152:
350:
546:. The CRA, acknowledging the gains made, publicly disbanded on 16 June 1913, with Morel declaring that "the native of the Congo is once more a free man", though both he and the movement were aware this was not in fact the case; tensions in Europe and a sharp decline in public support since the 'success' of the annexation, necessitated the declaration and disbandment of the association as the only rationale decision left.
268:
365:, a scathing indictment by a British consular official on the CFS, was crucial in engaging the public with the CRA's message of reform in the Congo – though Casement himself had to abstain from direct involvement due to his government role. Morel led the CRA, achieving widespread public endorsements from church leaders, businessmen, peers and MPs; the movement was characterised as part of the
497:
of foreign financial interference in the
American political process united various factions across the USA behind the reform movement and demanded government action. It also exposed Leopold's extensive Press Bureau networks to the Belgian press, increasing the already mounting domestic pressure for
294:
to ensure all signatories were adhering to the Berlin Act. In 1903 the collective efforts of Morel and these other actors generated enough public agitation over the Congo
Question to produce an impassioned debate in parliament, leading to a resolution forcing government action. However, reconvening
435:
Felix Lösing has maintained that neither evangelical philanthropy nor humanitarian sentiment but racist dynamics were the main reason for the success of the reform association. Activists in
Britain and the United States warned that the atrocities in the CFS destabilised imperial rule on the whole
340:
Casement's disillusionment with the decisions of the FO prompted him to seek out Morel who, by 1904, was well established as the leading champion of Congo reform. The two agreed a more holistic approach was needed to effect genuine change in the Congo, with the
British government having reduced
254:
and commerce to gradually develop
African territories and peoples along the same lines as Europe. Morel believed the 'Leopoldian system' was the catalyst for the scale of atrocities in the Congo, and that the state's creation of what was in effect a slave-labour force to fuel Leopold's
341:
diplomatic pressure on the CFS following
Leopold's announcement that he had set up a commission of inquiry to address Casement's findings. With Morel in-charge they resolved to the creation of the CRA, a unifying movement for the competing agents of reform in the Congo.
369:, an appeal that enticed many wealthy donors and powerful supporters to its cause, placing extraordinary pressure on the British government to act. Morel tailored the association's message to appeal to all sections of British society, ensuring it was a non-partisan and
480:, did much to raise the profile of the movement across the United States. However, Morel and British CRA officials still played a crucial role in the formative phase of the ACRA, transferring and reshaping many of their techniques and practices for American audiences.
2221:
Laderman, C. (2013). The
Invasion of the United States by an Englishman: E. D. Morel and the Anglo-American Intervention in the Congo. In: Mulligan, W & Bric, M.J, A Global History of Anti-Slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
322:', and provided him with their testimonies – informing many of his inquiries. Throughout his journey Casement recorded oral testimony from victims of the CFS, seeing first-hand the mutilations and brutalities of the administration and later the systemic use of
125:
Active from 1904 to 1913, the association formed in opposition to the institutionalised practices of Congo Free State's 'rubber policy', which encouraged the need to minimise expenditure and maximise profit with no political constraints – fostering a system of
336:
confirmed the scale of atrocities taking place in the CFS, yet FO officials' interference and lobbying by agents of the CFS led to softening the graphic nature of the report, with the removal of witnesses and perpetrators names undermining its legitimacy.
231:. Morel was a gifted public speaker and prolific writer, giving speeches and publishing articles in other newspapers – foreign and domestic – as well as circulating pamphlets and writing several meticulously researched books on the Congo and
203:
transaction was taking place. He concluded that the use of force was the only explanation: the consistency of the exchange could only be supported by a state-led system of mass exploitation. Resigning from his role in 1901, Morel turned to
524:. Morel and the CRA, aware of the geo-political constraints of any alternative, viewed the solution as the most practical for achieving their aims at reform, leading the movement to place public support and endorsement behind the
313:
when he was directed by the FO to investigate the allegations against the CFS. From June 1903, Casement travelled throughout the northern interior of the territory aided by the missionaries based there. Their unregulated access to the
486:
were practised by both the CRA and
Leopold's CFS, the king setting up a private and covert Press Bureau in 1904 in reaction to the consistent efforts of the CRA. In December 1906 the ACRA gained momentum with the breaking of the
502:
in
Belgium. The publication of the findings of Leopold's Commission of Inquiry, confirming those of the Casement Report, cemented Belgian formal opposition to the CFS and sparked legitimate discussions of government annexation.
263:
in every regard. In Morel's own words, the "King's native policy was the inevitable sequel to his commercial policy". This unified the humanitarians with commercial and political elites in the common cause of reform.
2211:
Hasian, M, (2013). Colonial
Hermeneutics of Suspicion, the Spectacular Rhetorics of the Casement Report, and the British Policing of Belgian Imperialism, 1904–1908. Critical Studies in Media Communication. 30 (3),
142:
into pressuring reform in the Congo. The association partially achieved its aims in 1908 with the Belgian government's annexation of the Congo Free State and continued to promote reform until disbanding in 1913.
2283:
456:
helped found the ACRA, they sought to distance themselves as an independent American movement due to widespread Anglophobic sentiments among sections of the American populace, particularly
426:
where they accepted positions as officers in the CRA, and over the next two years delivered between them six hundred public engagements – bringing photos, props from the CFS, like the
414:
Charles Laderman has argued that the association's most effective tool was the recruitment of missionaries with firsthand accounts of the regime, two of the most prominent were the
1230:
Hasian, Marouf (August 2013). "Colonial Hermeneutics of Suspicion, the Spectacular Rhetorics of the Casement Report, and the British Policing of Belgian Imperialism, 1904–1908".
1187:
Hasian, Marouf (August 2013). "Colonial Hermeneutics of Suspicion, the Spectacular Rhetorics of the Casement Report, and the British Policing of Belgian Imperialism, 1904–1908".
2278:
227:, as well as travellers from the region and whistleblowers and former Congo Free States and concession company agents who supplied him with detailed reports and corroborating
2218:
Kearns, G & Nally, D. (2019). An accumulated wrong: Roger Casement and the anticolonial moments within imperial governance. Journal of Historical Geography. 64 (1), 1–12.
138:, using a range of strategies including displays of atrocity photographs; public seminars; mass rallies; celebrity endorsements; and extensive press coverage to lobby the
238:
Nathan Alexander has observed that Morel's impassioned campaigning stemmed largely from his belief that the Congo Free State was a corrupt example of modern standards of
330:. Casement's dispatches were viewed as sensationalist and he was recalled by the FO to return to Britain and produce a report for the government. Published in 1904, The
2273:
2234:
Robins, J.E. (2012). Slave Cocoa and Red Rubber: E. D. Morel and the Problem of Ethical Consumption. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 54 (3), 592–611.
213:
2268:
2190:
Alexander, N.G. (2016). E.D. Morel (1873–1924), the Congo Reform Association, and the History of Human Rights. Britain and the World. 9 (2), 213–235.
2040:
1422:
1004:
520:
on 23 January 1908 demanding that the Belgian government annex control of the CFS and reform the territory in accordance with the articles of the
2044:
1426:
1008:
2155:
Laderman, Charles (2013), "The Invasion of the United States by an Englishman: E. D. Morel and the Anglo-American Intervention in the Congo",
2123:
Laderman, Charles (2013), "The Invasion of the United States by an Englishman: E. D. Morel and the Anglo-American Intervention in the Congo",
2058:
Laderman, Charles (2013), "The Invasion of the United States by an Englishman: E. D. Morel and the Anglo-American Intervention in the Congo",
1929:
Laderman, Charles (2013), "The Invasion of the United States by an Englishman: E. D. Morel and the Anglo-American Intervention in the Congo",
1798:
Laderman, Charles (2013), "The Invasion of the United States by an Englishman: E. D. Morel and the Anglo-American Intervention in the Congo",
1605:
Laderman, Charles (2013), "The Invasion of the United States by an Englishman: E. D. Morel and the Anglo-American Intervention in the Congo",
803:
Laderman, Charles (2013), "The Invasion of the United States by an Englishman: E. D. Morel and the Anglo-American Intervention in the Congo",
738:
Laderman, Charles (2013), "The Invasion of the United States by an Englishman: E. D. Morel and the Anglo-American Intervention in the Congo",
2288:
555:
423:
78:
432:, and their own extensive documentation of what they witnessed to audiences around Britain, later conducting a similar tour in the USA.
2293:
2225:
Lösing, F. (2020). A 'Crisis of Whiteness' in the 'Heart of Darkness'. Racism and the Congo Reform Movement. Bielefeld: Transcript.
565:
290:
MP was another high-profile figure in the British anti-Leopold movement, advocating in parliament in 1897 for the revival of the
2244:
647:
Alexander, Nathan G. (September 2016). "E.D. Morel (1873–1924), the Congo Reform Association, and the History of Human Rights".
2215:
Hochschild, A (2012). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa. 2nd ed. London: Pan Books.
310:
2248:
512:– the annexation of the CFS by the Belgian government – was viewed by both Britain and the US to be the optimal answer to the
2172:
2140:
2075:
1946:
1905:
1872:
1839:
1815:
1731:
1648:
1622:
1538:
1505:
1472:
1375:
980:
877:
844:
820:
779:
755:
415:
2205:
Cline, C, A. (1967). E. D. Morel and the Crusade against the Foreign Office. The Journal of Modern History. 39 (2), 126–137.
2202:
Clay, D. (2016). Transatlantic Dimensions of the Congo Reform Movement, 1904–1908. English Studies in Africa. 59 (1), 18–28.
373:
issue that Britain must address, his public speeches were inclusive and unifying seeking only to promote reform in the CFS.
1673:
1274:
575:
444:
and press coverage that extended globally. The international message of the movement birthed chapters or affiliates across
452:. Outside of Britain, the most effective was the American Congo Reform Association, formed in the United States. Though
2193:
Anstey, R (1966). King Leopold's Legacy: The Congo Under Belgian Rule 1908–1960. London: Oxford University Press. 1-22.
411:
366:
319:
232:
228:
127:
2099:
1970:
1031:
691:
623:
570:
279:
1562:
Robins, Jonathan E. (July 2012). "Slave Cocoa and Red Rubber: E. D. Morel and the Problem of Ethical Consumption".
441:
2208:
Daniels, J. (1908). The Congo Question and the "Belgian Solution". The North American Review. 188 (637), 891–902.
560:
483:
437:
296:
901:
Alexander, N.G (2016). "E.D. Morel (1873-1924), the Congo Reform Association, and the History of Human rights".
436:
African continent and undermined narratives of white supremacy on a global scale. CRA activism ensured that the
287:
38:
2196:
Ascherson, N (1999). The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo. 2nd ed. London: Granta Books.
212:
about the activities of the Congo Free State authorities, establishing his own journal in early 1903 – the
388:
as agents of the CRA and established regional branches with local activists throughout Britain to promote
528:
as early as 1905. The annexation occurred in late 1908 bringing slow and incremental reform, but by 1913
477:
2252:
2199:
Bourne, H.R.F. (1904). The Congo Question. Fortnightly review, May 1865-June 1934. 75 (445), 49–59.
151:
300:
440:
remained of interest to the general public, fuelling a reciprocal relationship between British
131:
1674:"An accumulated wrong: Roger Casement and the anticolonial moments within imperial governance"
1275:"An accumulated wrong: Roger Casement and the anticolonial moments within imperial governance"
1755:
Clay, Dean (2016-01-02). "Transatlantic Dimensions of the Congo Reform Movement, 1904–1908".
323:
209:
122:
2228:
Louis, W.R. (1964). Roger Casement and the Congo. Journal of African History. 5 (1), 99–120.
928:
Cline, Catherine Ann (June 1967). "E. D. Morel and the Crusade against the Foreign Office".
2231:
Morel, E.D. (1968). Affairs of West Africa. 2nd ed. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited.
469:
220:
188:
164:
286:, had denounced the CFS as early as 1890 with material collected from Congo missionaries.
8:
419:
1640:
A 'Crisis of Whiteness' in the 'Heart of Darkness'. Racism and the Congo Reform Movement
2034:
1780:
1704:
1587:
1416:
1348:
1305:
1255:
1212:
1169:
1126:
998:
953:
468:, it waged a similar publicity and lobbying campaign to the CRA's; public figures like
327:
2168:
2136:
2105:
2095:
2071:
2022:
1999:
1976:
1966:
1942:
1911:
1901:
1878:
1868:
1845:
1835:
1811:
1784:
1772:
1737:
1727:
1708:
1696:
1654:
1644:
1618:
1591:
1579:
1544:
1534:
1511:
1501:
1478:
1468:
1445:
1404:
1381:
1371:
1352:
1340:
1309:
1297:
1259:
1247:
1216:
1204:
1173:
1161:
1130:
1118:
1083:
1060:
1037:
1027:
986:
976:
957:
945:
883:
873:
850:
840:
816:
785:
775:
751:
720:
697:
687:
664:
629:
619:
521:
489:
291:
260:
118:
2160:
2128:
2063:
1934:
1898:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
1865:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
1832:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
1803:
1764:
1724:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
1688:
1610:
1571:
1531:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
1498:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
1465:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
1368:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
1332:
1289:
1239:
1196:
1153:
1110:
937:
910:
870:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
837:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
808:
772:
King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror and heroism in Colonial Africa
743:
656:
538:
533:
457:
283:
180:
110:
70:
1768:
171:, when he noticed discrepancies between public and private accounts given for the
1243:
1200:
461:
362:
332:
239:
103:
48:
516:. Despite Belgium's position as a neutral state, both countries issued a joint
465:
397:
306:
192:
114:
1915:
1882:
1849:
1741:
1692:
1658:
1575:
1548:
1515:
1482:
1385:
1336:
1293:
1157:
1114:
887:
854:
789:
2262:
2164:
2132:
2109:
2067:
2026:
2003:
1980:
1938:
1807:
1776:
1700:
1614:
1583:
1449:
1408:
1344:
1301:
1251:
1208:
1165:
1122:
1087:
1064:
1041:
990:
949:
812:
747:
724:
701:
668:
633:
543:
508:
499:
449:
406:
393:
381:
349:
247:
135:
82:
74:
1638:
392:
movements. The CRA's adoption of contemporary media technologies, like the
370:
914:
660:
453:
315:
243:
224:
219:
Morel's publications drew from the direct reports and experiences of the
160:
139:
56:
529:
473:
389:
377:
295:
the Berlin conference was viewed as geo-politically problematic by the
251:
205:
52:
303:
in the region to investigate the alleged malpractices of the regime.
1996:
King Leopold's legacy : the Congo under Belgian rule, 1908-1960
1442:
King Leopold's legacy : the Congo under Belgian rule, 1908-1960
1080:
King Leopold's legacy : the Congo under Belgian rule, 1908-1960
1057:
King Leopold's legacy : the Congo under Belgian rule, 1908-1960
717:
King Leopold's legacy : the Congo under Belgian rule, 1908-1960
464:. Orchestrated effectively by Baptist missionaries and the academic
318:
and its tributaries exposed him to the worst affected areas of the '
2157:
A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century
2125:
A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century
2060:
A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century
1931:
A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century
1800:
A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century
1607:
A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century
1323:
Louis, William Roger (March 1964). "Roger Casement and the Congo".
1144:
Louis, William Roger (March 1964). "Roger Casement and the Congo".
1101:
Louis, William Roger (March 1964). "Roger Casement and the Congo".
941:
805:
A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century
740:
A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century
353:
A compilation of photos taken of victims of the Congo Free State's
256:
200:
106:
970:
428:
401:
385:
267:
184:
168:
1643:(1. Auflage ed.). Bielefeld: Transcript. pp. 339–340.
445:
176:
172:
146:
134:. The group carried out a global publicity campaign across the
1403:. Printed for the Congo Reform Association. pp. 892–893.
155:
E.D Morel, co-founder of the Congo Reform Association (c.1905)
2092:
The king incorporated : Leopold the Second and the Congo
1963:
The king incorporated : Leopold the Second and the Congo
1024:
The king incorporated : Leopold the Second and the Congo
684:
The king incorporated : Leopold the Second and the Congo
616:
The king incorporated : Leopold the Second and the Congo
196:
259:
enterprise demonstrated he had broken the articles of the
2284:
Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations
2021:. Printed for the Congo Reform Association. p. 896.
536:, as well as the increasing importance of Belgium to the
2279:
Human rights organisations based in the United Kingdom
410:
audiences face-to-face with photographic proof of the
2016:
1398:
1895:
1862:
1829:
1721:
1528:
1495:
1462:
1365:
867:
834:
769:
271:Roger Casement, British consul and author of the
2274:Opposition to atrocities in the Congo Free State
2260:
2089:
1960:
1021:
681:
613:
595:Bourne, Henry F. (1904). "The Congo Question".
344:
191:, against the disproportionate mass imports in
1993:
1439:
1077:
1054:
900:
714:
242:. Alexander noted that as a humanitarian with
2019:The Congo question and the "Belgian solution"
1401:The Congo question and the "Belgian solution"
2039:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1421:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1003:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
147:Origins: E. D. Morel and the Casement Report
2127:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 192–193,
1802:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 181–185,
1671:
1272:
109:group that sought to promote reform of the
2043:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1672:Kearns, Gerry; Nally, David (April 2019).
1564:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1425:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1273:Kearns, Gerry; Nally, David (April 2019).
1007:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
183:. Morel deduced from the steady export of
2269:1904 establishments in the United Kingdom
646:
199:and other lucrative commodities, that no
16:Political and humanitarian activist group
2154:
2122:
2057:
1928:
1797:
1604:
802:
737:
566:Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo
556:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
348:
266:
150:
1998:. Oxford University Press. p. 15.
1444:. Oxford University Press. p. 12.
1232:Critical Studies in Media Communication
1189:Critical Studies in Media Communication
1082:. Oxford University Press. p. 11.
1059:. Oxford University Press. p. 10.
971:Morel, E. D. (Edmund Dene), 1873-1924.
719:. Oxford University Press. p. 11.
2261:
2159:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 193,
2062:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 191,
1933:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 189,
1636:
1609:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 186,
1561:
1229:
1186:
807:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 175,
742:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 174,
597:Fortnightly Review, May 1865-June 1934
594:
179:figures relating to shipping from the
1322:
1143:
1100:
927:
532:and the effective dismantling of the
2245:Catalogue of the Edmund Morel papers
1754:
576:Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District
542:, led to British recognition of the
357:– contributors include Alice Harris.
1867:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 237–239.
1834:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 241–242.
1533:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 214–216.
1467:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 207–212.
1370:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 203–204.
839:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 188–191.
309:was the resident British consul in
13:
1965:. Granta Books. pp. 255–258.
686:. Granta Books. pp. 279–281.
14:
2305:
2294:Organizations established in 1904
2238:
571:International African Association
246:towards Africans, Morel favoured
229:evidence of widespread atrocities
2289:Belgium–United Kingdom relations
1896:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
1863:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
1830:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
1722:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
1529:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
1496:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
1463:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
1366:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
868:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
835:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
770:Hochschild, Adam. (2019-05-02).
278:Others shared Morel's view; the
223:who had for years worked in the
2148:
2116:
2083:
2051:
2010:
1987:
1954:
1922:
1889:
1856:
1823:
1791:
1748:
1715:
1681:Journal of Historical Geography
1665:
1630:
1598:
1555:
1522:
1489:
1456:
1433:
1392:
1359:
1316:
1282:Journal of Historical Geography
1266:
1223:
1180:
1137:
1094:
1071:
1048:
1015:
964:
921:
894:
861:
561:Brussels Conference Act of 1890
422:. In 1905 the pair returned to
299:, who instead dispatched their
1900:. Pan Macmillan. p. 248.
1726:. Pan Macmillan. p. 236.
1500:. Pan Macmillan. p. 214.
1325:The Journal of African History
1146:The Journal of African History
1103:The Journal of African History
872:. Pan Macmillan. p. 187.
828:
796:
774:. Pan Macmillan. p. 180.
763:
731:
708:
675:
640:
607:
588:
384:and sympathetic newspapers in
367:British humanitarian tradition
1:
2184:
2094:. Granta Books. p. 271.
2017:Daniels, John, 1881- (1908).
1769:10.1080/00138398.2016.1173274
1399:Daniels, John, 1881- (1908).
1026:. Granta Books. p. 242.
930:The Journal of Modern History
618:. Granta Books. p. 202.
167:as a shipping clerk based in
130:unparalleled in contemporary
39:Non-Governmental Organization
1244:10.1080/15295036.2012.670877
1201:10.1080/15295036.2012.670877
581:
345:The Congo Reform Association
280:Aborigine Protection Society
7:
549:
10:
2310:
2253:London School of Economics
2090:Ascherson, Neal. (1999).
1961:Ascherson, Neal. (1999).
1757:English Studies in Africa
1693:10.1016/j.jhg.2019.02.004
1576:10.1017/s0010417512000242
1337:10.1017/s0021853700004539
1294:10.1016/j.jhg.2019.02.004
1158:10.1017/s0021853700004539
1115:10.1017/s0021853700004539
1022:Ascherson, Neal. (1999).
682:Ascherson, Neal. (1999).
614:Ascherson, Neal. (1999).
506:What became known as the
396:, were incorporated into
113:, a private territory in
62:
44:
34:
26:
2165:10.1057/9781137032607_10
2133:10.1057/9781137032607_10
2068:10.1057/9781137032607_10
1939:10.1057/9781137032607_10
1808:10.1057/9781137032607_10
1615:10.1057/9781137032607_10
813:10.1057/9781137032607_10
748:10.1057/9781137032607_10
478:King Leopold's Soliloquy
476:, who famously composed
326:techniques by state and
96:Congo Reform Association
22:Congo Reform Association
1994:Anstey, Roger. (1966).
1440:Anstey, Roger. (1966).
1078:Anstey, Roger. (1966).
1055:Anstey, Roger. (1966).
715:Anstey, Roger. (1966).
394:magic lantern projector
1637:Lösing, Felix (2020).
973:Affairs of West Africa
412:atrocities of the CFS.
376:Morel enlisted fellow
358:
275:
156:
102:) was a political and
915:10.3366/brw.2016.0238
903:Britain and the World
661:10.3366/brw.2016.0238
649:Britain and the World
442:parliamentary debates
352:
270:
250:and the promotion of
154:
470:Booker T. Washington
240:European colonialism
221:missionary community
119:absolute sovereignty
244:paternalistic views
208:to investigate and
128:coercion and terror
23:
361:The weight of the
359:
276:
157:
21:
2249:Archives Division
2174:978-1-349-44116-7
2142:978-1-349-44116-7
2077:978-1-349-44116-7
1948:978-1-349-44116-7
1907:978-1-5290-1461-7
1874:978-1-5290-1461-7
1841:978-1-5290-1461-7
1817:978-1-349-44116-7
1733:978-1-5290-1461-7
1650:978-3-8376-5498-1
1624:978-1-349-44116-7
1540:978-1-5290-1461-7
1507:978-1-5290-1461-7
1474:978-1-5290-1461-7
1377:978-1-5290-1461-7
982:978-1-315-78876-0
879:978-1-5290-1461-7
846:978-1-5290-1461-7
822:978-1-349-44116-7
781:978-1-5290-1461-7
757:978-1-349-44116-7
534:Leopoldian system
328:company officials
292:Berlin Conference
288:Sir Charles Dilke
214:West African Mail
161:Edmund Dene Morel
159:In the mid-1890s
92:
91:
2301:
2178:
2177:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2030:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1412:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1002:
994:
968:
962:
961:
925:
919:
918:
898:
892:
891:
865:
859:
858:
832:
826:
825:
800:
794:
793:
767:
761:
760:
735:
729:
728:
712:
706:
705:
679:
673:
672:
644:
638:
637:
611:
605:
604:
592:
526:Belgian Solution
509:Belgian Solution
500:Congo annexation
490:Kowalsky Scandal
416:Rev. John Harris
380:in Britain, the
284:Henry Fox Bourne
233:Leopold's system
163:was working for
123:King Leopold II.
111:Congo Free State
85:
71:Congo Free State
24:
20:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2259:
2258:
2241:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2121:
2117:
2102:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2056:
2052:
2032:
2031:
2015:
2011:
1992:
1988:
1973:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1927:
1923:
1908:
1894:
1890:
1875:
1861:
1857:
1842:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1796:
1792:
1753:
1749:
1734:
1720:
1716:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1603:
1599:
1560:
1556:
1541:
1527:
1523:
1508:
1494:
1490:
1475:
1461:
1457:
1438:
1434:
1414:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1378:
1364:
1360:
1321:
1317:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1228:
1224:
1185:
1181:
1142:
1138:
1099:
1095:
1076:
1072:
1053:
1049:
1034:
1020:
1016:
996:
995:
983:
975:. p. 345.
969:
965:
926:
922:
899:
895:
880:
866:
862:
847:
833:
829:
823:
801:
797:
782:
768:
764:
758:
736:
732:
713:
709:
694:
680:
676:
645:
641:
626:
612:
608:
593:
589:
584:
552:
484:Lobbying and PR
462:Irish Americans
398:public lectures
363:Casement Report
347:
333:Casement Report
273:Casement Report
210:raise awareness
149:
132:colonial Africa
88:
69:
49:Humanitarianism
17:
12:
11:
5:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2240:
2239:External links
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2147:
2141:
2115:
2100:
2082:
2076:
2050:
2009:
1986:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1921:
1906:
1888:
1873:
1855:
1840:
1822:
1816:
1790:
1747:
1732:
1714:
1664:
1649:
1629:
1623:
1597:
1554:
1539:
1521:
1506:
1488:
1473:
1455:
1432:
1391:
1376:
1358:
1315:
1265:
1238:(3): 231–234.
1222:
1179:
1152:(1): 102–104.
1136:
1093:
1070:
1047:
1032:
1014:
981:
963:
942:10.1086/240024
920:
893:
878:
860:
845:
827:
821:
795:
780:
762:
756:
730:
707:
692:
674:
639:
624:
606:
586:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
551:
548:
514:Congo Question
466:Robert E. Park
438:Congo Question
346:
343:
307:Roger Casement
297:Foreign Office
165:Elder Dempster
148:
145:
115:Central Africa
90:
89:
87:
86:
79:United Kingdom
66:
64:
60:
59:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
31:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2306:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2101:1-86207-290-6
2097:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:1-86207-290-6
1968:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1033:1-86207-290-6
1029:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
978:
974:
967:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
889:
885:
881:
875:
871:
864:
856:
852:
848:
842:
838:
831:
824:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
791:
787:
783:
777:
773:
766:
759:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
726:
722:
718:
711:
703:
699:
695:
693:1-86207-290-6
689:
685:
678:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
635:
631:
627:
625:1-86207-290-6
621:
617:
610:
602:
598:
591:
587:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
547:
545:
544:Belgian Congo
541:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
504:
501:
496:
492:
491:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:North America
447:
443:
439:
433:
431:
430:
425:
421:
418:and his wife
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:United States
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
356:
355:Rubber Regime
351:
342:
338:
335:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
274:
269:
265:
262:
258:
253:
249:
248:indirect rule
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
153:
144:
141:
137:
136:Western world
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
84:
83:United States
80:
76:
75:Belgian Congo
72:
68:
67:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
40:
37:
33:
29:
25:
19:
2156:
2150:
2124:
2118:
2091:
2085:
2059:
2053:
2018:
2012:
1995:
1989:
1962:
1956:
1930:
1924:
1897:
1891:
1864:
1858:
1831:
1825:
1799:
1793:
1763:(1): 20–22.
1760:
1756:
1750:
1723:
1717:
1684:
1680:
1667:
1639:
1632:
1606:
1600:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1530:
1524:
1497:
1491:
1464:
1458:
1441:
1435:
1400:
1394:
1367:
1361:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1285:
1281:
1268:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1079:
1073:
1056:
1050:
1023:
1017:
972:
966:
933:
929:
923:
906:
902:
896:
869:
863:
836:
830:
804:
798:
771:
765:
739:
733:
716:
710:
683:
677:
652:
648:
642:
615:
609:
600:
596:
590:
537:
525:
517:
513:
507:
505:
494:
488:
482:
434:
427:
405:
375:
360:
354:
339:
331:
305:
282:, headed by
277:
272:
257:monopolistic
237:
218:
158:
140:Great Powers
104:humanitarian
99:
95:
93:
18:
404:, bringing
378:journalists
57:Colonialism
2263:Categories
2185:References
1916:1106074741
1883:1106074741
1850:1106074741
1742:1106074741
1659:1182579739
1570:(3): 597.
1549:1106074741
1516:1106074741
1483:1106074741
1386:1106074741
1331:(1): 107.
1195:(3): 230.
1109:(1): 101.
936:(2): 127.
909:(2): 224.
888:1106074741
855:1106074741
790:1106074741
655:(2): 214.
530:free trade
522:Berlin Act
474:Mark Twain
390:grassroots
320:rubber tax
261:Berlin Act
252:free trade
206:journalism
201:commercial
117:under the
53:Free trade
2110:962970255
2035:cite book
2027:272392754
2004:930376691
1981:962970255
1785:148204694
1777:0013-8398
1709:166971209
1701:0305-7488
1592:145673229
1584:0010-4175
1450:930376691
1417:cite book
1409:272392754
1353:162522032
1345:0021-8537
1310:166971209
1302:0305-7488
1260:144607509
1252:1529-5036
1217:144607509
1209:1529-5036
1174:162522032
1166:0021-8537
1131:162522032
1123:0021-8537
1088:930376691
1065:930376691
1042:962970255
999:cite book
991:865814420
958:144388408
950:0022-2801
725:930376691
702:962970255
669:2043-8567
634:962970255
582:Footnotes
371:Christian
189:cartridge
30:1904–1913
27:Formation
2222:171–197.
2212:224–240.
603:: 49–51.
550:See also
518:démarche
429:chicotte
402:seminars
324:coercive
185:firearms
107:activist
63:Location
2251:of the
2247:at the
539:Entente
424:Britain
407:Western
386:Belgium
169:Antwerp
2171:
2139:
2108:
2098:
2074:
2025:
2002:
1979:
1969:
1945:
1914:
1904:
1881:
1871:
1848:
1838:
1814:
1783:
1775:
1740:
1730:
1707:
1699:
1657:
1647:
1621:
1590:
1582:
1547:
1537:
1514:
1504:
1481:
1471:
1448:
1407:
1384:
1374:
1351:
1343:
1308:
1300:
1258:
1250:
1215:
1207:
1172:
1164:
1129:
1121:
1086:
1063:
1040:
1030:
989:
979:
956:
948:
886:
876:
853:
843:
819:
788:
778:
754:
723:
700:
690:
667:
632:
622:
495:exposé
493:. The
458:German
446:Europe
301:consul
193:rubber
177:export
173:import
1781:S2CID
1705:S2CID
1687:: 5.
1677:(PDF)
1588:S2CID
1349:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1288:: 3.
1278:(PDF)
1256:S2CID
1213:S2CID
1170:S2CID
1127:S2CID
954:S2CID
454:Morel
420:Alice
316:Congo
225:Congo
197:ivory
181:Congo
45:Focus
2169:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2106:OCLC
2096:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2045:link
2041:link
2023:OCLC
2000:OCLC
1977:OCLC
1967:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1912:OCLC
1902:ISBN
1879:OCLC
1869:ISBN
1846:OCLC
1836:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1773:ISSN
1738:OCLC
1728:ISBN
1697:ISSN
1655:OCLC
1645:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1580:ISSN
1545:OCLC
1535:ISBN
1512:OCLC
1502:ISBN
1479:OCLC
1469:ISBN
1446:OCLC
1427:link
1423:link
1405:OCLC
1382:OCLC
1372:ISBN
1341:ISSN
1298:ISSN
1248:ISSN
1205:ISSN
1162:ISSN
1119:ISSN
1084:OCLC
1061:OCLC
1038:OCLC
1028:ISBN
1009:link
1005:link
987:OCLC
977:ISBN
946:ISSN
884:OCLC
874:ISBN
851:OCLC
841:ISBN
817:ISBN
786:OCLC
776:ISBN
752:ISBN
721:OCLC
698:OCLC
688:ISBN
665:ISSN
630:OCLC
620:ISBN
472:and
460:and
448:and
400:and
311:Boma
187:and
175:and
94:The
35:Type
2161:doi
2129:doi
2064:doi
1935:doi
1804:doi
1765:doi
1689:doi
1611:doi
1572:doi
1333:doi
1290:doi
1240:doi
1197:doi
1154:doi
1111:doi
938:doi
911:doi
809:doi
744:doi
657:doi
121:of
100:CRA
2265::
2167:,
2135:,
2104:.
2070:,
2037:}}
2033:{{
1975:.
1941:,
1910:.
1877:.
1844:.
1810:,
1779:.
1771:.
1761:59
1759:.
1736:.
1703:.
1695:.
1685:64
1683:.
1679:.
1653:.
1617:,
1586:.
1578:.
1568:54
1566:.
1543:.
1510:.
1477:.
1419:}}
1415:{{
1380:.
1347:.
1339:.
1327:.
1304:.
1296:.
1286:64
1284:.
1280:.
1254:.
1246:.
1236:30
1234:.
1211:.
1203:.
1193:30
1191:.
1168:.
1160:.
1148:.
1125:.
1117:.
1105:.
1036:.
1001:}}
997:{{
985:.
952:.
944:.
934:39
932:.
905:.
882:.
849:.
815:,
784:.
750:,
696:.
663:.
651:.
628:.
601:75
599:.
235:.
216:.
195:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
55:,
51:,
2255:.
2163::
2131::
2112:.
2066::
2047:)
2029:.
2006:.
1983:.
1937::
1918:.
1885:.
1852:.
1806::
1787:.
1767::
1744:.
1711:.
1691::
1661:.
1613::
1594:.
1574::
1551:.
1518:.
1485:.
1452:.
1429:)
1411:.
1388:.
1355:.
1335::
1329:5
1312:.
1292::
1262:.
1242::
1219:.
1199::
1176:.
1156::
1150:5
1133:.
1113::
1107:5
1090:.
1067:.
1044:.
1011:)
993:.
960:.
940::
917:.
913::
907:9
890:.
857:.
811::
792:.
746::
727:.
704:.
671:.
659::
653:9
636:.
98:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)