803:", which identifies behavioral cues common for a guilty suspect including slouching, fidgeting, and avoiding eye contact. These cues have not been empirically validated to demonstrate deception in scientific studies. In terms of the Miranda warning, it has been found that innocent suspects are more likely to waive their rights than those who are guilty, so therefore Miranda rights in most cases do not protect accused innocents from interrogation (article 1). Through the use of minimization, when an investigator justifies the crime with possible excuses to make it easier to confess to, and the use of the false evidence ploy, mentioning evidence that proves the suspect guilty (which actually does not exist), many innocent people end up confessing to crimes they have not committed. Most people cannot recognize a false confession, because confessions are trusted and a jury or judge would see confessing to a crime in which the suspect did not commit as something against self-interest, which in most people's minds does not make sense. In terms of how harmless a false confession is, it has been shown that confessions can affect other pieces of evidence and the way they are presented, which can affect a judge or jury's perception of guilt. Through debunking these myths it can be demonstrated that confessions cannot be the be-all-end-all in a criminal investigation, and the criminal justice system should implement more tactics and procedures that prevent false confessions from occurring.
501:
460:
559:
900:
to have rendered such a confession unreliable, whether or not it may be seen subsequently - with hindsight and in the light of all the material available at trial - that it did or did not actually do so". The question of whether some action has rendered a question unreliable centers on whether it is
936:
The common law rules on the admission of confessions are preserved, and apply so long as the statement was made voluntarily. Under the common law, where a statement is made in the presence of the accused, by a person with whom the accused is on even terms, upon an occasion which should be expected
786:
Confession evidence can be considered, arguably, the best piece of evidence of guilt in the criminal justice system. However, false confessions do occur, therefore there must be some flaws in the interrogation process. In a scientific article "Confession
Evidence: Commonsense Myths and
705:
have often been considered to be not objective enough, since the use of such means may lead to the suspect in confessing anything. However, when the confession reveals secrets only known to the perpetrator (such as the location of the body or murder weapon), the confession is reliable.
978:
involuntary. This can include threats to arrest or interrogate other persons close to the accused. Promises or inducements made in the form of a quid pro quo (like a confession in exchange for ignoring a more serious charge) will also often result in an inadmissible confession.
754:, which greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions, these are still practised and accepted in some jurisdictions. The People's Republic of China has been shown to systematically employ forced televised confession, often in an extrajudicial context, against
749:
is not valid in revealing the truth. The person being interrogated may agree to the story presented to him or even make up falsehoods himself in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue his suffering. However, despite developments in the 20th century, notably the
795:
protects the accused from interrogation; 3) people do not confess to crimes they did not commit; 4) police, prosecutors, judges, and juries can distinguish true and false confessions; and 5) it is possible to determine whether a false confession error was harmless.
937:
reasonably to call for some explanation or denial from him, the accused's acceptance of that statement, including by giving an insufficient explanation or by acquiescence. In deciding whether to put the matter to the jury, the judge should ask:
895:
Under the second limb, a judge is not to consider whether the confession made was truthful, but rather whether, under the circumstances, "whatever was said or done, was, in the circumstances existing as at the time of the confession,
904:"Anything said or done" is not limited to the actions of the police, but does not include things said or done by the accused. However, the circumstances existing at the time do include the accused's own mental state and capacities.
982:
Generally, police are allowed to lie by claiming to claim to have evidence, like DNA evidence that does not exist. If police lies cause the suspect to say anything that implicates themselves in the crime the
693:, a confession is admissible as evidence only if there is other independent evidence in support of the confession. However, many miscarriages of justice in Japan are due to police forcing a false confession.
1510:
892:
Oppression includes torture, inhumane and degrading treatment and the use or threat of violence. Oppression imports "some impropriety... actively applied in an inappropriate manner by the police"
927:
in consequence of anything said or done which was likely, in the circumstances existing at the time, to render unreliable any confession which might be made by the accused in consequence thereof.
881:
in consequence of anything said or done which was likely, in the circumstances existing at the time, to render unreliable any confession which might be made by the accused in consequence thereof.
916:. Following a representation by the defendant or upon the court's own motion, evidence tendered by a co-defendant of a defendant's confession must not be admitted unless the co-defendant proves
1043:
128:
1199:
Russano, Melissa B.; Christian A. Meissner; Fadia M. Narchet; Saul M. Kassin (June 2005). "Investigating True and False
Confessions Within a Novel Experimental Paradigm".
762:
in an attempt to discredit, smear and suppress dissident voices and activism. Scripted confessions, obtained via systematic duress and torture, are broadcast on the
1520:
971:
or the confession will be excluded from evidence by the judge. The legal term voluntary has a different meaning than the everyday meaning of voluntary.
1114:
1418:
1387:
820:
any statement wholly or partly adverse to the person who made it, whether made to a person in authority or not and whether made in words or otherwise.
947:
If so, (3) would the admission of the evidence have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings that the judge ought not to admit it?
1152:
840:
if the "admission of the evidence would have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought not to admit it", or
870:, following a representation by the defendant or upon the court's own motion, evidence tendered by the prosecution must not be admitted if it
901:
likely to have made an innocent person confess, or even (equivalently) to have made a guilty person confess to more than their actual crime.
791:, five myths in the confession evidence system were identified. These myths are 1) trained interviewers can detect truth and deception; 2)
974:
The crown will be looking to prove the absence of threats, direct or veiled, by the police. Threats will almost certainly render the
961:
984:
975:
957:
676:
has been carried on in various legislative codes, in which a criminal is considered worse if he does not confess to his crimes.
669:
434:
as "a statement admitting or acknowledging all facts necessary for conviction of a crime," which would be distinct from a mere
405:
1434:
1355:
1323:
1307:
913:
859:
751:
1289:
619:
601:
583:
540:
518:
487:
473:
1160:
738:
885:
Whether or not evidence was obtained in such circumstances will be decided by a judge sitting without a jury in a
648:, however, are discussed, and law generally request cross-checking them with objective facts and others forms of
522:
1108:
Howard B. Terrell, M.D. and
William Logan, J.D., American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, Volume 13, Number 2
1359:
1327:
1311:
867:
855:
672:, where the confession of a sin is considered to be enough to absolve oneself. This aspect concerning moral
1175:
313:
278:
181:
960:
is derived directly from
English decisions and legal principles. There are some differences including the
426:
is a statement by a suspect in crime which is adverse to that person. Some secondary authorities, such as
1580:
1087:
851:
in its common law discretion if the prejudicial effect of the evidence outweighs the probative value, or
755:
443:
398:
288:
1575:
1446:
574:
427:
191:
80:
1450:
763:
318:
941:(1) could a jury properly directed conclude that the defendant adopted the statement in question?
511:
439:
1544:"THE "FALSE CONFESSION": MANIPULATIVE INTERROGATION OF THE MENTALLY DISORDERED CRIMINAL SUSPECT"
1023:
273:
133:
95:
75:
1585:
1245:
Kassin, Saul M. (October 2008). "Confession
Evidence: Commonsense Myths and Misconceptions".
665:
645:
479:
391:
254:
244:
148:
118:
113:
1082:
944:
If so, (2) is that matter of sufficient relevance to justify its introduction in evidence?
229:
214:
157:
70:
65:
50:
1498:
1198:
8:
234:
1465:
1515:
1262:
1224:
1117:, approximately 80 percent of US criminal cases are solved by a subject's confession.
1095:
759:
370:
219:
176:
138:
1285:
1266:
1216:
1212:
1103:
Furthermore, once a confession is made, the defendant is seldom, if ever, acquitted.
1001:
No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
746:
569:
335:
298:
293:
239:
224:
123:
1228:
799:
In the case of trained interviewers, many interrogation teams are practiced in the "
1341:
1254:
1208:
1131:
767:
710:
330:
308:
209:
186:
166:
60:
792:
722:
653:
435:
303:
171:
104:
90:
745:, whether physical or psychological. Depending on the level of coercion used, a
713:
demonstrate that, in itself, one person's confession is not a sufficient proof.
438:
of certain facts that, if true, would still not, by themselves, satisfy all the
800:
649:
637:
419:
249:
143:
22:
1068:, for example, has been given a life-sentence exclusively on the words of one
1569:
1258:
1065:
1039:
1027:
714:
85:
55:
733:
A forced or coerced confession is a confession obtained from a suspect or a
1220:
1035:
988:
771:
690:
379:
365:
1054:
Confessions have been used extensively in Italy since the creation of the
1026:
in the case "Smt. Selvi vs. State of
Karnataka" in which it was held that
967:
The crown must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused confessed
788:
718:
673:
661:
641:
1126:
775:
525: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
345:
324:
1543:
828:
to any matter in issue and not excluded under the court's discretion.
1031:
633:
374:
45:
1176:"China Uses Foreigners' Televised Confessions to Serve Its Own Ends"
500:
1091:
355:
709:
On the other hand, even without torture, various cases of averred
1056:
931:
702:
657:
263:
200:
1090:
ruled that convictions which are based solely upon confessions
742:
734:
360:
824:
A confession may be admitted in evidence so long as it is
1339:
A & Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home
Department
30:
1541:
912:
The court may exclude evidence under section 76A of the
1542:
Terrell, M.D., Howard B.; Logan, J.D., William (1992).
770:, a female human rights lawyer, and Swedish NGO worker
907:
831:
1567:
1511:"No narcoanalysis test without consent, says SC"
1144:
932:Statements made in the presence of the accused
1042:tests to be unconstitutional as they violate
399:
430:, define a confession in more narrow terms,
1476:
1474:
924:by oppression of the person who made it; or
878:by oppression of the person who made it; or
488:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1022:This was reaffirmed on 5 May 2010 by the
664:. Confessions were first developed in the
636:, involving oneself, is used as a form of
406:
392:
964:that give an accused person more rights.
781:
778:, a Chinese-born Swedish book publisher.
737:by means of pressure, torture (including
620:Learn how and when to remove this message
602:Learn how and when to remove this message
541:Learn how and when to remove this message
1471:
1240:
1238:
701:On one hand, confessions obtained under
640:in judicial matters, since at least the
1548:American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry
1365:
1279:
1115:American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry
1568:
1284:. USA: CreateSpace. pp. 157–181.
1244:
1113:According to a study published by the
816:In English law a confession includes:
725:might lead to such false confessions.
579:sloppy grammar, confusing the meaning.
1435:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
1416:Proulx v Governor of HM Prison Brixon
1385:Proulx v Governor of HM Prison Brixon
1356:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
1351:
1349:
1324:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
1308:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
1303:
1301:
1235:
1150:
987:would be admitted into evidence. See
914:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
860:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
752:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
442:. The equivalent in civil cases is a
1491:
1489:
1440:
1428:
1173:
1006:Article 20(3), Constitution of India
811:
728:
721:, etc.) or privileges granted under
552:
523:adding citations to reliable sources
494:
453:
908:Evidence tendered by a co-defendant
660:, etc.) in order to evaluate their
13:
1346:
1317:
1298:
14:
1597:
1561:
1486:
1044:Article 20(3) of the Constitution
836:The court must exclude evidence:
832:Exclusion of prosecution evidence
739:enhanced interrogation techniques
469:This section has multiple issues.
1213:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01560.x
1174:Wong, Edward (21 January 2016).
1075:
847:The court may exclude evidence:
557:
499:
458:
1535:
1503:
1456:
1409:
1393:
1377:
918:on the balance of probabilities
510:needs additional citations for
477:or discuss these issues on the
16:Statement by suspect of a crime
1332:
1273:
1192:
1167:
1151:Boffa, Christa (8 July 2016).
962:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
843:if it was obtained by torture.
679:
1:
1519:. May 5, 2010. Archived from
1282:SAFETY FROM FALSE CONVICTIONS
1247:Criminal Justice and Behavior
1138:
872:was or may have been obtained
684:
1159:(in Maltese). Archived from
806:
314:Declaration against interest
182:Self-authenticating document
7:
1120:
1088:United States Supreme Court
766:. Notable victims includes
577:. The specific problem is:
10:
1602:
920:that it was not obtained:
696:
449:
444:statement against interest
1447:Criminal Justice Act 2003
951:
192:Hague Evidence Convention
81:Eyewitness identification
1402:(1988) 88 Cr App R 285;
1259:10.1177/0093854808321557
1094:by violence violate the
1049:
1015:obtaining confession is
994:
420:law of criminal evidence
319:Present sense impression
129:Public policy exclusions
1406:(1991) 92 Cr App R 372.
1390:, emphasis of Mance LJ.
956:Canadian common law on
758:and workers of various
440:elements of the offense
1280:Sangero, Boaz (2016).
1105:
1024:Supreme Court of India
1003:
949:
822:
782:Scientific reliability
632:This specific form of
428:Black's Law Dictionary
96:Consciousness of guilt
1201:Psychological Science
1101:
999:
939:
818:
666:Roman Catholic Church
245:Recorded recollection
1463:R v Collins and Hill
1153:"Palazz Castellania"
1083:Brown v. Mississippi
741:) or other forms of
670:Sacrament of Penance
584:improve this section
573:to meet Knowledge's
519:improve this article
279:in United States law
1523:on November 4, 2012
787:Misconceptions" by
656:, testimonies from
119:Laying a foundation
1581:Criminal procedure
1516:The Times of India
1180:The New York Times
1096:Due Process Clause
760:human rights group
756:Chinese dissidents
375:trusts and estates
255:Dead Man's Statute
220:Direct examination
177:Best evidence rule
1253:(10): 1309–1322.
1080:In the 1936 case
812:England and Wales
747:forced confession
729:Forced confession
711:false confessions
630:
629:
622:
612:
611:
604:
575:quality standards
566:This section may
551:
550:
543:
492:
416:
415:
336:Implied assertion
299:Dying declaration
294:Excited utterance
240:Proffer agreement
225:Cross-examination
38:Types of evidence
1593:
1576:Confession (law)
1556:
1555:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1413:
1407:
1397:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1163:on 30 July 2016.
1148:
1132:Struggle session
1109:
1017:unconstitutional
1007:
764:state television
625:
618:
607:
600:
596:
593:
587:
561:
560:
553:
546:
539:
535:
532:
526:
503:
495:
484:
462:
461:
454:
408:
401:
394:
331:Learned treatise
309:Ancient document
289:Business records
187:Ancient document
167:Chain of custody
19:
18:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1414:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1347:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1278:
1274:
1243:
1236:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1168:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1123:
1111:
1107:
1078:
1052:
1009:
1005:
997:
954:
934:
910:
834:
814:
809:
784:
731:
723:plea bargaining
699:
687:
682:
644:. The value of
626:
615:
614:
613:
608:
597:
591:
588:
581:
562:
558:
547:
536:
530:
527:
516:
504:
463:
459:
452:
412:
304:Party admission
172:Judicial notice
114:Burden of proof
56:Real (physical)
17:
12:
11:
5:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1563:
1562:External links
1560:
1558:
1557:
1534:
1502:
1499:EWCA Crim 3082
1485:
1470:
1455:
1439:
1437:, section 76A.
1427:
1419:EWHC Admin 381
1408:
1392:
1388:EWHC Admin 381
1376:
1364:
1345:
1331:
1316:
1297:
1290:
1272:
1234:
1207:(6): 481–486.
1191:
1166:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:(Maoist China)
1129:
1122:
1119:
1100:
1077:
1074:
1051:
1048:
998:
996:
993:
953:
950:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
909:
906:
883:
882:
879:
864:
863:
852:
845:
844:
841:
833:
830:
813:
810:
808:
805:
801:Reid technique
789:Saul M. Kassin
783:
780:
730:
727:
698:
695:
686:
683:
681:
678:
628:
627:
610:
609:
565:
563:
556:
549:
548:
507:
505:
498:
493:
467:
466:
464:
457:
451:
448:
414:
413:
411:
410:
403:
396:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
368:
363:
358:
350:
349:
341:
340:
339:
338:
333:
328:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:in English law
268:
267:
266:and exceptions
260:
259:
258:
257:
252:
250:Expert witness
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
204:
203:
197:
196:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
161:
160:
158:Authentication
154:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
108:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1598:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1291:9781536823738
1287:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1076:United States
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:Adriano Sofri
1063:
1060:(Italian for
1059:
1058:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:brain mapping
1037:
1034:(also called
1033:
1029:
1028:Narcoanalysis
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1002:
992:
990:
986:
980:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
959:
948:
945:
942:
938:
926:
923:
922:
921:
919:
915:
905:
902:
899:
893:
890:
888:
880:
877:
876:
875:
873:
869:
861:
857:
853:
850:
849:
848:
842:
839:
838:
837:
829:
827:
821:
817:
804:
802:
797:
794:
790:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
726:
724:
720:
719:memory biases
716:
712:
707:
704:
694:
692:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
624:
621:
606:
603:
595:
585:
580:
576:
572:
571:
564:
555:
554:
545:
542:
534:
524:
520:
514:
513:
508:This section
506:
502:
497:
496:
491:
489:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
465:
456:
455:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
378:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
265:
262:
261:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
202:
199:
198:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
163:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
86:Genetic (DNA)
84:
82:
79:
77:
76:Demonstrative
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
47:
44:
43:
42:
41:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
1586:Evidence law
1551:
1547:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1514:
1505:
1495:
1480:
1466:EWCA Crim 83
1462:
1458:
1442:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1383:Mance LJ in
1379:
1371:
1367:
1338:
1334:
1319:
1281:
1275:
1250:
1246:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1169:
1161:the original
1156:
1146:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1036:Lie-detector
1021:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1000:
989:R. v. Oickle
981:
973:
968:
966:
955:
946:
943:
940:
935:
917:
911:
903:
897:
894:
891:
886:
884:
871:
865:
846:
835:
825:
823:
819:
815:
798:
785:
772:Peter Dahlin
732:
715:False memory
708:
700:
691:Japanese law
688:
631:
616:
598:
589:
582:Please help
578:
567:
537:
528:
517:Please help
512:verification
509:
485:
478:
472:
471:Please help
468:
431:
423:
417:
380:Criminal law
323:
283:
149:Similar fact
29:Part of the
1451:section 118
1425:Crim LR 826
1372:R v Fulling
969:voluntarily
958:confessions
717:(including
680:Reliability
662:truth value
646:confessions
642:Inquisition
586:if you can.
284:Confessions
235:Impeachment
124:Materiality
71:Inculpatory
66:Exculpatory
51:Documentary
1570:Categories
1400:Goldenberg
1360:section 76
1328:section 78
1312:section 82
1185:2018-10-01
1139:References
1127:Show trial
1064:) status.
1013:forcefully
1011:In India,
985:confession
976:confession
868:section 76
856:section 76
776:Gui Minhai
685:Conditions
668:under the
474:improve it
424:confession
346:common law
325:Res gestae
210:Competence
134:Spoliation
1267:145153387
1062:repentant
1032:polygraph
887:voir dire
807:Worldwide
658:witnesses
634:testimony
480:talk page
436:admission
215:Privilege
201:Witnesses
139:Character
105:Relevance
46:Testimony
1481:Christie
1404:Crampton
1229:24456073
1221:15943675
1121:See also
826:relevant
735:prisoner
654:exhibits
650:evidence
592:May 2018
568:require
531:May 2018
366:Property
356:Contract
230:Redirect
23:Evidence
1527:May 18,
1423:Everett
1374:QB 426.
1342:UKHL 71
1092:coerced
1070:pentito
1057:pentito
858:of the
793:Miranda
768:Wang Yu
703:torture
697:Torture
570:cleanup
450:History
418:In the
264:Hearsay
61:Digital
1483:AC 545
1288:
1265:
1227:
1219:
1086:, the
1038:) and
952:Canada
898:likely
866:Under
854:under
774:, and
743:duress
689:Under
344:Other
33:series
1496:R v O
1263:S2CID
1225:S2CID
1157:Illum
1050:Italy
995:India
674:guilt
638:proof
371:Wills
348:areas
144:Habit
1554:: 7.
1529:2012
1286:ISBN
1217:PMID
432:e.g.
422:, a
361:Tort
91:Lies
1255:doi
1209:doi
521:by
31:law
1572::
1552:13
1550:.
1546:.
1513:.
1488:^
1473:^
1449:,
1421:;
1358:,
1348:^
1326:,
1310:,
1300:^
1261:.
1251:35
1249:.
1237:^
1223:.
1215:.
1205:16
1203:.
1178:.
1155:.
1098:.
1072:.
1046:.
1030:,
1019:.
991:.
889:.
874::
483:.
446:.
373:,
1531:.
1468:.
1453:.
1362:.
1314:.
1294:.
1269:.
1257::
1231:.
1211::
1188:.
862:.
652:(
623:)
617:(
605:)
599:(
594:)
590:(
544:)
538:(
533:)
529:(
515:.
490:)
486:(
407:e
400:t
393:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.