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strip of scrap cloth put on the waist while the waist was made snug by pleating the top of the skirt on the robe. The
Manchus added sable fur skirts, cuffs and collars to Ming dragon robes and trimming sable fur all over them before wearing them. Han Chinese court costume was modified by Manchus through adding a ceremonial big collar (da-ling) or shawl collar (pijian-ling). It was mistakenly thought that the hunting ancestors of the Manchus skin clothes became Qing dynasty clothing, due to the contrast between Ming dynasty clothes unshaped cloth's straight length contrasting to the odd-shaped pieces of Qing dynasty long pao and chao fu. Scholars from the west wrongly thought they were purely Manchu. Chao fu robes from Ming dynasty tombs like the Wanli emperor's tomb were excavated and it was found that Qing chao fu was similar and derived from it. They had embroidered or woven dragons on them but are different from long pao dragon robes which are a separate clothing. Flaired skirt with right side fastenings and fitted bodices dragon robes have been found in Beijing, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Shandong tombs of Ming officials and Ming imperial family members. Integral upper sleeves of Ming chao fu had two pieces of cloth attached on Qing chao fu just like earlier Ming chao fu that had sleeve extensions with another piece of cloth attached to the bodice's integral upper sleeve. Another type of separate Qing clothing, the long pao resembles Yuan dynasty clothing like robes found in the Shandong tomb of Li Youan during the Yuan dynasty. The Qing dynasty chao fu appear in official formal portraits while Ming dynasty chao fu that they derive from do not, perhaps indicating the Ming officials and imperial family wore chao fu under their formal robes since they appear in Ming tombs but not portraits. Qing long pao were similar unofficial clothing during the Qing dynasty. The Yuan robes had hems flared and around the arms and torso they were tight. Qing unofficial clothes, long pao, derived from Yuan dynasty clothing while Qing official clothing, chao fu, derived from unofficial Ming dynasty clothing, dragon robes. The Ming consciously modeled their clothing after that of earlier Han Chinese dynasties like the Song dynasty, Tang dynasty and Han dynasty. In Japan's Nara city, the Todaiji temple's Shosoin repository has 30 short coats (hanpi) from Tang dynasty China. Ming dragon robes derive from these Tang dynasty hanpi in construction. The hanpi skirt and bodice are made of different cloth with different patterns on them and this is where the Qing chao fu originated. Cross-over closures are present in both the hanpi and Ming garments. The eighth century Shosoin hanpi's variety show it was in vogue at the time and most likely derived from much more ancient clothing.
1107:
in the uplands and forests, raised horses in their stables, and farmed millet and wheat in their fallow fields. They engaged in dances, wrestling and drinking strong liquor as noted during midwinter by the Korean Sin Chung-il when it was very cold. These
Jurchens who lived in the north-east's harsh cold climate sometimes half sunk their houses in the ground which they constructed of brick or timber and surrounded their fortified villages with stone foundations on which they built wattle and mud walls to defend against attack. Village clusters were ruled by beile, hereditary leaders. They fought each other's and dispensed weapons, wives, slaves and lands to their followers in them. This was how the Jurchens who founded the Qing lived and how their ancestors lived before the Jin. Alongside Mongols and Jurchen clans there were migrants from Liaodong provinces of Ming China and Korea living among these Jurchens in a cosmopolitan manner. Nurhaci who was hosting Sin Chung-il was uniting all of them into his own army, having them adopt the Jurchen hairstyle of a long queue and a shaved fore=crown and wearing leather tunics. His armies had black, blue, red, white and yellow flags. These became the Eight Banners, initially capped to 4 then growing to 8 with three different types of ethnic banners as Han, Mongol and Jurchen were recruited into Nurhaci's forces. Jurchens like Nurhaci spoke both their native Tungusic language and Chinese, adopting the Mongol script for their own language unlike the Jin Jurchen's Khitan derived script. They adopted Confucian values and practiced their shamanist traditions.
1616:
quarter is a dismal picture of crumbling walls, decay, indolence and squalor. On the big drill grounds you see the runways along which the horseman gallops and shoots arrows at a target while the Tartar military mandarins look on. These lazy bannermen were tried in the new army but proved flabby and good-for-nothing; they would break down on an ordinary twenty-mile march. Battening on their hereditary pensions they have given themselves up to sloth and vice, and their poor chest development, small weak muscles, and diminishing families foreshadow the early dying out of the stock. Where is there a better illustration of the truth that parasitism leads to degeneration!" Ross spoke highly of the Han and Hui population of Xi'an, Shaanxi and Gansu in general, saying: "After a fortnight of mule litter we sight ancient yellow Sianfu, "the
Western capital," with its third of a million souls. Within the fortified triple gate the facial mold abruptly changes and the refined intellectual type appears. Here and there faces of a Hellenic purity of feature are seen and beautiful children are not uncommon. These Chinese cities make one realize how the cream of the population gathers in the urban centers. Everywhere town opportunities have been a magnet for the élite of the open country."
946:. The Yuan grouped people into different groups based on how recently their state surrendered to the Yuan. Subjects of southern Song were grouped as southerners (nan ren) and also called manzi. Subjects of the Jin dynasty, Western Xia and kingdom of Dali in Yunnan in southern China were classified as northerners, also using the term Han. However the use of the word Han as the name of a class category used by the Yuan dynasty was a different concept from Han ethnicity. The grouping of Jurchens in northern China grouped with northern Han into the northerner class did not mean they were regarded the same as ethnic Han people, who themselves were in two different classes in the Yuan, Han ren and Nan Ren as said by Stephen G. Haw. Also the Yuan directive to treat Jurchens the same as Mongols referred to Jurchens and Khitans in the northwest (not the Jurchen homeland in the northeast), presumably in the lands of Qara Khitai, where many Khitan live but it is a mystery as to how Jurchens were living there. Many Jurchens adopted Mongolian customs, names, and the Mongolian language. As time went on, fewer and fewer Jurchens could recognize their own script. The Jurchen
1191:
7625:
958:) is a Jurchen origin surname, also originating from one of the members of the royal Wanyan clan. It is an extremely rare surname in China, and 1,100 members of the Nian clan live in Nan'an, Quanzhou, they live in Licheng district of Quanzhou, 900 in Jinjiang, Quanzhou, 40 in Shishi city of Quanzhou, and 500 in Quanzhou city itself in Fujian, and just over 100 people in Xiamen, Jin'an district of Fuzhou, Zhangpu and Sanming, as well as 1000 in Laiyang, Shandong, and 1,000 in Kongqiao and Wujiazhuang in Xingtai, Hebei. Some of the Nian from Quanzhou immigrated to Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia. In Taiwan they are concentrated in Lukang township and Changhua city of Changhua county as well as in Dingnien village, Xianne village Fuxing township of Changhua county. There are less than 30,000 members of the Nian clan worldwide, with 9,916 of them in Taiwan, and 3,040 of those in Fuxing township of Changhua county and its most common in Dingnian village.
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7829:
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the framework of the Koryŏ and Liao states as reference, since the
Jurchen leaders generally took care to steer a middle course between Koryŏ and Liao, changing sides or absconding whenever that was deemed the best course. As mentioned above, Koryŏ and Liao competed quite fiercely to obtain the allegiance of the Jurchen settlers who in the absence of large armies effectively controlled much of the frontier area outside the Koryŏ and Liao fortifications. These Jurchen communities were expert in handling the tension between Liao and Koryŏ, playing out divide-and-rule policies backed up by threats of border violence. It seems that the relationship between the semi-nomadic Jurchen and their peninsular neighbours bore much resemblance to the relationship between Chinese states and their nomad neighbours, as described by Thomas Barfield.
7468:
7902:). Ranked officials and Han Chinese nobles had two slits in the skirts while Manchu nobles and the Imperial family had four slits in skirts. All first, second and third rank officials as well as Han Chinese and Manchu nobles were entitled to wear nine dragons by the Qing Illustrated Precedents. Qing sumptuary laws only allowed four clawed dragons for officials, Han Chinese nobles and Manchu nobles while the Qing Imperial family, emperor and princes up to the second degree and their female family members were entitled to wear five clawed dragons. However officials violated these laws all the time and wore five clawed dragons and the Spencer Museum's six long pao worn by Han Chinese nobles have five clawed dragons on them.
1612:
Xi'an had bad relations, with the bannermen trying to steal at the markets. Manchu
Lieutenant general Cimbru reported this to Yongzheng emperor in 1729 after he was assigned there. Governor Yue Rui of Shandong was then ordered by the Yongzheng to report any bannerman misbehaving and warned him not to cover it up in 1730 after Manchu bannermen were put in a quarter in Qingzhou. Manchu bannermen from the garrisons in Xi'an and Jingzhou fought in Xinjiang in the 1770s and Manchus from Xi'an garrison fought in other campaigns against the Dzungars and Uyghurs throughout the 1690s and 18th century. In the 1720s Jingzhou, Hangzhou and Nanjing Manchu banner garrisons fought in Tibet.
8261:) is the most highly valued discipline in the Manchu falconry social circle. In the Qing period, giving a gyrfalcon to the royal court in tribute could be met with a considerable reward. There were professional falconers in Ningguta area (today's Heilongjiang province and the northern part of Jilin province). It was a big base of falconry. Beijing's Manchus also like falconry. Compared to the falconry of Manchuria, it is more like an entertainment. Imperial Household Department of Beijing had professional falconers, too. They provided outstanding falcons to the emperor when he went to hunt every fall. Even today, Manchu traditional falconry is well practised in some regions.
1903:. The Japanese Ueda Kyōsuke labeled all 30 million people in Manchuria "Manchus", including Han Chinese, even though most of them were not ethnic Manchu, and the Japanese-written "Great Manchukuo" built upon Ueda's argument to claim that all 30 million "Manchus" in Manchukuo had the right to independence to justify splitting Manchukuo from China. In 1942, the Japanese-written "Ten Year History of the Construction of Manchukuo" attempted to emphasize the right of ethnic Japanese to the land of Manchukuo while attempting to delegitimize the Manchus' claim to Manchukuo as their native land, noting that most Manchus moved out during the Qing dynasty and only returned later.
1103:) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens". Han Chinese society resembled that of the sedentary Jianzhou and Maolian, who were farmers. Hunting, archery on horseback, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all part of the Jianzhou Jurchens' culture. Although Manchus practiced equestrianism and archery on horseback, their immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture. The Manchus also partook in hunting but were sedentary. Their primary mode of production was farming while they lived in villages, forts, and walled towns. Their Jurchen Jin predecessors also practiced farming.
8495:
8215:, the Jurchens who lived in northeast China adopted Mongol culture including wrestling, bökh. In the latter Jin and early Qing period, rulers encouraged the populace, including aristocrats, to practise buku as a feature of military training. At the time, Mongol wrestlers were the most famous and powerful. By the Chongde period, Manchus had developed their own well-trained wrestlers and, a century later, in the Qianlong period, they surpassed Mongol wrestlers. The Qing court established the "Shan Pu Battalion" and chose 200 fine wrestlers divided into three levels. Manchu wrestling moves can be found in today's Chinese wrestling,
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1026:, asked the Ming Empire to send Möngke Temür back but was refused. The Yongle Emperor was determined to wrest the Jurchens out of Korean influence and have China dominate them instead. Korea tried to persuade Möngke Temür to reject the Ming overtures, but was unsuccessful, and Möngke Temür submitted to the Ming Empire. Since then, more and more Jurchen tribes presented tribute to the Ming Empire in succession. The Ming divided them into 384 guards, and the Jurchen became vassals to the Ming Empire. During the Ming dynasty, the name for the Jurchen land was
1561:
the traditional way of life of the
Manchus (as well as various other tribal peoples) in central and northern Manchuria by a variety of means. In particular, they restricted the migration of Han settlers to the region. This had to be balanced with practical needs, such as maintaining the defense of northern China against the Russians and the Mongols, supplying government farms with a skilled work force, and conducting trade in the region's products, which resulted in a continuous trickle of Han convicts, workers, and merchants to the northeast.
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1398:). Factors for the change of name of these people from Jurchen to Manchu include the fact that the term "Jurchen" had negative connotations since the Jurchens had been in a servile position to the Ming dynasty for several hundred years, and it also referred to people of the "dependent class". The change of the name from Jurchen to Manchu was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, had been ruled by the Chinese. The Qing dynasty carefully hid the two original editions of the books of "
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1620:
1865, the Qing allowed Han civilian men to marry Manchu bannerwomen in all garrisons except the capital garrison of
Beijing. There was no formal law on marriage between people in the different banners like the Manchu and Han banners but it was informally regulated by social status and custom. In northeastern China such as Heilongjiang and Liaoning it was more common for Manchu women to marry Han men since they were not subjected to the same laws and institutional oversight as Manchus and Han in Beijing and elsewhere.
7961:
1507:
7551:, 60–70% of Jurchens used Mongolian script to write letters and 30–40% of Jurchens used Chinese characters. This persisted until Nurhaci revolted against the Ming Empire. Nurhaci considered it a major impediment that his people lacked a script of their own, so he commanded his scholars, Gagai and Eldeni, to create Manchu characters by reference to Mongolian scripts. They dutifully complied with the Khan's order and created Manchu script, which is called "script without dots and circles" (
1927:, who began to include Manchu characters in his fictional works in the 1950s. Between 1982 and 1990, the official count of Manchu people more than doubled from 4,299,159 to 9,821,180, making them China's fastest-growing ethnic minority, but this growth was only on paper, as this was due to people formerly registered as Han applying for official recognition as Manchu. Since the 1980s, thirteen Manchu autonomous counties have been created in Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, and Heilongjiang.
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Qing dynasty, the queue was seen as a submission of loyalty, as it showed who had submitted to the dynasty and who had not. As the Qing dynasty came to an end, the hairstyle shifted from a symbol of loyalty to a symbol of feudalism and this led many men to cut off their cues as a statement of rebellion. These acts gave China a step toward modernization and moved it away from imperial rule as China began to adopt more of
Western culture, including fashion and appearance.
7529:), Heilongjiang Province. Since the 1980s, there has been a resurgence of the Manchu language among the government, scholars and social activists. In recent years, with the help of the governments in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, many schools started to have Manchu classes. There are also Manchu volunteers in many places of China who freely teach Manchu in the desire to rescue the language. Thousands of non-Manchus have learned the language through these platforms.
1607:
perform cavalry archery unlike
Beijing Manchus. The Qianlong emperor received a memorial staying Xi'an Manchu bannermen still had martial skills although not up to those in the past in a 1737 memorial from Cimbu. By the 1780s, the military skills of Xi'an Manchu bannermen dropped enormously and they had been regarded as the most militarily skilled provincial Manchu banner garrison. Manchu women from the Xi'an garrison often left the walled Manchu garrison and went to
280:
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that the Qing chao fu derived from were just not used in portraits and official paintings but were deemed as high status to be buried in tombs. In some cases the Qing went further than the Ming dynasty in imitating ancient China to display legitimacy with resurrecting ancient
Chinese rituals to claim the Mandate of Heaven after studying Chinese classics. Qing sacrificial ritual vessels deliberately resemble ancient Chinese ones even more than Ming vessels.
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Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture. It was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism," since Nurhaci said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat, and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."
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1494:
defected to the Qing Empire and swelled up the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority within the Banners, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest. It was this multi-ethnic, majority Han force in which Manchus were a minority, which conquered China for the Qing Empire.
8396:) is the most important piece of Manchu literature. It primarily recounts how Nisan Shaman helps revive a young hunter. The story also spread to Xibe, Nanai, Daur, Oroqen, Evenk and other Tungusic peoples. It has four versions: the handwriting version from Qiqihar; two different handwriting versions from Aigun; and the one by the Manchu writer Dekdengge in
7593:). Due to its hurried creation, the script has its defects. Some vowels and consonants were difficult to distinguish. Shortly afterwards, their successor Dahai used dots and circles to distinguish vowels, aspirated and non-aspirated consonants and thus completed the script. His achievement is called "script with dots and circles" or "new Manchu script".
1070:) with less reward from the Ming court than in the time when they were heads of guards – an unpopular development. Subsequently, more and more Jurchens recognised the Ming Empire's declining power due to Esen's invasion. The Zhengtong Emperor's capture directly caused Jurchen guards to go out of control. Tribal leaders, such as
1978:, and Manchus once again form one of the most socioeconomically advanced minorities within China. Manchus generally face little to no discrimination in their daily lives, there is however, a remaining anti-Manchu sentiment amongst Han nationalist conspiracy theorists. It is particularly common with participants of the
7636:. However, after the Mongols extinguished the Jin dynasty, the Manchus started to adopt Mongol culture, including their custom of using only their given name until the end of the Qing dynasty, a practice confounding non-Manchus, leading them to conclude, erroneously, that they simply do not have family names.
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in the 17th century, although Manchus officially adopted Buddhism and widely adopted Chinese folk religion, Shamanic traditions can still be found in the aspects of soul worship, totem worship, belief in nightmares and apotheosis of philanthropists. Apart from the Shamanic shrines in the Qing palace,
1695:
and the Boxer Rebellion, sustaining massive casualties during the wars and subsequently being driven into extreme suffering and hardship. Much of the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion against the foreigners in defense of Beijing and Manchuria was done by Manchu Banner armies, which were destroyed while
1611:
outside the city and gained bad reputations for their sexual lives. A Manchu from Beijing, Sumurji, was shocked and disgusted by this after being appointed Lieutenant general of the Manchu garrison of Xi'an and informed the Yongzheng emperor what they were doing. Han civilians and Manchu bannermen in
1497:
A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women was organized to balance the massive number of Han women who entered the Manchu court as courtesans, concubines, and wives. These couples were arranged by Prince Yoto and Hong Taiji in 1632 to promote harmony between the two ethnic
10409:
The Jurchen settlements in the Amnok River region had been tributaries of Koryŏ since the establishment of the dynasty, when T'aejo Wang Kŏn heavily relied on a large segment of Jurchen cavalry to defeat the armies of Later Paekche. The position and status of these Jurchen is hard to determine using
8775:
Sunu were devout Catholics, too. In the Jiaqing period, Tong Hengšan and Tong Lan were Catholic Manchu Bannermen. These Manchu Catholics who were proselytized were persecuted by Qing emperors but they steadfastly refused to renounce their faith. There were Manchu Catholics in modern times, too, such
8621:
Originally, Manchus, and their predecessors, were principally Buddhists with Shamanist influences. Every Manchu King started his royal title with Buddha. After the conquest of China in the 17th century, Manchus came into contact with Chinese culture. They adopted Confucianism along with Buddhism and
8502:
Octagonal drum is a type of Manchu folk art that was very popular among bannermen, especially in Beijing. It is said that octagonal drum originated with the snare drum of the Eight-banner military and the melody was made by the banner soldiers who were on the way back home from victory in the battle
8012:
From the middle period of the Qing dynasty, archery became more a form of entertainment in the form of games such as hunting swans, shooting fabric or silk target. The most difficult is shooting a candle hanging in the air at night. Gambling was banned in the Qing dynasty but there was no limitation
8004:
said, "Riding and archery are the most important martial arts of our country". Every generation of the Qing dynasty treasured riding and archery the most. Every spring and fall, from ordinary Manchus to aristocrats, all had to take riding and archery tests. Their test results could even affect their
7532:
Today, in an effort to save Manchu culture from extinction, the older generation of Manchus are spending their time to teach young people; as an effort to encourage learners, these classes are often free. They teach through the Internet and even mail Manchu textbooks for free, all for the purpose of
1853:
Until 1924, the Chinese government continued to pay stipends to Manchu bannermen, but many cut their links with their banners and took on Han-style names to avoid persecution. The official total of Manchus fell by more than half during this period, as they refused to admit their ethnicity when asked
1729:
In the late 19th century and early 1900s, intermarriage between Manchus and Han bannermen in the northeast increased as Manchu families were more willing to marry their daughters to sons from well off Han families to trade their ethnic status for higher financial status. Most intermarriage consisted
1606:
Manchu bannermen from the Xi'an banner garrison were praised for maintaining Manchu culture by Kangxi in 1703. Xi'an garrison Manchus were said to retain Manchu culture far better than all other Manchus at martial skills in the provincial garrisons and they were able to draw their bows properly and
1584:
Select groups of Han Chinese bannermen were mass transferred into Manchu Banners by the Qing, changing their ethnicity from Han Chinese to Manchu. Han Chinese bannermen of Tai Nikan (台尼堪, watchpost Chinese) and Fusi Nikan (撫順尼堪, Fushun Chinese) backgrounds into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of
1564:
Han Chinese transfrontiersmen and other non-Jurchen origin people who joined the Later Jin very early were put into the Manchu Banners and were known as "Baisin" in Manchu, and not put into the Han Banners to which later Han Chinese were placed in. An example was the Tokoro Manchu clan in the Manchu
1560:
culture, the Qing imperial government viewed the Manchu communities (as well as those of various tribal people) in Manchuria as a place where traditional Manchu virtues could be preserved, and as a vital reservoir of military manpower fully dedicated to the regime. The Qing emperors tried to protect
1502:
allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners. It was only later in the dynasty that
1158:
Although their Mohe ancestors did not respect dogs, the Jurchens began to respect dogs around the time of the Ming dynasty, and passed this tradition on to the Manchus. It was prohibited in Jurchen culture to use dog skin, and forbidden for Jurchens to harm, kill, or eat dogs. For political reasons,
1106:
Only the Mongols and the northern "wild" Jurchen were semi-nomadic, unlike the mainstream Jiahnzhou Jurchens descended from the Jin dynasty who were farmers that foraged, hunted, herded and harvested crops in the Liao and Yalu river basins. They gathered ginseng root, pine nuts, hunted for came pels
877:
period, but the Jurchens switched allegiance between Liao and Goryeo multiple times, taking advantage of the tension between the two nations; posing a potential threat to Goryeo's border security, the Jurchens offered tribute to the Goryeo court, expecting lavish gifts in return. Before the Jurchens
7790:
in Manchu. During the Qing dynasty, the queue was legally mandated for male Ming Chinese subjects in the Qing Empire. The Ming were to shave their foreheads and begin growing the queue within ten days of the order, if they refused to comply they were executed for treason. Throughout the rest of the
7494:
After the 19th century, most Manchus had perfected Standard Chinese and the number of Manchu speakers was dwindling. Although the Qing emperors emphasized the importance of the Manchu language again and again, the tide could not be turned. After the Qing dynasty collapsed, the Manchu language lost
1708:
By the 19th century, most Manchus in the city garrison spoke only Mandarin Chinese, not Manchu, which still distinguished them from their Han neighbors in southern China, who spoke non-Mandarin dialects. That they spoke Beijing dialect made recognizing Manchus folks relatively easy. It was northern
953:
Many Jurchen families descended from the original Jin Jurchen migrants in Han areas like those using the surnames Wang and Nian 粘 have openly reclaimed their ethnicity and registered as Manchus. Wanyan (完顏) clan members who had changed their surnames to Wang (王) after the Mongol conquest of the Jin
7947:), a thumb ring traditionally made out of reindeer bone, was worn to protect the thumbs of archers. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty in 1644, the fergetun gradually became a form of jewelry, with the most valuable ones made in jade and ivory. High-heeled shoes were worn by Manchu women.
7862:
have clothes resembling the Qing long pao and Tang dynasty hanpi. The evidence from excavated tombs indicates that China had a long tradition of garments that led to the Qing chao fu and it was not invented or introduced by Manchus in the Qing dynasty or Mongols in the Yuan dynasty. The Ming robes
7841:
and cloth when they paid tribute to the Ming dynasty or traded with the Ming. The Manchus modified the Ming robes to be narrow at the sleeves by adding a new fur cuff and by cutting slits in the skirt to make it more slender for falconry, horse riding and archery. The robe's jacket waist had a new
1619:
The Qing dynasty altered its law on intermarriage between Han civilians and Manchu bannermen several times in the dynasty. At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, the Qing allowed Han civilians to marry Manchu women. Then the Qing banned civilians from marrying women from the Eight banners later. In
1228:
When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu
961:
During the transition between the Ming and Qing Zhang Sunzhen, a civilian official in Nanjing himself remarked that he had a portrait of his ancestors wearing Manchu clothes because his family were Tartars so it was appropriate that he was going to shave his head into the Manchu hairstyle when the
8704:
who was of Mongolian descent started leaning towards Chan Buddhism, the original Chinese form known in Japan as Zen Buddhism. Still, Huangtaiji patronized Tibetan Buddhism extensively and publicly. Huangtaiji patronized Buddhism but sometimes felt Tibetan Buddhism to be inferior to Chan Buddhism.
7913:
The early phase of Manchu clothing succeeded from Jurchen tradition. White was the dominating color.To facilitate convenience during archery, the robe is the most common article of clothing for the Manchu people. Over the robe, a surcoat is usually worn, derived from the military uniform of Eight
1110:
The Qing stationed the "New Manchu" Warka foragers in Ningguta and attempted to turn them into normal agricultural farmers but then the Warka just reverted to hunter gathering and requested money to buy cattle for beef broth. The Qing wanted the Warka to become soldier-farmers and imposed this on
817:
for slaves. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed. In total, 1,280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374 Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese-owned livestock were killed for food. Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the 8 ships. The woman Uchikura no Ishime's report was copied
2015:
bondservants, are allowed to register as Manchu in modern China. Liaoning has 5,336,895 Manchu residents which is 51.26% of Manchu population and 12.20% provincial population; Hebei has 2,118,711 which is 20.35% of Manchu people and 70.80% of provincial ethnic minorities. Manchus are the largest
8723:
This explanation of only supporting the "Yellow Hats" Tibetan Buddhists for practical reasons was used to deflect Han criticism of this policy by the Qianlong Emperor, who had the "Lama Shuo" stele engraved in Tibetan, Mongol, Manchu and Chinese, which said: "By patronizing the Yellow Church we
7942:
Manchus have many distinctive traditional accessories. Women traditionally wear three earrings on each ear, a tradition that is maintained by many older Manchu women. Males also traditionally wear piercings, but they tend to only have one earring in their youth and do not continue to wear it as
1163:
chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols. Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "the languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and
7836:
A common misconception among Han Chinese was that Manchu clothing was entirely separate from Hanfu. In fact, Manchu clothes were simply modified Ming Hanfu but the Manchus promoted the misconception that their clothing was of different origin. Manchus originally did not have their own cloth or
1615:
For the over 200 years they lived next to each other, Han civilians and Manchu bannermen in Xi'an did not intermarry with each other at all. In a book published in 1911 American sociologist Edward Alsworth Ross wrote of his visit to Xi'an just before the Xinhai revolution:"In Sianfu the Tartar
1922:
that dominated the KMT. In the 1953 census, 2.5 million people identified themselves as Manchu. The Communist government also attempted to improve the treatment of Manchu people; some Manchu people who had hidden their ancestry during the period of KMT rule became willing to reveal their
1717:
both spoke Beijing Mandarin even though Cantonese was spoken at Guangzhou, and the Beijing dialect of Mandarin distinguished the Manchu bannermen at the Xi'an garrison from the local Han people who spoke the Xi'an dialect of Mandarin. Many Bannermen got jobs as teachers, writing textbooks for
1493:
The Qing government differentiated between Han Bannermen and ordinary Han civilians. Han Bannermen were Han Chinese who defected to the Qing Empire up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han
7604:
The southern Tungusic Manchu farming sedentary lifestyle was very different from the nomadic hunter gatherer forager lifestyle of their more northern Tungusic relatives like the Warka, which caused the Qing state to attempt to sedentarize them and adopt the farming lifestyle of the Manchus.
1410:
referred to the Jurchen inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen to be part of Ming China, as the "superior country" (sangguk) which they called Ming China. The Qing deliberately excluded references and information that showed the Jurchens (Manchus) as
801:
in present-day northeastern China. The Jurchens were sedentary, settled farmers with advanced agriculture. They farmed grain and millet as their cereal crops, grew flax, and raised oxen, pigs, sheep and horses. Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the
1982:
who subscribe to conspiracy theories about Manchu people, such as the Chinese Communist Party being occupied by Manchu elites hence the better treatment Manchus receive under the People's Republic of China in contrast to their persecution under the KMT's Republic of China rule.
1934:
system is one of the most important ethnic identity of today's Manchu people. So nowadays, Manchus are more like an ethnic coalition which not only contains the descendants of Manchu bannermen, also has a large number of Manchu-assimilated Chinese and Mongol bannermen. However,
1549:, the Qing emperors started to realize the strategic importance of Manchuria and gradually sent Manchus back where they originally came from. But throughout the Qing dynasty, Beijing was the focal point of the ruling Manchus in the political, economic and cultural spheres. The
785:
might refer to an ancestral population of the Manchus. The Mohe practiced pig farming extensively and were mainly sedentary, and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybeans, wheat, millet and rice, in addition to hunting.
1596:
A Manchu Bannerman in Guangzhou called Hequan illegally adopted a Han Chinese named Zhao Tinglu, the son of former Han bannerman Zhao Quan, and gave him a new name, Quanheng in order that he be able to benefit from his adopted son receiving a salary as a Banner soldier.
1704:
during the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, their cattle and horses then stolen by Russian Cossacks who razed their villages and homes. The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders.
8507:. When artists perform, they use their fingers to hit the drumhead and shake the drum to ring the bells. Traditionally, octagonal drum is performed by three people. One is the harpist; one is the clown who is responsible for harlequinade; and the third is the singer.
1589:. It was between 1618 and 1629 when the Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fushun Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). These Han Chinese origin Manchu clans continue to use their original Han surnames and are marked as of Han origin on
996:
The Joseon Koreans tried to deal with the military threat posed by the Jurchen by using both forceful means and incentives, and by launching military attacks. At the same time they tried to appease them with titles and degrees, traded with them, and sought to
8609:) is a form of Manchu storytelling entertainment which is performed in the Manchu language. Different from octagonal drum, ulabun is popular among the Manchu people living in Manchuria. It has two main categories; one is popular folk literature such as the
7735:. For example, Nikan Wailan was a Jurchen leader who was an enemy of Nurhaci. Nikan was also the name of one of the Aisin-Gioro princes and grandsons of Nurhaci who supported Prince Dorgon. Nurhaci's first son was Cuyen, one of whose sons was Nikan.
826:
in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians" after copying China's barbarian-civilized distinction, may have played a role in Japan's antagonistic views against Manchus and hostility towards them in later centuries such as when
8017:, Manchus gradually neglected the practices of riding and archery, even though their rulers tried their best to encourage Manchus to continue their riding and archery traditions, but the traditions are still kept among some Manchus even nowadays.
8662:
no temples erected for worship of Manchu gods could be found in Beijing. Thus, the story of competition between Shamanists and Lamaists was often heard in Manchuria but the Manchu emperors helped Lamaists or Tibetan Buddhists officially.
1858:'s reign in Manchuria, much better treatment was reported. There was no particular persecution of Manchus. Even the mausoleums of Qing emperors were still allowed to be managed by Manchu guardsmen, as in the past. Many Manchus joined the
1565:
banners which claimed to be descended from a Han Chinese with the surname of Tao who had moved north from Zhejiang to Liaodong and joined the Jurchens before the Qing in the Ming Wanli emperor's era. The Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of
1745:, even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers. This portrayal dissipated somewhat after the 1911 revolution as the new Republic of China now sought to
1078:, brazenly plundered Ming territory. At about this time, the Jurchen script was officially abandoned. More Jurchens adopted Mongolian as their writing language and fewer used Chinese. The final recorded Jurchen writing dates to 1526.
1001:
them by having Jurchens integrate into Korean culture. Their relationship was eventually stopped by the Ming dynasty government who wanted the Jurchens to protect the border. In 1403, Ahacu, chieftain of Huligai, paid tribute to the
954:
dynasty applied successfully to the PRC government for their ethnic group to be marked as Manchu despite never having been part of the Eight Banner system at all during the Qing dynasty. The surname Nianhan (粘罕), shortened to Nian (
1229:
clan origin led to the Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around the origin of the Aisin-Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast.
7491:'s reign. During the Qing dynasty, Manchus at the imperial court were required to speak Standard Manchu or face the emperor's reprimand. This applied equally to the palace presbyter for shamanic rites when performing sacrifice.
8596:
which incorporates octagonal drum are still popular in Chinese society and the new generations. Many famous Chinese monochord performers and crosstalkers were the artists of octagonal drum, such as De Shoushan and Zhang Sanlu.
1631:
province – which at the time included only the northern part of today's Heilongjiang – contributed 67,730 bannermen to the campaign, of whom only 10–20% survived).Those few who returned were demoralized and often disposed to
8503:
of Jinchuan. The drum is composed of wood surrounded by bells. The drumhead is made by wyrmhide with tassels at the bottom. The colors of the tassels are yellow, white, red, and blue, which represent the four colors of the
7495:
its status as a national language and its official use in education ended. Manchus today generally speak Standard Chinese. The remaining skilled native Manchu speakers number less than 100, most of whom are to be found in
8810:
and his troops were in a battle with enemies and almost running out of food. The villagers who lived near the battlefield heard the emergency and came to help. There was no tableware on the battlefield. They had to use
1771:, very few areas of China still had traditional Manchu populations. Among the few regions where such comparatively traditional communities could be found, and where the Manchu language was still widely spoken, were the
7939:). Manchu hats are either formal or casual, formal hats being made in two different styles, straw for spring and summer, and fur for fall and winter. Casual hats are more commonly known as "Mandarin hats" in English.
1970:, there has been a renaissance of Manchu culture and language among the government, scholars and social activities with remarkable achievements. It was also reported that the resurgence of interest also spread among
650:, archives of early 17th century documents, contains the earliest use of Manchu. However, the actual etymology of the ethnic name "Manju" is debatable. According to the Qing dynasty's official historical record, the
8815:
leaves to wrap the rice. Afterwards, they won the battle. So later generations could remember this hardship, Nurhaci made this day the "Food Exhaustion Day". Traditionally on this day, Manchu people eat perilla or
1063:
cooperated with Esen's action, but more were attacked in the Mongol invasion. Many Jurchen chieftains lost their hereditary certificates granted by the Ming government. They had to present tribute as secretariats
7743:
Nowadays, Manchus primarily use Chinese family and given names, but some still use a Manchu family name and Chinese given name, a Chinese family name and Manchu given name or both Manchu family and given names.
17468:
882:
which caused resentment. The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes. Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix. In the year 1114,
12465:
8766:
in China, there were also a considerable number of Manchu Catholics during the Qing dynasty. The earliest Manchu Catholics appeared in the 1650s. In the Yongzheng eras, Depei, the Hošo Jiyan Prince, was a
12632:
9086:
Autonomous counties are shown in bright green. Counties with autonomous townships are in dark green, with the number of Manchu township in each county shown in red (or yellow). So are another 2 pictures.
1593:. The Fushun Nikan became Manchufied and the originally Han banner families of Wang Shixuan, Cai Yurong, Zu Dashou, Li Yongfang, Shi Tingzhu and Shang Kexi intermarried extensively with Manchu families.
12555:
1623:
The policy of artificially isolating the Manchus of the northeast from the rest of China could not last forever. In the 1850s, large numbers of Manchu bannermen were sent to central China to fight the
10370:(Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University). Ohio State University. pp. 163, 164.
2011:, which have over 1,000,000 Manchu residents. However, as mentioned earlier, the modern population of Manchus has been artificially inflated because Han Chinese of the Eight Banner System, including
1134:. They love to be sedentary and sew, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. Those living south of the
10096:. Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- und Zentralasiens. Vol. 121 of Asiatische Forschungen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 112.
1406:" (Taizu Shilu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin-Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty. In the Ming period, the Koreans of
12582:
15342:
Vol. 12, Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.). Aschendorff (Druck und Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung).
8211:". The history of Manchu wrestling can be traced back to Jurchen wrestling in the Jin dynasty which was originally from Khitan wrestling; it was very similar to Mongolian wrestling. In the
7601:
The Manchu are often mistakenly labelled a nomadic people, but they were sedentary agricultural people who lived in fixed villages, farmed crops and practiced hunting and mounted archery.
1190:
17532:
1986:
Manchus were subjected to the same one child policy and rules as Han people. Manchus, Koreans, Russians, Hui and Mongols in Inner Mongolia were subjected to restrictions of two children.
7624:
1603:
Manchu bannermen of the capital garrison in Beijing were said to be the worst militarily, unable to draw bows, unable to ride horses and fight properly and losing their Manchu culture.
8826:), on the 13th day of the tenth month of the lunar calendar, which started to be celebrated in late 20th century, is the anniversary of the name creation of Manchu. This day in 1635,
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maintain peace among the Mongols." It seems he was wary of the rising power of the Tibetan Kingdom and its influence over the Mongolians and Manchu public, princes and generals.
1895:, in 1932. Although the nation's name implied a primarily Manchu affiliation, it was actually a completely new country for all the ethnicities in Manchuria, which had a majority
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1600:
Commoner Manchu bannermen who were not nobility were called irgen which meant common, in contrast to the Manchu nobility of the "Eight Great Houses" who held noble titles.
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18127:
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in the 10–13th centuries, so it was not something new to the rising Manchus in the 16–17th centuries. Qing emperors were always entitled "Buddha". They were regarded as
7716:
Manchus given names are distinctive. Generally, there are several forms, such as bearing suffixes "-ngga", "-ngge" or "-nggo", meaning "having the quality of"; bearing
1111:
them but the Warka simply left their garrison at Ningguta and went back to the Sungari river to their homes to herd, fish and hunt. The Qing accused them of desertion.
7756:
as part of their culture. They adopted the practice of burial from the Han Chinese, but many Manchus continued to cremate their dead. Princes were cremated on pyres.
7547:
The Jurchens, ancestors of the Manchus, had created Jurchen script in the Jin dynasty. After the Jin dynasty collapsed, the Jurchen script was gradually lost. In the
14985:
8532:" is the main libretto of octagonal drum and can be traced back to a type of traditional folk music called the "Manchu Rhythm". Although Zidishu was not created by
1726:, dictionaries issued by the Qing government, were the correct guides to Mandarin pronunciation, rather than the pronunciation of the Beijing and Nanjing dialects.
8445:
2003:
with a population of 10,410,585, which is 9.28% of ethnic minorities and 0.77% of China's total population. Among the provincial regions, there are two provinces,
1264:, "wise and respected khan") from his Khalkha Mongol allies; then, in 1616, he publicly enthroned himself and issued a proclamation naming himself Genggiyen Khan (
14919:
8313:
called it a "national custom". It was one of the most important winter events of the Qing royal household, performed by the "Eight Banner Ice Skating Battalion" (
8207:) is also an important martial art of the Manchu people. Buku, meaning "wrestling" or "man of unusual strength" in Manchu, was originally from a Mongolian word, "
13648:
13501:[There are more than 10 million Manchu people in the country, and less than 100 people can speak Manchu]. People – China. 29 October 2007. Archived from
1217:", which organized Jurchen soldiers into groups of "Bannermen", and ordered his scholar Erdeni and minister Gagai to create a new Jurchen script (later known as
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Standard Chinese which the Manchu Bannermen spoke instead of the local dialect the Han people around the garrison spoke, so that Manchus in the garrisons at
7772:
The traditional hairstyle for Manchu men is shaving the front of their heads while growing the hair on the back of their heads into a single braid called a
17461:
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and are distributed throughout China, forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country. They are found in 31 Chinese provincial regions. Among them,
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worship is a typical example. He was considered as the God Protector of the Nation and was sincerely worshipped by Manchus. They called him "Lord Guan" (
8582:
8332:
In the 1930s–1940s, there was a famous Manchu skater in Beijing whose name was Wu Tongxuan, from the Uya clan and one of the royal household skaters in
15384:. Vol. 12, Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
720:
14620:["Bingxi" was designated as a "national custom" by Qianlong, and the Qing army had eight flag skate camps (5)]. Chinanews.com. 20 January 2010
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adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs,
990:
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11901:. Vol. 12 of Studies on China. Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 175.
9095:
Less than 100 native speakers. Several thousands can speak Manchu as second language through primary education or free classes for adults in China.
8428:). The four versions are similar, but Haišenwei's is the most complete. It has been translated into Russian, Chinese, English and other languages.
10238:
Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988).
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Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan's Perception of China and the Making of Foreign Policy from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Cenutury
1943:
who were considered as part of Eight Banner system under the Qing dynasty were registered as independent ethnic groups by the PRC government as
3430:
14562:
14534:
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12279:[A complete collection of Manchu surnames in search of their roots, a complete record of old Manchu surnames]. 51CTO. 12 February 2016
8009:. The Manchus of the early Qing dynasty had excellent shooting skills and their arrows were reputed to be capable of penetrating two persons.
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10244:. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
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on Manchus engaging in archery contests. It was common to see Manchus putting signs in front of their houses to invite challenges. After the
7828:
1672:
after they were moved there in 1644, since Han Chinese were expelled and not allowed to re-enter the inner part of the city. Only after the "
1545:
to serve as garrison troops. There were only 1524 Bannermen left in Manchuria at the time of the initial Manchu conquest. After a series of
17624:
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for most of the Qing dynasty. Save for ancestor worship, the gods they consecrated were virtually identical to those of the Han Chinese.
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9077:
The meaning of "daicing" (daiqing) is debatable. It has been reported that the word was imported from Mongolian means "fighting country"
8336:'s regency. He frequently appeared in many of Beijing's skating rinks. Nowadays, there are still Manchu figure skaters; world champions
1081:
The Manchus are sometimes mistakenly identified as nomadic people. The Manchu way of life (economy) was agricultural, farming crops and
16794:
15321:. Paul Bushkovitch, Nicholas Canny, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Arthur Eckstein, Frank Ninkovich, Loren J. Samons. Harvard University Press.
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The majority of the hundreds of thousands of people living in inner Beijing during the Qing were Manchus and Mongol bannermen from the
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12263:[My surname is Yan, and the Manchu nationality is in the yellow flag. May I ask what my full surname might be]. Baidu. 2009.
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13778:[Declination of Manchu Language and Characters in Dandong and Its Effect on Excavation and Protection of Manchu Culture].
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and has many dialects. Standard Manchu originates from the accent of Jianzhou Jurchens and was officially standardized during the
14325:[Chinese luxury goods go abroad, cheongsam and Tang suits are most favored by foreigners (Photo)]. CCTV. 27 November 2011
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Wearing hats is also a part of traditional Manchu culture. Hats are worn by all ages throughout all seasons, which contrasts the
1556:
While the Manchu ruling elite at the Qing imperial court in Beijing and posts of authority throughout China increasingly adopted
13708:
10268:
Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie (2007). Kamens, Edward; Adolphson, Mikael S.; Matsumoto, Stacie (eds.).
8566:. Additionally, there are many works that depict the lives of Bannermen. Aisin-Gioro Yigeng, who was pen named "Helü" and wrote
18335:
17674:
13577:[A high school in Liaoning offers Manchu courses, and the inheritance of Manchu culture attracts attention]. China News
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of Han Bannermen marrying Manchus in areas like Aihun. Han Chinese Bannermen wedded Manchus and there was no law against this.
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has been questioned in recent times because the emperor indicated that he supported the Yellow Church (the Tibetan Buddhist
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1, by Denis C. Twitchett, John K. Fairbank, p. 29
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basin. The southern Tungusic Manchus influenced the northern Tungusic peoples linguistically, culturally, and religiously.
1718:
learning Mandarin and instructing people in Mandarin. In Guangdong, the Manchu Mandarin teacher Sun Yizun advised that the
1644:, and with the imperial and provincial governments in deep financial trouble, parts of Manchuria became officially open to
1205:, a chieftain of the Jianzhou Left Guard who officially considered himself a local representative of imperial power of the
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13601:[Manchu class entered the classroom of Jilin No. 1 Middle School for the first time (photo)]. Sina. 22 March 2012
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Fuliang Shan, Patrick (2015). "Elastic Self-consciousness and the reshaping of Manchu Identity". In Hong, Zhaohui (ed.).
12678:
Research Article Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913 Bijia Chen Cameron Campbell Hao Dong pp. 936–937, 939
1546:
1434:, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the establishment of the
1031:
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e.g. Nadanju (70 in Manchu), Susai (5 in Manchu), Liošici(67, a Mandarin homophone) and Bašinu(85, a Mandarin homophone)
8806:), on every 26th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar, is another example which was inspired by a story that once
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14539:[Wrestling has a long history and different genres are exquisite]. Dynamic Weekly. 6 March 2012. Archived from
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Association for Asian Studies; Ming Biographical History Project Committee (1976). Goodrich, Luther Carrington (ed.).
10328:. Vol. 1. Robin Jeanne Lewis, Asia Society, Richard W. Bulliet (2, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371.
9828:
18341:
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13448:[Renmin University's Manchu language training class reopens, the lack of classrooms is the biggest problem].
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The Collection of Early Qing's Historical Sources, Vol. 8 & 9: Records in the Fence; Witness Records of Jianzhou
839:(Ezochi) had a land bridge to Tartary (Orankai) where Manchus lived and thought the Manchus could invade Japan. The
18152:
16761:
15483:. Vol. 85 of Yale historical publications: Miscellany (illustrated, reprint ed.). Yale University Press.
3595:
580:
156:
8319:) which was a special force trained to do battle on icy terrain. The battalion consisted of 1600 soldiers. In the
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population and was opposed by many Manchus as well as people of other ethnicities who fought against Japan in the
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Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918–1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty
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1768:
556:
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Tamanoi, Mariko Asano (May 2000). "Knowledge, Power, and Racial Classification: The "Japanese" in "Manchuria"".
8221:, which is its most important part. Among many branches, Beijing wrestling adopted most Manchu wrestling moves.
723:'s "etymology of Wuji and Mohe"; Sun Wenliang's "etymology of Manzhe"; "etymology of mangu(n) river" and so on.
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Research Article Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913 Bijia Chen Cameron Campbell Hao Dong p. 937
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whose baptismal name was "Joseph". His wife was also baptised and named "Maria". At the same time, the sons of
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109:
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1914:), the newborn People's Republic of China officially recognized the Manchu as one of the ethnic minorities as
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13557:[29 Manchu language teachers in Benxi Huanren are on duty]. China News. 20 March 2012. Archived from
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in 1413, at the headquarters of Nurgan. The stele was inscribed in Chinese, Jurchen, Mongolian, and Tibetan.
10766:. Vol. 3 of Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia (annotated ed.). Routledge. p. 3.
10624:. Vol. 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (illustrated, annotated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138.
7632:
The history of Manchu family names is quite long. Fundamentally, it succeeds the Jurchen family name of the
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Some ethnic names can also be a given name of the Manchus. One of the common first name for the Manchus is
7720:
suffixes "-tai" or "-tu", meaning "having"; bearing the suffix, "-ju", "-boo"; numerals} or animal names.}
5208:
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1427:
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and began to summon the Jurchen tribes to pay tribute. At the time, some Jurchen clans were vassals to the
847:
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adults. The Manchu people also have traditional jewelry which evokes their past as hunters. The fergetun (
17963:
17946:
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12878:. Vol. 61 of Human Relations Area Files: Subcontractor's monograph, HRAF. The Institute. p. 110
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1753:. In order to blend in, some Manchus switched to speaking the local dialect instead of Standard Chinese.
1691:
and shared their anti-foreign sentiment. The Manchu Bannermen were devastated by the fighting during the
888:
778:
592:
500:
101:
13957:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
12828:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
12784:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
12718:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
10732:
8581:
After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the influence of the octagonal drum gradually reduced. However, the
18346:
17792:
9061:
9053:
8781:
8421:
8413:
8383:
8375:
8302:
8294:
8254:
8246:
8200:
8192:
7993:
7985:
7578:
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7522:
7514:
7288:
1828:
1820:
1796:
1788:
1746:
1483:
1475:
1391:
1383:
1357:
1349:
1317:
1309:
1287:
1279:
1257:
1249:
618:
476:
420:
11443:
The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia
11109:"Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History"
7421:, a famous painter, calligrapher and also the founder of the Manchu Association of Republic of China.
18402:
18356:
18075:
18004:
17797:
17329:
17254:
17123:
17041:
16780:
13866:. Studies in Environment and History (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
12303:[The Complete List of Concise Manchu Surnames (4)]. Sohu.com. 14 October 2006. Archived from
9029:
Cungšan was considered as Nurhaci's direct ancestor by some viewpoints, but disagreements also exist.
8658:
8556:
7847:
7682:
There were stories of Han migrating to the Jurchens and assimilating into Manchu Jurchen society and
7268:
4868:
4848:
1419:
were not used to source content on Jurchens during Ming rule in the History of Ming because of this.
823:
754:
484:
10376:
7926:, are derived from the Manchu robe and surcoat which are commonly considered as "Chinese elements".
591:
and over 300 Manchu towns and townships. Manchus are the largest minority group in China without an
18277:
18097:
17831:
17802:
17552:
16726:
16045:
14568:
14540:
13482:
12237:"The Tong in Two Worlds: Cultural Identities in Liaodong and Nurgan during the 13th–17th centuries"
8544:
8354:
4488:
1900:
14414:
13863:
Across Forest, Steppe, and Mountain: Environment, Identity, and Empire in Qing China's Borderlands
13258:
12664:
12607:
10982:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 1
17873:
17339:
17324:
17158:
17056:
16589:
15944:
12861:. Vol. 3 of Publications (Royal Asiatic Society. North China Branch). Royal Asiatic Society.
10763:
The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo
8613:, the other is from folk music with an informative and independent plot, and complete structure.
8450:
7887:, using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated house from China during the Ming dynasty.
7400:
6528:
6508:
6488:
6468:
6448:
6428:
6408:
5728:
5708:
5008:
4988:
4968:
3435:
3352:
1975:
1963:
1692:
1673:
1127:
895:
defeated the Liao dynasty. After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Jurchens went to war with the
31:
17:
13626:
12871:
8269:
18397:
18254:
18142:
18023:
17848:
17066:
16577:
16305:
16015:
15723:
15653:
13679:"Shenyang Daily: Young Man Teaches Manchu For Free To Rescue the Language (simplified Chinese)"
10985:. International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies. Walter de Gruyter. p. 828.
10371:
8754:
just as the Han Chinese did. The worship of Mongolian and Tibetan gods has also been reported.
8155:
8143:
8131:
3748:
1907:
1416:
892:
878:
overthrew the Khitan, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao Khitan envoys
15420:
Norman, Jerry (July–September 2003). "The Manchus and Their Language (Presidential Address)".
15286:
13984:
Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911
13686:
12318:
12210:
8119:
8107:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8035:
8023:
1869:
1577:, using this false claim to get themselves transferred to a Manchu banner in the reign of the
18328:
18187:
18147:
17814:
17776:
17664:
17644:
17562:
17361:
17344:
17209:
17178:
17113:
16317:
15694:
14615:
11605:
11282:
10487:
Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics
10452:
Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics
10093:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)
8733:
7891:
4828:
2468:
1035:
321:
14158:
A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule
11712:
10152:
9362:
8792:
Manchus have many traditional holidays. Some are derived from Chinese culture, such as the "
8000:) are significant to the Manchus. They were well-trained horsemen from their teenage years.
7444:
The Manchus implemented measures to "Manchufy" the other Tungusic peoples living around the
1842:
879:
18259:
18226:
18192:
18137:
18017:
17999:
17709:
17639:
17446:
17229:
16756:
16731:
16029:
14594:
13758:
13530:
13429:
12205:
11707:
11638:
11633:
9279:
8883:
8333:
5788:
5288:
5268:
5248:
5228:
1697:
1590:
884:
874:
763:
13558:
10955:
Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
9981:
Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar
8:
18312:
18162:
18102:
18034:
17714:
17567:
17522:
17269:
17148:
17128:
17036:
16698:
13791:
13596:
11556:
9160:
8229:
As a result of their hunting ancestry, Manchus are traditionally interested in falconry.
8208:
6048:
6028:
6008:
5988:
5968:
5948:
5928:
5908:
5888:
5868:
5848:
4688:
4668:
4648:
4628:
4608:
4588:
4568:
4548:
4528:
4508:
2273:
1967:
1738:
1734:
1210:
908:
832:
584:
13732:
13572:
13443:
12668:
12611:
11873:
9622:
60 Years History of the Perishing Ming and Rising Qing, Valuable Colored Picture Edition
9421:
Ruling from the Dragon Throne: Costume of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), Asian Art Series
1648:; within a few decades, the Manchus became a minority in most of Manchuria's districts.
667:
Meng Sen, a scholar of the Qing dynasty, agreed. On the other hand, he thought the name
18407:
18197:
17908:
17903:
17729:
17669:
17659:
17654:
17649:
17473:
17319:
17138:
16627:
16597:
16513:
16091:
16023:
15545:
15537:
15437:
13128:
13120:
12950:
12096:
11971:
11136:
11128:
11035:
11027:
10134:
9957:
9850:
9809:
8812:
8570:, as the representative author. Zidishu involves two acts of singing, which are called
8519:
8469:
7619:
7484:
7439:
7346:
5828:
5808:
2672:
1761:
1045:
840:
731:
163:
69:
13233:]. 满族(清代)历史文化研究文库. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House. pp. 230, 233, 248.
12872:
Chang, Yin-t'ang; University of Washington. Far Eastern and Russian Institute (1956).
10014:
8657:, shaman is the single loan-word from Manchurian into the English language. After the
18207:
18202:
18177:
18122:
18117:
18040:
17988:
17893:
17724:
17629:
17527:
17426:
17389:
17314:
17244:
17214:
17168:
16921:
16659:
16620:
16602:
15815:
15662:
15564:
15558:
15549:
15484:
15456:
15406:
15385:
15364:
15343:
15322:
15262:
15237:
15197:
15172:
15147:
15119:
15094:
15042:
14899:
14872:
14845:
14818:
14692:
14494:
14358:
14254:
14227:
14189:
14162:
14135:
14103:
14060:
14033:
13988:
13961:
13898:
13867:
13840:
13712:
13377:
13327:
13234:
13203:
13172:
13132:
13080:
13045:
12907:
12832:
12752:
12722:
12695:
12588:
12561:
12525:
12498:
12471:
12444:
12417:
12390:
12166:
12103:
12041:
12005:
11975:
11934:
11902:
11853:
11826:
11787:
11760:
11687:
11613:
11584:
11517:
11479:
11447:
11420:
11377:
11350:
11290:
11258:
11231:
11205:
11178:
11140:
11087:
11060:
11039:
10986:
10959:
10908:
10878:
10851:
10817:
10767:
10740:
10713:
10652:
10651:. Vol. 2 of Tunguso Sibirica. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 144.
10625:
10562:
10535:
10501:
10491:
10466:
10456:
10429:
10398:
10329:
10302:
10275:
10245:
10218:
10189:
10162:
10107:
10097:
10070:
10043:
9985:
9917:
9879:
9854:
9708:
9656:
9625:
9591:
9564:
9526:
9482:
9425:
9398:
9338:
9212:
7773:
7711:
7328:
7248:
6348:
6328:
6308:
6288:
6268:
5688:
5668:
5388:
3425:
3062:
2638:
2366:
1873:
1624:
1550:
1439:
1123:
1052:
1011:
939:
900:
678:
638:
461:
15560:
Remote Homeland, Recovered Borderland: Manchus, Manchoukuo, and Manchuria, 1907–1985
14220:
Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol (2004). Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (ed.).
11167:
10621:
A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century
1756:
726:
An extensive etymological study from 2022 lends additional support to the view that
18361:
18244:
18167:
18107:
17913:
17634:
17495:
17441:
17284:
17249:
17153:
17078:
17046:
16803:
16677:
16654:
16607:
16524:
16435:
16202:
16192:
16136:
16125:
15798:
15774:
15682:
15527:
15429:
14717:[Guo Degang Deyun Society has something to say 2011.12.04]. 4 December 2011
14648:
14253:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214.
13787:
13112:
12940:
12671:
12614:
11967:
11963:
11552:
11283:"2 Rival Empires on the Hunt for Sable and People in Seventeenth-Century Manchuria"
11120:
11083:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2; Parts 1368–1644
11019:
10066:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
9949:
9840:
9801:
8916:
8793:
8763:
8713:
8709:
8695:
8631:
8310:
8014:
8006:
7965:
7899:
7884:
7864:
7488:
7435:
7228:
5508:
5488:
3908:
3868:
3256:
3192:
2900:
2866:
2834:
2770:
1586:
1325:
1082:
661:
646:
504:
458:
428:
345:
313:
297:
15452:
From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-century China
14320:
12258:
10953:
10455:. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 34, 35, 36.
10422:
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).
8691:
8171:
7471:"Banjin Inenggi" and Manchu linguistic activity by the government and students in
1684:
657:
18376:
18322:
18172:
18157:
17981:
17436:
17399:
17349:
17309:
17259:
17204:
17073:
16714:
16688:
16649:
16564:
16531:
16518:
16269:
16187:
15828:
15779:
15677:
15478:
15450:
15400:
15379:
15358:
15337:
15316:
15305:
15287:"Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368–1636)"
15212:
15067:
14920:"National Qing History Compilatory Committee: Sunu Research (simplified Chinese)"
14893:
14866:
14839:
14812:
14745:[ Manchu traditional art of speaking - "Uleben" research]. Archived from
14519:[Manchu Archery in Heritage Day]. Manchus.cn. 3 June 2012. Archived from
14248:
14221:
14183:
14156:
14129:
14099:
Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 4: East Asia
14097:
14080:
14054:
14027:
14008:
13982:
13955:
13918:
13861:
12969:
12901:
12873:
12856:
12826:
12782:
12746:
12721:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 38.
12716:
12689:
12384:
12186:
12160:
12126:
11926:
11896:
11847:
11820:
11781:
11754:
11737:
11681:
11664:
11473:
11441:
11371:
11344:
11252:
11225:
11199:
11081:
11054:
10980:
10929:
10902:
10872:
10761:
10734:
10707:
10646:
10619:
10556:
10485:
10450:
10423:
10392:
10350:
10323:
10296:
10269:
10239:
10183:
10156:
10091:
10064:
10037:
9979:
9585:
9558:
9476:
9419:
9332:
9164:
9039:
8874:
8870:
8817:
8797:
8401:
8359:
8320:
8278:
8234:
8180:
7973:
7728:
7552:
7542:
7500:
7480:
7462:
6228:
6208:
6188:
5768:
5748:
5368:
4808:
4188:
4168:
3320:
3160:
3028:
2964:
2335:
2304:
2180:
1888:
1880:
1859:
1846:
1808:
1776:
1688:
1677:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1553:
noted: "Garrisons are the places of stationed works, Beijing is their homeland."
1526:
1499:
1463:
1412:
1369:
1337:
1295:
1265:
1233:
1218:
1023:
1015:
828:
606:
408:
395:
381:
329:
301:
11349:. Vol. 4 of Göttinger asiatische Forschungen. O. Harrassowitz. p. 22.
10677:"Traditional East Asian Structure from the Perspective of Sino-Korean Relations"
9242:
1364:) to the Manchu. A year later, Hong Taiji proclaimed himself the emperor of the
955:
433:
18239:
18112:
17878:
17841:
17289:
17279:
17219:
16925:
16912:
16736:
16719:
16545:
16490:
16349:
16344:
16287:
16227:
16172:
15990:
15984:
15974:
15885:
15864:
15713:
15708:
15007:
14971:
14838:
Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004).
14746:
14520:
13502:
11545:
Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities (Social Science Edition)
9200:
8931:
8861:
7960:
7918:, the surcoat gained popularity among commoners. The modern Chinese suits, the
7915:
7838:
7717:
7406:
7318:
7298:
7278:
7263:
7258:
6388:
6368:
6248:
6088:
6068:
5328:
5308:
5068:
5048:
5028:
4928:
4328:
4308:
4288:
4268:
4248:
4228:
4208:
4148:
4128:
3888:
3672:
3224:
3126:
2996:
2932:
2604:
2502:
2434:
2400:
2057:
2029:
2000:
1979:
1974:. In modern China, Manchu culture and language preservation is promoted by the
1919:
1750:
1578:
1534:
1135:
1094:
1086:
1060:
1003:
978:
947:
904:
790:
774:
748:
630:
524:
496:
472:
448:
16503:
16384:
14953:
14775:
14712:
14223:
Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art
12945:
12928:
12675:
12618:
12236:
11008:"Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty"
10582:
https://www.academia.edu/7542628/The_Semu_ren_in_the_Yuan_Empire_who_were_they
9845:
9829:"The Etymology of "Manchu": A Critical Evaluation of the Riverside Hypothesis"
927:
810:
on the steppes. Most Jurchens raised pigs and stock animals and were farmers.
664:
also supported the point of view and even wrote several poems on the subject.
18391:
18317:
18282:
17898:
17888:
17704:
17095:
16929:
16884:
16829:
16472:
16424:
16396:
16378:
16332:
16326:
16264:
16252:
16142:
15915:
15908:
15902:
15879:
15743:
15732:
14388:
14059:. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 41, 46.
12389:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 66.
12304:
11954:
Shuo Wang (Fall 2004). "The Selection of Women for the Qing Imperial Harem".
11610:
Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China
10505:
10470:
10111:
8907:
8587:
8504:
7418:
7308:
5143:
5123:
5088:
3788:
3768:
3728:
3622:
1956:
1931:
1669:
1519:
1214:
1173:
998:
931:
854:
734:
and can be reconstructed to Proto-Tungusic *mamgo 'lower Amur, large river'.
716:
12651:
The Changing Chinese: The Conflict of Oriental and Western Cultures in China
12584:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12557:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12521:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12494:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12467:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12440:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12413:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
12209:
9334:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
8323:, it was reduced to 500 soldiers and transferred to the Jing Jie Battalion (
1506:
18371:
18068:
18010:
17699:
17681:
17537:
17007:
16945:
16898:
16851:
16846:
16824:
16693:
16669:
16633:
16612:
16538:
16508:
16498:
16465:
16450:
16390:
16364:
16279:
16100:
16065:
16053:
15953:
15929:
15922:
15873:
15853:
15839:
15823:
14841:
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
14357:]. 满族的这些事儿丛书. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House. pp. 106–107.
14185:
Silken threads: a history of embroidery in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
12858:
Social Organization of the Manchus: A study of the Manchu Clan Organization
12634:
The Changing Chinese: The Conflict of Oriental and Western Culture in China
11321:
10979:
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T., eds. (1996).
9202:
9017:
9004:
Fengcheng and Beizhen are cities but treated as Manchu autonomous counties.
8898:
8847:
8777:
8687:
8683:
8212:
7872:
7683:
7548:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5078:
5058:
5038:
5018:
4998:
4978:
4958:
4948:
4938:
4918:
4898:
4878:
4858:
4838:
4818:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4758:
4748:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4698:
4678:
4658:
4638:
4618:
4598:
4578:
4558:
4538:
4518:
4498:
4478:
2017:
1952:
1948:
1936:
1855:
1836:
1628:
1608:
1451:
1435:
1365:
1206:
1181:
1019:
970:
966:
935:
923:
896:
858:
819:
814:
794:
516:
488:
464:
354:
15252:
15227:
15187:
15162:
15137:
15109:
15084:
15032:
14682:
14484:
14348:
14250:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990
13941:
The Qing Dynasty General Chronicle, Clan Lue, Manchu Eight Banners Surname
13888:
13830:
13809:
13649:"iFeng: Jin Biao's 10-Year Dream of Manchu Language (traditional Chinese)"
13397:
13367:
13224:
13193:
13162:
13070:
13035:
12065:
12031:
11995:
11711:
11574:
11543:[An Exploration into the Etymology and Meaning of Daqing Guohao].
11507:
11410:
10841:
10807:
10525:
10425:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
10397:. Vol. 1 of Brill's Korean Studies Library. Brill. pp. 220–221.
10158:
The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1
10069:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 217.
10042:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
9907:
9869:
9698:
9646:
9615:
9516:
9388:
7658:
1854:
by government officials or other outsiders. On the other hand, in warlord
18307:
18028:
17749:
17744:
16955:
16950:
16940:
16892:
16479:
16418:
16406:
16401:
16371:
16242:
16107:
16059:
15979:
15969:
15964:
15846:
15785:
15768:
15756:
15749:
15738:
15688:
15601:
15133:
12544:
YZMaZPZZ (Yongzheng chao Manwen zhupi zouzhe) 1 22 1, Sumurji, YZ7.R7.24.
12366:"Zhao Quan Adds a Salary: Losing Banner Status in Qing Dynasty Guangzhou"
11637:
11478:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 33.
10490:. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 31.
8926:
8879:
8751:
8533:
8397:
8337:
7930:
7880:
7843:
7732:
7670:
7643:, Abkai: Mukvn) which literally means "branch name"; the second, "Hala" (
5148:
5128:
3452:
2211:
1971:
1944:
1940:
1896:
1742:
1557:
1056:
1048:
782:
767:
531:
have over 100,000 Manchu residents. About half of the population live in
358:
350:
341:
13255:"Eras Journal – Tighe, J: Review of "The Manchus", Pamela Kyle Crossley"
12954:
10138:
10126:
10063:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1994).
1573:
falsely claimed to be related to the Jurchen Manchu Tunggiya 佟佳 clan of
846:
sent a message to Korea via Tsushima offering help to Korea against the
17975:
17819:
17769:
17739:
17582:
16681:
16412:
16357:
16338:
16293:
16212:
16197:
16114:
16080:
16073:
15997:
15702:
15671:
15541:
15441:
14895:
Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China
14591:"Xinhua: How Did Chinese Emperors Award Athletes? (simplified Chinese)"
14085:. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1970. p. 174.
13897:]. Liaohai Publishing House. pp. 31, 100, 115, 167, 181, 280.
13828:
13124:
11927:"Qing Imperial Women: Empresses, Concubines, and Aisin Gioro Daughters"
11475:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
11132:
11108:
11031:
11007:
10584:
p 4 The Semu ren 色目人 in the Yuan Empire – who were they? Stephen G. Haw
9961:
9813:
9789:
8827:
8701:
8593:
8431:
There is also literature written in Chinese by Manchu writers, such as
8217:
8001:
7923:
7868:
7796:
7445:
5648:
5628:
5608:
5283:
5263:
5243:
5223:
5203:
4908:
4903:
4888:
4883:
2242:
1915:
1911:
1455:
1431:
1333:
926:, led Mongol troops against the Jurchens, who were finally defeated by
862:
626:
362:
16976:
12274:
11053:
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988).
9984:. Vol. Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. pp. 13–14.
1071:
503:(1115–1234) in northern China. Manchus form the largest branch of the
495:
were established and ruled by the Manchus, who are descended from the
17764:
17754:
16904:
16004:
15804:
15792:
12323:[The origin of the family name "Yan"]. Sina. 16 December 2009
11608:. In Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S. (eds.).
11056:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
9514:
8893:
8888:
8650:
8642:
8341:
8230:
7919:
7753:
7639:
A Manchu family name usually has two portions: the first is "Mukūn" (
7472:
7208:
7188:
7168:
7148:
7128:
7108:
7088:
7068:
7048:
7028:
7008:
6988:
6968:
6948:
6928:
6908:
6888:
6868:
6848:
6828:
3288:
1884:
1714:
1656:
1447:
1328:
and launched his attack on the Ming dynasty and moved the capital to
870:
712:
539:. There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China, such as
480:
468:
279:
15532:
15515:
15433:
13116:
12350:
12162:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
11446:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 99–100.
11227:
Transactions, American Philosophical Society (vol. 36, Part 1, 1946)
11124:
11023:
10256:
9953:
9805:
9655:]. 辽宁民族古籍历史类. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House. p. 2.
7764:
7666:
18249:
17994:
17941:
17883:
17759:
17734:
16834:
16772:
16207:
16147:
16120:
9940:
Huang, Pei (June 1990). "New Light on The Origins of The Manchus".
9013:
8768:
8747:
8671:
7859:
7855:
7815:
7699:
7496:
7238:
7218:
7198:
7178:
7158:
7138:
7118:
7098:
7078:
7058:
7038:
7018:
6998:
6978:
6958:
6938:
6918:
6898:
6878:
6858:
6838:
6818:
6808:
6798:
6788:
6778:
6768:
6758:
6748:
6738:
6728:
6718:
6708:
6698:
6688:
6678:
6668:
6658:
6648:
6638:
6628:
6618:
6608:
6598:
6588:
6578:
6568:
6558:
6548:
6538:
6518:
6498:
6478:
6458:
6438:
6418:
6398:
6378:
6358:
6338:
6318:
6298:
6278:
6258:
6238:
6223:
6218:
6203:
6198:
6183:
6178:
6158:
6138:
6118:
6098:
6078:
6058:
6038:
6018:
5998:
5978:
5958:
5938:
5918:
5898:
5878:
5858:
5838:
5818:
5798:
5778:
5758:
5738:
5718:
5698:
5678:
5658:
5638:
5618:
5598:
5588:
5578:
5568:
5558:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5518:
5498:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5383:
5378:
5363:
5348:
4468:
4448:
4428:
4408:
4388:
4368:
4348:
4108:
4088:
4068:
4048:
4028:
4008:
3988:
3968:
3948:
3928:
3903:
3843:
3823:
3803:
3600:
3583:
3566:
3549:
3532:
3515:
2802:
2704:
2053:
2012:
2004:
1710:
1700:
was assassinated by a Manchu. Thousands of Manchus fled south from
1570:
1538:
1533:
and settled there. A few of them were sent to other places such as
1446:
when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against the Ming general
1090:
1075:
974:
836:
818:
down. Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan in the 1019
576:
552:
532:
508:
317:
15516:"Manzhou Yuanliu Kao and the Formalization of the Manchu Heritage"
12906:. Vol. 82 of Sinica Leidensia (illustrated ed.). Brill.
9146:
e.g. Ying Batu, Ying Bayan, the sons of a famous Manchu director,
7692:) clan claimed that a Han Chinese founded their clan. The Tohoro (
759:
18234:
16840:
16557:
16259:
16247:
16237:
16217:
16177:
16167:
16162:
16157:
12386:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
11683:
The Manchu era (1644–1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty
11169:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
11059:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 266.
10739:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 1066.
10217:. Sook Pyo Lee, Suzanne Lee. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75.
9147:
8807:
8737:
8717:
8529:
7662:
7338:
7323:
7303:
7283:
7243:
7223:
7203:
7183:
7163:
7143:
7123:
7103:
7083:
7063:
7043:
7023:
7003:
6983:
6963:
6943:
6923:
6903:
6883:
6863:
6843:
6823:
6803:
6783:
6763:
6743:
6723:
6703:
6683:
6663:
6643:
6623:
6603:
6583:
6563:
6543:
6523:
6503:
6483:
6463:
6443:
6423:
6403:
6383:
6363:
6343:
6323:
6303:
6283:
6263:
6243:
6168:
6148:
6128:
6123:
6108:
6103:
6083:
6063:
6043:
6023:
6003:
5983:
5963:
5943:
5923:
5903:
5883:
5863:
5843:
5823:
5803:
5343:
5323:
5303:
5188:
5183:
5168:
5163:
4863:
4843:
4823:
4463:
4443:
4423:
4403:
4383:
4363:
4343:
4323:
4303:
4283:
4263:
4243:
4223:
4203:
4183:
4163:
4143:
4123:
4103:
4083:
4063:
4043:
4023:
4003:
3983:
3963:
3943:
3923:
3883:
3863:
3778:
3758:
3738:
3718:
3708:
3700:
3690:
3682:
3571:
3503:
3486:
3469:
3094:
2736:
2570:
2536:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2021:
1924:
1804:
1530:
1459:
1443:
1423:
1202:
1195:
1160:
1007:
934:'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader
915:
853:
Following the fall of Balhae, the Jurchens became vassals of the
807:
803:
730:
is cognate with words referring to the lower Amur river in other
588:
528:
325:
15357:
Hammond, Kenneth James; Stapleton, Kristin Eileen, eds. (2008).
14814:
The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
10561:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
8746:). Uttering his name was taboo. In addition, Manchus worshipped
16860:
16819:
16551:
16444:
16222:
16182:
16152:
16130:
16035:
15762:
14411:"Xinhua: Small Fergetun with A High Price (simplified Chinese)"
14095:
10215:
The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism
9114:
8995:), a reference to the ornamentation on traditional Manchu hats.
8986:
8921:
8820:
wraps with rice, scrambled eggs, beef or pork. Banjin Inenggi (
8679:
8675:
7909:
Han Chinese general Zhang Zhiyuan wearing Qing military outfit.
7905:
7794:
Manchu women wore their hair in a distinctive hairstyle called
7752:
The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants originally practiced
7410:
5723:
5703:
5683:
5663:
5643:
5623:
5603:
5583:
5563:
5543:
5523:
5503:
5483:
5083:
5063:
5043:
5023:
5003:
4983:
4963:
4803:
4783:
4763:
4743:
4723:
4703:
4683:
4663:
4643:
4623:
4603:
4583:
4563:
4543:
4523:
4503:
4483:
3848:
3828:
3808:
3554:
3537:
3520:
2045:
1863:
1661:
1566:
1522:
1498:
groups. Also to promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the
1415:
to hide their former subservient relationship to the Ming. The
1407:
1332:
after his conquest of Liaodong. In 1635, his son and successor
1329:
1232:
In 1603, Nurhaci gained recognition as the Sure Kundulen Khan (
1131:
1042:
1027:
982:
919:
866:
843:
798:
544:
438:
264:
38:
12694:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 91.
10709:
Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
9916:]. 满族(清代)历史文化研究文库. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
8536:, it still contains many themes from Chinese stories, such as
1450:, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the
684:
Another scholar, Chang Shan, thinks Manju is a compound word.
17958:
17517:
16868:
16814:
16571:
16299:
16274:
16232:
15959:
15833:
15303:
10322:
Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.).
8772:
8510:
7876:
6163:
6143:
5783:
5763:
5743:
5358:
5338:
5318:
5298:
5278:
5258:
5238:
5218:
5198:
5178:
5158:
5138:
5118:
4943:
4923:
4458:
4438:
4418:
4398:
4378:
4358:
4338:
4318:
4298:
4278:
4258:
4238:
4218:
4198:
4178:
4158:
4138:
4118:
4098:
4078:
4058:
4038:
4018:
3998:
3978:
3958:
3938:
3918:
3898:
3878:
3858:
3838:
3818:
3798:
3783:
3763:
3743:
3723:
3667:
3662:
3617:
3605:
3588:
3498:
3481:
3464:
3447:
2049:
2025:
2008:
1772:
1701:
1633:
1574:
1542:
1324:, 後金). Nurhaci then renounced the Ming overlordship with the
536:
520:
512:
492:
249:
13171:]. 国家清史编纂委员会·研究丛刊. Renmin Publishing House. p. 46.
11895:
Watson, Rubie Sharon; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, eds. (1991).
11756:
The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture
10850:]. 歷代史料筆記叢刊·清代史料筆記. Zhonghua Book Company. p. 152.
7647:), represents the name of a person's clan. According to the
1097:
were "semi-agricultural, the Jianzhou Jurchens and Maolian (
973:
in 1368. In 1387, Ming forces defeated the Mongol commander
625:) was adopted as the official name of the people by Emperor
155:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
18128:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
17617:
15480:
Tsʻao Yin and the Kʻang-hsi Emperor: Bondservant and Master
14837:
13202:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House. p. 121.
13079:]. 我的前半生. Qunzhong Publishing House. pp. 223–224.
13066:
1892:
1503:
these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.
907:
came into use in the 1120s. It was mainly derived from the
835:
as a threat to Japan. The Japanese mistakenly thought that
13426:"Ta Kung Pao: Manchu Language and Reviving Manchu Culture"
12372:. Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, Harvard University.
11852:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 146.
11346:
Sino-Jürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424
10928:
Buckley Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (1 January 2013).
10606:
Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws
10237:
9560:
the Cambridge History of China, the Ch'ing dynasty to 1800
8649:
and influenced them tremendously over thousands of years.
8329:) originally, literally meaning "chosen agile battalion".
8175:
Manchu wrestlers competed in front of the Qianlong Emperor
7628:
the cover of the Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans' Book
1151:
Sino-Jürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424
13324:
Fertility, Family Planning and Population Policy in China
13150:. Lexington and Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 39–59.
12072:
Comprehensive History of the Eight Banners, First Edition
12040:]. Heilongjiang Korean Nationality Publishing House.
12002:
The Manchus of Manchurian Frontier Region in Qing Dynasty
9583:
15455:(illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press.
14267:
14056:
Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644–1660
13320:"Chapter 4: The impact of family structure on fertility"
12903:
The Politics of Language in Chinese Education: 1895–1919
11373:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
10267:
9750:[Many Kinds of Conjecture of the Name "Manju"].
9731:[The Research of Ethnic Name "Manju"'s Origin].
9201:
National Census Bureau of Chinese State Council (2012).
1201:
A century after the chaos started in the Jurchen lands,
1034:
under the Yongle Emperor, with Ming forces erecting the
14790:
13780:
Journal of Liaodong University (Social Science Edition)
12691:
Sold People: Traffickers and Family Life in North China
12121:
12119:
11289:. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 68.
10161:(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134.
10127:"The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors"
10062:
9790:"The Manchus and Their Language (Presidential Address)"
1891:
which was nominally ruled by the deposed Last Emperor,
1664:
dresses in modern reformed uniform of late Qing dynasty
15449:
Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, John E. Jr., eds. (1979).
14868:
Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West
14691:] (in Chinese). Yingyu Cultural Publishing House.
14188:(illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams. p. 148.
13169:
Eight Banner and Qing Dynasty's Political Paper Drafts
11931:
Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History
11080:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W., eds. (1998).
10848:
Miscellaneous Discussions Whilst Listening to the Rain
10188:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100.
8670:
Jurchens, the predecessors of the Manchus adopted the
7686:
may have been an example of this. The Manchu Cuigiya (
7429:
15315:
Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2010). Kagan, Kimberly (ed.).
14215:
14213:
14211:
14209:
14207:
14205:
12669:
http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/
12612:
http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/
11666:
Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials
11052:
10927:
9395:
Zheng Tianting's Lecture Note of Yuan Dynasty History
7824:
Han and Manchu clothing coexisted during Qing dynasty
1906:
In 1952, after the failure of both Manchukuo and the
1458:, they moved the capital of their new Qing Empire to
993:. Their elites served in the Korean royal bodyguard.
37:"Man people" redirects here. Not to be confused with
14817:. Cambridge University Press. 1978. pp. 64–65.
13757:. Beijing Evening News. 3 March 2013. Archived from
13711:. Beijing Evening News. 3 March 2012. Archived from
12929:"Interethnic Marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913"
12116:
11230:. American Philosophical Society. 1949. p. 10.
10978:
10931:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
9474:
8837:
7894:
has six long pao robes that belonged to Han Chinese
1014:, defected from paying tribute to Korea, becoming a
18133:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
15093:]. 中国社会科学院民俗学研究书系. China Social Sciences Pres.
14680:
14052:
13953:
13755:"1980s Generation's Rescue Plan of Manchu Language"
13148:
Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation and Resistance
10209:Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (2006).
10185:
Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500–1300
10039:
The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1
9525:]. 中国少数民族简史丛书(修订本). National Publishing House.
9450:
The State Council of the People's Republic of China
8273:
The performance of Manchu palace skaters on holiday
7933:
culture of "Starting to wear hats at 20-year-old" (
1680:, were Han were allowed to re-enter inner Beijing.
14202:
13839:]. Zhonghua Book Company. pp. 1196–1197.
13829:Dahai; First Historical Archives of China (1990).
13477:[Ten Years of Gold Label "Manchu Dream"].
13361:
13359:
13357:
13355:
13353:
13351:
13349:
13347:
13345:
13343:
12927:Chen, Bijia; Campbell, Cameron; Dong, Hao (2018).
12095:
12030:Liu, Jingxian; Zhao, Aping; Zhao, Jinchun (1997).
11989:
11987:
11985:
11166:
8800:. Some are of Manchu origin. Food Exhaustion Day (
1887:, a puppet state in Manchuria, was created by the
15221:]. History Department of Liaoning University.
14681:Dekdengge; Zhang, Huake; Guang, Dingyuan (2007).
14676:
14674:
14672:
14670:
14668:
14666:
14421:
11800:
11583:]. 大学历史丛书. Fujian People's Publishing House.
11467:
11465:
11463:
11287:Empire and Environment in the Making of Manchuria
11204:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 215.
10816:]. Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House.
10736:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644, Volume 2
10648:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
10011:Pandora Web Space (Western Washington University)
1030:. The Jurchens became part of the Ming dynasty's
922:to the Jurchens, rose in Mongolia. Their leader,
641:, although the etymology is not well understood.
18389:
15356:
14123:
14121:
14119:
14025:
13980:
12926:
12850:
12848:
12610:Vol. 38, Article 34, pp. 929–966. 9 March 2018
12154:
12152:
12150:
12148:
12146:
12144:
11783:The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture
11005:
10428:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27.
9773:[Textual Research of the Name "Manju"].
8830:changed the ethnic name from Jurchen to Manchu.
7409:. There are approximately 12,000 Manchus now in
1866:, a member of the Qing dynasty's imperial clan.
15196:]. Heilongjiang People's Publishing House.
15146:]. 歷代史料筆記叢刊·清代史料筆記. Zhonghua Book Company.
14131:The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China
13340:
13326:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 64.
13098:
13096:
12820:
12818:
12816:
12814:
12025:
12023:
12021:
11982:
11845:
11819:Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987).
11505:
10896:
10894:
10705:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9542:
7649:Book of the Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans
5455:Liangguantun Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
1683:Many Manchu Bannermen in Beijing supported the
1454:to the Manchu army. After the Manchus defeated
104:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
17533:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
15041:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
14772:"The Relation of Manchu Emperors and Buddhism"
14663:
14493:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
13960:. University of Washington Press. p. 55.
12967:
12961:
12812:
12810:
12808:
12806:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12794:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12004:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
11759:. University of Washington Press. p. 19.
11686:. Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. p. 5.
11669:. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 10.
11612:. University of California Press. p. 38.
11460:
11376:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press.
11257:(reprint ed.). Basic Books. p. 422.
10947:
10945:
10943:
10941:
10519:
10517:
10515:
9515:Writing Group of Manchu Brief History (2009).
9510:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9500:
9498:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9320:
4835:Youyi Daur, Kirgiz and Manchu Ethnic Township
4435:Nanwushijia Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
1336:changed the name of the Jurchen ethnic group (
1213:and established a military system called the "
887:united the Jurchen tribes and established the
873:, who called upon them during the wars of the
166:to make improvements to the overall structure.
17953:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
17924:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
16992:
16788:
15617:
14807:
14805:
14309:]. Liaoning Nationality Publishing House.
14219:
14116:
14102:. University of Chicago Press. p. 1703.
14089:
13974:
13947:
13803:
13801:
13771:
13420:
13418:
12895:
12893:
12845:
12667:Vol. 38, Article 34, pp. 929–966, 9 Mar 2018
12141:
12059:
12057:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11154:
11152:
11150:
11079:
10670:
10668:
10089:
9878:]. National Publishing House. p. 2.
9833:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
9577:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9300:
8801:
8741:
8476:
8457:
8438:
8391:
8324:
8314:
7934:
7801:
7693:
7687:
7674:
7652:
7608:
7533:protecting the national cultural traditions.
6255:Babaotun Manchu, Xibe and Korean Ethnic Town
5315:Daquanyuan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
1144:
1116:
1098:
1065:
899:, and captured most of northern China in the
672:
30:"Manchu" redirects here. For other uses, see
18413:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China
15039:A Comprehensive Dictionary of Manchu-Chinese
14831:
14766:
14764:
14478:
14476:
14474:
14472:
14470:
14468:
14466:
14464:
14462:
14460:
14458:
14456:
14296:
14294:
14292:
14290:
14288:
14286:
14284:
14282:
14019:
13145:
13093:
13029:
13027:
13025:
13023:
13021:
13019:
13017:
13015:
13013:
13011:
13009:
13007:
13005:
13003:
13001:
12854:
12200:
12198:
12191:(reprint ed.). 經文書局. 1943. p. 780.
12018:
11920:
11918:
11846:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006).
11818:
10934:(3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 271.
10891:
10384:
10274:. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 376.
9935:
9933:
9692:
9539:
9043:
8405:
8363:
8282:
8238:
8184:
7977:
7837:textiles and the Manchus had to obtain Ming
7556:
7504:
6155:West Liujiazi Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Town
6135:East Liujiazi Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Town
5435:Dongsheng Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
5415:Shajintai Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
5395:Liushutun Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
5275:Tuchengzi Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township
4895:Chengdong Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
4395:Maolangou Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
4215:Miaozigou Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
3715:Huangni Yi, Miao and Manchu Ethnic Township
3477:Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County
3415:
1812:
1780:
1735:Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers
1696:resisting the invasion. The German Minister
1636:addiction. In 1860, in the aftermath of the
1467:
1373:
1341:
1299:
1269:
1237:
742:
610:
412:
15448:
15236:]. 点校本二十四史·清史稿. Zhonghua Book Compary.
15171:]. 点校本二十四史·清史稿. Zhonghua Book Company.
15132:
15118:]. Xinjiang People's Publishing House.
14871:. University of Chicago Press. p. 20.
14637:
14635:
14454:
14452:
14450:
14448:
14446:
14444:
14442:
14440:
14438:
14436:
14154:
13365:
13247:
12999:
12997:
12995:
12993:
12991:
12989:
12987:
12985:
12983:
12981:
12791:
12765:
12751:. China Connections: Springer. p. 83.
12247:(9). Johns Hopkins University Press: 21–46.
12089:
12087:
12085:
12083:
12081:
12029:
11894:
11086:. Cambridge University Press. p. 258.
10938:
10801:
10799:
10797:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10787:
10785:
10783:
10699:
10554:
10534:]. 点校本二十四史·清史稿. Zhonghua Book Company.
10523:
10512:
10208:
9973:
9971:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9895:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9672:
9495:
9382:
9380:
5675:Songsantaizi Korean and Manchu Ethnic Town
5335:Xiaoyang Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township
4875:Jiangnan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
4375:Pingfang Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
4315:Baihugou Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township
4295:Xi'achao Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township
3775:Xinhua Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township
1733:As the end of the Qing dynasty approached,
1294:, "bright khan") of the Later Jin dynasty (
1118:建州毛憐則渤海大氏遺孽,樂住種,善緝紡,飲食服用,皆如華人,自長白山迤南,可拊而治也。
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
16999:
16985:
16795:
16781:
15631:
15624:
15610:
15378:Hauer, Erich (2007). Corff, Oliver (ed.).
15284:
14898:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 35.
14802:
14738:
14610:
14608:
14606:
14604:
14307:Manchu Traditional Clothes of Qing Dynasty
14096:Donald F. Lach; Edwin J. Van Kley (1998).
13798:
13415:
12890:
12855:Shirokogorov, Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich (1924).
12587:. Stanford University Press. p. 177.
12560:. Stanford University Press. p. 224.
12524:. Stanford University Press. p. 289.
12470:. Stanford University Press. p. 281.
12443:. Stanford University Press. p. 280.
12416:. Stanford University Press. p. 282.
12137:(1–2). Society for Qing Studies: 71. 1989.
12054:
12038:General Theory of Manchu Language Research
11993:
11898:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society
11501:
11499:
11497:
11495:
11404:
11402:
11363:
11147:
10665:
9609:
9607:
9297:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9184:
7405:Manchu people can be found living outside
5095:Chengfu Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
3755:Anluo Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township
3735:Jinpo Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township
1411:subservient to the Ming dynasty, from the
1051:attacked the Ming Empire and captured the
17613:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
15531:
15116:A Comprehensive Manchu-Chinese Dictionary
15055:
14761:
14279:
14161:. Stanford University Press. p. 25.
13895:Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans' Book
12944:
12687:
12195:
12098:The Manchurian Frontier in Chʼing History
12074:]. Northeast Normal University Press.
11953:
11915:
11822:Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century
11786:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 216.
11662:
11568:
11566:
11276:
11274:
10558:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
10375:
10151:
10124:
10118:
9930:
9844:
9590:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 728.
9397:]. 郑天挺历史讲义系列. Zhonghua Book Compary.
9268:(in Simplified Chinese) (1–12): 21. 1997.
7950:
5815:Longwangmiao Manchu and Xibe Ethnic Town
5295:Jindou Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township
4935:Yanjiang Daur and Manchu Ethnic Township
3855:Lingyunce Manchu and Hui Ethnic Township
1167:
200:Learn how and when to remove this message
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Ethnic group native to northeastern China
17462:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
15513:
15422:Journal of the American Oriental Society
15402:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900
15314:
14689:Full Edition of Tale of the Nisan Shaman
14632:
14433:
14046:
13987:. Leuven University Press. p. 339.
13288:
12978:
12234:
12222:United States Government Printing Office
12158:
12078:
11724:United States Government Printing Office
11650:United States Government Printing Office
11536:
11471:
11006:Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000).
10900:
10874:Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents
10805:
10780:
10759:
10712:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 18.
10348:
10298:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2
10294:
10241:The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2
10013:. Professor Edward Vajda. Archived from
9977:
9968:
9914:Research of Manchu Language and Archives
9892:
9794:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9705:the Lecture Note of Early Manchu History
9696:
9669:
9556:
9377:
9225:
9209:The Data of 2010 China Population Census
8727:
8509:
8493:
8268:
8170:
7959:
7904:
7827:
7819:
7768:Image of a man with the queue hairstyle.
7763:
7759:
7657:), there are 1,114 Manchu family names.
7623:
7596:
7466:
7451:
7413:. Most of them moved to Taiwan with the
5355:Sanhe Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township
1868:
1841:
1755:
1655:
1505:
1189:
1126:and Mao-lin are the descendants of the
793:first appeared in documents of the late
758:
18069:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
17006:
15586:Manchu Association of Republic of China
15307:The Journal of Asian Studies, Volume 46
15261:]. 现代史学家文丛. Zhonghua Book Compary.
14796:
14734:
14732:
14601:
14355:The Research of Manchu Clothing Culture
14246:
14127:
13886:
13294:
13102:
12580:
12553:
12517:
12490:
12463:
12436:
12409:
11492:
11399:
11342:
10951:
10904:The Manchus (The People of Asia Series)
10835:
10833:
10421:
10390:
9604:
9478:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
9417:
9330:
9181:
8787:
7809:
5775:Huolianzhai Hui and Manchu Ethnic Town
3895:Daweihe Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township
3659:Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township
977:'s resisting forces who settled in the
453:
392:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
18390:
15476:
15419:
15398:
15335:
15304:Association for Asian Studies (1987).
14891:
14342:
14340:
14226:(illustrated ed.). Hudson Hills.
13837:Old Manchu Archive, Translated Version
13728:别让满语文成天书 满语文抢救需靠大众力量[组图]_辽宁_文化
13222:
13042:Jin Qicong Talks About Beijing Manchus
12875:A Regional handbook on Northeast China
12824:
12780:
12740:
12738:
12714:
12382:
12363:
12204:
11825:. Yale University Press. p. 141.
11706:
11632:
11603:
11563:
11439:
11369:
11271:
11197:
11164:
11106:
10674:
10365:
10321:
10181:
9867:
9787:
1518:, almost all the Manchus followed the
1059:. Some Jurchen guards in Jianzhou and
1006:of the Ming dynasty. Soon after that,
18367:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
17608:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
16980:
16776:
15605:
15377:
15250:
15225:
14864:
14181:
14015:. Society for Qing Studies: 71. 1989.
13925:. Society for Qing Studies: 70. 1989.
13859:
13807:
12899:
12744:
12063:
11779:
11742:. Augustan Society. 1975. p. 34.
11606:"Ethnicity in the Qing Eight Banners"
11514:Veritable Records of the Qing dynasty
11280:
10035:
9939:
9826:
9707:]. 孟森著作集. Zhonghua Book Company.
9386:
8563:Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio
8434:The Tale of Heroic Sons and Daughters
7955:
7702:'s clan) claimed Han Chinese origin.
7275:Guanjiayingzi Manchu Ethnic Township
6875:Dongxinzhuang Manchu Ethnic Township
4855:Taha Manchu and Daur Ethnic Township
4655:Nongfeng Manchu and Xibe Ethnic Town
4255:Taipingzhuang Manchu Ethnic Township
3697:Changshaoying Manchu Ethnic Township
1010:, chieftain of the Odoli clan of the
629:in 1635, replacing the earlier name "
17588:Ministry of Posts and Communications
16802:
15556:
15185:
15160:
15006:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from
14988:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from
14970:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from
14952:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from
14729:
14593:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from
14413:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from
14346:
14300:
14273:
13792:10.14168/j.issn.1672-8572.2016.01.13
13374:Divers Knowledges of Manchu language
13317:
13065:
12647:
12630:
12343:"Recent thoughts on the Hanjun flag"
12217:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
11924:
11719:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
11679:
11645:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
11557:10.3969/j.issn.1671-0215.2005.02.005
11250:
10839:
10830:
10644:
10617:
10596:by Rhoads Murphey, Kristin Stapleton
10271:Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries
9905:
9769:Teng, Shaojian (滕绍箴) (April 1996).
9768:
9644:
6755:Xiaozhuangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
5935:Shaohuyingzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4775:Shuangqiaozi Manchu Ethnic Township
2016:ethnic minority in Liaoning, Hebei,
1186:Ethnic identity in the Eight Banners
1138:are apt to be soothed and governed."
903:. During the Jin dynasty, the first
711:There are other hypotheses, such as
475:. They are an officially recognized
242:Regions with significant populations
139:
84:
43:
18336:History of Qing (People's Republic)
16752:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
15360:The Human Tradition in Modern China
15082:
14482:
14337:
13077:First Half of My Life, Full Edition
13033:
12745:Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (2019).
12735:
12093:
11752:
11408:
11309:
11107:Rawski, Evelyn S. (November 1996).
10907:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 3.
10483:
10448:
9613:
8647:long history in Manchu civilization
8625:
8498:Octagonal drum performance on stage
8166:
7430:Influence on other Tungusic peoples
7365:Manchu autonomous area in Liaoning.
7335:Sungezhuang Manchu Ethnic Township
7175:Yaowangmiao Manchu Ethnic Township
6375:Hengdaohezi Manchu Ethnic Township
6275:Huangqizhai Manchu Ethnic Township
5895:Hongqiangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4815:Shuishiying Manchu Ethnic Township
4755:Yingchengzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4015:Fujiadianzi Manchu Ethnic Township
3955:Wudaoyingzi Manchu Ethnic Township
1032:Nurgan Regional Military Commission
773:The Manchus are descended from the
24:
18053:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
17422:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
17415:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
17295:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
17119:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
15594:Shenyang Manchu Federation (SYMZF)
15506:
15405:. University of California Press.
15381:Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache
15210:
15107:
15030:
14427:
14032:. Simon and Schuster. p. 83.
13470:
13279:
13191:
13160:
12831:. University of Washington Press.
12165:. University of California Press.
11994:Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Danhui (2005).
11933:. University of California Press.
11806:
11572:
11201:The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History
10958:. University of California Press.
10870:
9942:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
9584:Endymion Porter Wilkinson (2000).
8568:the sigh of old imperial bodyguard
7832:Han Chinese clothing in early Qing
7673:are considered as "famous clans" (
7215:Erdaowanzi Manchu Ethnic Township
6895:Gaojialing Manchu Ethnic Township
6555:Dawangmiao Manchu Ethnic Township
6295:Shangfeidi Manchu Ethnic Township
5915:Liulonggou Manchu Ethnic Township
5855:Jiudaoling Manchu Ethnic Township
5835:Juliangtun Manchu Ethnic Township
5735:Sishanling Manchu Ethnic Township
5575:Sanjiashan Manchu Ethnic Township
5495:Qidingshan Manchu Ethnic Township
5235:Liangjiazi Manchu Ethnic Township
4455:Guozhangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4195:Yinjiaying Manchu Ethnic Township
4175:Nantianmen Manchu Ethnic Township
3975:Zhengchang Manchu Ethnic Township
3679:Labagoumen Manchu Ethnic Township
3494:Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County
1547:border conflicts with the Russians
1089:agriculture in the areas north of
944:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
25:
18424:
18342:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
18183:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
18058:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
17210:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
15579:
13376:]. Wenyuan Publishing House.
13297:"China's State of Warring Styles"
12787:. University of Washington Press.
12364:Porter, David (31 October 2016).
11419:]. Beijing Publishing House.
10090:de Rachewiltz, Igor, ed. (1993).
10004:
9978:Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002).
8757:
8524:, Manchu singer and ulabun artist
8489:
8309:) is another Manchu pastime. The
7747:
7738:
7417:in 1949. One notable example was
7235:Xintaimen Manchu Ethnic Township
7195:Yuantaizi Manchu Ethnic Township
7075:Shahousuo Manchu Ethnic Township
7055:Nandashan Manchu Ethnic Township
6995:Jianchang Manchu Ethnic Township
6595:Gaodianzi Manchu Ethnic Township
6515:Yingcheng Manchu Ethnic Township
6395:Chengping Manchu Ethnic Township
6355:Baiqizhai Manchu Ethnic Township
5555:Guiyunhua Manchu Ethnic Township
4575:Gongzheng Manchu Ethnic Township
4415:Xuzhangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
4155:Bagualing Manchu Ethnic Township
3935:Anchungou Manchu Ethnic Township
3815:Xixiaying Manchu Ethnic Township
3562:Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County
3528:Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County
3460:Fengning Manchu Autonomous County
3443:Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County
1994:
930:in 1234. The Jurchen Jin emperor
789:In the 10th century AD, the term
708:actually means "intrepid arrow".
59:This article has multiple issues.
18153:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
17469:Articles of Favourable Treatment
17225:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
16757:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
15285:Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun; Jin, Shi.
15194:The Research of Manchu Tradition
14996:
14986:"The Day of Running Out of Food"
14978:
14960:
14942:
14912:
14885:
14858:
14705:
14583:
14555:
14527:
14507:
14403:
14371:
14313:
14240:
14182:Chung, Young Yang Chung (2005).
14175:
14148:
14073:
14001:
13929:
13911:
13880:
13853:
13822:
13765:
13747:
13719:
13701:
13671:
13641:
13613:
13589:
13565:
13545:
13517:
13489:
13464:
13436:
13390:
13311:
13295:Carrico, Kevin (24 March 2017).
13273:
13216:
13185:
13154:
13139:
13058:
12920:
12865:
12708:
12681:
12658:
12641:
12624:
12601:
12574:
12547:
12538:
12511:
12484:
12457:
12430:
12403:
12376:
12357:
12335:
12311:
12291:
12267:
12251:
12228:
12179:
11947:
9868:Li, Yanguang; Guan, Jie (2009).
9745:
9481:. Merriam-Webster. p. 754.
9452:. 26 August 2014. Archived from
9153:
9140:
9137:, a famous Chinese calligrapher.
9120:
9107:
9098:
9089:
9080:
8854:
8840:
8154:
8142:
8130:
8118:
8106:
8094:
8082:
8070:
8058:
8046:
8034:
8022:
7389:Manchu autonomous area in Hebei.
7382:
7377:Manchu autonomous area in Jilin.
7370:
7358:
7255:Manzutun Manchu Ethnic Township
7035:Liutaizi Manchu Ethnic Township
6955:Hongyazi Manchu Ethnic Township
6695:Mingshui Manchu Ethnic Township
6675:Kuanbang Manchu Ethnic Township
6655:Huangjia Manchu Ethnic Township
6535:Xipingpo Manchu Ethnic Township
6315:Xiafeidi Manchu Ethnic Township
6215:Tianshui Manchu Ethnic Township
6195:Shuiquan Manchu Ethnic Township
6175:Jidongyu Manchu Ethnic Township
6095:Wendilou Manchu Ethnic Township
5995:Toudaohe Manchu Ethnic Township
5955:Dadingpu Manchu Ethnic Township
5875:Dizangsi Manchu Ethnic Township
5635:Laohutun Manchu Ethnic Township
5155:Sanjiazi Manchu Ethnic Township
5115:Longshan Manchu Ethnic Township
5055:Lingshan Manchu Ethnic Township
5035:Xiangbai Manchu Ethnic Township
4795:Liaodian Manchu Ethnic Township
4635:Qingling Manchu Ethnic Township
4595:Lianxing Manchu Ethnic Township
4355:Qijiadai Manchu Ethnic Township
4235:Badaying Manchu Ethnic Township
4135:Liangjia Manchu Ethnic Township
4055:Xiaoying Manchu Ethnic Township
3995:Mayingzi Manchu Ethnic Township
3915:Pingfang Manchu Ethnic Township
3835:Dongling Manchu Ethnic Township
3795:Tangquan Manchu Ethnic Township
3596:Huanren Manchu Autonomous County
1676:", during the reign of emperor
833:the unification of Manchu tribes
372:
278:
263:
248:
144:
89:
48:
17200:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
17086:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
13428:. 26 April 2015. Archived from
13366:Aisin Gioro, Yingsheng (2004).
11888:
11866:
11839:
11812:
11773:
11746:
11730:
11700:
11673:
11656:
11626:
11597:
11530:
11433:
11390:
11336:
11303:
11244:
11218:
11191:
11100:
11073:
11046:
10999:
10972:
10952:Wakeman, Frederick Jr. (1986).
10921:
10864:
10753:
10726:
10638:
10611:
10599:
10587:
10575:
10548:
10477:
10442:
10415:
10359:
10342:
10315:
10288:
10261:
10231:
10202:
10175:
10145:
10083:
10056:
10029:
9998:
9861:
9820:
9781:
9762:
9739:
9721:
9638:
9468:
9438:
9424:. Ten Speed Press. p. 76.
9211:]. China Statistics Press.
9071:
9032:
9023:
9007:
8998:
7613:
7315:Caonian Manchu Ethnic Township
7155:Yang'an Manchu Ethnic Township
7115:Weiping Manchu Ethnic Township
7095:Wanghai Manchu Ethnic Township
6975:Jianjin Manchu Ethnic Township
6495:Songshu Manchu Ethnic Township
6455:Jinxing Manchu Ethnic Township
6335:Linfeng Manchu Ethnic Township
6075:Zhen'an Manchu Ethnic Township
6035:Wuliangdian Manchu Ethnic Town
6015:Chefang Manchu Ethnic Township
5595:Yangjia Manchu Ethnic Township
5535:Gaoling Manchu Ethnic Township
5375:Mantang Manchu Ethnic Township
5175:Yangpao Manchu Ethnic Township
4915:Sijiazi Manchu Ethnic Township
4615:Xinxing Manchu Ethnic Township
4535:Tongxin Manchu Ethnic Township
3613:Yitong Manchu Autonomous County
3545:Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County
3511:Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County
2151:(in all 31 provincial regions)
2063:
1999:Most Manchu people now live in
1651:
511:has the largest population and
67:or discuss these issues on the
17854:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
17144:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
15563:. University of Hawaii Press.
15514:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1987).
15004:"the Origin of Banjin Inenggi"
14742:[富育光]满族传统说部艺术——“乌勒本”研考
14155:Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017).
13709:"The Worry of Manchu Language"
13282:The Population of Modern China
13044:]. Zhonghua Book Company.
12688:Ransmeier, Johanna S. (2017).
12648:Ross, Edward Alsworth (1911).
12631:Ross, Edward Alsworth (1911).
12349:. 8 March 2019. Archived from
12235:Crossley, Pamela (June 1983).
12159:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000).
11968:10.1080/1547402X.2004.11827204
11516:]. Zhonghua Book Compary.
11472:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1991).
11175:University of California Press
10901:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002).
10877:. University of Hawaii Press.
10814:the Wrestling History of China
9624:]. Zhonghua Book Compary.
9563:. Cambridge University Press.
9411:
9351:
9272:
9257:
9167:and Manchu linguistic studies.
8991:
8982:
8955:
8802:
8742:
8551:Romance of the Western Chamber
8477:
8458:
8439:
8392:
8344:are the pre-eminent examples.
8325:
8315:
8264:
7802:
7782:
7705:
7653:
7590:
7586:
7394:
7295:Shijia Manchu Ethnic Township
7135:Wenjia Manchu Ethnic Township
7015:Jiumen Manchu Ethnic Township
6935:Haibin Manchu Ethnic Township
6855:Dazhai Manchu Ethnic Township
6795:Gaotai Manchu Ethnic Township
6735:Wanghu Manchu Ethnic Township
6575:Fanjia Manchu Ethnic Township
6475:Mingde Manchu Ethnic Township
6435:Helong Manchu Ethnic Township
6415:Dexing Manchu Ethnic Township
6055:Baichanmen Manchu Ethnic Town
5975:Toutai Manchu Ethnic Township
5795:Helong Manchu Ethnic Township
5715:Tangtu Manchu Ethnic Township
5615:Santai Manchu Ethnic Township
5515:Taling Manchu Ethnic Township
5255:Jinjia Manchu Ethnic Township
5135:Ershijiazi Manchu Ethnic Town
5075:Fuxing Manchu Ethnic Township
4995:Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township
4715:Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township
4675:Yuejin Manchu Ethnic Township
4495:Xingfu Manchu Ethnic Township
4475:Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township
4275:Jiutun Manchu Ethnic Township
4115:Gangzi Manchu Ethnic Township
3875:Loucun Manchu Ethnic Township
3579:Benxi Manchu Autonomous County
1223:traditional Mongolian alphabet
1145:
1117:
1066:
950:is of paternal Mongol origin.
938:in exchange for relieving the
673:
443:
13:
1:
18288:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
18063:Islam during the Qing dynasty
17919:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
17603:Provincial military commander
17593:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
17578:Imperial Household Department
17405:Preparative Constitutionalism
17109:Sino-Russian border conflicts
15310:. Cambridge University Press.
15277:
15091:The Research of Manchu Ulabun
15064:Zhu Shu Ji Nian, 1879 Edition
15023:
14892:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003).
14491:the Bannermen in Qing Dynasty
13818:]. Zhonghua Book Compary.
12971:Manchuria, Cradle of Conflict
12825:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
12781:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2011).
12715:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017).
12497:. Stanford University Press.
11956:The Chinese Historical Review
11581:Brief History of Qing Dynasty
10555:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
10325:Encyclopedia of Asian History
9557:Peterson, Willard J. (2002).
9475:Merriam-Webster, Inc (2003).
9337:. Stanford University Press.
9174:
8638:Shamanism in the Qing dynasty
8539:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
8347:
6835:Caozhuang Manchu Ethnic Town
6815:Baita Manchu Ethnic Township
6715:Shahe Manchu Ethnic Township
6615:Gejia Manchu Ethnic Township
5755:Xiamatang Manchu Ethnic Town
4555:Xiqin Manchu Ethnic Township
4515:Lequn Manchu Ethnic Township
4335:Liuxi Manchu Ethnic Township
4095:Xigou Manchu Ethnic Township
4075:Datun Manchu Ethnic Township
1989:
1923:ancestry, such as the writer
891:. His brother and successor,
848:1627 Manchu invasion of Korea
797:in reference to the state of
18047:Researches on Manchu Origins
17452:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
17062:Transition from Ming to Qing
17052:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
15520:The Journal of Asian Studies
15477:Spence, Jonathan D. (1988).
15363:. Rowman & Littlefield.
15259:Collection of Minor Research
15214:《清初史料丛刊第八、九种:栅中日录校释、建州见闻录校释》
14739:Fu Yuguang (23 March 2009).
14134:. Univ of California Press.
14053:Adam Yuen-chung Lui (1989).
13954:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2011).
13284:. Plenum Press. p. 595.
13200:Research of Manchu Genealogy
13105:The Journal of Asian Studies
12102:. Harvard University Press.
11113:The Journal of Asian Studies
10131:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
9653:Researches on Manchu Origins
8973:. They are sometimes called
8942:Military of the Qing dynasty
7896:nobility of the Qing dynasty
5695:Lagu Manchu Ethnic Township
5655:Dagushan Manchu Ethnic Town
5215:Dakouqin Manchu Ethnic Town
4955:Suisheng Manchu Ethnic Town
4035:Xidi Manchu Ethnic Township
1178:Transition from Ming to Qing
1085:on farms. Manchus practiced
777:who earlier established the
715:'s "etymology of Jianzhou";
696:) which means "strong," and
656:, the ethnic name came from
653:Researches on Manchu Origins
499:who earlier established the
7:
17947:Changzhou School of Thought
17457:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
17432:Railway Protection Movement
17410:1909 Parliamentary election
17395:British expedition to Tibet
17305:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
17265:Self-Strengthening Movement
17240:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
13231:Ten Papers of Eight Banners
11929:. In Walthall, Anne (ed.).
11739:The Augustan, Volumes 17–20
11320:. p. 1. Archived from
10871:Li, Gertraude Roth (2018).
10806:Jin, Qicong; Kaihe (2006).
10675:Zhang, Feng (March 2008b).
9266:Ethnicity Research (《民族研究》)
9117:(badger) and Arsalan (lion)
8937:Sinicization of the Manchus
8833:
8665:
8616:
8484:
8465:The Collection of Tianyouge
8224:
7536:
7456:
6635:Huangdi Manchu Ethnic Town
6235:Quantou Manchu Ethnic Town
5195:Wulajie Manchu Ethnic Town
4975:Yong'an Manchu Ethnic Town
1438:. The last Ming ruler, the
1422:In 1644, the Ming capital,
1400:Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu
865:region were tributaries of
671:might stem from Li Manzhu (
10:
18429:
18347:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
17235:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
17174:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
17164:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
17134:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
16896:(controversial, including
15018:
13775:满语满文在丹东地区的衰微及其对满族文化发掘保护的影响
12383:Rawski, Evelyn S. (2001).
12094:Lee, Robert H. G. (1970).
11874:"Summing up Naquin/Rawski"
11780:Smith, Richard J. (2015).
11663:Grossnick, Roy A. (1972).
11285:. In Smith, Norman (ed.).
11198:Allsen, Thomas T. (2011).
11165:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998).
10391:Breuker, Remco E. (2010).
10036:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990).
9876:General History of Manchus
9697:Meng (孟), Sen (森) (2006).
9045:
9044:
8821:
8782:Fu Jen Catholic University
8698:and had high attainments.
8635:
8629:
8606:
8407:
8406:
8365:
8364:
8284:
8283:
8240:
8239:
8186:
8185:
7979:
7978:
7944:
7813:
7709:
7644:
7640:
7617:
7609:Names and naming practices
7589:) or "old Manchu script" (
7558:
7557:
7540:
7506:
7505:
7460:
7433:
7424:
7398:
6915:Guojia Manchu Ethnic Town
6115:Youwei Manchu Ethnic Town
4735:Niujia Manchu Ethnic Town
1814:
1813:
1782:
1781:
1767:By the early years of the
1591:Qing lists of Manchu clans
1469:
1468:
1375:
1374:
1343:
1342:
1301:
1300:
1271:
1270:
1239:
1238:
1171:
752:
746:
737:
719:'s "etymology of Manshi";
701:
693:
612:
611:
414:
413:
224:
36:
29:
18357:Names of the Qing dynasty
18300:
18268:
18225:
18218:
18087:
18005:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
17932:
17864:
17785:
17690:
17486:
17377:
17335:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
17330:Gongche Shangshu movement
17275:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
17187:
17124:Chinese Rites controversy
17094:
17024:
17015:
16964:
16810:
16747:
16707:
16642:
16588:
16489:
16434:
16316:
16090:
16044:
16014:
15943:
15895:
15863:
15814:
15722:
15661:
15652:
15639:
14865:Lopez, Donald S. (1999).
14617:“冰嬉”被乾隆定为“国俗” 清军有八旗冰鞋营(5)
14026:Frederic Wakeman (1977).
13981:Patrick Taveirne (2004).
13498:全国现有满族人口1000多万 会说满语者已不足百人
13223:Zhang, Jiasheng (2008a).
12946:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34
12900:Kaske, Elisabeth (2008).
12748:An Urban History of China
12676:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34
12619:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34
12581:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12554:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12518:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12491:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12464:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12437:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
12410:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
10760:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2007).
10645:Seth, Michael J. (2010).
10618:Seth, Michael J. (2006).
10366:Mizuno, Norihito (2004).
10182:Batten, Bruce L. (2006).
10125:Schneider, Julia (2011).
9846:10.1163/25898833-00420028
9587:Chinese History: A Manual
9418:Vollmer, John E. (2002).
9331:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
8732:Manchus were affected by
8600:
8557:Legend of the White Snake
7935:
7914:Banners army. During the
7777:
7694:
7688:
7675:
7669:, Šumulu, Tatara, Gioro,
7269:Horqin Right Front Banner
6775:Yejia Manchu Ethnic Town
5475:Shihe Manchu Ethnic Town
5015:Huiqi Manchu Ethnic Town
4695:Lalin Manchu Ethnic Town
3416:Manchu autonomous regions
1627:. (For example, just the
1099:
940:Mongol siege upon Zhongdu
824:Mongol invasions of Japan
813:In 1019, Jurchen pirates
755:Manchuria under Ming rule
743:Origins and early history
491:(1636–1912) dynasties of
479:and the people from whom
432:
340:
335:
312:
307:
296:
291:
276:
261:
246:
241:
236:
231:
222:
18278:Great Qing Treasure Note
18098:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
17808:Administrative divisions
17625:Administrative divisions
17553:Flag of the Qing dynasty
16727:Local ethnic nationalism
15646:recognized ethnic groups
15253:
15251:Zheng, Tianting (2010).
15228:
15213:
15188:
15163:
15144:Xiaoting Various Records
15138:
15110:
15085:
15058:
15033:
15031:An, Shuangcheng (1993).
14968:"Manchu Duanwu Festival"
14950:"Manchu Spring Festival"
14741:
14714:郭德纲 德云社 有话好好说 2011.12.04
14713:
14643:
14616:
14563:
14535:
14515:
14485:
14379:
14349:
14321:
14302:
14128:Keliher, Macabe (2019).
13936:
13889:
13860:Bello, David A. (2016).
13831:
13810:
13774:
13727:
13621:
13597:
13573:
13553:
13525:
13497:
13473:
13444:
13368:
13225:
13194:
13163:
13071:
13036:
12974:. Macmillan. p. 47.
12319:
12299:
12275:
12259:
12066:
12032:
11996:
11604:Elliot, Mark C. (2006).
11575:
11539:
11508:
11506:Various authors (2008).
11417:the Biography of Nurhaci
11411:
11370:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
11312:
11281:Bello, David A. (2017).
10842:
10808:
10706:John W. Dardess (2012).
10608:, by Lynn A. Struve p 64
10526:
10484:Toh, Hoong Teik (2005).
10449:Toh, Hoong Teik (2005).
10351:
10301:. Kodansha. p. 79.
9908:
9870:
9770:
9747:
9728:
9699:
9647:
9616:
9523:Brief History of Manchus
9517:
9446:"Ethnic Groups in China"
9389:
9387:Zheng, Tianting (2009).
9233:
9203:
8948:
8611:Tale of the Nisan Shaman
8545:Dream of the Red Chamber
8355:Tale of the Nisan Shaman
3426:Manchu Autonomous County
1901:Second Sino-Japanese War
1510:The Qing Empire ca. 1820
1211:unify the Jurchen tribes
1194:An imperial portrait of
677:), the chieftain of the
637:was an old term for the
477:ethnic minority in China
257:10,410,585 (2010 census)
17874:Chengde Mountain Resort
17675:Three Eastern Provinces
17325:First Sino-Japanese War
17300:Northern Chinese Famine
17159:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
17057:Qing invasion of Joseon
15336:Dvořák, Rudolf (1895).
14322:中国奢侈品走出国门 旗袍唐装最受老外青睐(图)
14301:Wang, Yunying (1985).
14247:Forsyth, James (1994).
13808:Jiang, Liangqi (1980).
13526:满语"活化石"――"伊兰孛"--文化--人民网
13471:顾然 (12 December 2011).
12968:Owen Lattimore (1932).
11409:Yan, Chongnian (2006).
11343:Serruys, Henry (1955).
11310:萧国亮 (24 January 2007).
9906:Tong, Yonggong (2009).
9827:Hölzl, Andreas (2023).
9746:Feng, Jiasheng (冯家升).
9614:Yan, Chongnian (2008).
9284:Encyclopædia Britannica
8622:discouraged shamanism.
7401:Manchu people in Taiwan
1976:Chinese Communist Party
1693:First Sino-Japanese War
983:Joseon dynasty of Korea
962:queue order was given.
889:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
779:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
600:
32:Manchu (disambiguation)
18255:Great Qing Copper Coin
18143:Convention of Tientsin
18076:Annotated Bibliography
18024:Qing official headwear
17067:Battle of Shanhai Pass
16969:indicate extinct group
16762:Historic ethnic groups
15633:Ethnic groups in China
15399:Naquin, Susan (2000).
15226:Zhang, Tingyu (1974).
14483:Liu, Xiaomeng (2008).
14029:Fall of Imperial China
13772:Feng Yun-ying (2016).
13445:人民大学满语培训班重新开课 缺教室是最大难题
13318:Chen, Feinian (2005).
11876:. University of Oregon
11440:Sneath, David (2007).
9788:Norman, Jerry (2003).
9361:. ZDIC. Archived from
9163:, a famous scholar of
8734:Chinese folk religions
8525:
8499:
8446:Song of Drinking Water
8274:
8176:
7969:
7951:Traditional activities
7910:
7833:
7825:
7786:), which was known as
7769:
7629:
7583:tongki fuka akv hergen
7575:tongki fuka akū hergen
7476:
2100:Ethnic Minorities (%)
1908:Nationalist Government
1879:As a follow-up to the
1876:
1850:
1764:
1665:
1516:conquest of Ming China
1511:
1417:Ming Veritable Records
1198:
1168:Manchu rule over China
1141:
861:. The Jurchens in the
770:
483:derives its name. The
380:This article contains
272:12,000 (2004 estimate)
18329:Draft History of Qing
18188:Treaty of Shimonoseki
17969:performance criticism
17573:Imperial Commissioner
17563:Great Qing Legal Code
17362:Eight-Nation Alliance
17345:Third plague pandemic
17255:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
17179:White Lotus Rebellion
15339:Chinas religionen ...
15211:Yi, Min-hwan (1978).
15186:Yang, Xichun (1988).
15066:]. Archived from
14956:on 17 September 2017.
14516:文化遗产日——香山团城演武厅“访古·论箭”
14009:"Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi"
13919:"Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi"
12260:我姓阎,满族正黄旗,请问我的满姓可能是什么
12206:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
12127:"Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi"
11753:Kim, Sun Joo (2011).
11708:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
11634:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
11012:Environmental History
8728:Chinese folk religion
8513:
8497:
8272:
8174:
7963:
7908:
7892:Spencer Museum of Art
7848:Jin dynasty (266–420)
7831:
7823:
7767:
7760:Traditional hairstyle
7627:
7597:Traditional lifestyle
7470:
7452:Language and alphabet
7399:Further information:
1962:Since the 1980s, the
1872:
1849:soldiers in the 1920s
1845:
1759:
1659:
1514:As a result of their
1509:
1442:, died by suicide by
1193:
1172:Further information:
1114:
1036:Yongning Temple Stele
897:Northern Song dynasty
762:
753:Further information:
336:Related ethnic groups
322:Chinese folk religion
287:1,000 (1997 estimate)
18260:Great Qing Gold Coin
18193:Treaty of Tarbagatai
18138:Convention of Peking
18018:Pentaglot Dictionary
18000:Literary inquisition
17710:Ever Victorious Army
17543:Deliberative Council
17447:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
17400:1905 Batang uprising
17340:Hundred Days' Reform
17230:Small Swords Society
15083:Gao, Hehong (2011).
15010:on 26 February 2018.
14725:– via YouTube.
14082:Serie orientale Roma
13574:辽宁一高中开设满语课 满族文化传承引关注
13034:Jin, Qicong (2009).
12933:Demographic Research
12665:Demographic Research
12608:Demographic Research
12370:Fairbank Center Blog
11849:China: A New History
11680:Till, Barry (2004).
9204:《中国2010年人口普查资料(上中下)》
8975:red-tasseled Manchus
8788:Traditional holidays
8334:Empress Dowager Cixi
8161:Manchu Hunting party
8149:Manchu Hunting party
8137:Manchu Hunting party
8125:Manchu Hunting party
8113:Manchu Hunting party
8101:Manchu Hunting party
8089:Manchu Hunting party
8077:Manchu Hunting party
8065:Manchu Hunting party
8053:Manchu Hunting party
8041:Manchu Hunting party
8029:Manchu Hunting party
7972:Riding and archery (
7810:Traditional garments
1874:Manchukuo Naval flag
1739:Chinese nationalists
1698:Clemens von Ketteler
1490:) in the same year.
969:was replaced by the
875:Later Three Kingdoms
850:. Korea refused it.
704:) means "arrow." So
18313:Anti-Qing sentiment
18163:Treaty of the Bogue
18103:Treaty of Nerchinsk
18035:Complete Tang Poems
17715:Green Standard Army
17598:Provincial governor
17568:Imperial Clan Court
17548:Diplomatic missions
17523:Consultative Bureau
17270:Tongzhi Restoration
17149:Afaqi Khoja revolts
17129:Ten Great Campaigns
17037:Jurchen unification
15318:The Imperial Moment
15161:Song, Lian (1976).
15136:, Jooliyan (1980).
15108:Hu, Zengyi (1994).
14523:on 10 October 2012.
14276:, pp. 64, 183.
14013:Late Imperial China
13923:Late Imperial China
13735:on 28 December 2013
13432:on 8 November 2017.
12241:Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i
12131:Late Imperial China
11925:Wang, Shuo (2008).
11251:Keay, John (2011).
10349:朝鮮学会; 朝鮮學會 (2006).
10153:Takekoshi, Yosaburō
9161:Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun
9128:Aisin Gioro Qixiang
9038:Aka. Manchu State (
8764:Jesuit missionaries
8388:nixan saman-i bithe
8380:nišan saman i bithe
7858:mountains south in
2103:Regional Percentage
2048:and 3rd largest in
1968:Cultural Revolution
1918:had criticized the
1803:) District and the
1760:First flag used by
1749:Manchus within its
1674:Hundred Days Reform
1159:the Jurchen leader
1146:魏焕《皇明九邊考》卷二《遼東鎮邊夷考》
1136:Ch'ang-pai mountain
869:since the reign of
781:in China. The name
766:, Emperor Taizu of
633:". It appears that
219:
164:editing the article
18198:Treaty of Tientsin
17909:Western Qing tombs
17904:Eastern Qing tombs
17730:Peking Field Force
17474:Manchu Restoration
17367:Declaration of war
17320:Jindandao incident
17139:Lhasa riot of 1750
15557:Shao, Dan (2011).
15070:on 21 January 2021
15056:Anonymous (1879).
14597:on 30 August 2012.
14417:on 9 October 2011.
14347:Zeng, Hui (2010).
13659:on 25 January 2013
13505:on 3 November 2007
13485:on 12 August 2017.
13161:Du, Jiaji (2008).
12320:"闫"姓一支的来历_闫嘉庆_新浪博客
11573:Du, Jiaji (1997).
10007:"Manchu (Jurchen)"
9456:on 23 October 2019
9020:emperors' ancestor
8762:Influenced by the
8655:A History of China
8526:
8500:
8275:
8179:Manchu wrestling (
8177:
7970:
7956:Riding and archery
7911:
7834:
7826:
7770:
7727:, which is also a
7630:
7620:Manchu family name
7477:
7440:Tungusic languages
3383:Active Servicemen
2114:Ethnic Population
1877:
1851:
1765:
1666:
1646:Chinese settlement
1512:
1426:, was sacked by a
1209:, made efforts to
1199:
1018:to China instead.
841:Tokugawa Shogunate
771:
732:Tungusic languages
688:was from the word
217:
108:You can assist by
18385:
18384:
18296:
18295:
18208:Treaty of Whampoa
18203:Treaty of Wanghia
18178:Treaty of Nanking
18148:Li–Lobanov Treaty
18123:Chefoo Convention
18118:Burlingame Treaty
17989:Kangxi Dictionary
17894:Old Summer Palace
17725:Firearm Battalion
17528:Cup of Solid Gold
17482:
17481:
17427:Manchurian plague
17390:Late Qing reforms
17381:(1901–1912)
17315:Sikkim expedition
17245:Panthay Rebellion
17215:Taiping Rebellion
17191:(1801–1900)
17169:Sino-Nepalese War
17114:Dzungar–Qing Wars
17100:(1683–1799)
17028:(1616–1683)
16974:
16973:
16922:Jianzhou Jurchens
16918:Five state tribes
16770:
16769:
15939:
15938:
15059:《竹书纪年(校正,光绪五年刻本)》
14974:on 29 March 2018.
14824:978-0-521-24334-6
14500:978-7-80722-563-8
14109:978-0-226-46769-6
14066:978-0-7315-0654-5
14039:978-0-02-933680-9
13994:978-90-5867-365-7
13967:978-0-295-80412-5
13598:满语课首次进入吉林一中学课堂(图)
13561:on 22 March 2012.
13383:978-7-80060-008-1
13067:Aisin Gioro, Puyi
12838:978-0-295-98040-9
12276:《满族姓氏寻根大全·满族老姓全录》
12211:"Tuan-fang"
12188:清代名人傳略: 1644–1912
12172:978-0-520-23424-6
12109:978-0-674-54775-9
11537:Bao Ming (2005).
11211:978-0-8122-3926-3
11184:978-0-520-92679-0
10914:978-0-631-23591-0
10857:978-7-101-01698-7
10719:978-1-4422-0490-4
10594:A History of Asia
10295:Kōdansha (1983).
9597:978-0-674-00249-4
9570:978-0-521-24334-6
9488:978-0-87779-807-1
9431:978-1-58008-307-2
9344:978-0-8047-4684-7
8780:, the founder of
8659:conquest of China
8583:Chinese monochord
8307:nisume efire efin
8299:nisume efire efin
7712:Manchu given name
7679:) among Manchus.
7485:Tungusic language
7352:
7351:
3628:
3627:
3411:
3410:
2096:in the Population
2024:; 2nd largest in
1769:Republic of China
1751:national identity
1551:Yongzheng Emperor
1440:Chongzhen Emperor
1262:sure kundulen han
1254:sure kundulen han
1149:Translation from
1122:"The (people of)
1053:Zhengtong Emperor
1012:Jianzhou Jurchens
942:(Beijing) in the
679:Jianzhou Jurchens
639:Jianzhou Jurchens
593:autonomous region
535:and one-fifth in
388:rendering support
368:
367:
330:Roman Catholicism
210:
209:
202:
192:
191:
184:
157:layout guidelines
138:
137:
130:
82:
16:(Redirected from
18420:
18403:Tungusic peoples
18362:New Qing History
18245:Qianlong Tongbao
18223:
18222:
18168:Treaty of Canton
18108:Unequal treaties
17914:Fuling Mausoleum
17513:Advisory Council
17442:Wuchang Uprising
17382:
17285:Tianjin Massacre
17250:Second Opium War
17192:
17154:Sino-Burmese War
17101:
17079:Battle of Penghu
17047:Seven Grievances
17029:
17022:
17021:
17001:
16994:
16987:
16978:
16977:
16804:Tungusic peoples
16797:
16790:
16783:
16774:
16773:
16628:Tajiks (Pamiris)
15659:
15658:
15626:
15619:
15612:
15603:
15602:
15598:
15590:
15574:
15553:
15535:
15501:
15499:
15497:
15473:
15471:
15469:
15445:
15416:
15395:
15374:
15353:
15332:
15311:
15300:
15298:
15296:
15291:
15272:
15247:
15222:
15207:
15182:
15157:
15129:
15104:
15079:
15077:
15075:
15052:
15012:
15011:
15000:
14994:
14993:
14992:on 6 March 2016.
14982:
14976:
14975:
14964:
14958:
14957:
14946:
14940:
14939:
14937:
14935:
14926:. Archived from
14924:historychina.net
14916:
14910:
14909:
14889:
14883:
14882:
14862:
14856:
14855:
14835:
14829:
14828:
14809:
14800:
14794:
14788:
14787:
14785:
14783:
14774:. Archived from
14768:
14759:
14758:
14756:
14754:
14736:
14727:
14726:
14724:
14722:
14709:
14703:
14702:
14678:
14661:
14660:
14658:
14656:
14647:. Archived from
14639:
14630:
14629:
14627:
14625:
14612:
14599:
14598:
14587:
14581:
14580:
14578:
14576:
14567:. Archived from
14559:
14553:
14552:
14550:
14548:
14531:
14525:
14524:
14511:
14505:
14504:
14480:
14431:
14425:
14419:
14418:
14407:
14401:
14400:
14398:
14396:
14387:. Archived from
14375:
14369:
14368:
14344:
14335:
14334:
14332:
14330:
14317:
14311:
14310:
14298:
14277:
14271:
14265:
14264:
14244:
14238:
14237:
14217:
14200:
14199:
14179:
14173:
14172:
14152:
14146:
14145:
14125:
14114:
14113:
14093:
14087:
14086:
14077:
14071:
14070:
14050:
14044:
14043:
14023:
14017:
14016:
14005:
13999:
13998:
13978:
13972:
13971:
13951:
13945:
13944:
13933:
13927:
13926:
13915:
13909:
13908:
13887:Hungjeo (2002).
13884:
13878:
13877:
13857:
13851:
13850:
13826:
13820:
13819:
13805:
13796:
13795:
13769:
13763:
13762:
13751:
13745:
13744:
13742:
13740:
13731:. Archived from
13723:
13717:
13716:
13705:
13699:
13698:
13696:
13694:
13685:. Archived from
13675:
13669:
13668:
13666:
13664:
13655:. Archived from
13645:
13639:
13638:
13636:
13634:
13625:. Archived from
13617:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13606:
13593:
13587:
13586:
13584:
13582:
13569:
13563:
13562:
13549:
13543:
13542:
13540:
13538:
13529:. Archived from
13521:
13515:
13514:
13512:
13510:
13493:
13487:
13486:
13481:. Archived from
13468:
13462:
13461:
13459:
13457:
13440:
13434:
13433:
13422:
13413:
13412:
13410:
13408:
13394:
13388:
13387:
13363:
13338:
13337:
13315:
13309:
13308:
13306:
13304:
13299:. China Heritage
13292:
13286:
13285:
13280:Poston, Dudley.
13277:
13271:
13270:
13268:
13266:
13257:. Archived from
13251:
13245:
13244:
13220:
13214:
13213:
13192:Li, Lin (2006).
13189:
13183:
13182:
13158:
13152:
13151:
13143:
13137:
13136:
13100:
13091:
13090:
13062:
13056:
13055:
13031:
12976:
12975:
12965:
12959:
12958:
12948:
12924:
12918:
12917:
12897:
12888:
12887:
12885:
12883:
12869:
12863:
12862:
12852:
12843:
12842:
12822:
12789:
12788:
12778:
12763:
12762:
12742:
12733:
12732:
12712:
12706:
12705:
12685:
12679:
12662:
12656:
12655:
12645:
12639:
12638:
12628:
12622:
12605:
12599:
12598:
12578:
12572:
12571:
12551:
12545:
12542:
12536:
12535:
12515:
12509:
12508:
12488:
12482:
12481:
12461:
12455:
12454:
12434:
12428:
12427:
12407:
12401:
12400:
12380:
12374:
12373:
12361:
12355:
12354:
12339:
12333:
12332:
12330:
12328:
12315:
12309:
12308:
12307:on 4 April 2019.
12295:
12289:
12288:
12286:
12284:
12271:
12265:
12264:
12255:
12249:
12248:
12232:
12226:
12225:
12213:
12202:
12193:
12192:
12183:
12177:
12176:
12156:
12139:
12138:
12123:
12114:
12113:
12101:
12091:
12076:
12075:
12061:
12052:
12051:
12027:
12016:
12015:
11991:
11980:
11979:
11951:
11945:
11944:
11922:
11913:
11912:
11892:
11886:
11885:
11883:
11881:
11870:
11864:
11863:
11843:
11837:
11836:
11816:
11810:
11804:
11798:
11797:
11777:
11771:
11770:
11750:
11744:
11743:
11734:
11728:
11727:
11715:
11704:
11698:
11697:
11677:
11671:
11670:
11660:
11654:
11653:
11641:
11630:
11624:
11623:
11601:
11595:
11594:
11570:
11561:
11560:
11534:
11528:
11527:
11503:
11490:
11489:
11469:
11458:
11457:
11437:
11431:
11430:
11406:
11397:
11394:
11388:
11387:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11340:
11334:
11333:
11331:
11329:
11307:
11301:
11300:
11278:
11269:
11268:
11254:China: A History
11248:
11242:
11241:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11195:
11189:
11188:
11172:
11162:
11145:
11144:
11104:
11098:
11097:
11077:
11071:
11070:
11050:
11044:
11043:
11003:
10997:
10996:
10976:
10970:
10969:
10949:
10936:
10935:
10925:
10919:
10918:
10898:
10889:
10888:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10837:
10828:
10827:
10803:
10778:
10777:
10757:
10751:
10750:
10730:
10724:
10723:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10687:on 20 April 2014
10683:. Archived from
10672:
10663:
10662:
10642:
10636:
10635:
10615:
10609:
10603:
10597:
10591:
10585:
10579:
10573:
10572:
10552:
10546:
10545:
10524:Toqto'a (1975).
10521:
10510:
10509:
10481:
10475:
10474:
10446:
10440:
10439:
10419:
10413:
10412:
10388:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10363:
10357:
10356:
10346:
10340:
10339:
10319:
10313:
10312:
10292:
10286:
10285:
10265:
10259:
10255:
10235:
10229:
10228:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10179:
10173:
10172:
10149:
10143:
10142:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10087:
10081:
10080:
10060:
10054:
10053:
10033:
10027:
10026:
10024:
10022:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9975:
9966:
9965:
9937:
9928:
9927:
9903:
9890:
9889:
9865:
9859:
9858:
9848:
9824:
9818:
9817:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9743:
9737:
9736:
9725:
9719:
9718:
9694:
9667:
9666:
9642:
9636:
9635:
9617:《明亡清兴六十年(彩图珍藏版)》
9611:
9602:
9601:
9581:
9575:
9574:
9554:
9537:
9536:
9512:
9493:
9492:
9472:
9466:
9465:
9463:
9461:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9415:
9409:
9408:
9384:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9365:on 8 August 2010
9355:
9349:
9348:
9328:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9290:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9261:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9250:
9241:. Archived from
9229:
9223:
9222:
9198:
9168:
9157:
9151:
9144:
9138:
9136:
9124:
9118:
9111:
9105:
9102:
9096:
9093:
9087:
9084:
9078:
9075:
9069:
9051:
9050:
9049:
9036:
9030:
9027:
9021:
9011:
9005:
9002:
8996:
8993:
8984:
8959:
8917:Tungusic peoples
8864:
8859:
8858:
8857:
8850:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8825:
8805:
8804:
8745:
8744:
8714:Tibetan Buddhism
8710:Qianlong Emperor
8696:Tibetan Buddhism
8632:Manchu shamanism
8626:Manchu shamanism
8608:
8591:
8523:
8480:
8479:
8473:
8461:
8460:
8454:
8442:
8441:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8395:
8394:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8328:
8327:
8318:
8317:
8311:Qianlong Emperor
8292:
8291:
8290:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8167:Manchu wrestling
8158:
8146:
8134:
8122:
8110:
8098:
8086:
8074:
8062:
8050:
8038:
8026:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7966:Qianlong Emperor
7964:Painting of the
7946:
7938:
7937:
7900:Chinese nobility
7885:Chinese New Year
7805:
7804:
7784:
7779:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7678:
7677:
7656:
7655:
7646:
7642:
7592:
7588:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7489:Qianlong Emperor
7436:Tungusic peoples
7386:
7374:
7362:
3634:
3633:
3422:
3421:
3407:
3392:
3363:
3331:
3299:
3267:
3235:
3203:
3171:
3152:
3137:
3105:
3073:
3054:
3039:
3007:
2975:
2943:
2911:
2892:
2877:
2845:
2813:
2781:
2762:
2747:
2715:
2683:
2664:
2649:
2630:
2615:
2596:
2581:
2562:
2547:
2528:
2513:
2494:
2479:
2460:
2445:
2426:
2411:
2392:
2377:
2346:
2315:
2284:
2253:
2222:
2191:
2160:
2130:
2070:
2069:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1762:Republican China
1587:Qianlong emperor
1473:
1472:
1471:
1404:Manzhou Shilu Tu
1381:
1380:
1379:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1326:Seven Grievances
1307:
1306:
1305:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1225:as a reference.
1154:
1153:by Henry Serruys
1148:
1147:
1120:
1119:
1102:
1101:
1069:
1068:
721:Ichimura Sanjiro
703:
695:
676:
675:
662:Qianlong Emperor
647:Jiu Manzhou Dang
616:
615:
614:
505:Tungusic peoples
487:(1616–1636) and
455:
445:
436:
418:
417:
416:
394: instead of
376:
375:
346:Tungusic peoples
314:Manchu shamanism
298:Mandarin Chinese
283:
282:
268:
267:
253:
252:
232:Total population
226:
220:
216:
205:
198:
187:
180:
176:
173:
167:
148:
147:
140:
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
93:
92:
85:
74:
52:
51:
44:
21:
18428:
18427:
18423:
18422:
18421:
18419:
18418:
18417:
18388:
18387:
18386:
18381:
18377:Willow Palisade
18323:Chuang Guandong
18292:
18264:
18214:
18173:Treaty of Kulja
18158:Treaty of Aigun
18091:
18083:
17982:History of Ming
17934:
17928:
17866:
17860:
17786:Special regions
17781:
17720:Imperial Guards
17686:
17478:
17437:1911 Revolution
17383:
17380:
17373:
17350:Boxer Rebellion
17310:Sino-French War
17260:Amur Annexation
17205:First Opium War
17193:
17190:
17183:
17102:
17099:
17090:
17074:Great Clearance
17030:
17027:
17011:
17005:
16975:
16970:
16960:
16888:(controversial)
16880:(controversial)
16872:(controversial)
16864:(controversial)
16806:
16801:
16771:
16766:
16743:
16715:Han nationalism
16703:
16650:African Chinese
16638:
16584:
16485:
16430:
16312:
16270:Sichuan Mongols
16086:
16040:
16010:
15935:
15891:
15859:
15810:
15718:
15648:
15635:
15630:
15596:
15588:
15582:
15577:
15571:
15533:10.2307/2057101
15509:
15507:Further reading
15504:
15495:
15493:
15491:
15467:
15465:
15463:
15434:10.2307/3217747
15413:
15392:
15371:
15350:
15329:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15280:
15275:
15269:
15255:
15244:
15234:History of Ming
15230:
15215:
15204:
15190:
15179:
15169:History of Yuan
15165:
15154:
15140:
15126:
15112:
15101:
15087:
15073:
15071:
15060:
15049:
15035:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15015:
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15001:
14997:
14984:
14983:
14979:
14966:
14965:
14961:
14948:
14947:
14943:
14933:
14931:
14930:on 23 June 2013
14918:
14917:
14913:
14906:
14890:
14886:
14879:
14863:
14859:
14852:
14836:
14832:
14825:
14811:
14810:
14803:
14795:
14791:
14781:
14779:
14778:on 21 June 2013
14770:
14769:
14762:
14752:
14750:
14743:
14737:
14730:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14711:
14710:
14706:
14699:
14679:
14664:
14654:
14652:
14651:on 2 April 2015
14645:
14641:
14640:
14633:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14614:
14613:
14602:
14589:
14588:
14584:
14574:
14572:
14571:on 4 March 2016
14565:
14561:
14560:
14556:
14546:
14544:
14543:on 9 March 2021
14537:
14533:
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14007:
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13995:
13979:
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13891:
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13854:
13847:
13833:
13827:
13823:
13812:
13806:
13799:
13776:
13770:
13766:
13761:on 13 May 2013.
13753:
13752:
13748:
13738:
13736:
13729:
13725:
13724:
13720:
13715:on 13 May 2013.
13707:
13706:
13702:
13692:
13690:
13677:
13676:
13672:
13662:
13660:
13647:
13646:
13642:
13632:
13630:
13629:on 4 March 2016
13623:
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13614:
13604:
13602:
13599:
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13594:
13590:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13571:
13570:
13566:
13555:
13551:
13550:
13546:
13536:
13534:
13533:on 3 March 2016
13527:
13523:
13522:
13518:
13508:
13506:
13499:
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13494:
13490:
13475:
13469:
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13341:
13334:
13316:
13312:
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13300:
13293:
13289:
13278:
13274:
13264:
13262:
13261:on 3 March 2011
13253:
13252:
13248:
13241:
13227:
13221:
13217:
13210:
13196:
13190:
13186:
13179:
13165:
13159:
13155:
13144:
13140:
13117:10.2307/2658656
13101:
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13073:
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13052:
13038:
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12012:
11998:
11992:
11983:
11952:
11948:
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11923:
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11909:
11893:
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11877:
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11813:
11805:
11801:
11794:
11778:
11774:
11767:
11751:
11747:
11736:
11735:
11731:
11713:"Nurhaci"
11705:
11701:
11694:
11678:
11674:
11661:
11657:
11631:
11627:
11620:
11602:
11598:
11591:
11577:
11571:
11564:
11541:
11535:
11531:
11524:
11510:
11504:
11493:
11486:
11470:
11461:
11454:
11438:
11434:
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11407:
11400:
11395:
11391:
11384:
11368:
11364:
11357:
11341:
11337:
11327:
11325:
11324:on 29 July 2014
11314:
11308:
11304:
11297:
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11272:
11265:
11249:
11245:
11238:
11224:
11223:
11219:
11212:
11196:
11192:
11185:
11163:
11148:
11125:10.2307/2646525
11105:
11101:
11094:
11078:
11074:
11067:
11051:
11047:
11024:10.2307/3985584
11004:
11000:
10993:
10977:
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10482:
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10463:
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10436:
10420:
10416:
10405:
10389:
10385:
10377:10.1.1.839.4807
10364:
10360:
10353:
10347:
10343:
10336:
10320:
10316:
10309:
10293:
10289:
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10057:
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10034:
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10003:
9999:
9992:
9976:
9969:
9954:10.2307/2719229
9938:
9931:
9924:
9910:
9904:
9893:
9886:
9872:
9866:
9862:
9825:
9821:
9806:10.2307/3217747
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9033:
9028:
9024:
9012:
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8999:
8960:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8871:Manchu language
8860:
8855:
8853:
8846:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8823:
8798:Duanwu Festival
8794:Spring Festival
8790:
8760:
8730:
8668:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8619:
8603:
8585:
8517:
8492:
8487:
8467:
8448:
8369:
8367:
8350:
8288:
8286:
8267:
8227:
8169:
8162:
8159:
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8147:
8138:
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8126:
8123:
8114:
8111:
8102:
8099:
8090:
8087:
8078:
8075:
8066:
8063:
8054:
8051:
8042:
8039:
8030:
8027:
8015:Qianlong period
7958:
7953:
7818:
7812:
7762:
7750:
7741:
7731:exonym for the
7714:
7708:
7622:
7616:
7611:
7599:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7545:
7543:Manchu alphabet
7539:
7508:
7481:Manchu language
7465:
7463:Manchu language
7459:
7454:
7442:
7434:Main articles:
7432:
7427:
7403:
7397:
7390:
7387:
7378:
7375:
7366:
7363:
7354:
7353:
6229:Liaoyang County
6209:Liaoyang County
6189:Liaoyang County
5369:Dongfeng County
3650:
3645:
3644:Autonomous area
3643:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3390:
3361:
3329:
3297:
3265:
3233:
3201:
3169:
3150:
3135:
3103:
3071:
3052:
3037:
3005:
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2681:
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2647:
2628:
2613:
2594:
2579:
2560:
2545:
2526:
2511:
2492:
2477:
2458:
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2409:
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2150:
2128:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2066:
1997:
1992:
1889:Empire of Japan
1881:Mukden Incident
1860:Fengtian clique
1847:Fengtian Clique
1689:Boxer Rebellion
1654:
1642:Outer Manchuria
1527:Shunzhi Emperor
1500:Shunzhi Emperor
1444:hanging himself
1413:History of Ming
1377:
1303:
1273:
1243:
1241:
1188:
1170:
1156:
1143:
1083:raising animals
1024:Taejo of Joseon
1016:tributary state
965:The Mongol-led
829:Tokugawa Ieyasu
757:
751:
745:
740:
603:
401:
400:
399:
396:Manchu alphabet
386:Without proper
377:
373:
348:
300:
277:
262:
247:
227:
215:
206:
195:
194:
193:
188:
177:
171:
168:
162:Please help by
161:
149:
145:
134:
123:
117:
114:
107:
94:
90:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18426:
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18285:
18280:
18274:
18272:
18266:
18265:
18263:
18262:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18242:
18240:Kangxi Tongbao
18237:
18231:
18229:
18220:
18216:
18215:
18213:
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18200:
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18165:
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18125:
18120:
18115:
18113:Boxer Protocol
18105:
18100:
18094:
18092:
18085:
18084:
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18081:
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18079:
18065:
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18055:
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17891:
17886:
17881:
17879:Forbidden City
17876:
17870:
17868:
17862:
17861:
17859:
17858:
17857:
17856:
17846:
17845:
17844:
17842:General of Ili
17839:
17829:
17828:
17827:
17825:List of ambans
17822:
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17811:
17810:
17800:
17795:
17789:
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17782:
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17779:
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17322:
17317:
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17307:
17302:
17297:
17292:
17290:Margary Affair
17287:
17282:
17280:Mudan incident
17277:
17272:
17267:
17262:
17257:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17232:
17227:
17222:
17220:Nian Rebellion
17217:
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16926:Haixi Jurchens
16909:
16889:
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16865:
16857:
16854:
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16764:
16759:
16754:
16748:
16745:
16744:
16742:
16741:
16740:
16739:
16737:Zhonghua minzu
16729:
16724:
16723:
16722:
16711:
16709:
16705:
16704:
16702:
16701:
16696:
16691:
16686:
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15581:
15580:External links
15578:
15576:
15575:
15570:978-0824834456
15569:
15554:
15526:(4): 761–790.
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15502:
15490:978-0300042771
15489:
15474:
15462:978-0300026726
15461:
15446:
15428:(3): 483–491.
15417:
15412:978-0520923454
15411:
15396:
15391:978-3447055284
15390:
15375:
15370:978-0742554665
15369:
15354:
15349:978-0199792054
15348:
15333:
15328:978-0674054097
15327:
15312:
15301:
15281:
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15276:
15274:
15273:
15268:978-7101069853
15267:
15248:
15243:978-7101003277
15242:
15223:
15208:
15203:978-7207005984
15202:
15183:
15178:978-7101003260
15177:
15158:
15153:978-7101017519
15152:
15130:
15125:978-7228024049
15124:
15105:
15100:978-7500497127
15099:
15080:
15053:
15048:978-7805273785
15047:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15014:
15013:
14995:
14977:
14959:
14941:
14911:
14904:
14884:
14877:
14857:
14851:978-1134362226
14850:
14830:
14823:
14801:
14799:, p. 203.
14789:
14760:
14749:on 6 June 2013
14728:
14704:
14698:978-9868212428
14697:
14662:
14644:李敖记起的北京滑冰老人吴雅氏
14631:
14600:
14582:
14554:
14536:摔跤历史挺悠久不同流派有讲究
14526:
14506:
14499:
14432:
14420:
14402:
14391:on 15 May 2013
14385:zx.chnsway.com
14370:
14364:978-7807229711
14363:
14336:
14312:
14278:
14266:
14259:
14239:
14232:
14201:
14195:978-0810943308
14194:
14174:
14168:978-1503600683
14167:
14147:
14141:978-0520300293
14140:
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14072:
14065:
14045:
14038:
14018:
14000:
13993:
13973:
13966:
13946:
13937:清朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓
13928:
13910:
13904:978-7806691892
13903:
13879:
13873:978-1107068841
13872:
13852:
13846:978-7101005875
13845:
13821:
13816:Donghua Record
13797:
13764:
13746:
13718:
13700:
13689:on 13 May 2013
13670:
13640:
13612:
13588:
13564:
13544:
13516:
13488:
13479:news.ifeng.com
13463:
13452:. 6 March 2012
13435:
13414:
13402:ethnologue.com
13389:
13382:
13339:
13332:
13310:
13287:
13272:
13246:
13240:978-7807226093
13239:
13215:
13209:978-7807221715
13208:
13184:
13177:
13153:
13138:
13111:(2): 248–276.
13092:
13086:978-7501435579
13085:
13057:
13051:978-7101068566
13050:
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12960:
12919:
12913:978-9004163676
12912:
12889:
12864:
12844:
12837:
12790:
12764:
12758:978-9811382116
12757:
12734:
12728:978-0295997483
12727:
12707:
12701:978-0674971974
12700:
12680:
12657:
12654:. p. 275.
12640:
12637:. p. 280.
12623:
12600:
12594:978-0804746847
12593:
12573:
12567:978-0804746847
12566:
12546:
12537:
12531:978-0804746847
12530:
12510:
12504:978-0804746847
12503:
12483:
12477:978-0804746847
12476:
12456:
12450:978-0804746847
12449:
12429:
12423:978-0804746847
12422:
12402:
12395:
12375:
12356:
12353:on 3 May 2019.
12334:
12310:
12290:
12266:
12250:
12227:
12224:. p. 780.
12208:, ed. (1943).
12194:
12178:
12171:
12140:
12115:
12108:
12077:
12064:Ortai (1985).
12053:
12047:978-7538907650
12046:
12017:
12011:978-7806448656
12010:
11981:
11962:(2): 212–222.
11946:
11940:978-0520254442
11939:
11914:
11908:978-0520071247
11907:
11887:
11865:
11858:
11838:
11831:
11811:
11809:, p. 113.
11799:
11793:978-1442221949
11792:
11772:
11766:978-0295802176
11765:
11745:
11729:
11726:. p. 598.
11710:, ed. (1943).
11699:
11693:978-0888852168
11692:
11672:
11655:
11639:"Abahai"
11636:, ed. (1943).
11625:
11619:978-0520230156
11618:
11596:
11589:
11562:
11529:
11522:
11491:
11484:
11459:
11453:978-0231511674
11452:
11432:
11426:978-7200016598
11425:
11398:
11389:
11383:978-0674042025
11382:
11362:
11356:978-0742540057
11355:
11335:
11302:
11296:978-0774832922
11295:
11270:
11264:978-0465025183
11263:
11243:
11237:978-1422377192
11236:
11217:
11210:
11190:
11183:
11146:
11099:
11093:978-0521243339
11092:
11072:
11066:978-0521243322
11065:
11045:
10998:
10992:978-3110134179
10991:
10971:
10965:978-0520048041
10964:
10937:
10920:
10913:
10890:
10884:978-0824822064
10883:
10863:
10856:
10829:
10823:978-7204088096
10822:
10779:
10773:978-1135789558
10772:
10752:
10746:978-0231038331
10745:
10725:
10718:
10698:
10664:
10658:978-0742567177
10657:
10637:
10631:978-0742540057
10630:
10610:
10598:
10586:
10574:
10568:978-1108636629
10567:
10547:
10540:
10532:History of Jin
10511:
10496:
10476:
10461:
10441:
10434:
10414:
10404:978-9004183254
10403:
10383:
10358:
10341:
10334:
10314:
10307:
10287:
10281:978-0824830137
10280:
10260:
10250:
10230:
10224:978-1931907309
10223:
10201:
10195:978-0824842925
10194:
10174:
10167:
10144:
10117:
10103:978-3447033398
10102:
10082:
10076:978-0521243315
10075:
10055:
10049:978-0521243049
10048:
10028:
10017:on 1 June 2010
9997:
9991:978-9004123076
9990:
9967:
9948:(1): 239–282.
9929:
9923:978-7805070438
9922:
9891:
9885:978-7805271965
9884:
9860:
9839:(2): 160–208.
9819:
9780:
9761:
9738:
9720:
9714:978-7101050301
9713:
9668:
9662:978-7805270609
9661:
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9631:978-7101059472
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8992:Hóngyīng Mǎnzú
8961:Also known as
8953:
8952:
8950:
8947:
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8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8912:their identity
8905:
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8862:History portal
8851:
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8630:Main article:
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8490:Octagonal drum
8488:
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8368:ᠰᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᡳ
8349:
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8321:Jiaqing period
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7867:people on the
7814:Main article:
7811:
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7748:Burial customs
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7739:Current status
7737:
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7541:Main article:
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7407:mainland China
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6389:Tieling County
6386:
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6369:Tieling County
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6249:Changtu County
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5329:Tonghua County
5326:
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5309:Tonghua County
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3647:
3640:
3639:Town/Township
3632:
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3615:
3609:
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3603:
3598:
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2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2503:Inner Mongolia
2500:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
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2471:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
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2255:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2154:1,332,810,869
2152:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2124:1,335,110,869
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2030:Inner Mongolia
2001:Mainland China
1996:
1995:Mainland China
1993:
1991:
1988:
1980:Hanfu movement
1941:Sibe Bannermen
1920:Han chauvinism
1835:) District of
1720:Yinyun Chanwei
1653:
1650:
1625:Taiping rebels
1579:Kangxi emperor
1535:Inner Mongolia
1428:peasant revolt
1169:
1166:
1113:
1095:Haixi Jurchens
1087:slash-and-burn
1004:Yongle Emperor
948:Yehe Nara clan
905:Jurchen script
893:Wanyan Wuqimai
775:Jurchen people
749:Jurchen people
747:Main article:
744:
741:
739:
736:
602:
599:
525:Inner Mongolia
497:Jurchen people
473:Northeast Asia
390:, you may see
378:
371:
370:
369:
366:
365:
338:
337:
333:
332:
310:
309:
305:
304:
294:
293:
289:
288:
285:
274:
273:
270:
259:
258:
255:
254:Mainland China
244:
243:
239:
238:
234:
233:
229:
228:
223:
213:
208:
207:
190:
189:
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
97:
95:
88:
83:
57:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18425:
18414:
18411:
18409:
18406:
18404:
18401:
18399:
18398:Manchu people
18396:
18395:
18393:
18378:
18375:
18373:
18370:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18352:Manchu people
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18337:
18333:
18331:
18330:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18318:Canton System
18316:
18314:
18311:
18309:
18306:
18305:
18303:
18299:
18289:
18286:
18284:
18283:Hubu Guanpiao
18281:
18279:
18276:
18275:
18273:
18271:
18267:
18261:
18258:
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17962:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17954:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17939:
17937:
17933:Society &
17931:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17915:
17912:
17910:
17907:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17899:Summer Palace
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17889:Mukden Palace
17887:
17885:
17882:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17872:
17871:
17869:
17865:Palaces &
17863:
17855:
17852:
17851:
17850:
17847:
17843:
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17838:
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17748:
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17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17708:
17706:
17705:Eight Banners
17703:
17701:
17698:
17697:
17695:
17693:
17689:
17683:
17680:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
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17638:
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17609:
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17604:
17601:
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17596:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17579:
17576:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17559:
17558:Grand Council
17556:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17546:
17544:
17541:
17539:
17536:
17534:
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17529:
17526:
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17507:
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17499:
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17491:
17489:
17485:
17475:
17472:
17470:
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17463:
17460:
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17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
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17438:
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17433:
17430:
17428:
17425:
17423:
17420:
17416:
17413:
17411:
17408:
17407:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
17396:
17393:
17391:
17388:
17387:
17385:
17378:20th century
17376:
17368:
17365:
17364:
17363:
17360:
17356:
17353:
17352:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
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17333:
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17328:
17326:
17323:
17321:
17318:
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17313:
17311:
17308:
17306:
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17296:
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17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17268:
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17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17221:
17218:
17216:
17213:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17197:
17195:
17188:19th century
17186:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
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17009:
17002:
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16990:
16988:
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16982:
16979:
16968:
16963:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16931:
16930:Wild Jurchens
16927:
16923:
16919:
16915:
16914:
16910:
16907:
16906:
16901:
16900:
16895:
16894:
16890:
16887:
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16882:
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16878:
16874:
16871:
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16809:
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16791:
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16779:
16778:
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16763:
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16753:
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16706:
16700:
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16687:
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16679:
16675:
16671:
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16641:
16635:
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16614:
16611:
16610:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16595:
16593:
16591:
16590:Indo-European
16587:
16579:
16576:
16575:
16574:
16573:
16569:
16567:
16566:
16562:
16560:
16559:
16555:
16553:
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16510:
16507:
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16488:
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16481:
16477:
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16470:
16468:
16467:
16463:
16461:
16460:
16456:
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16439:
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16410:
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16380:
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16366:
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16359:
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16341:
16340:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16328:
16324:
16323:
16321:
16319:
16315:
16307:
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16281:
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16253:Upper Mongols
16251:
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15945:Austroasiatic
15942:
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14905:0-8248-2563-2
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14896:
14888:
14880:
14878:0-226-49310-5
14874:
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14861:
14853:
14847:
14844:. Routledge.
14843:
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14437:
14430:, p. 44.
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13556:
13554:本溪桓仁29名满语教师上岗
13548:
13532:
13528:
13520:
13504:
13500:
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13476:
13467:
13451:
13450:chinanews.com
13447:
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11855:
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11832:0-300-04602-2
11828:
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11319:
11315:
11313:明代汉族与女真族的马市贸易
11306:
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10897:
10895:
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10875:
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10859:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10840:Fuge (1984).
10836:
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10541:9787101003253
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10008:
10005:Vajda, E. J.
10001:
9993:
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9955:
9951:
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9791:
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9776:
9765:
9757:
9753:
9742:
9734:
9729:《族称Manju词源探析》
9724:
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9702:
9693:
9691:
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9685:
9683:
9681:
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9673:
9664:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9645:Agui (1988).
9641:
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9608:
9599:
9593:
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9580:
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9404:9787101070132
9400:
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9311:
9309:
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9301:
9285:
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9267:
9260:
9245:on 2 May 2017
9244:
9240:
9239:manchusoc.org
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9019:
9015:
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8994:
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8972:
8971:Banner people
8968:
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8909:
8908:Eight Banners
8906:
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8703:
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8547:
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8535:
8531:
8521:
8516:
8512:
8508:
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8505:Eight Banners
8496:
8482:
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8466:
8455:
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8447:
8436:
8435:
8429:
8427:
8423:
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8343:
8339:
8335:
8330:
8322:
8312:
8308:
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8300:
8296:
8280:
8277:Ice skating (
8271:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8252:
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8236:
8232:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8210:
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7991:
7987:
7975:
7967:
7962:
7948:
7940:
7932:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7916:Kangxi period
7907:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7850:era tombs in
7849:
7845:
7840:
7830:
7822:
7817:
7807:
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7792:
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7554:
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7334:
7333:
7330:
7327:
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7320:
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7314:
7313:
7310:
7309:Harqin Banner
7307:
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5754:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5729:Fushun County
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:Fushun County
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
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5687:
5685:
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5680:
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3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3646:Municipality
3641:
3637:Manchu Ethnic
3636:
3635:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:South Central
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2110:Regional Rank
2109:
2102:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:Eight Banners
1928:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:Kangxi Zidian
1721:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:Eight Banners
1663:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:prince regent
1517:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:daiqing gurun
1393:
1389:
1388:daicing gurun
1385:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1297:
1293:
1292:genggiyen han
1289:
1285:
1284:genggiyen han
1281:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:Manchu script
1216:
1215:Eight Banners
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:Eight Banners
1165:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
957:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:Wanyan Yongji
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:In 1206, the
912:
910:
909:Khitan script
906:
902:
901:Jin–Song wars
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
821:
816:
811:
809:
805:
800:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
776:
769:
765:
761:
756:
750:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
717:Zhang Binglin
714:
709:
707:
699:
691:
687:
682:
680:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
654:
649:
648:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
608:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
456:
450:
446:
440:
435:
430:
426:
422:
410:
406:
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
303:
299:
295:
290:
286:
281:
275:
271:
266:
260:
256:
251:
245:
240:
235:
230:
221:
212:
204:
201:
186:
183:
175:
165:
159:
158:
153:This article
151:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
111:
105:
103:
98:This article
96:
87:
86:
81:
79:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
18372:Treaty ports
18351:
18334:
18327:
18301:Other topics
18074:
18067:
18045:
18033:
18016:
18011:Peiwen Yunfu
18009:
17987:
17980:
17951:
17700:Beiyang Army
17682:Zongli Yamen
17538:Da-Qing Bank
17355:Red Lanterns
17008:Qing dynasty
16966:
16935:
16911:
16903:
16899:Heishui Mohe
16897:
16891:
16883:
16875:
16867:
16859:
16839:
16676:
16670:Kaifeng Jews
16626:
16619:
16570:
16563:
16556:
16544:
16537:
16530:
16523:
16478:
16471:
16464:
16458:
16457:
16443:
16423:
16411:
16389:
16377:
16370:
16363:
16356:
16337:
16325:
16298:
16286:
16135:
16113:
16106:
16099:
16079:
16072:
16058:
16028:
16016:Austronesian
16003:
15996:
15989:
15952:
15928:
15921:
15914:
15907:
15884:
15872:
15852:
15845:
15838:
15803:
15791:
15784:
15767:
15755:
15748:
15731:
15724:Lolo-Burmese
15701:
15687:
15670:
15654:Sino-Tibetan
15641:
15597:(in Chinese)
15589:(in Chinese)
15559:
15523:
15519:
15494:. Retrieved
15479:
15466:. Retrieved
15451:
15425:
15421:
15401:
15380:
15359:
15338:
15317:
15306:
15293:. Retrieved
15258:
15233:
15218:
15193:
15168:
15143:
15115:
15090:
15072:. Retrieved
15068:the original
15063:
15038:
15008:the original
14998:
14990:the original
14980:
14972:the original
14962:
14954:the original
14944:
14932:. Retrieved
14928:the original
14923:
14914:
14894:
14887:
14867:
14860:
14840:
14833:
14813:
14797:Wakeman 1986
14792:
14780:. Retrieved
14776:the original
14751:. Retrieved
14747:the original
14719:. Retrieved
14707:
14688:
14683:
14653:. Retrieved
14649:the original
14622:. Retrieved
14595:the original
14585:
14573:. Retrieved
14569:the original
14557:
14545:. Retrieved
14541:the original
14529:
14521:the original
14509:
14490:
14423:
14415:the original
14405:
14393:. Retrieved
14389:the original
14384:
14373:
14354:
14327:. Retrieved
14315:
14306:
14269:
14249:
14242:
14222:
14184:
14177:
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14130:
14098:
14091:
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13983:
13976:
13956:
13949:
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13922:
13913:
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13882:
13862:
13855:
13836:
13824:
13815:
13783:
13779:
13767:
13759:the original
13749:
13737:. Retrieved
13733:the original
13721:
13713:the original
13703:
13691:. Retrieved
13687:the original
13682:
13673:
13663:23 September
13661:. Retrieved
13657:the original
13652:
13643:
13631:. Retrieved
13627:the original
13615:
13603:. Retrieved
13591:
13579:. Retrieved
13567:
13559:the original
13547:
13535:. Retrieved
13531:the original
13519:
13507:. Retrieved
13503:the original
13491:
13483:the original
13478:
13466:
13454:. Retrieved
13449:
13438:
13430:the original
13405:. Retrieved
13401:
13392:
13373:
13323:
13313:
13301:. Retrieved
13290:
13281:
13275:
13263:. Retrieved
13259:the original
13249:
13230:
13218:
13199:
13187:
13168:
13156:
13147:
13141:
13108:
13104:
13076:
13060:
13041:
12970:
12963:
12936:
12932:
12922:
12902:
12880:. Retrieved
12874:
12867:
12857:
12827:
12783:
12747:
12717:
12710:
12690:
12683:
12660:
12650:
12643:
12633:
12626:
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12583:
12576:
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12549:
12540:
12520:
12513:
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12466:
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12439:
12432:
12412:
12405:
12385:
12378:
12369:
12359:
12351:the original
12346:
12337:
12325:. Retrieved
12313:
12305:the original
12293:
12281:. Retrieved
12269:
12253:
12244:
12240:
12230:
12215:
12187:
12181:
12161:
12134:
12130:
12097:
12071:
12037:
12001:
11959:
11955:
11949:
11930:
11897:
11890:
11878:. Retrieved
11868:
11848:
11841:
11821:
11814:
11802:
11782:
11775:
11755:
11748:
11738:
11732:
11717:
11702:
11682:
11675:
11665:
11658:
11652:. p. 2.
11643:
11628:
11609:
11599:
11580:
11548:
11544:
11532:
11513:
11474:
11442:
11435:
11416:
11392:
11372:
11365:
11345:
11338:
11326:. Retrieved
11322:the original
11317:
11305:
11286:
11253:
11246:
11226:
11220:
11200:
11193:
11168:
11116:
11112:
11102:
11082:
11075:
11055:
11048:
11015:
11011:
11001:
10981:
10974:
10954:
10930:
10923:
10903:
10873:
10866:
10847:
10813:
10762:
10755:
10735:
10728:
10708:
10701:
10689:. Retrieved
10685:the original
10681:All Academic
10680:
10647:
10640:
10620:
10613:
10601:
10589:
10577:
10557:
10550:
10531:
10486:
10479:
10451:
10444:
10424:
10417:
10408:
10393:
10386:
10367:
10361:
10344:
10324:
10317:
10297:
10290:
10270:
10263:
10240:
10233:
10214:
10204:
10184:
10177:
10157:
10147:
10130:
10120:
10092:
10085:
10065:
10058:
10038:
10031:
10019:. Retrieved
10015:the original
10010:
10000:
9980:
9945:
9941:
9913:
9909:《满语文与满文档案研究》
9875:
9863:
9836:
9832:
9822:
9797:
9793:
9783:
9774:
9764:
9755:
9751:
9741:
9732:
9723:
9704:
9652:
9640:
9621:
9586:
9579:
9559:
9522:
9477:
9470:
9458:. Retrieved
9454:the original
9449:
9440:
9420:
9413:
9394:
9367:. Retrieved
9363:the original
9353:
9333:
9287:. Retrieved
9283:
9274:
9265:
9264:"Research".
9259:
9247:. Retrieved
9243:the original
9238:
9227:
9208:
9155:
9142:
9122:
9109:
9100:
9091:
9082:
9073:
9065:
9057:
9034:
9025:
9018:Qing dynasty
9014:Möngke Temür
9009:
9000:
8990:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8957:
8899:Qing dynasty
8848:China portal
8791:
8778:Ying Lianzhi
8761:
8731:
8722:
8712:'s faith in
8707:
8700:
8669:
8654:
8641:
8620:
8610:
8604:
8580:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8561:
8555:
8549:
8543:
8537:
8527:
8501:
8463:
8444:
8432:
8430:
8425:
8417:
8387:
8379:
8353:
8351:
8331:
8306:
8298:
8276:
8258:
8250:
8228:
8216:
8213:Yuan dynasty
8204:
8196:
8178:
8011:
8005:rank in the
7997:
7989:
7971:
7941:
7928:
7912:
7889:
7839:dragon robes
7835:
7795:
7793:
7787:
7781:
7771:
7751:
7742:
7724:
7722:
7718:Mongol style
7715:
7684:Nikan Wailan
7681:
7648:
7638:
7631:
7614:Family names
7603:
7600:
7582:
7574:
7549:Ming dynasty
7546:
7531:
7526:
7518:
7493:
7478:
7443:
7404:
5104:Shuangyashan
5099:Heilongjiang
5079:Heilongjiang
5059:Heilongjiang
5039:Heilongjiang
5019:Heilongjiang
4999:Heilongjiang
4979:Heilongjiang
4959:Heilongjiang
4939:Heilongjiang
4919:Heilongjiang
4899:Heilongjiang
4879:Heilongjiang
4859:Heilongjiang
4839:Heilongjiang
4819:Heilongjiang
4799:Heilongjiang
4779:Heilongjiang
4759:Heilongjiang
4739:Heilongjiang
4719:Heilongjiang
4699:Heilongjiang
4679:Heilongjiang
4659:Heilongjiang
4639:Heilongjiang
4619:Heilongjiang
4599:Heilongjiang
4579:Heilongjiang
4559:Heilongjiang
4539:Heilongjiang
4519:Heilongjiang
4499:Heilongjiang
4479:Heilongjiang
3389:
3360:
3328:
3296:
3264:
3232:
3200:
3168:
3134:
3102:
3070:
3036:
3004:
2972:
2940:
2908:
2874:
2842:
2810:
2778:
2744:
2712:
2680:
2677:104,320,459
2646:
2612:
2578:
2544:
2510:
2476:
2469:Heilongjiang
2442:
2408:
2374:
2343:
2340:192,981,185
2312:
2281:
2278:375,984,133
2250:
2247:392,862,229
2219:
2216:164,823,663
2188:
2185:109,513,129
2157:
2127:
2064:Distribution
2018:Heilongjiang
1998:
1985:
1961:
1959:, and Sibe.
1929:
1905:
1878:
1856:Zhang Zuolin
1852:
1837:Heilongjiang
1832:
1824:
1800:
1792:
1766:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1707:
1682:
1667:
1652:Modern times
1629:Heilongjiang
1622:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1583:
1563:
1555:
1513:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1452:Shanhai Pass
1436:Shun dynasty
1421:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1366:Qing dynasty
1361:
1353:
1321:
1313:
1291:
1283:
1261:
1253:
1231:
1227:
1221:) using the
1207:Ming dynasty
1200:
1182:Qing dynasty
1157:
1150:
1142:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1080:
1040:
1020:Yi Seong-gye
1008:Möngke Temür
995:
971:Ming dynasty
967:Yuan dynasty
964:
960:
952:
936:Genghis Khan
924:Genghis Khan
913:
885:Wanyan Aguda
859:Liao dynasty
852:
820:Toi invasion
815:raided Japan
812:
795:Tang dynasty
788:
772:
727:
725:
710:
705:
697:
689:
685:
683:
668:
666:
651:
645:
643:
634:
622:
604:
597:
517:Heilongjiang
465:ethnic group
452:
442:
424:
404:
402:
379:
214:Ethnic group
211:
196:
178:
172:January 2024
169:
154:
124:
118:January 2024
115:
102:copy editing
100:may require
99:
75:
68:
62:
61:Please help
58:
18308:Aisin Gioro
18270:Paper money
18029:Qing poetry
17750:Wuwei Corps
17745:Shuishiying
17506:Family tree
16916:(including
16514:Fuyu Kyrgyz
15496:1 September
15134:Aisin Gioro
13164:《八旗与清朝政治论稿》
13072:《我的前半生(全本)》
13037:《金启孮谈北京的满族》
12300:简明满族姓氏全录(四)
11997:《清代东北边疆的满族》
10133:(41): 389.
10021:16 February
9748:《满洲名称之种种推测》
9131: [
9066:manju gurun
9058:manju gurun
9054:Möllendorff
8880:Manchu name
8752:Kitchen God
8586: [
8534:Han Chinese
8518: [
8468: [
8449: [
8414:Möllendorff
8398:Vladivostok
8376:Möllendorff
8338:Zhao Hongbo
8295:Möllendorff
8265:Ice skating
8247:Möllendorff
8193:Möllendorff
7986:Möllendorff
7931:Han Chinese
7844:Han dynasty
7733:Han Chinese
7706:Given names
7634:Jin dynasty
7571:Möllendorff
7515:Möllendorff
7395:Other areas
5149:Gongzhuling
5129:Gongzhuling
4689:Shuangcheng
4669:Shuangcheng
4649:Shuangcheng
4629:Shuangcheng
4609:Shuangcheng
4589:Shuangcheng
4569:Shuangcheng
4549:Shuangcheng
4529:Shuangcheng
4509:Shuangcheng
3651:Prefecture
3453:Qinhuangdao
3293:28,846,170
3261:44,567,797
3229:65,700,762
3165:36,894,217
3131:59,500,468
3099:46,023,761
3067:54,426,891
3033:25,712,101
3001:57,237,727
2969:45,966,766
2937:25,575,263
2905:80,417,528
2871:37,327,379
2839:78,660,941
2807:21,815,815
2775:34,748,556
2709:23,019,196
2643:95,792,719
2609:94,029,939
2575:12,938,693
2541:19,612,368
2507:24,706,291
2473:38,313,991
2439:27,452,815
2405:71,854,210
2371:43,746,323
2309:96,646,530
2107:Population
2091:Population
2081:Population
1972:Han Chinese
1821:Möllendorff
1789:Möllendorff
1743:Sun Yat-sen
1609:hot springs
1476:Möllendorff
1402:" and the "
1384:Möllendorff
1350:Möllendorff
1322:aisin gurun
1314:aisin gurun
1310:Möllendorff
1280:Möllendorff
1250:Möllendorff
999:acculturate
928:Ögedei Khan
880:as a custom
768:Jurchen Jin
619:Möllendorff
501:Jin dynasty
421:Möllendorff
349:Especially
342:Han Chinese
18392:Categories
17976:Four Wangs
17867:mausoleums
17820:Golden Urn
17793:Inner Asia
17770:Xiang Army
17740:Hushenying
17665:Liangguang
17645:Liangjiang
17583:Lifan Yuan
17488:Government
16720:chauvinism
16699:Pakistanis
16682:Chaoxianzu
16294:Sogwo Arig
16213:Muumyangan
16198:Khishigten
16046:Hmong-Mien
15998:Vietnamese
15642:Underlined
15278:In English
15086:《满族说部传承研究》
15024:In Chinese
14350:《满族服饰文化研究》
14260:0521477719
14233:1555952380
13890:《八旗满洲氏族通谱》
13683:syd.com.cn
13474:金标的十年"满语梦"
13333:1134349769
12396:0520228375
11540:大清国号词源词义试探
11485:0691008779
11119:(4): 834.
11018:(4): 504.
10497:3447051965
10462:3447051965
10435:0791422739
10335:0684188988
10308:0870116223
10251:0521223539
10168:0415323797
9800:(3): 484.
9735:(1). 2009.
9460:26 October
9175:References
8828:Hong Taiji
8773:Doro Beile
8702:Hong Taiji
8653:states in
8636:See also:
8348:Literature
8218:shuai jiao
8002:Huangtaiji
7998:niyamniyan
7990:niyamniyan
7980:ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠨᡳᠶᠠᠨ
7924:Tangzhuang
7869:Amur river
7797:liangbatou
7446:Amur River
7329:Liangcheng
5649:Wafangdian
5629:Wafangdian
5609:Wafangdian
5284:Jilin City
5264:Jilin City
5244:Jilin City
5224:Jilin City
5204:Jilin City
4904:Mudanjiang
4884:Mudanjiang
3386:2,300,000
3357:3,002,165
3325:8,671,485
3197:5,626,723
2741:6,301,350
2159:10,387,958
2129:10,410,585
2094:Percentage
2087:Percentage
1990:Population
1916:Mao Zedong
1862:, such as
1839:Province.
1456:Li Zicheng
1432:Li Zicheng
1334:Hong Taiji
1124:Chien-chou
979:Haixi area
863:Yalu River
627:Hong Taiji
605:"Manchu" (
467:native to
462:East Asian
449:Wade–Giles
363:Jaegaseung
237:10,682,263
110:editing it
64:improve it
18408:Manchuria
17798:Manchuria
17765:Huai Army
17755:Yong Ying
17640:Shaan-Gan
17096:High Qing
17042:Later Jin
16905:Sumo Mohe
16598:Armenians
16519:Ili Turks
16115:Dongxiang
15799:Qixingmin
15695:subgroups
15683:Chuanqing
15644:: the 56
15550:162618002
15074:12 August
14329:28 August
14274:Yang 1988
13832:《满文老档 译著》
13653:ifeng.com
13456:27 August
13407:27 August
13303:28 August
13133:161103830
12327:27 August
12283:27 August
11976:151328254
11880:27 August
11141:162388379
11040:143541438
10506:0931-282X
10471:0931-282X
10372:CiteSeerX
10112:0571-320X
9855:257527009
9700:《满洲开国史讲义》
9390:《郑天挺元史讲义》
8967:Bannermen
8894:Manchukuo
8889:Manchuria
8651:John Keay
8643:Shamanism
8594:crosstalk
8572:dongcheng
8426:haixenwei
8418:haišenwei
8408:ᡥᠠᡳᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ
8342:Tong Jian
8231:Gyrfalcon
7920:Cheongsam
7854:, to the
7754:cremation
7659:Gūwalgiya
7473:Changchun
7229:Jianchang
7209:Xingcheng
7189:Xingcheng
7169:Xingcheng
7149:Xingcheng
7129:Xingcheng
7109:Xingcheng
7089:Xingcheng
7069:Xingcheng
7049:Xingcheng
7029:Xingcheng
7009:Xingcheng
6989:Xingcheng
6969:Xingcheng
6949:Xingcheng
6929:Xingcheng
6909:Xingcheng
6889:Xingcheng
6869:Xingcheng
6849:Xingcheng
6829:Xingcheng
4829:Ang'angxi
3367:<0.01
3289:Chongqing
2673:Guangdong
2410:2,118,711
2376:5,336,895
2336:Southwest
2305:Northwest
2221:3,002,873
2190:6,951,280
2181:Northeast
2089:in Manchu
1885:Manchukuo
1715:Guangzhou
1585:the Qing
1448:Wu Sangui
1128:family Ta
1041:In 1449,
871:Wang Geon
713:Fu Sinian
585:Fengcheng
569:Kuancheng
485:Later Jin
481:Manchuria
469:Manchuria
292:Languages
284:Hong Kong
70:talk page
18250:Hongqian
18219:Currency
18089:Treaties
17995:Kaozheng
17942:Booi Aha
17884:Hetu Ala
17837:Timeline
17832:Xinjiang
17803:Mongolia
17760:Chu Army
17735:New Army
17692:Military
17630:Viceroys
16913:Jurchens
16835:Negidals
16689:Macanese
16660:Japanese
16621:Russians
16603:Iranians
16499:Altaians
16436:Tungusic
16208:Khuuchid
16203:Khorchin
16193:Kharchin
16148:Abaganar
16121:Hamnigan
16092:Mongolic
16024:Filipino
15829:Gyalrong
15468:10 March
15295:10 March
15111:《新满汉大词典》
14753:18 March
14721:18 March
14655:18 March
14624:18 March
14575:18 March
14547:18 March
14486:《清代八旗子弟》
14303:《清代满族服饰》
13739:18 March
13633:18 March
13622:中国民族报电子版
13605:18 March
13581:18 March
13537:18 March
13509:18 March
13398:"Manchu"
13265:27 April
13195:《满族宗谱研究》
13069:(2007).
12955:26457068
12882:10 March
12067:《八旗通志初集》
12033:《满语研究通论》
10691:18 April
10155:(2004).
10139:23496214
9777:: 70–77.
9771:《满洲名称考述》
9369:18 March
9359:"qí rén"
9289:18 March
9280:"Manchu"
9234:中華民國滿族協會
9060:,
9052:,
8903:emperors
8875:alphabet
8834:See also
8769:Catholic
8750:and the
8748:Cai Shen
8692:Mañjuśrī
8672:Buddhism
8666:Buddhism
8617:Religion
8605:Ulabun (
8485:Folk art
8420:,
8412:,
8382:,
8374:,
8301:,
8293:,
8259:xongkoro
8253:,
8251:šongkoro
8245:,
8225:Falconry
8199:,
8191:,
8007:nobility
7992:,
7984:,
7945:ᡶᡝᡵᡤᡝᡨᡠᠨ
7865:Tungusic
7860:Xinjiang
7856:Tianshan
7816:Qizhuang
7700:Duanfang
7698:) clan (
7654:八旗滿洲氏族通譜
7577:,
7569:,
7537:Alphabet
7527:ilan bou
7521:,
7519:ilan boo
7513:,
7497:Sanjiazi
7457:Language
7289:Songshan
7249:Lianshan
7239:Liaoning
7219:Liaoning
7199:Liaoning
7179:Liaoning
7159:Liaoning
7139:Liaoning
7119:Liaoning
7099:Liaoning
7079:Liaoning
7059:Liaoning
7039:Liaoning
7019:Liaoning
6999:Liaoning
6979:Liaoning
6959:Liaoning
6939:Liaoning
6919:Liaoning
6899:Liaoning
6879:Liaoning
6859:Liaoning
6839:Liaoning
6819:Liaoning
6809:Suizhong
6799:Liaoning
6789:Suizhong
6779:Liaoning
6769:Suizhong
6759:Liaoning
6749:Suizhong
6739:Liaoning
6729:Suizhong
6719:Liaoning
6709:Suizhong
6699:Liaoning
6689:Suizhong
6679:Liaoning
6669:Suizhong
6659:Liaoning
6649:Suizhong
6639:Liaoning
6629:Suizhong
6619:Liaoning
6609:Suizhong
6599:Liaoning
6589:Suizhong
6579:Liaoning
6569:Suizhong
6559:Liaoning
6549:Suizhong
6539:Liaoning
6519:Liaoning
6499:Liaoning
6479:Liaoning
6459:Liaoning
6439:Liaoning
6419:Liaoning
6399:Liaoning
6379:Liaoning
6359:Liaoning
6339:Liaoning
6319:Liaoning
6299:Liaoning
6279:Liaoning
6259:Liaoning
6239:Liaoning
6224:Liaoyang
6219:Liaoning
6204:Liaoyang
6199:Liaoning
6184:Liaoyang
6179:Liaoning
6159:Liaoning
6139:Liaoning
6119:Liaoning
6099:Liaoning
6079:Liaoning
6059:Liaoning
6039:Liaoning
6019:Liaoning
5999:Liaoning
5979:Liaoning
5959:Liaoning
5939:Liaoning
5919:Liaoning
5899:Liaoning
5879:Liaoning
5859:Liaoning
5839:Liaoning
5829:Donggang
5819:Liaoning
5809:Donggang
5799:Liaoning
5779:Liaoning
5759:Liaoning
5739:Liaoning
5719:Liaoning
5699:Liaoning
5689:Qianshan
5679:Liaoning
5669:Qianshan
5659:Liaoning
5639:Liaoning
5619:Liaoning
5599:Liaoning
5589:Zhuanghe
5579:Liaoning
5569:Zhuanghe
5559:Liaoning
5549:Zhuanghe
5539:Liaoning
5529:Zhuanghe
5519:Liaoning
5499:Liaoning
5479:Liaoning
5469:Kangping
5464:Shenyang
5459:Liaoning
5449:Kangping
5444:Shenyang
5439:Liaoning
5429:Kangping
5424:Shenyang
5419:Liaoning
5409:Kangping
5404:Shenyang
5399:Liaoning
5389:Dongling
5384:Shenyang
5379:Liaoning
5364:Liaoyuan
5349:Meihekou
4469:Pingquan
4449:Pingquan
4429:Pingquan
4409:Pingquan
4389:Pingquan
4369:Pingquan
4349:Pingquan
4189:Xinglong
4169:Xinglong
4109:Luanping
4089:Luanping
4069:Luanping
4049:Luanping
4029:Luanping
4009:Luanping
3989:Luanping
3969:Luanping
3949:Luanping
3929:Luanping
3904:Langfang
3844:Tangshan
3824:Tangshan
3804:Tangshan
3642:Province
3601:Liaoning
3584:Liaoning
3567:Liaoning
3550:Liaoning
3533:Liaoning
3516:Liaoning
3431:Province
3063:Zhejiang
2803:Xinjiang
2705:Shanghai
2639:Shandong
2367:Liaoning
2054:Shandong
2005:Liaoning
1827:,
1819:,
1795:,
1787:,
1741:such as
1711:Jingzhou
1571:Liaoning
1539:Xinjiang
1525:and the
1482:,
1474:,
1390:,
1382:,
1356:,
1348:,
1316:,
1308:,
1286:,
1278:,
1272:ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ
1256:,
1248:,
1242:ᡴᡠᠨᡩᡠᠯᡝᠨ
1091:Shenyang
1076:Wang Gao
985:such as
975:Naghachu
837:Hokkaido
806:and the
658:Mañjuśrī
617:,
577:Kuandian
565:Weichang
561:Qingyuan
553:Fengning
549:Qinglong
533:Liaoning
509:Liaoning
459:Tungusic
457:) are a
419:,
344:, other
318:Buddhism
308:Religion
18235:Zhiqian
18227:Coinage
17964:Economy
17935:culture
17670:Yun-Gui
17660:Min-Zhe
17655:Sichuan
17650:Huguang
17496:Emperor
17017:History
16967:Italics
16936:Manchus
16841:Duchers
16830:Oroqens
16708:Related
16678:Koreans
16655:Indians
16608:Nepalis
16578:Western
16558:Uyghurs
16459:Manchus
16350:Tai Nua
16345:Tai Lue
16318:Kra–Dai
16306:Eastern
16288:Monguor
16260:Onnigud
16248:Torghut
16238:Khoshut
16228:Dzungar
16218:Naimans
16188:Khalkha
16178:Jalaids
16168:Chahars
16163:Buryats
16158:Baarins
16137:Mongols
16126:Kangjia
16030:Gaoshan
15886:Tibetan
15865:Tibetic
15816:Qiangic
15775:Laomian
15714:Waxiang
15709:Longjia
15663:Sinitic
15542:2057101
15442:3217747
15189:《满族风俗考》
15034:《满汉大词典》
15019:Sources
14934:21 June
14782:21 June
14564:新华网吉林频道
14428:Yi 1978
14395:28 July
13693:19 June
13125:2658656
12939:: 953.
11807:Hu 1994
11412:《努尔哈赤传》
11328:25 July
11318:ARTX.cn
11133:2646525
11032:3985584
10809:《中国摔跤史》
10355:. 朝鮮學會.
10257:Alt URL
9962:2719229
9814:3217747
9775:《民族研究》
9752:《东方杂志》
9733:《满语研究》
9648:《满洲源流考》
9249:6 March
9148:Ying Da
8979:Chinese
8932:Jurchen
8818:cabbage
8813:perilla
8808:Nurhaci
8738:Guan Yu
8718:Gelukpa
8576:xicheng
8530:Zidishu
8241:ᡧᠣᠩᡴᠣᡵᠣ
7968:hunting
7852:Yingban
7788:soncoho
7663:Niohuru
7425:Culture
7339:Tianjin
7324:Ulanqab
7304:Chifeng
7284:Chifeng
7264:Hinggan
7244:Huludao
7224:Huludao
7204:Huludao
7184:Huludao
7164:Huludao
7144:Huludao
7124:Huludao
7104:Huludao
7084:Huludao
7064:Huludao
7044:Huludao
7024:Huludao
7004:Huludao
6984:Huludao
6964:Huludao
6944:Huludao
6924:Huludao
6904:Huludao
6884:Huludao
6864:Huludao
6844:Huludao
6824:Huludao
6804:Huludao
6784:Huludao
6764:Huludao
6744:Huludao
6724:Huludao
6704:Huludao
6684:Huludao
6664:Huludao
6644:Huludao
6624:Huludao
6604:Huludao
6584:Huludao
6564:Huludao
6544:Huludao
6524:Tieling
6504:Tieling
6484:Tieling
6464:Tieling
6444:Tieling
6424:Tieling
6404:Tieling
6384:Tieling
6364:Tieling
6349:Kaiyuan
6344:Tieling
6329:Kaiyuan
6324:Tieling
6309:Kaiyuan
6304:Tieling
6289:Kaiyuan
6284:Tieling
6269:Kaiyuan
6264:Tieling
6244:Tieling
6169:Zhangwu
6149:Zhangwu
6129:Linghai
6124:Jinzhou
6109:Linghai
6104:Jinzhou
6089:Heishan
6084:Jinzhou
6069:Heishan
6064:Jinzhou
6044:Jinzhou
6024:Jinzhou
6004:Jinzhou
5984:Jinzhou
5964:Jinzhou
5944:Jinzhou
5924:Jinzhou
5904:Jinzhou
5884:Jinzhou
5864:Jinzhou
5844:Jinzhou
5824:Dandong
5804:Dandong
5509:Jinzhou
5489:Jinzhou
5344:Tonghua
5324:Tonghua
5304:Tonghua
5209:Longtan
5189:Hunchun
5184:Yanbian
5169:Hunchun
5164:Yanbian
5069:Wangkui
5049:Wangkui
5029:Wangkui
4909:Ning'an
4889:Ning'an
4864:Qiqihar
4844:Qiqihar
4824:Qiqihar
4789:Wuchang
4769:Wuchang
4749:Wuchang
4729:Wuchang
4709:Wuchang
4489:Nangang
4464:Chengde
4444:Chengde
4424:Chengde
4404:Chengde
4384:Chengde
4364:Chengde
4344:Chengde
4329:Longhua
4324:Chengde
4309:Longhua
4304:Chengde
4289:Longhua
4284:Chengde
4269:Longhua
4264:Chengde
4249:Longhua
4244:Chengde
4229:Longhua
4224:Chengde
4209:Longhua
4204:Chengde
4184:Chengde
4164:Chengde
4149:Chengde
4144:Chengde
4129:Chengde
4124:Chengde
4104:Chengde
4084:Chengde
4064:Chengde
4044:Chengde
4024:Chengde
4004:Chengde
3984:Chengde
3964:Chengde
3944:Chengde
3924:Chengde
3889:Laishui
3884:Baoding
3864:Baoding
3779:Guizhou
3759:Guizhou
3739:Guizhou
3719:Guizhou
3709:Huairou
3701:Beijing
3691:Huairou
3683:Beijing
3673:Feidong
3654:County
3572:Dandong
3504:Chengde
3487:Chengde
3470:Chengde
3257:Jiangxi
3193:Qinghai
3095:Guangxi
2901:Sichuan
2867:Shaanxi
2835:Jiangsu
2771:Guizhou
2737:Ningxia
2571:Tianjin
2546:336,032
2537:Beijing
2512:452,765
2478:748,020
2444:866,365
2283:120,424
2252:122,861
2084:Manchu
2076:Region
2042:Shaanxi
2038:Ningxia
2034:Tianjin
2022:Beijing
1925:Lao She
1833:qiqigar
1825:cicigar
1815:ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡤᠠᡵ
1805:Qiqihar
1747:include
1687:in the
1678:Guangxu
1660:Prince
1531:Beijing
1460:Beijing
1430:led by
1424:Beijing
1203:Nurhaci
1196:Nurhaci
1161:Nurhaci
1072:Cungšan
991:Huligai
920:vassals
916:Mongols
831:viewed
808:Khitans
804:Mongols
791:Jurchen
738:History
631:Jurchen
589:Beizhen
581:Huanren
529:Beijing
454:Man-tsu
429:Chinese
405:Manchus
326:Atheism
18:Manchus
17849:Taiwan
17025:Early
17010:topics
16946:Nanais
16885:Shiwei
16861:Sushen
16852:Orochs
16847:Udeges
16825:Solons
16820:Evenks
16694:Nivkhs
16643:Others
16634:Wakhis
16565:Uzbeks
16552:Tuvans
16532:Kyrgyz
16525:Kazakh
16491:Turkic
16473:Oroqen
16445:Evenks
16425:Zhuang
16397:Qabiao
16379:Maonan
16333:Buyang
16327:Bouyei
16223:Oirats
16183:Jaruud
16173:Gorlos
16153:Aohans
16131:Khatso
16036:Utsuls
15991:Ta'ang
15916:Jingpo
15909:Derung
15896:Others
15880:Sherpa
15780:Laopin
15763:Kucong
15733:Achang
15678:Caijia
15567:
15548:
15540:
15487:
15459:
15440:
15409:
15388:
15367:
15346:
15325:
15265:
15240:
15200:
15175:
15150:
15139:《啸亭杂录》
15122:
15097:
15045:
14902:
14875:
14848:
14821:
14695:
14684:尼山薩滿全傳
14497:
14361:
14257:
14230:
14192:
14165:
14138:
14106:
14063:
14036:
13991:
13964:
13943:].
13901:
13870:
13843:
13380:
13369:《满语杂识》
13330:
13237:
13226:《八旗十论》
13206:
13175:
13131:
13123:
13083:
13048:
12953:
12910:
12835:
12755:
12725:
12698:
12591:
12564:
12528:
12501:
12474:
12447:
12420:
12393:
12169:
12106:
12044:
12008:
11974:
11937:
11905:
11856:
11829:
11790:
11763:
11690:
11616:
11587:
11576:《清朝简史》
11520:
11482:
11450:
11423:
11380:
11353:
11293:
11261:
11234:
11208:
11181:
11139:
11131:
11090:
11063:
11038:
11030:
10989:
10962:
10911:
10881:
10854:
10843:《听雨丛谈》
10820:
10770:
10743:
10716:
10655:
10628:
10565:
10538:
10504:
10494:
10469:
10459:
10432:
10401:
10374:
10332:
10305:
10278:
10248:
10221:
10192:
10165:
10137:
10110:
10100:
10073:
10046:
9988:
9960:
9920:
9882:
9871:《满族通史》
9853:
9812:
9711:
9659:
9628:
9594:
9567:
9529:
9518:《满族简史》
9485:
9428:
9401:
9341:
9215:
9165:Khitan
9115:Dorgon
9042::
9040:Manchu
8989::
8987:pinyin
8981::
8922:Sushen
8824:ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
8822:ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠨ
8796:" and
8720:sect)
8680:Goryeo
8676:Balhae
8645:has a
8607:ᡠᠯᠠᠪᡠᠨ
8601:Ulabun
8462:) and
8404::
8402:Manchu
8362::
8360:Manchu
8285:ᠨᡳᠰᡠᠮᡝ
8281::
8279:Manchu
8237::
8235:Manchu
8183::
8181:Manchu
7976::
7974:Manchu
7873:Udeghe
7783:biànzi
7729:Manchu
7667:Hešeri
7565:ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ
7555::
7553:Manchu
7503::
7501:Manchu
7475:, 2011
7411:Taiwan
6529:Xifeng
6509:Xifeng
6489:Xifeng
6469:Xifeng
6449:Xifeng
6429:Xifeng
6409:Xifeng
5769:Nanfen
5749:Nanfen
5724:Fushun
5704:Fushun
5684:Anshan
5664:Anshan
5644:Dalian
5624:Dalian
5604:Dalian
5584:Dalian
5564:Dalian
5544:Dalian
5524:Dalian
5504:Dalian
5484:Dalian
5289:Yongji
5269:Yongji
5249:Yongji
5229:Yongji
5144:Siping
5124:Siping
5089:Suibin
5084:Hegang
5064:Suihua
5044:Suihua
5024:Suihua
5009:Beilin
5004:Suihua
4989:Beilin
4984:Suihua
4969:Beilin
4964:Suihua
4809:Acheng
4804:Harbin
4784:Harbin
4764:Harbin
4744:Harbin
4724:Harbin
4704:Harbin
4684:Harbin
4664:Harbin
4644:Harbin
4624:Harbin
4604:Harbin
4584:Harbin
4564:Harbin
4544:Harbin
4524:Harbin
4504:Harbin
4484:Harbin
3909:Wen'an
3849:Zunhua
3829:Zunhua
3809:Zunhua
3789:Jinsha
3769:Jinsha
3749:Qianxi
3729:Dafang
3623:Siping
3555:Fushun
3538:Fushun
3521:Anshan
3399:23.46
3391:22,627
3321:Hainan
3161:Fujian
3104:11,159
3072:11,271
3046:12.54
3038:11,741
3029:Shanxi
3006:12,899
2974:13,490
2965:Yunnan
2942:14,206
2910:15,920
2876:16,291
2844:18,074
2812:18,707
2780:23,086
2746:24,902
2714:25,165
2682:29,557
2648:46,521
2614:55,493
2588:25.23
2580:83,624
2554:41.94
2486:54.41
2452:39.64
2418:70.80
2415:20.35
2387:12.20
2384:80.34
2381:51.26
2345:57,785
2314:82,135
2229:32.38
2226:28.84
2198:68.13
2195:66.77
2164:99.83
2121:Total
2046:Shanxi
1966:after
1964:reform
1957:Oroqen
1864:Xi Qia
1811::
1809:Manchu
1779::
1777:Manchu
1685:Boxers
1662:Zaitao
1567:Fushun
1523:Dorgon
1488:beging
1480:beging
1466::
1464:Manchu
1408:Joseon
1376:ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ
1372::
1370:Manchu
1340::
1338:Manchu
1330:Mukden
1298::
1296:Manchu
1268::
1266:Manchu
1236::
1234:Manchu
1184:, and
1132:Po-hai
1093:. The
1046:taishi
1043:Mongol
1028:Nurgan
1022:, the
867:Goryeo
855:Khitan
844:bakufu
822:, the
799:Balhae
690:mangga
669:Manchu
660:. The
609::
607:Manchu
557:Yitong
545:Xiuyan
541:Xinbin
451::
441::
439:pinyin
431::
411::
409:Manchu
382:Manchu
355:Nanais
302:Manchu
269:Taiwan
218:Manchu
39:Nanman
18041:Queue
17959:Dibao
17815:Tibet
17635:Zhili
17518:Amban
16956:Oroks
16951:Ulchs
16941:Sibes
16908:etc.)
16893:Mohes
16869:Yilou
16815:Evens
16732:Minzu
16613:Daman
16572:Yugur
16546:Tatar
16539:Salar
16509:Dolan
16480:Sibes
16466:Nanai
16451:Solon
16391:Mulao
16365:Gelao
16300:Yugur
16275:Sunud
16265:Ordos
16233:Khoid
16143:Abaga
16101:Bonan
16066:Hmong
16054:Gejia
15985:Pakan
15965:Kunge
15960:Bolyu
15954:Blang
15930:Tujia
15923:Lhoba
15874:Monpa
15854:Qiang
15840:Nakhi
15834:Mosuo
15824:Baima
15546:S2CID
15538:JSTOR
15438:JSTOR
15290:(PDF)
15257:[
15254:《探微集》
15232:[
15217:[
15192:[
15167:[
15142:[
15114:[
15089:[
15062:[
15037:[
14687:[
14489:[
14380:辽宁省政协
14353:[
14305:[
13939:[
13893:[
13835:[
13814:[
13811:《东华录》
13786:(1).
13372:[
13229:[
13198:[
13167:[
13129:S2CID
13121:JSTOR
13075:[
13040:[
12951:JSTOR
12347:bazww
12070:[
12036:[
12000:[
11972:S2CID
11579:[
11551:(2).
11512:[
11509:《清实录》
11415:[
11137:S2CID
11129:JSTOR
11036:S2CID
11028:JSTOR
10846:[
10812:[
10530:[
10135:JSTOR
9958:JSTOR
9912:[
9874:[
9851:S2CID
9810:JSTOR
9758:(17).
9703:[
9651:[
9620:[
9521:[
9393:[
9207:[
9159:e.g.
9135:]
9126:e.g.
9113:e.g.
9062:Abkai
9048:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
9046:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
8969:, or
8949:Notes
8884:clans
8590:]
8522:]
8515:Akšan
8472:]
8453:]
8440:儿女英雄传
8422:Abkai
8393:尼山萨满传
8384:Abkai
8370:ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ
8366:ᠨᡳᡧᠠᠨ
8316:八旗冰鞋营
8303:Abkai
8287:ᡝᡶᡳᡵᡝ
8255:Abkai
8201:Abkai
7994:Abkai
7881:Nanai
7877:Ulchi
7871:like
7774:queue
7725:Nikan
7641:ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ
7587:无圈点满文
7579:Abkai
7559:ᡨᠣᠩᡴᡳ
7523:Abkai
7483:is a
6164:Fuxin
6144:Fuxin
5784:Benxi
5764:Benxi
5744:Benxi
5359:Jilin
5339:Jilin
5319:Jilin
5299:Jilin
5279:Jilin
5259:Jilin
5239:Jilin
5219:Jilin
5199:Jilin
5179:Jilin
5159:Jilin
5139:Jilin
5119:Jilin
5109:Youyi
4949:Sunwu
4944:Heihe
4929:Aihui
4924:Heihe
4459:Hebei
4439:Hebei
4419:Hebei
4399:Hebei
4379:Hebei
4359:Hebei
4339:Hebei
4319:Hebei
4299:Hebei
4279:Hebei
4259:Hebei
4239:Hebei
4219:Hebei
4199:Hebei
4179:Hebei
4159:Hebei
4139:Hebei
4119:Hebei
4099:Hebei
4079:Hebei
4059:Hebei
4039:Hebei
4019:Hebei
3999:Hebei
3979:Hebei
3959:Hebei
3939:Hebei
3919:Hebei
3899:Hebei
3879:Hebei
3859:Hebei
3839:Hebei
3819:Hebei
3799:Hebei
3784:Bijie
3764:Bijie
3744:Bijie
3724:Bijie
3668:Hefei
3663:Anhui
3618:Jilin
3606:Benxi
3589:Benxi
3499:Hebei
3482:Hebei
3465:Hebei
3448:Hebei
3402:1.05
3396:0.24
3376:11th
3373:0.02
3370:0.03
3353:Tibet
3341:0.04
3338:0.26
3335:0.04
3330:3,750
3309:0.02
3306:0.24
3303:0.04
3298:4,571
3277:0.01
3274:2.95
3271:0.05
3266:4,942
3245:0.01
3242:0.12
3239:0.07
3234:7,566
3225:Hunan
3213:0.14
3210:0.30
3207:0.08
3202:8,029
3184:10th
3181:0.02
3178:1.05
3175:0.08
3170:8,372
3147:0.01
3144:2.15
3141:0.08
3136:8,516
3127:Anhui
3118:12th
3115:0.02
3112:0.07
3109:0.11
3086:13th
3083:0.02
3080:0.93
3077:0.11
3049:0.05
3043:0.11
3017:0.02
3014:0.52
3011:0.12
2997:Hubei
2988:24th
2985:0.03
2982:0.09
2979:0.13
2953:0.06
2950:0.59
2947:0.14
2933:Gansu
2924:10th
2921:0.02
2918:0.32
2915:0.15
2887:0.04
2884:8.59
2881:0.16
2855:0.02
2852:4.70
2849:0.17
2826:10th
2823:0.09
2820:0.14
2817:0.18
2794:18th
2791:0.07
2788:0.19
2785:0.22
2757:0.40
2754:1.12
2751:0.24
2725:0.11
2722:9.11
2719:0.24
2693:0.03
2690:1.43
2687:0.28
2659:0.05
2656:6.41
2653:0.45
2625:0.06
2622:4.95
2619:0.53
2605:Henan
2591:0.65
2585:0.80
2557:1.71
2551:3.23
2523:2.14
2520:8.96
2517:4.35
2489:1.95
2483:7.19
2455:3.16
2449:8.32
2435:Jilin
2421:2.95
2401:Hebei
2356:0.03
2353:0.15
2350:0.56
2325:0.08
2322:0.40
2319:0.79
2294:0.03
2291:0.39
2288:1.16
2263:0.03
2260:3.11
2257:1.18
2232:1.82
2212:North
2201:6.35
2170:0.78
2167:9.28
2149:Total
2140:0.77
2137:9.28
2079:Total
2073:Rank
2058:Anhui
2050:Henan
2026:Jilin
2009:Hebei
1953:Nanai
1949:Evenk
1937:Solon
1829:Abkai
1801:aihvn
1797:Abkai
1793:aihūn
1783:ᠠᡳᡥᡡᠨ
1773:Aigun
1702:Aigun
1634:opium
1575:Jilin
1543:Tibet
1484:Abkai
1470:ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ
1392:Abkai
1378:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
1362:juxen
1358:Abkai
1354:jušen
1344:ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ
1318:Abkai
1304:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
1302:ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
1288:Abkai
1258:Abkai
1061:Haixi
987:Odoli
857:-led
764:Aguda
728:manju
706:Manju
694:ᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠ
635:manju
623:manju
613:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
573:Benxi
537:Hebei
521:Jilin
513:Hebei
493:China
444:Mǎnzú
425:manju
415:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
384:text.
359:Ulchi
351:Sibes
225:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
17777:Navy
17618:Ejen
17501:List
16877:Wuji
16665:Jews
16504:Äynu
16419:Yang
16407:Shan
16385:Nùng
16358:Dong
16280:Urad
16243:Olot
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