495:, it "does approach nearer the standards set by the poets of that age than the majority of the Late Latin poetry." Ultimately, Tobin praises the poem for "its simplicity and its direct classical style." However, she qualifies her praise by pointing out that some of work's best portions are those that have been borrowed from classical authors, which weakens the overall impact of Orientius's work to some degree. A few years later, A. Hudson-Williams wrote that the poem's "language is in general clear and direct, though tinged here and there with turns of a decidedly late flavour."
22:
227:
discussion of the seven sins. She also argues that while there is an address to the reader that is traditionally thought of as the start to the second book, this need not be construed as a proper book opening. Tobin proposes that the divide in the poem was likely made due either to practical reasons (for instance, the entire poem might not have fit on a certain-sized manuscript roll) or because it was at this point that the poet stopped writing, only to take up the poem some time later.
343:
1116:
207:, and a conclusion. In the first section, the poet invites the reader to read the poem before calling upon God to offer guidance. In the second portion, the poet discusses the difference between the body and soul. In the third section, Orientius explains why humans were created. In the fourth section, the poet lays out the ways humans can love God: by "keeping commandments" (namely, the
202:
focuses mostly on morality, teaching one how to attain eternal salvation. The poem can be roughly divided into seven main sections: an introduction, a discussion of the "two-fold life of man", an explanation for why humans exist, a discussion on how to worship God, considerations for the reader, an
226:
The work today is divided into two books: one comprising the first 618 lines, and the other containing the remaining 418. Tobin, however, argues that "the poem is a unit and there is no suitable place for a divisions into books." She notes that the divide is somewhat arbitrary, as it bifurcates a
83:
is made up of 1036 verses and has traditionally been divided into two books (although there is reason to believe that the division is arbitrary). The poem is hortatory and didactic in nature, describing the way for the reader to attain salvation, with warnings about the evils of sin.
223:, and the rewards awaiting in Heaven. In the penultimate portion of the poem, Orientius stresses the utmost importance of believing in the Trinity. The work then concludes with both a request that the reader pray for Orientius, as well as a blessing upon the reader.
146:
Given the paucity of information concerning
Orientius himself, dating his poem has proven difficult, although there are several clues that have helped scholars construct a timeframe in which the
135:. From what information is available, he was evidently a Gaul who had converted to Christianity after realizing that he had been living a sinful life. He eventually became the bishop of
324:
recalls the Bible both by referencing biblical stories, as well as by directly imitating the wording from the many books therein. It is likely that
Orientius used the
109:. The poem has received qualified praise, with Mildred Dolores Tobin—who wrote a commentary on the poem in 1945—arguing that while it was not of the same quality as
139:(what is modern day Auch, France). He devoted the remainder of his life to promoting Christian spirituality to his followers, and it is almost certain that the
105:. This version, however, lacked the second book, which was only discovered in 1791; the first complete edition of the poem was then published in 1700 by
834:
Fielding, Ian (2014). "Physical Ruin and
Spiritual Perfection in Fifth-Century Gaul: Orientius and His Contemporaries on the 'Landscape of the Soul'".
215:, by praying for strength, and by avoiding sin. In the fifth section, the poet considers a number of issues, including: sorrow, joy, death,
1050:
181:(d. 439) to negotiate peace between Rome and the Visigoths. Given these reference points, Tobin suggests that the poem was likely written
1168:
464:
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539:, a group which he argues includes: "wanton pleasure, envy, avarice, deceitful pleasure, lying, over-indulgence in food drink".
456:
1148:
1106:
1082:
988:
387:
1027:
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282:(whose influence according to Mildred Dolores Tobin "is only slightly less than ... Vergil"), followed by the Augustan
271:
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was likely written and published. First, a short section in the poem's second book explicitly references the
57:
165:
claims that when
Orientius was near the end of his life, he was sent sometime in the mid-5th century by the
1058:
492:
430:
110:
252:
362:
was lost sometime in the Middle Ages only to be rediscovered near the turn of the seventeenth century at
328:
translation of the Bible as his source, although some lines suggest that the poet may have also used the
251:
character", the
Latinist Johannes Schwind notes that it is also interjected with "occasional elements of
1044:
1153:
1158:
879:
1022:
212:
45:
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888:
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also contained two prayers and four short poems, all of which have been attributed to
Orientius.
408:
370:. The finder of the poem, a Jesuit named Heribert Rosweyd, turned it over to his colleague, the
1131:
151:
934:
267:
largely eschews this style and its associated devices, instead opting to focus on poetics.
122:
8:
959:
804:
515:
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861:
952:
Schwind, Johannes (2006). "Orientius". In
Canicik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.).
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tribes, suggesting that the poem was written sometime after this event. Second, the
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to publish the first complete edition of the poem in 1700. In 1774, the
Italian
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131:
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51:
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also contains references, allusions, and borrowings from the
Republican poets
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1120:
874:
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378:
216:
102:
849:
491:
in 1945, argued that while
Orientius's work was not of the same quality as
363:
351:
330:
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92:
342:
1099:
Orientii Commonitorium: A Commentary with an Introduction and Translation
1075:
Orientii Commonitorium: A Commentary with an Introduction and Translation
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Orientii Commonitorium: A Commentary with an Introduction and Translation
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419:
170:
312:. In terms of Christian poetic influence, Orientius frequently emulates
812:
442:
317:
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literally means "notes consigned to writing to aid the memory". The
1119: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
375:
371:
298:
260:
178:
166:
896:
Hudson-Williams, A. (1949). "Notes on Orientius' Commonitorium".
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309:
302:
204:
121:
Not much is known about Orientius; he is mentioned in passing by
526:
Ian Markham translates the word more succinctly as "a reminder".
395:—and thus Delrio's version—preserved only the first book of the
306:
286:
275:
256:
441:
published a second complete edition of the poem. In 1888, the
270:
The individual who Orientius most frequently imitates is the
243:, is a hortatory and didactic poem. While it is mostly of a "
91:
was rediscovered near the turn of the seventeenth century at
68:
399:. Almost a century later in 1791, a second manuscript (the
320:(fl. late 4th century AD). And being a Christian work, the
279:
220:
136:
391:
of it in 1600; this edition was marred by the fact that
1097:
Tobin, Mildred Dolores (1945). "Text and Translation".
1073:
Tobin, Mildred Dolores (1945). "Text and Translation".
1096:
1072:
487:
Mildred Dolores Tobin, who wrote a commentary on the
129:, and a brief description of his life appears in the
113:, it is a better work than other contemporary poems.
535:Orientius focuses much of this discussion on the
1140:
448:published an edition of the work, which in 1911
1042:
471:is preserved in only this manuscript, as the
1051:Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
31:Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
783:
781:
779:
418:s second book, thereby enabling the French
1124:
727:
725:
693:
691:
689:
647:
645:
643:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
465:Bertram Ashburnham, 4th Earl of Ashburnham
452:referred to as "the best modern edition".
742:
740:
712:
710:
708:
706:
676:
674:
672:
974:– via BrillOnline Reference Works.
776:
764:
597:
595:
593:
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467:(hence its common name), and today, the
341:
316:(fl. early 5th century AD) and possibly
20:
877:. In Herbermann, Charles George (ed.).
722:
686:
640:
607:
576:
1141:
737:
703:
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301:, as well as the Imperial epigrammist
116:
71:poem composed by the Christian bishop
657:
588:
457:Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja
101:of the poem was published in 1600 by
62:
50:
1135:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1107:Catholic University of America Press
1083:Catholic University of America Press
989:Catholic University of America Press
895:
787:
493:the poems of the Golden Age writers
111:the poems of the Golden Age writers
13:
1125:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
997:
837:Journal of Early Christian Studies
809:History & Literature of Christ
337:
263:was particularly popular, but the
14:
1185:
1169:History of Christianity in France
803:
558:
203:exhortation on the importance of
143:was the result of this devotion.
1114:
927:Understanding Christian Doctrine
979:Tobin, Mildred Dolores (1945).
796:
752:
529:
278:. Next comes the Imperial poet
259:." When Orientius was writing,
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628:
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25:The first page of Orientius's
1:
972:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e907920
833:
770:
634:
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366:in a manuscript known as the
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173:(d. 451) to Roman commanders
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1059:Austrian Academy of Sciences
1028:Resources in other libraries
951:
924:
697:
570:
498:
482:
7:
1149:5th-century Christian texts
188:
10:
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978:
873:Fortescue, Adrian (1911).
758:
746:
731:
716:
680:
663:
651:
601:
582:
381:, who dubbed the work the
193:
75:around AD 430. Written in
52:[kɔmmɔnɪˈtoːrɪ.ũː]
1023:Resources in your library
1009:Commonitorium (Orientius)
910:10.1017/S0009838800028111
880:The Catholic Encyclopedia
518:, the general Latin term
64:[kommoniˈtori.um]
1043:Ellis, Robinson (1888).
230:
213:resurrection of the dead
16:Work by bishop Orientius
898:The Classical Quarterly
891:– via New Advent.
889:Robert Appleton Company
475:was long ago lost. The
409:Marmoutier Abbey, Tours
211:), by believing in the
155:AD 406 invasion of Gaul
850:10.1353/earl.2014.0042
788:Hudson-Williams (1949)
355:
239:, which is written in
34:
1132:Catholic Encyclopedia
935:John Wiley & Sons
925:Markham, Ian (2017).
461:Codex Ashburnhamensis
401:Codex Ashburnhamensis
345:
24:
1164:Gallo-Roman religion
1091:English translations
805:De Labriolle, Pierre
559:De Labriolle (1920)
477:Codex Aquicinctensis
473:Codex Aquicinctensis
407:) was discovered at
403:, also known as the
393:Codex Aquicinctensis
368:Codex Aquicinctensis
350:was rediscovered at
123:Venantius Fortunatus
58:Ecclesiastical Latin
960:Leiden, Netherlands
516:Pierre de Labriolle
411:that contained the
117:Authorship and date
1109:. pp. 52–107.
1085:. pp. 52–107.
385:and published the
356:
221:eternal punishment
35:
1154:5th-century poems
1004:Library resources
955:Brill's New Pauly
885:New York City, NY
561:, p. 425, note 1.
537:seven deadly sins
305:and the Imperial
209:Great Commandment
137:Augusta Ausciorum
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1159:Christian poetry
1136:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:Washington, D.C.
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1079:Washington, D.C.
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1053:. Vol. 16.
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524:Episcopal priest
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450:Adrian Fortescue
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405:Codex Turonensis
314:Coelius Sedulius
241:elegiac couplets
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77:elegiac couplets
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463:and sold it to
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163:Vita S. Martini
127:Vita S. Martini
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98:editio princeps
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46:Classical Latin
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33:Vol. 16 (1888).
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422:historian and
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175:Flavius Aetius
132:Acta Sanctorum
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379:Martin Delrio
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1062:. Retrieved
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1037:Latin copies
1018:Online books
1008:
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797:Bibliography
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759:Tobin (1945)
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747:Tobin (1945)
732:Tobin (1945)
717:Tobin (1945)
681:Tobin (1945)
664:Tobin (1945)
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931:Hoboken, NJ
875:"Orientius"
513:philologist
420:Benedictine
171:Theodoric I
157:by various
1143:Categories
817:Kegan Paul
813:London, UK
654:, pp. 6–7.
585:, pp. 2–3.
547:References
459:stole the
443:classicist
372:theologian
318:Prudentius
284:lyric poet
249:protreptic
167:Visigothic
95:, and the
1127:Orientius
1064:August 9,
918:170489852
866:170193017
858:1067-6341
807:(2006) .
790:, p. 130.
773:, p. 569.
637:, p. 570.
573:, p. 161.
499:Footnotes
483:Reception
455:In 1841,
435:patristic
431:Oratorian
424:liturgist
295:Lucretius
245:parenetic
217:judgement
159:barbarian
73:Orientius
734:, p. 13.
437:scholar
376:Latinist
354:c. 1600.
307:satirist
299:Catullus
272:Augustan
261:rhetoric
253:diatribe
189:Contents
185:AD 430.
179:Litorius
1123::
761:, p. 1.
749:, p. 8.
719:, p. 5.
683:, p. 7.
666:, p. 6.
604:, p. 3.
326:Vulgate
310:Juvenal
303:Martial
194:Summary
125:in his
67:) is a
29:, from
1006:about
941:
916:
864:
856:
823:
289:. The
287:Horace
276:Virgil
257:satire
79:, the
964:Brill
914:S2CID
862:S2CID
416:'
274:poet
231:Style
169:king
69:Latin
1066:2017
939:ISBN
854:ISSN
821:ISBN
433:and
374:and
358:The
346:The
297:and
280:Ovid
255:and
247:and
235:The
198:The
87:The
37:The
1129:".
968:doi
906:doi
846:doi
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1105::
1101:.
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219:,
183:c.
153:c.
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625:.
60::
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43:(
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