220:.
3193:.
2964:)
2958:(
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2949:(
2945:.
2931:.
2814:)
2808:(
2803:)
2799:(
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2667:)
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2634:.
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2517:(
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2172:(
2162:(
2121:e
2114:t
2107:v
126:)
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