4020:
unorthodox in conviction. He maintained that theology was of little importance and it was practice that must be preserved. He aspired to solicit unity in
American Judaism, denouncing sectarianism and not perceiving himself as leading a new denomination: "not to create a new party, but to consolidate an old one". The need to raise funds convinced him that a congregational arm for the Rabbinical Assembly and the JTS was required. On 23 February 1913, he founded the United Synagogue of America (since 1991: United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), which then consisted of 22 communities. He and Mendes first came to major disagreement; Schechter insisted that any alumnus could be appointed to the USoA's managerial board, and not just to serve as communal rabbi, including several the latter did not consider sufficiently devout, or who tolerated mixed seating in their synagogues (though some of those he still regarded as Orthodox). Mendes, president of the Orthodox Union, therefore refused to join. He began to distinguish between the "Modern Orthodoxy" of himself and his peers in the OU, and "Conservatives" who tolerated what was beyond the pale for him. However, this first sign of institutionalization and separation was far from conclusive. Mendes himself could not clearly differentiate between the two groups, and many he viewed as Orthodox were members of the USoA. The epithets "Conservative" and "Orthodox" remained interchangeable for decades to come. JTS graduates served in OU congregations; many students of the Orthodox
4200:
4325:, a staunch opponent, allowed the CJLS to endorse a motion which still banned anal intercourse but not any other physical contact, and allowed the ordination of openly LGBT rabbis, in 2006. Roth and three other supporters resigned from the panel in protest, claiming the responsum was not valid; Masorti affiliates in South America, Israel and Hungary objected severely. The Seminario is yet to accept the resolution, while several Canadian congregations seceded from the United Synagogue in 2008 to form an independent union in protest of the slide to the left. Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis.
2903:
2690:
3392:
3538:
4173:
electricity. The driving responsum was later severely criticized by
Conservative rabbis, and was charged with imparting that the movement was overly keen to condone the laxity of congregants. It also signified the final break with the Orthodox, who were themselves being bolstered by more strictly observant immigrants from Europe. In 1954, the RCA reversed its 1948 ruling that allowed the use of microphones on Sabbath and festivals and declared that praying without a partition between sexes was banned. Though enforced slowly—in 1997, there were still seven OU congregations with no physical barrier, and so-called "
2753:
to the great alienation of many from received forms, that had to be countered by innovative measures to draw them back. The
Conservative rabbinate often vacillated on to which degree may the non-practicing, religiously apathetic strata be included as a factor within Catholic Israel, providing impulse for them in determining religious questions; even avant-garde leaders acquiesced that the majority could not serve that function. Right-wing critics often charged that the movement allowed its uncommitted laity an exaggerated role, conceding to its demands and successively stretching
2749:, which he translated as "Catholic Israel", into a comprehensive worldview. For him, the details of divine Revelation were of secondary significance, as historical change dictated its interpretation through the ages notwithstanding: "The centre of authority is actually removed from the Bible", he surmised, "and placed in some living body... in touch with the ideal aspirations and the religious needs of the age, best able to determine... This living body, however, is not represented by... Priesthood, or Rabbihood, but by the collective conscience of Catholic Israel."
4216:. They were Americanized but still retained traditional sentiments, and Reform Judaism was too radical for most. The United Synagogue of America offered Jewish education for children and a familiar religious environment which was also comfortable and not strict. It expanded from 350 communities by 1945 to 832 by 1971, becoming the largest denomination, with some 350,000 dues-paying member households (1.5 million people) at synagogues and over 40 per cent of American Jewry identifying with it in polls, adding an estimated million more non-registered supporters.
4040:
45:
2706:
between the original meaning implied in traditional sources and the manner they were grasped by successive generations, rejecting belief in an unbroken chain of interpretation from God's original
Revelation, immune to any major extraneous effects. This evolutionary perception of religion, while relatively moderate in comparison with more radical modernizers—the scholarship of the Positive-Historical school, for example, sought to demonstrate the continuity and cohesiveness of Judaism over the years—still challenged Conservative leaders.
4032:
had to work until after the
Sabbath began, and often mixed-gender seating. Men and women sat separately with no partition, and some houses of prayer already introduced family pews. Motivated by popular pressure and frowned upon by both RA and seminary faculty—in its own synagogue, the institute maintained a partition until 1983—this was becoming common among the OU as well. As both social conditions and apathy turned American Jews away from tradition (barely 20 per cent were attending prayers weekly), a young professor named
3346:, renamed the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism in 1991, was founded as a congregational arm of the RA. The movement established the World Council of Conservative Synagogues in 1957. Offshoots outside North America mostly adopted the Hebrew name "Masorti", traditional', as did the Israeli Masorti Movement, founded in 1979, and the British Assembly of Masorti Synagogues, formed in 1985. The World Council eventually changed its name to "Masorti Olami", Masorti International. Besides the RA, the international
3867:
especially after the
Orthodox gained the right to secede in 1876—imposed a rather uniform and mild character on what was known in Germany as "Liberal Judaism". In 1909, 63 rabbis associated with the Breslau approach founded the Freie Jüdische Vereinigung, another brief attempt at institutionalization, but it too failed soon. Only in 1925 did the Religiöse Mittelpartei für Frieden und Einheit succeed in driving the same agenda. It won several seats in communal elections, but was small and of little influence.
3363:
cent of member households had one at the time): 40 per cent of members intermarry. Conservatives are also the most aged group: among those aged under 30 only 11 per cent identified as such, and there are three people over 55 for every single one aged between 35 and 44. As of
November 2015, the USCJ had 580 member congregations (a sharp decline from 630 two years prior), 19 in Canada and the remainder in the United States. In 2011 the USCJ initiated a plan to reinvigorate the movement.
7379:
3672:
segments. A small majority adopted a resolution stating there were subjective, but no objective, imperatives to keep it as the language of service. Frankel then astounded his peers by vehemently protesting, stating it was a breach with the past and that Hebrew was of dire importance and great sentimental value. The others immediately began quoting all passages in rabbinic literature allowing prayer in the vernacular. Frankel could not contend with the
3200:, and therefore was not a forbidden labour and could be done on the Sabbath. On that basis, while performing banned labours is of course forbidden—for example, video recording is still constituted as writing—switching lights and other functions are allowed, though the RA strongly urges adherents to keep the sanctity of the Sabbath (refraining from doing anything that may imitate the atmosphere of weekdays, like loud noise reminiscent of work).
4119:, a RIETS graduate who joined the body only in 1945, clamored that "we need a law making body, not a law interpreting committee." Agus argued that the breach between the Jewish public and tradition was too wide to be bridged conventionally, and that the RA would always remain inferior to the Orthodox as long as it retained its policy of merely adopting lenient precedents in rabbinic literature. He offered to extensively apply the tool of
4010:
7393:
3876:
4129:
3176:
3667:) to debate and enact thoroughgoing revisions. Frankel was willing to agree only to a meeting without any practical results, and refused the invitation. When the protocols, which contained many radical statements, were published, he denounced the assembly for "applying the scalpel of criticism" and favouring the spirit of the age over tradition. However, he later agreed to attend the second conference, held in
4102:, himself a historicist who argued that the Law evolved much through time, rebuked pulpit clergy who requested lenient or radical rulings, stating he and his peers were content to "progress in inches... Free setting up of new premises and the introduction of novel categories of ritual upon the basis of pure reason and thinking would be perilous, if not fatal, to the principles and continuity of Jewish Law."
3079:
of supreme importance, but not sufficient to uproot the express
Biblical prohibition on not to lie with mankind as with womankind (traditionally understood as banning full anal intercourse). All other limitations, including on other forms of sexual relations, were lifted. A similar approach is manifest in the great weight ascribed to sociological changes in deciding religious policy. The CJLS and the
3146:), grounded on the need the avoid a total rift of many nonobservant Jews. Later on, these ordinances became accepted and permanent on the practical level. The Conservative movement issued a wide range of new, thoroughgoing statues, from the famous 1950 responsum that allowed driving to the synagogue on the Sabbath and up to the 2000 decision to ban rabbis from inquiring about whether someone was a
3096:
historicist underpinning stresses that all religious literature has an original meaning relevant in the context of its formulation. This meaning may be analyzed and discerned, and is distinct from the later interpretations ascribed by traditional commentators. Decisors are also far more prone to include references to external scientific sources in relevant fields, like veterinarian publications in
2652:, which has become dominant in the 1970s. This was in sync with the wider trend of lowering rates of Americans who accepted the Bible as the Word of God. Dorff categorized the proponents of this into two schools. One maintains that God projected some form of message which inspired the human authors of the Pentateuch to record what they perceived. The other is often strongly influenced by
3784:
3161:
3681:
3604:. But Frankel was always cautious and deeply reverent towards tradition, privately writing in 1836 that "The means must be applied with such care and discretion... that forward progress will be reached unnoticed, and seem inconsequential to the average spectator." He soon found himself embroiled in the great disputes of the 1840s. In 1842, during the second
3282:'s principally egalitarian argument, according to which equal prayer obligations for women were never banned explicitly and it was only their inferior status that hindered participation. In 2006, openly gay rabbinic candidates were also to be admitted into the JTS. In 2012, a commitment ceremony for same-sex couples was devised, though not defined as
3062:, should supersede the legalistic forms when the two came into conflict and there was a pivotal ethical concern. Rabbi Elliot Dorff concluded that in contrast to the Orthodox, Conservative Judaism maintains that the juridical details and processes mainly serve higher moral purposes and could be modified if they no longer do so: "In other words, the
3728:, the first modern rabbinical seminary in Germany. His opponents on both flanks were incensed. Geiger and the Reform camp long accused him of theological ambiguity, hypocrisy and attachment to stagnant remnants, and now protested the "medieval" atmosphere in the seminary, which was mainly concerned with teaching Jewish Law. The hardline Orthodox
3274:, and was also enacted to allow women rabbinic ordination. Roth noted that some decisors of old acknowledged that women may bless when performing positive time-bound commandments (from which they are exempted, and therefore unable to fulfill the obligation for others), especially citing the manner in which they assumed upon themselves the
4111:
while its fully committed partisans were few, had much influence. The majority among recent alumni eschewed the epithet "Orthodox" and tended to employ "Conservative" exclusively. Succeeding
Schechter's direct disciples who headed the RA, JTS and United Synagogue in the interwar period, a new strata of activist leaders was rising. Rabbi
3982:
had arrived, increasing
American Jewry tenfold. They came from regions where civil equality or emancipation were never granted, while acculturation and modernization made little headway. Whether devout or irreligious, they mostly retained strong traditional sentiments in matters of faith, accustomed to old-style rabbinate; the hardline
2885:(Lord of the Locality, in traditional terms), enfranchised to adopt either minority or majority opinions from the CJLS or maintain local practice. Thus, on the issue of admitting openly homosexual rabbinic candidates, the Committee approved two resolutions, one in favour and one against; the JTS took the lenient position, while the
2799:, while subject to criticism as disingenuous both from within and without, were and remain a cornerstone doctrine of Conservative Judaism. The movement views the legalistic system as normative and binding, and believes Jews must practically observe its precepts, like Sabbath, dietary ordinances, ritual purity, daily prayer with
4244:, dismissed in 1964 from the British Orthodox rabbinate on the charge of heresy after espousing a non-literal understanding of the Torah, joined with the Conservatives and founded his country's first Masorti community. The new branches were all united within the World Council of Synagogues, later to be named Masorti Olami.
3608:, he opposed the new Reform prayerbook, arguing the elimination of petitions for a future Return to Zion led by the Messiah was a violation of an ancient tenet. But he also opposed the ban placed on the tome by Rabbi Bernays, stating this was a primitive behaviour. In the same year, he and the moderate conservative
2681:, also emphasized the encounter of God with the Jews as a collective and the role of religious authorities through the generations in determining what it implied. The stress on the supremacy of community and tradition, rather than individual consciousness, defines the entire spectrum of Conservative thought.
4028:, or RCA, attended it. In 1926, RIETS and the JTS even negotiated a possible merger, though it was never materialized. Upon Schechter's death in 1915, the first generation of his disciples kept his non-sectarian legacy of striving for a united, traditional American Judaism. He was replaced by Cyrus Adler.
4031:
The USoA grew rapidly as the Eastern European immigrant population slowly integrated. In 1923 it already had 150 affiliated communities, and 229 before 1930. Synagogues offered a more modernized ritual: English sermons, choir singing, late Friday evening services which tacitly acknowledging that most
3981:
The JTS was a small, fledgling institution with financial difficulties, and was ordaining merely a rabbi per year. But soon after Chancellor Morais' death in 1897, its fortunes turned. Since 1881, a wave of Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe was inundating the country—by 1920, 2.5 million of them
3779:
and others published more complaisant tracts, but also requested an explanation. Rapoport marshaled to Frankel's aid, assuring that his words were merely reiterating ben Jehiel's and that he would soon release a statement that will belie Hirsch's accusations. But then the Chancellor of Breslau issued
3362:
calculated that as of 2013, 962,000 U.S. Jewish adults considered themselves Conservative: 570,000 were registered congregants and further 392,000 were not members in a synagogue but identified. In addition, Cohen assumed in 2006 that 57,000 unconverted non-Jewish spouses were also registered (12 per
3095:
are employed; rabbis use comparative compendiums of religious manuscripts, sometimes discerning that sentences were only added later or include spelling, grammar and transcription errors, changing the entire understanding of certain passages. This critical approach is central to the movement, for its
2952:
frequently resort to less canonical sources, isolated responsa or minority opinions. They demonstrate more fluidity in regards to established precedent and continuum in rabbinic literature, mainly those by the later authorities, and lay little stress on the perceived hierarchy between major and minor
2664:
who consider human reason paramount. The second school states that God conferred merely his presence on those he influenced, without any communication, and the experience drove them to spiritual creativity. While they differ in the theoretical level surrounding revelation, both practically regard all
4261:
movement, consisting of nonaligned prayer quorums of young (and frequently, Conservative-raised) worshipers who sought a more intense religious experience, also weakened congregations. In 1972, the liberal wing gained an influential position with the appointment of Gerson D. Cohen as JTS Chancellor.
4148:, the first clearly Conservative liturgy: references to the sacrificial cult were in the past tense instead of a petition for restoration, and it rephrased blessings such as "who hast made me according to thy will" for women to "who hast made me a woman". During the movement's national conference in
3308:
decisor. Rabbis trained in the reading practices of Conservative Jewish approaches, historical evaluation of Jewish law and interpretation of Biblical and Rabbinic texts may align directly with the CJLS decisions or themselves opine on matters based on precedents or readings of text that shine light
3291:
Conservative Judaism in the United States held a relatively strict policy regarding intermarriage. Propositions for acknowledging Jews by patrilineal descent, as in the Reform movement, were overwhelmingly dismissed. Unconverted spouses were largely barred from community membership and participation
3203:
The need to encourage arrival at synagogue also motivated the CJLS, during the same year, to issue a temporal statue allowing driving on that day, for that purpose alone; it was supported by decreeing that the combustion of fuel did not serve any of the acts prohibited during the construction of the
3078:
and allowing moral priorities an overriding authority at all occasions. This idea became very popular among the young generation, but it was not fully embraced either. In the 2006 resolution on homosexuals, the CJLS chose a middle path: they agreed that the ethical consideration of human dignity was
2823:
The tension between "tradition and change"—which were also the motto adopted by the movement since the 1950s—and the need to balance them were always a topic of intense debate within Conservative Judaism. In its early stages, the leadership opposed pronounced innovation, mostly adopting a relatively
2752:
The scope, limits and role of this corpus were a matter for contention in Conservative ranks. Schechter himself used it to oppose any major break with either traditionalist or progressive elements within American Jewry of his day, while some of his successors argued that the idea became obsolete due
2740:
pioneered this approach; as Michael A. Meyer commented, "the extraordinary status which he ascribed to the ingrained beliefs and practices of the community is probably the most original element of his thought." He turned it into a source of legitimacy for both change and preservation, but mostly the
4312:
under observer status. The double defection narrowed the movement's spectrum of opinions, at a time when large swaths of congregants were abandoning in favour of Reform, which was more tolerant of intermarriage. RA leaders were engaged in introspection through the later 1980s, resulting in the 1988
4110:
The boundaries between Orthodox and Conservative Judaism in America were institutionalized only in the aftermath of World War II. The 1940s saw the younger generation of JTS graduates less patient with the prudence of the CJL and Talmud faculty in face of popular demand. Kaplan's Reconstructionism,
3973:
in New York City. Kohut, professor of Talmud who held to the Positive-Historical ideal, was the main educational influence in the early years, prominent among the founders who encompassed the entire spectrum from progressive Orthodox to the brink of Reform; to describe what the seminary intended to
3353:
The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, covering the United States, Canada and Mexico, is by far the largest constituent of Masorti Olami. While most congregations defining themselves as "Conservative" are affiliated with the USCJ, some are independent. While accurate information of Canada is
3090:
The most distinctive feature of Conservative legalistic discourse, in which it is conspicuously and sharply different from Orthodoxy, is the incorporation of critical-scientific methods into the process. Deliberations almost always delineate the historical development of the specific issue at hand,
2705:
The Conservative mainstay was the adoption of the historical-critical method in understanding Judaism and setting its future course. In accepting an evolutionary approach to the religion, as something that developed over time and absorbed considerable external influences, the movement distinguished
4019:
Schechter arrived in 1902, and at once reorganized the faculty, dismissing both Pereira Mendes and Drachman for lack of academic merit. Under his aegis, the institute began to draw famous scholars, becoming a center of learning on par with HUC. Schechter was both traditional in sentiment and quite
3806:
and other issues). Hildesheimer was concerned that Jewish public opinion perceived no practical difference between them; though he cared to distinguish the observant acolytes of Frankel from the Reform camp, he noted in his diary: "How meager is the principal difference between the Breslau School,
3801:
as derived and revealed, applied differently to different circumstances and subject to human judgement and possibly error, yet unchanging and divine in principle—as opposed to an evolutionary, historicist and non-dogmatic approach in which past authorities were not just elaborating but consciously
3313:
may rely on the reasoning found in the majority or minority opinions of the CJLS or have other textual and halakhic grounds, i.e., prioritizing Jewish values or legal concepts, to rule one way or another on matters of ritual, family life or sacred pursuits. This balance between a centralization of
3133:
should be avoided. Another proposal, to ratify them only with a two-thirds majority in the RA, was rejected. New statues require a simple majority, 13 supporters among the 25 members of the CJLS. In the 1950s and 1960s, such drastic measures—as Rabbi Arnold M. Goodman cited in a 1996 writ allowing
2773:
calculated that barely 3 to 4 per cent held to one quite thoroughly. This gap between principle and the public, more pronounced than in any other Jewish movement, is often credited at explaining the decline of the Conservative movement. While some 41 per cent of American Jews identified with it in
2630:
on Mount Sinai. Yet he also vehemently rejected utilizing these disciplines on the Pentateuch, maintaining it was beyond human reach and wholly celestial in origin. Frankel never elucidated his beliefs, and the exact correlation between human and divine in his thought is still subject to scholarly
3866:
maintained very different approaches; but on the communal level, the former's alumni failure to organize or articulate a coherent agenda, coupled with the declining prestige of Breslau and the conservatism of the Hochschule's alumni—a necessity in heterogeneous communities which remained unified,
2647:
A small but influential segment within the JTS and the movement adhered, from the 1930s, to Mordecai Kaplan's philosophy that denied any form of revelation but viewed all scripture as a purely human product. Along with other Reconstructionist tenets, it dwindled as the latter consolidated into a
4156:
by a majority. Membership was conditioned on having experience as a congregational rabbi, and unseasoned JTS faculty were thus denied entrance. While the RA was asserting a Conservative distinctive identity, the seminary remained more cautious. Finkelstein opposed sectarianism and preferred the
3519:
in 17 American states and 2 Canadian provinces serving Jewish children. Many other "community day schools" that are not affiliated with Schechter take a generally Conservative approach, but unlike these, generally have "no barriers to enrollment based on the faith of the parents or on religious
2741:
latter. The basic moderation and traditionalism of the majority among the people were to guarantee a sense of continuity and unity, restraining the guiding rabbis and scholars who at his age were intent on reform but also allowing them manoeuvrability in adopting or discarding certain elements.
3676:
validity of their decision, but he perceived it as a sign of profound differences between them. On the 17th he formally withdrew, publishing a lambasting critique of the procedures. "Opponents of the conference, who feared he went to the other side," noted historian Michael A. Meyer, "now felt
4093:
licitness and indifferent to the pressures exerted on the pulpit rabbis, who had to contend with an Americanized public which cared little for such considerations or for tradition in general. In 1935, the RA almost adopted a groundbreaking motion: Rabbi Louis Epstein offered a solution to the
3383:
and further 11 in the other countries. The British Assembly of Masorti Synagogues has 13 communities and estimates its membership at over 4,000. More than 20 communities are spread across Europe, and there are 3 in Australia and 2 in Africa. The Masorti Movement in Israel incorporates some 70
3671:
on 15 July 1845—in spite of warnings from Rapoport, who cautioned that compromise with Geiger was impossible and he would only damage his reputation among the traditionalists. On the 16th, the issue of Hebrew in the liturgy arose. Most present were inclined to retain it, but with more German
2727:
as the professor at university would, yet observe the smallest detail known to strict Orthodoxy... The sanctity of the Sabbath reposes not upon the fact that it was proclaimed on Sinai, but on the fact that it found for thousands of years its expression in Jewish souls. It is the task of the
4172:
The CJLS now proceeded to demonstrate its independence. Sabbath was widely desecrated by a large majority of Jews, and the board believed attendance at synagogues should be encouraged. They therefore enacted an ordinance that allowed driving on the Sabbath (for worship alone) and the use of
2760:
The Conservative leadership had limited success in imparting their worldview to the general public. While the rabbinate perceived itself as bearing a unique, original conception of Judaism, the masses lacked much interest, regarding it mainly as a compromise offering a channel for religious
2643:
and the early generation of American Conservative Judaism. When JTS faculty began to embrace Biblical criticism in the 1920s, they adapted a theological view consistent with it: an original, verbal revelation did occur at Sinai, but the text itself was composed by later authors. The latter,
3554:
that followed quickly transformed the values and norms of the public. Estrangement and apathy toward Judaism were rampant. The process of communal, educational and civil reform could not be restricted from affecting the core tenets of the faith. The new academic, critical study of Judaism
3183:
The RA and CJLS reached many decisions through the years, shaping a distinctive profile for Conservative practice and worship. In the 1940s, when the public demanded mixed seating of both sexes in synagogue, some rabbis argued there was no precedent but obliged on the ground of dire need
4223:
defined Conservative Judaism as the quintessential American Jewish movement, but stressed the gap between laity and clergy, noting "rabbis now recognize that they are not making decisions or writing responsa, but merely taking a poll of their membership." Most congregants, commented
4068:. Kaplan himself, who rose to become an influential and popular figure within the JTS, concluded that his fellow rabbis' ambiguity in matters of belief and the contradiction between full observance and critical study were untenable and hypocritical. He formulated his own approach of
2819:
in its developing form is an indispensable element of a traditional Judaism which is vital and modern." Conservative Judaism regards itself as the authentic inheritor of a flexible legalistic tradition, charging the Orthodox with petrifying the process and Reform with abandoning it.
3091:
from the earliest known mentions until modern times. This approach enables a thorough analysis of the manner in which it was practiced, accepted, rejected or modified in various periods, not necessarily in sync with the received rabbinic understanding. Archaeology, philology and
4320:
After the issue of egalitarianism for women subsided, LGBT acceptance replaced it as the main source of contention between the declining right wing and the liberal majority. A first attempt was rebuffed in 1992 by a harsh responsum written by Roth. The retirement of Chancellor
2554:
stated that "we affirm our faith in God as the Creator and Governor of the universe. His power called the world into being; His wisdom and goodness guide its destiny." Concurrently, the platform also noted that His nature was "elusive" and subject to many options of belief. A
3850:
was modeled after it, though the assimilationist congregants cared little for rabbinic opinion. In Germany itself, Breslau alumni founded in 1868 a short-lived society, the Jüdisch-Theologische Verein. It was dissolved within a year, boycotted by both Reform and Orthodox.
4287:
devised a solution that entailed women voluntarily accepting the obligation to pray regularly. The leadership passed it not by scholarly consensus but via a popular vote of all JTS faculty, including non-specialists. Two years later, the first JTS-ordained female rabbi,
3354:
scant, it is estimated that some third of religiously affiliated Canadian Jews are Conservative. In 2008, the more traditional Canadian Council of Conservative Synagogues seceded from the parent organization. It numbered seven communities as of 2014. According to the
4161:, who maintained ties with the Orthodox while also viewing them as obstructionist and ossified, dominated the JTS, providing a counterweight to the liberals in the Assembly. Kaplan, meanwhile, spent more time on consolidating his Society for Advancement of Judaism.
2665:
scripture and religious tradition as a human product with certain divine inspiration—providing an understanding that recognizes Biblical Criticism and also justifies major innovation in religious conduct. The first doctrine, advocated by such leaders as rabbis
3638:. In the preamble, he attempted to present his approach to the present plight: "The further development of Judaism cannot be done through Reform that would lead to total dissipation... But must be involved in its study... pursued via scientific research, on a
3220:
were allowed to marry divorcees, conditioned on forfeiture of their privileges, as termination of marriage became widespread and women who underwent it could not be suspected of unsavory acts. In 1967, the ban on priests marrying converts was also lifted.
4177:" remain extant—these two attributes became a demarcation line between Orthodox and Conservative synagogues. RA converts were denied ablution in Orthodox ritual baths, and rabbis from one movement would gradually cease serving in the other's communities.
2844:
espoused a very conservative line. Since the 1970s, with the strengthening of the liberal wing within the movement, the majority in the Rabbinic Assembly opted for quite radical reformulations in religious conduct, but rejected the Reconstructionist
2939:. Another tendency prevalent among the movement's rabbis, yet again not particular to it, is the adoption of the more lenient positions on the matters at question—though this is not universal, and responsa also took stringent ones not infrequently.
2451:
research, rather than only traditional methods and sources, and lends great weight to its constituency, when determining its stance on matters of practice. The movement considers its approach as the authentic and most appropriate continuation of
4304:
in 1985, a right-wing lobby which numbered some 10,000 supporters from the Conservative observant elite. The UTJC withdrew from the movement and erased the word "Conservative" in 1990, attempting to merge with moderate Orthodox organizations.
3299:
Despite the centralization of legal deliberation on matters of Jewish law in the CJLS individual synagogues and communities must, in the end, depend on their local decision-makers. The rabbi in his or her or their community is regarded as the
3990:. The Eastern Europeans were alienated by the local Jews, who were all assimilated in comparison, and especially aghast by the mores of Reform. The need to find a religious framework that would both accommodate and Americanize them motivated
3802:
innovating, as taught by Frankel. Hildesheimer often repeated that this issue utterly overshadowed any specific technical argument with the Breslau School (the students of which were often more lenient on matters of headcovering for women,
4199:
2857:
which seceded in protest of the 1983 resolution to ordain women rabbis—adopted at an open vote, where all JTS faculty regardless of qualification were counted—contested the validity of this description, as well as progressives like Rabbi
2673:, largely imparted that some elements within Judaism are fully divine but determining which would be impractical, and therefore received forms of interpretation should be basically upheld. Exponents of the latter view, among them rabbis
4256:
in 1968 and were slowly coalescing, as well as the growing appeal of Reform, which turned more traditional and threatened to sway congregants. While the rightists opposed further modifications, their left-wing peers demanded them. The
3052:, maintained that such elements are naturally a factor in formulating conclusions, but may not alone serve as a justification for adopting a position. The majority, however, basically subscribed to the opinion evinced already by Rabbi
2467:'s 19th-century positive-historical school in Europe, Conservative Judaism fully institutionalized only in the United States during the mid-20th century. Its largest center is in North America, where its main congregational arm is the
2735:
A key doctrine which was to fulfil this capacity was the collective will of the Jewish people. Conservatives lent great weight in determining religious practice, both in historical precedent and as a means to shape present conduct.
4251:
matters and often adhering to a verbal understanding of revelation, was dismayed by the failure to bolster observance among the laity and the resurgence of Orthodoxy. The left was influenced by the Reconstructionists, who formed
4296:, professor of the Talmud faculty, claimed that Roth's method must have required waiting until a considerable number of women did prove sufficient commitment. He and his sympathizers regarded the vote as belying any claim to
3520:
practices in the home". During the first decade of the 21st century, a number of schools that were part of the Schechter network transformed themselves into non-affiliated community day schools. The USCJ also maintains the
3296:(Kin of Israel) and be more open toward them. The Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism stated in 1995: "we want to encourage the Jewish partner to maintain his/her Jewish identity, and raise their children as Jews."
3292:
in rituals; clergy are banned from any involvement in interfaith marriage on pain of dismissal. However, as the rate of such unions rose dramatically, Conservative congregations began describing gentile family members as
3938:, an adherent of Frankel. He publicly excoriated Reform for disdaining ritual and received forms, triggering a heated polemic with Kohler. The debate was one of the main factors which motivated the latter to compose the
3188:), others noted that archaeological research showed no partitions in ancient synagogues. Mixed seating became commonplace in almost all congregations. In 1950, it was ruled that using electricity (that is, closure of an
4152:, held 13–17 May 1948, the pulpit rabbis in the RA gained the upper hand. Spurred by Gordis, Agus and fellow leaders, they voted to reorganize the CJL into a Committee of Jewish Law and Standards, enfranchised to issue
3885:
Jewish immigration to the United States bred an amalgam of loose communities, lacking strong tradition or stable structures. In this free-spirited environment, a multitude of forces was at work. As early as 1866, Rabbi
2479:. Conservative Judaism is the third-largest Jewish religious movement worldwide, estimated to represent close to 1.1 million people, including over 600,000 registered adult congregants and many non-member identifiers.
3507:
is the Masorti movement's organization for students and young adults, providing activities based on religious pluralism and Jewish content. The Women's League for Conservative Judaism is also active in North America.
3366:
Beyond North America, the movement has little presence—in 2011, Rela Mintz Geffen appraised there were only 100,000 members outside the U.S. (and the former figure including Canada). "Masorti AmLat", the MO branch in
4088:
Tensions within the JTS and RA grew. The Committee of Jewish Law consisted mainly of scholars who had little field experience, almost solely from the seminary's Talmudic department. They were greatly concerned with
4228:, were "Conservative Jews because their rabbi kept kosher and the Sabbath... Not because of their religious behavior." The movement established its presence outside the U.S. and Canada: In 1962, the young Rabbi
4076:
and any supernatural belief in favour of a cultural-ethnic perception. While valuing received mores, he eventually suggested giving the past "a vote, not a veto". Though popular among students, Kaplan's nascent
2877:(Law Committee) of Israel's Masorti Movement. Every responsa must receive a minimum of six voters to be considered an official position of the CJLS. Conservative Judaism explicitly acknowledges the principle of
3929:
at home and attempted to assuage traditionalists. On 11 July 1883, apparently due to negligence by the Jewish caterer, non-kosher dishes were served to UAHC rabbis in Wise's presence. Known to posterity as the
3388:, with a few thousands of adherents and forty partially active synagogues, is not officially affiliated with Masorti Olami, Conservative Judaism regards it as a fraternal, "non-Orthodox but halakhic" movement.
3545:
The rise of modern, centralized states in Europe by the early 19th century heralded the end of Jewish judicial autonomy and social seclusion. Their communal corporate rights were abolished, and the process of
3265:
The 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of women's rights on the main agenda. Growing pressure led the CJLS to adopt a motion that females may be counted as part of a quorum, based on the argument that only the
4211:
The postwar decades were a time of immense growth for the Conservative movement. Most of the 500,000 decommissioned Jewish GIs left the densely populated immigrant neighbourhoods of the East Coast, moving to
3688:
The rabbi of Saxony had many sympathizers, who supported a similarly moderate approach and change only on the basis of the authority of the Talmud. When Geiger began preparing a third conference in Breslau,
3278:. He suggested that women voluntarily commit to pray thrice a day et cetera, and his responsa was adopted. Since then, female rabbis were ordained at JTS and other seminaries. In 1994, the movement accepted
2520:, but also acknowledged that a variety of positions and convictions existed within its ranks, eschewing strict delineation of principles and often expressing conflicting views. In a 1999 special edition of
4574:
2925:, who attempted to classify its parameters, stressed that quite often rulings merely reiterate conclusions reached in older sources or even Orthodox ones. For example, in the details of preparing Sabbath
2889:
still adheres to the latter. Likewise, while most Conservative synagogues approved of egalitarianism for women in religious life, some still maintain traditional gender roles and do not count females for
3859:, another of the Frankelist party, succeeded Geiger in Breslau. He maintained his predecessor's truncated German translation of the liturgy for the sake of compromise, but restored the full Hebrew text.
2728:
historian to examine the beginnings and developments of customs and observances; practical Judaism, on the other hand, is not concerned with origins but regards the institutions as they have come to be.
2516:. The introduction stated that "lack of definition was useful" in the past but a need to articulate one now arose. The platform provided many statements citing key concepts such as God, revelation and
3974:
espouse, he used the term "Conservative Judaism", which had no independent meaning at the time and was only in relation to Reform. In 1898, Pereira Mendes, Schneeberger and Drachman also founded the
2644:
classified by Dorff as a relatively moderate metamorphosis of the old one, is still espoused by few traditionalist right-wing Conservative rabbis, though it is marginalized among senior leadership.
3083:
members frequently state that circumstances were profoundly transformed in modern times, fulfilling the criteria mandating new rulings in various fields (based on general talmudic principles like
3890:
of New York wrote that a Judaism of the "golden middleway, which was termed Orthodox by the left and heterodox or reformer by the right" developed in the new country. The rapid ascendancy of
2732:
This discrepancy between scientific criticism and insistence on heritage had to be compensated by a conviction that would forestall either deviation from accepted norms or laxity and apathy.
3934:", it purportedly made some guests abandon the hall in disgust, but little is factually known about the incident. In 1885, the traditionalist forces were bolstered upon the arrival of Rabbi
4098:
predicament, a clause that would have had husbands appoint wives as their proxies to issue divorce. It was repealed under pressure from the Orthodox Union. As late as 1947, CJL Chair Rabbi
3600:
in 1836, gradually rose to become the leader of those who stood at the middle. Besides working for the civic betterment of local Jews and educational reform, he displayed keen interest in
4262:
During the same year, after Reform began to ordain female rabbis, a strong lobby rose to advocate the same. The CJLS rapidly enacted an ordinance which allowed women to be tallied for a
3942:, which unambiguously declared the principles of Reform Judaism: "to-day we accept as binding only the moral laws, and maintain only such ceremonies as elevate and sanctify our lives."
2496:, considered its intellectual progenitor, believed the very notion of theology was alien to traditional Judaism. He was often accused of obscurity on the subject by his opponents, both
4268:, and by 1976 the percentage of synagogues allowing them to bless during the reading of the Torah grew from 7 per cent to 50 per cent. In 1979, ignoring the denominational leadership,
4846:
4760:
3309:
on congregants' questions. So, for instance, a rabbi may or may not choose to permit video streaming on Shabbat despite a majority ruling that allows for use of electronics. A local
4280:. Pressures to allow women to assume rabbinical positions was mounting from the congregational level, though the RA agreed to delay any action until the JTS scholars would concur.
3270:
explicitly stated that it consist of men. While accepted, this was very controversial in the Committee and heavily disputed. A more complete solution was offered in 1983 by Rabbi
4184:, as well as other features, were emphasized by leaders eager to demonstrate their uniqueness. In their efforts to solidify a coherent identity, Conservative thinkers like
2504:. The American movement largely espoused a similar approach, and its leaders mostly avoided the field. Only in 1985 did a course about Conservative theology open in the
1061:
4157:
neutral epithet "traditional", later commenting that "Conservative Judaism is a gimmick to get Jews back to real Judaism". He and the very right-wing Talmud professor
3142:
structure... thus imposed severe limitations on the conditions and situations where it would be appropriate"—were carefully drafted as temporal, emergency ordinances (
3087:, "Change of Times"). This, along with the ethical aspect, was a main argument for revolutionizing the role of women in religious life and embracing egalitarianism.
3771:
given at Sinai". Hirsch branded Frankel a heretic, demanding he announce whether he believed that both the Oral and Written Torah were of celestial origin. Rabbis
4247:
The movement peaked in numbers in the 1970s. During that decade, the tensions between the various elements within it intensified. The right wing, conservative in
4571:
3242:
and demanded to be allowed ascents to the Torah, the CJLS agreed that the ordinance under which women were banned from this due to respect for the congregation (
3138:
were reluctant to assume such unilateral authority... fear that invoking this principle would create the proverbial slippery slope, thereby weakening the entire
2881:
pluralism, enabling the panel to adopt more than one resolution in any given subject. The final authority in each Conservative community is the local rabbi, the
3740:
system in the Theophany at Sinai, was deeply suspicious of Frankel's beliefs, use of science and constant assertions that Jewish Law was flexible and evolving.
1639:
3585:, and his supporters. They opposed any limit on critical research or its practical application, laying more weight on the need for change than on continuity.
4861:
3818:
The Positive-Historical School was influential, but never institutionalized itself as thoroughly as its opponents. Apart from the many graduates of Breslau,
3456:, in office since 2020. She is the first woman elected to this position in the History of JTS. The current dean of the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies is
3358:
survey in 2013, 18 per cent of Jews in the United States and in 2020 13 per cent identified with the movement, making it the second largest in the country.
1294:
989:
2626:
as innovators who added their own, original contribution to the canon, not merely as expounders and interpreters of a legal system given in its entirety to
3481:
3414:
2433:
that regards the authority of Jewish law and tradition as emanating primarily from the assent of the people through the generations, more than from divine
3561:) soon became a source of controversy. Rabbis and scholars argued to what degree, if at all, its findings could be used to determine present conduct. The
1181:
2963:
or to wholly disregard it. This is especially expressed in less hesitancy to rule against or notwithstanding the major codifications of Jewish Law, like
2866:
in 2005, stating that after repeated concessions, "Our original claim has died a death by a thousand qualifications... It has lost all factual meaning."
2598:. The 1988 platform announced that "some" believe in classic eschatology, but dogmatism in this matter was "philosophically unjustified". The notions of
3780:
an ambiguous defence, writing that his book was not concerned with theology and avoiding giving any clear answer. Now even Rapoport joined his critics.
2648:
separate group. Kaplan's views and the permeation of Higher Criticism gradually swayed most Conservative thinkers towards a non-verbal understanding of
4876:
3925:, a pragmatist intent on compromise, hoped to forge a broad consensus that would turn a moderate version of Reform to dominant in America. He kept the
2907:
2559:
conception of divinity, regarding it as inseparable from the mundane world, once had an important place within the movement, especially represented by
2389:
5281:
3815:, Hildesheimer immediately seized upon the occasion to prove once more the dogmatic, rather than practical, divide. He denounced Graetz as a heretic.
3485:
153:
6883:
2715:), opposing indiscriminate modification, and emphasized they should be changed only with care and caution and remain observed by the people. Rabbi
1176:
4240:, which would serve as the basis for Conservative expansion in South America. In 1979, four communities formed the Israel Masorti Movement. Rabbi
3863:
7273:
3846:
in Hungary, which formally separated from the Orthodox, was also permeated with the "Breslau spirit". Many of its members studied there, and its
2811:
through the lens of academic criticism, it maintained that these laws were always subject to considerable evolution, and must continue to do so.
2614:
encompasses an extensive spectrum. Zecharias Frankel himself applied critical-scientific methods to analyze the stages in the development of the
2534:
stated that "the great diversity" within the movement "makes the creation of a theological vision shared by all neither possible nor desirable".
1424:
4036:
promoted the idea of transforming the synagogue into a community center, a "Shul with a Pool", a policy which indeed stymied the tide somewhat.
5561:
3234:
under which men had to pay alimony as long as they did not concede. In 1968, this mechanism was replaced by a retroactive expropriation of the
3994:
and other rich philanthropists, all Reform and of German descent, to donate $ 500,000 to the JTS. The contribution was solicited by Professor
5956:
4180:
Rather than a force within American Judaism, the JTS-centered movement emerged as a third movement. The historicist and critical approach to
3074:, along with Gillman and other progressives, supported a far-reaching implementation of this approach, making Conservative Judaism much more
1678:
3767:
that stated several of those were only apocryphally dubbed as such; he applied the latter's conclusion to all, noting they were "so evident
2765:
yet less strict than Orthodoxy. Only a low percentage of Conservative congregants actively pursue an observant lifestyle: in the mid-1980s,
3797:, Hirsch launched a protracted public campaign through the 1860s. They ceaselessly stressed the chasm between an Orthodox understanding of
4893:
3965:. They joined Kohut, Morais and the others in seeking to establish a traditional rabbinic seminary that would serve as a counterweight to
2832:
considerations, but senior rabbis opposed him vigorously. Even in the 1940s and 1950s, when Kaplan's influence grew, his superiors rabbis
7233:
3697:, which was to be held on 21 October 1846. He announced that one measure he was willing to countenance was the possible abolition of the
663:
626:
3684:
Frankel's speech in the protocol of the Frankfurt conference, mentioning "Positive-Historical Judaism" (second row, 2–4 words from left)
5751:
5673:
5600:
4269:
2513:
3701:, though only if a broad consensus will be reached and not before thorough deliberation. Attendants were to include Rapoport, Fassel,
3616:
community's enquiry on whether the deeply unorthodox Geiger could serve there. In 1843, Frankel clashed with the radical Reform rabbi
2853:
commitment of Conservative Judaism has been subject to much criticism, from within and without. Right-wing discontents, including the
4192:, ventured beyond Schechter's conceptions to Rabbi Zecharias Frankel and Breslau, presenting themselves as its direct inheritors via
4021:
3024:
1602:
4058:, who already distinguished himself in 1922, drafting a responsa that allowed the use of grape juice rather than fermented wine for
5780:
5678:
5658:
3512:
3477:
3193:
2468:
1625:
3342:, of which all ordained Conservative clergy in the world are members. As of 2010, there were 1,648 rabbis in the RA. In 1913, the
7279:
4742:
3847:
2709:
They regarded tradition and received mores with reverence, especially the continued adherence to the mechanism of Religious Law (
975:
6379:
5833:
5633:
5620:
5431:
Tabory, Ephraim (2004). "The Israel Reform and Conservative Movements and the Marker for the Liberal Judaism". In Rebhum, Uzi;
3970:
3895:
3787:
3725:
3331:
2694:
2505:
2472:
2382:
1552:
1487:
1369:
5142:
Gays, Lesbians, and the Conservative Movement: The JTS Survey of Conservative Clergy, Students, Professionals, and Lay Leaders
6374:
5653:
5605:
5508:
5169:
5088:
5057:
4785:
3461:
3446:
3426:
2870:
673:
5343:
Profiles in American Judaism: the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist traditions in historical perspective
4935:
4273:
4253:
3318:
authority and maintaining the authority of local rabbis reflects the commitment to pluralism at the heart of the Movement.
1111:
6283:
2492:
Conservative Judaism, from its earliest stages, was marked by ambivalence and ambiguity in all matters theological. Rabbi
7424:
6394:
6389:
5813:
4309:
3855:
led the Berlin congregation in a very conservative style, eventually resigning when an organ was introduced in services.
1379:
1196:
1186:
426:
2475:
operates as its largest rabbinic seminary. Globally, affiliated communities are united within the umbrella organization
7206:
6083:
5638:
5554:
4233:
3406:
3395:
2886:
1775:
1725:
1690:
1384:
1249:
1116:
6234:
6088:
5704:
5484:
5421:
5375:
5263:
5239:
5200:
5019:
4418:
4363:
3573:, were content to cautiously study it while stringently adhering to the sanctity of holy texts and refusing to grant
3433:. A Conservative institution that does not grant rabbinic ordination but which runs along the lines of a traditional
2456:
discourse, maintaining both fealty to received forms and flexibility in their interpretation. It also eschews strict
2375:
1467:
1429:
1404:
1324:
1309:
1156:
1096:
1051:
3499:
The global youth movement is known as NOAM, an acronym for No'ar Masorti; its North American organization is called
3044:
issues, mainly to what degree may modern sensibilities shape the outcome, are subject to much discourse. Right-wing
6143:
6051:
5352:
5324:. Understanding American Judaism: Toward the Description of a Modern Religion, vol. 2. New York: KTAV Publ. House.
4567:
The Birth of Conservative Judaism: Solomon Schechter's Disciples and the Creation of an American Religious Movement
4065:
1760:
1742:
1648:
1542:
1394:
1389:
1314:
1279:
1146:
3793:
Hirsch succeeded, severely tarnishing Frankel's reputation among most concerned. Along with fellow Orthodox Rabbi
2723:
We may now understand the apparent contradiction between theory and practice... One may conceive of the origin of
2508:(JTS). The hitherto sole major attempt to define a clear credo was made in 1988, with the Statement of Principles
7308:
6502:
3986:, founded by emigrant clergy, opposed secular education or vernacular sermons, and its members spoke almost only
3185:
2278:
2177:
1732:
1715:
1668:
1567:
1477:
1414:
1364:
1344:
1339:
1259:
1233:
1208:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1046:
1041:
6184:
5744:
5460:
5394:
5329:
4583:
3807:
who don silk gloves at their work, and Geiger who wields a sledgehammer." In 1863, when Breslau faculty member
3646:
was, along the convictions of its publisher, neither dogmatically orthodox nor overly polemic, wholly opposing
2522:
1751:
1737:
1705:
1685:
1653:
1597:
1572:
1547:
1527:
1517:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1434:
1349:
1334:
1254:
1213:
1166:
1161:
1081:
1026:
32:
7419:
7285:
6606:
5717:
5547:
4301:
4025:
3056:
in the 1960s, that the cultural and ethical norms of the community, the contemporary equivalents of Talmudic
2854:
2172:
1710:
1695:
1658:
1620:
1592:
1582:
1577:
1562:
1557:
1537:
1522:
1507:
1482:
1448:
1419:
1319:
1304:
1228:
1218:
1136:
1106:
1031:
1017:
4873:
7348:
7216:
7211:
6399:
6384:
6148:
6103:
5848:
3894:
by the 1880s left few who opposed it, merely a handful of congregations and ministers remained outside the
3472:
is headed by President Rabbi Debra Newman Kamin, as of 2019, and managed by Chief Executive Officer, Rabbi
2955:
2902:
1780:
1700:
1663:
1587:
1532:
1399:
1374:
1299:
1274:
1264:
1203:
1126:
1121:
1101:
1091:
1071:
1056:
949:
653:
417:
412:
49:
3330:
was used, still generically and not yet as a specific label, already in the 1887 dedication speech of the
3129:
argued that since there was no consensus on leadership within Catholic Israel, formulation of significant
2873:(CJLS), a panel with 25 voting legalistic specialists and further 11 observers. There is also the smaller
2828:'s Reconstructionism raised the demand for thoroughgoing modification without much regard for the past or
7313:
7298:
6179:
6039:
3760:
3343:
2989:
themselves, criticize the Orthodox for relatively rarely venturing beyond it and overly canonizing Rabbi
1770:
1765:
1720:
1673:
1359:
1329:
1289:
1284:
1141:
447:
5364:
5008:
7267:
7161:
6812:
6706:
6414:
6347:
5908:
5798:
5625:
5141:
4133:
4043:
3605:
3557:
3410:
3405:
In New York, the JTS serves as the movement's original seminary and legacy institution, along with the
3399:
2942:
A more distinctive characterization is a greater proclivity to base rulings on earlier sources, in the
2689:
2430:
2244:
2089:
1797:
1191:
387:
377:
113:
4600:
3717:
and others. However, the Dresden assembly soon drew heated Orthodox resistance, especially from Rabbi
3693:
convinced Frankel to organize one of his own in protest. Frankel invited colleagues to an assembly in
7383:
7323:
7221:
7201:
7071:
6996:
6856:
6723:
6409:
6369:
5737:
4078:
4069:
3634:) matter and could be subject to the Law of the Land. In December 1843 Frankel launched the magazine
3216:) and be permitted. The validity of this argument was heavily disputed within the movement. In 1952,
2774:
the 1970s, it had shrunk to an estimated 18 per cent (and 11 per cent among those under 30) in 2013.
2570:
A similarly inconclusive position is expressed toward other precepts. Most theologians adhere to the
2564:
2517:
2358:
2051:
1902:
1843:
734:
4847:"Denominational switching among U.S. Jews: Reform Judaism has gained, Conservative Judaism has lost"
3537:
3003:. An important example is the ruling of Rabbi Golinkin—contrary to the majority consensus among the
7303:
7134:
6433:
6308:
3950:
3772:
2661:
2575:
2061:
2041:
1151:
631:
172:
5524:
5121:
4537:
4115:, RA president in 1944–1946, represented the junior members in advocating more flexibility; Rabbi
3391:
3250:, even if derived from unclean animals, was so transformed that it constituted a wholly new item (
7256:
7245:
6839:
6760:
6465:
6364:
6303:
6189:
6162:
3698:
3197:
3020:
2571:
2556:
2202:
2192:
2157:
2036:
2026:
1809:
980:
922:
756:
435:
392:
107:
7292:
7262:
6325:
5683:
5404:
Tabory, Ephraim (2004) . "Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel". In Goldscheider, Calvin;
4786:"LEADERSHIP COUNCIL OF CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM, Statement on Intermarriage, Adopted March 7, 1995"
4604:
4388:
Modernists vs. Traditionalists: Competition for Legitimacy within American Conservative Judaism
4162:
3500:
3384:
communities and prayer groups with several thousand full members. In addition, while Hungarian
2419:
2321:
2056:
1970:
1036:
588:
207:
177:
5498:
5221:
5039:
4345:
2582:, it was stated that death is not tantamount to the end of one's personality. Relating to the
7318:
7239:
7021:
6728:
6611:
6352:
6342:
6335:
6320:
6206:
4317:
platform, while Reform slowly bypassed them and became the largest American Jewish movement.
4050:
In 1927, the RA also established its own Committee of Jewish Law, entrusted with determining
3852:
3819:
3743:
The final schism between Frankel and the Orthodox occurred after the 1859 publication of his
3729:
3710:
3562:
3457:
2921:
discourse cannot be sharply distinguished from either the Traditional or Orthodox one. Rabbi
2657:
2212:
2207:
2152:
1940:
855:
583:
570:
465:
182:
5436:
5409:
5157:
7353:
7343:
5818:
5709:
5688:
5648:
5584:
4137:
3966:
3903:
3488:
as president of Masorti AmLat. In Britain, the Masorti Assembly is chaired by Senior Rabbi
3453:
3438:
3275:
2783:
2448:
2283:
2235:
1975:
646:
511:
500:
458:
3690:
8:
7001:
6969:
6895:
6804:
6750:
6357:
6157:
5891:
5856:
5610:
4293:
4003:
3939:
3794:
3621:
3570:
3547:
3489:
3469:
3355:
3339:
3080:
2808:
2591:
2336:
2031:
709:
576:
479:
472:
402:
290:
165:
25:
4039:
3842:
followed Frankel's moderate approach to critical research. The rabbinate of the liberal
3642:
basis." The term Positive-Historical became associated with him and his middle way. The
3230:(women refused divorce by their husbands) was largely settled by adding a clause to the
2815:
titled its chapter on the subject with "The Indispensability of Halakha", stating that "
7333:
7328:
7139:
6861:
6738:
6733:
6718:
6688:
6641:
6564:
6470:
6330:
5903:
5808:
5775:
5321:
The Sectors of American Judaism: Reform, Orthodoxy, Conservatism, and Reconstructionism
4277:
3839:
3812:
3647:
3189:
3165:
2936:
2599:
2583:
2187:
2137:
2084:
2079:
1993:
1863:
1131:
960:
719:
639:
493:
59:
44:
6616:
6492:
4739:
3914:(ordained at Breslau, though he regarded himself as Orthodox) and Henry Schneeberger.
3827:
7117:
7048:
6930:
6915:
6698:
6569:
6534:
5823:
5668:
5504:
5480:
5456:
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5371:
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5341:
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5259:
5235:
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5165:
5084:
5053:
5015:
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4414:
4359:
4225:
4204:
4082:
4013:
3999:
3983:
3668:
3597:
3593:
2837:
2742:
2737:
2640:
2493:
2464:
2331:
2273:
2253:
2070:
1630:
1269:
729:
600:
530:
407:
320:
187:
4761:"The rabbis of Conservative Judaism pass a resolution supporting transgender rights"
7183:
7151:
7112:
7083:
7066:
7016:
6817:
6626:
6559:
6512:
6460:
6428:
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2653:
2632:
2501:
2460:
definitions, lacking a consensus in matters of faith and allowing great pluralism.
2301:
2182:
2142:
2106:
1804:
1354:
865:
621:
525:
440:
330:
122:
5156:, eds. (2017) . "Americans in the Israeli Reform and Conservative Denominations".
4789:
3524:
system, where children and adolescents spend summers in an observant environment.
7093:
7088:
6900:
6827:
6660:
6631:
6554:
6544:
6507:
6482:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6273:
6268:
6258:
6243:
6034:
5951:
5918:
5876:
5866:
5494:
5474:
5470:
5448:
5437:
5432:
5410:
5319:
5253:
5229:
5190:
5164:. Studies of Israeli Society, 7 (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge.
5158:
5149:
5137:
5116:
5078:
5047:
4939:
4880:
4746:
4578:
4457:
4408:
4353:
4220:
4193:
4185:
4046:, a United Synagogue affiliate built in 1926, during the early years of the union
4033:
3935:
3918:
3879:
3808:
3718:
3617:
3465:
3359:
3335:
3279:
2825:
2766:
2666:
2636:
2560:
2527:
2410:
2263:
2222:
2217:
2197:
2119:
2113:
2046:
1998:
1838:
1819:
970:
699:
611:
594:
138:
4054:
issues. Consisting of seven members, it was chaired by the traditionalist Rabbi
3755:, presenting them as bold innovators, but not once affirmed the divinity of the
2590:
into past tense, rejecting a renewal of animal offerings, though not opposing a
7397:
7372:
7193:
7100:
7058:
7038:
7026:
7006:
6920:
6910:
6878:
6871:
6851:
6822:
6794:
6789:
6755:
6665:
6589:
6579:
6517:
6315:
6263:
6174:
6169:
5931:
5926:
5861:
5790:
5297:
4529:
4322:
4229:
4196:
and others. The CJLS continued to issue groundbreaking ordinances and rulings.
4158:
4055:
3975:
3962:
3958:
3891:
3843:
3835:
3823:
3803:
3702:
3582:
3578:
3385:
3092:
3053:
2982:
2977:
2931:
2922:
2841:
2833:
2804:
2762:
2716:
2497:
2363:
2162:
2017:
1897:
1876:
1853:
1848:
1826:
1814:
1409:
890:
824:
789:
767:
704:
542:
520:
382:
361:
337:
103:
85:
4684:, ההלכה הלכה לאיבוד / הכרות עם התנועה הקונסרבטיבית מתוך עיון בכתבי ועד ההלכה,
3856:
3706:
3208:, and could therefore be classified, according to their interpretation of the
2869:
The main body entrusted with formulating rulings, responsa and statues is the
7413:
7166:
7011:
6938:
6745:
6679:
6652:
6601:
6549:
6522:
6497:
6487:
6248:
6194:
6128:
6108:
6098:
6093:
6066:
6012:
5941:
5886:
5405:
5315:
5225:
5217:
5153:
4349:
4341:
4308:
In the very same year, the Reconstructionist also seceded fully, joining the
4112:
3931:
3899:
3776:
3609:
3566:
3551:
3368:
3071:
2985:
and later commentaries. Conservative authorities, while often relying on the
2965:
2698:
2670:
2567:
fully coalesced into an independent movement, these views were marginalized.
2531:
2476:
2311:
2306:
1512:
1439:
965:
814:
809:
804:
794:
772:
724:
486:
325:
230:
192:
143:
7146:
6943:
6905:
6866:
6455:
6199:
6138:
6118:
6078:
6061:
6029:
6017:
5978:
5896:
5871:
5366:
Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment
5289:
5186:
5074:
5043:
5010:
Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment
4681:
4549:
4241:
4237:
3991:
3714:
3658:
3654:
3504:
3422:
3169:
2859:
2678:
2674:
2635:, while accepting an evolutionary understanding of Oral Law, defined Rabbi
2595:
2547:
2341:
2167:
2008:
2003:
1961:
1914:
1008:
875:
860:
819:
784:
397:
239:
3107:, often cite the manner in which the sages of old used rabbinic statutes (
2997:
ruled without firm precedent, sometimes deriving his conclusions from the
2578:
are maintained, English translations of the prayers obscure the issue. In
2443:, as both binding and subject to historical development. The conservative
7156:
6671:
6596:
6574:
6477:
6071:
6000:
5995:
5983:
5973:
5309:
Conservative Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook
5293:
4289:
4174:
3995:
3945:
The explicit wording alienated a handful of conservative UAHC ministers:
3887:
3493:
3288:. In 2016, the rabbis passed a resolution supporting transgender rights.
3255:
3239:
3235:
3126:
3113:) that enabled the bypassing of prohibitions in the Pentateuch, like the
2990:
2457:
2326:
2268:
1933:
839:
834:
829:
799:
5083:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 533.
5052:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 350.
4964:
4283:
Female ordination was a matter of great friction until 1983, when Rabbi
7250:
6957:
6539:
6133:
5881:
5803:
5663:
5539:
5503:. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 121–142.
5416:(Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 240–258.
4116:
4099:
4073:
3954:
3756:
3612:
were the only ones of nineteen respondents who negatively answered the
3521:
3516:
3480:. The current USCJ President is Ned Gladstein. In South America, Rabbi
3205:
3121:
2615:
2611:
2434:
1984:
998:
927:
885:
714:
694:
253:
160:
80:
2993:'s work. In several occasions, Conservative rabbis discerned that the
7171:
6636:
6527:
6438:
6056:
5990:
4626:
Is the “Halakhic Authenticity” of Conservative Judaism a Broken Myth?
4284:
3663:
3442:
3430:
3372:
3271:
3209:
3135:
3103:
Conservative authorities, as part of their promulgation of a dynamic
3049:
3005:
2649:
2147:
2132:
1222:
1170:
932:
880:
870:
551:
547:
537:
452:
212:
6007:
5234:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 334–353.
5222:"Conservative Judaism: The Struggle between Ideology and Popularity"
4874:
Members and Motives: Who Joins American Jewish Congregations and Why
4699:
4569:, Columbia University Press, 2012. pp. 13-14, 18; Daniel H. Gordis,
4358:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 334–353.
4346:"Conservative Judaism: The Struggle between Ideology and Popularity"
4009:
3238:, rendering the marriage void. In 1955, more girls were celebrating
900:
6890:
6832:
6777:
6772:
6443:
5729:
4862:
Conservative Jewry’s numbers plummeting, but core engagement steady
4625:
4258:
4213:
4121:
3907:
3109:
3011:
2999:
2944:
2800:
2745:
espoused a similar position. He turned the old rabbinic concept of
2586:, the movement rephrased most petitions for the restoration of the
2543:
2316:
1926:
1858:
689:
197:
148:
21:
5276:
Survey of Conservative Jewish youth from middle school to college.
4894:
Conservative Judaism’s Rebranding Effort Could Signal a Sea Change
4867:
4490:
Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism
4140:. The synagogue was built in 1962, after the migration to suburbia
3921:, the UAHC was also home to more conservative elements. President
3875:
2849:
approach, insisting that the legalistic method be maintained. The
7105:
6989:
6984:
6974:
6962:
6782:
6767:
6711:
6646:
6621:
6584:
6448:
6123:
6022:
5946:
5838:
5764:
4149:
4060:
3987:
3917:
While spearheaded by radical and principled Reformers like Rabbi
3783:
3694:
3613:
3434:
3231:
3115:
3058:
3040:
Ethical considerations and the weight due to them in determining
3034:
2795:
2724:
2711:
2619:
2439:
2292:
2258:
2127:
1921:
910:
905:
777:
668:
563:
559:
555:
304:
299:
276:
258:
133:
128:
118:
96:
71:
5500:
The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today
5370:(3rd rev. ed.). New York: Behrman House. pp. 317–346.
5255:
The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities
5014:(3rd rev. ed.). New York: Behrman House. pp. 186–217.
4410:
The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities
4128:
3653:
In 1844, Geiger and like-minded allies arranged a conference in
3175:
3160:
7176:
7043:
6979:
4811:
4536:, United Synagogue, 1991. pp. 13–17. See also: S. H. Schwartz,
4264:
4095:
3926:
3831:
3752:
3748:
3589:
3376:
3284:
3259:
3247:
3226:
3148:
2960:
2917:
is defined by several features, though the entire range of its
2891:
2623:
2587:
1952:
1947:
1907:
1892:
1003:
895:
315:
281:
267:
202:
4618:
Doing Jewish Theology: God, Torah and Israel in Modern Judaism
3577:
any say in religious matters. On the other extreme were Rabbi
2953:
legalists of the past. They are far more inclined to contend (
7127:
7122:
7076:
7031:
6952:
6947:
6211:
5966:
5936:
5476:
Jews in the Center: Conservative Synagogues and Their Members
5453:
Tradition and Change: The Development of Conservative Judaism
4599:, pp. 345-248; Geffen, Elazar, pp. 4-5, 73, 105-106; Gordis,
4085:, appointed in 1940, and a large majority among the faculty.
3380:
3217:
3045:
3019:
which is derived from a minority view in the Talmud—that the
2949:
2627:
2444:
915:
344:
248:
217:
4976:
Michael Greenbaum, "Ramah: Paradigm for Conservative Jews",
2602:
and God's covenant with it were basically retained as well.
7226:
5760:
5211:
Halakha For Our Time: A Conservative Approach To Jewish Law
4871:, Jewish Daily Forward, 20 November 2015; Steven M. Cohen,
4534:
Halakha For Our Time: A Conservative Approach To Jewish Law
3680:
2926:
67:
5534:
4624:, Columbia University Press, 2013. p. 123; Leonard Levin,
3492:. In Israel, the Masorti movement's executive director is
3476:. Rabbi Blumenthal holds the joint position as CEO of the
2862:, who exhorted the movement to cease describing itself as
5535:
The Masorti Foundation for Conservative Judaism in Israel
5439:
Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns
4868:
Conservative Judaism Seeks To Rebrand Itself—But as What?
4622:
Contemporary American Judaism: Transformation and Renewal
3125:. In 1948, when employing those was first debated, Rabbi
5347:. San Francisco, Ca: Harper & Row. pp. 79–124.
3636:
Zeitschrift für die Religiösen Interessen des Judenthums
2948:
or before them, as far back as the Talmud. Conservative
5529:
4434:”If you are My witnesses...”: Special Issue on Theology
5455:. New York: United Synagogue of America Book Service.
5180:
Conservative Judaism: Our Ancestors To Our Descendants
4910:
The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture
4462:
Conservative Judaism: Our Ancestors To Our Descendants
4436:. Conservative Judaism 51, no. 2 (Winter 1999). p. 13.
3650:
and arguing for the antiquity of custom and practice.
3449:
also maintains connections with Conservative Judaism.
3246:) was no longer relevant. In 1972 it was decreed that
2701:, the main rabbinical seminary of Conservative Judaism
4836:, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. p. 75.
4207:(left), the dominant leader of JTS from 1940 to 1972.
4169:, also became an important figure among the faculty.
3724:
In 1854, Frankel was appointed chancellor in the new
3657:
that was to have enough authority (since 1826, Rabbi
3350:
supplies prayer leaders for congregations worldwide.
5387:
Conservative Judaism: An American Religious Movement
5160:
Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel
5147:
4464:, United Synagogue New York, 1996. pp. 49 ,201-202;
3834:
along a similar path. In Jellinek's local seminary,
3811:
published an article where he appeared to doubt the
3419:
Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano Marshall T. Meyer
3415:
Marshall T. Meyer Latin American Rabbinical Seminary
3164:
A mixed-gender, egalitarian Conservative service at
2424:
1931:
1912:
335:
3134:
members of the priestly caste to marry divorcees, "
3023:is not obligatory in present times at all (neither
5363:
5340:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4630:Personal Theology: Essays in Honor of Neil Gillman
4620:, Jewish Lights, 2008. p. 188.; Dana Evan Kaplan,
4144:In 1946, a committee chaired by Gordis issued the
4705:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Ethics and Morality
4081:was opposed by the new traditionalist Chancellor
4006:was established as the fraternity of JTS alumni.
3978:, which maintained close ties with the seminary.
2512:(Truth and Belief), formulated and issued by the
7411:
3321:
5479:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
4996:
3736:and emphasized the divine origin of the entire
3484:serves as chancellor in the Seminary and Rabbi
2908:B'nai Israel Congregation (Rockville, Maryland)
5443:. Brandeis University Press. pp. 285–314.
4959:
4957:
3870:
2761:identification that was more traditional than
2719:, summarizing his movement's position, wrote:
5745:
5555:
4804:
4703:, in: Elliot N. Dorff, Jonathan K. Crane ed.
4700:Ethical Theories in the Conservative Movement
3864:Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums
3581:, who would emerge as the founding father of
3532:
2383:
5530:The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
5248:
5080:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
5049:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
4474:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
4403:
3629:
2463:While regarding itself as the heir of Rabbi
7234:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4954:
4912:, Cambridge University Press, 2011. p. 355.
4538:"Conservative Judaism's 'Ideology' Problem"
4397:
4394:, Oxford University Press, 2001. pp. 40-43.
3998:. It was conditioned on the appointment of
3152:, de facto abolishing this legal category.
3015:, but based on many opinions of the lesser
2959:) with old rulings, to be flexible towards
2929:, it draws directly on the opinions of the
2631:debate. A similar negative approach toward
627:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
48:Morning service in synagogue Adath Israel,
5752:
5738:
5674:Nativ College Leadership Program in Israel
5601:Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism
5562:
5548:
5493:
5469:
4814:. United Synagogue Conservative of Judaism
4392:Studies in Contemporary Jewry, Volume XVII
4302:Union for Traditional Conservative Judaism
4270:Beth Israel Congregation of Chester County
4167:mysticist understanding of Jewish religion
2514:Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism
2390:
2376:
4022:Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary
2542:Conservative Judaism largely upholds the
5781:Index of Jewish history-related articles
5679:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
5659:Solomon Schechter Day School Association
5569:
5361:
5033:
5031:
5005:
4865:, JTA, 10 November 2015; Uriel Heilman,
4740:תהליכים בפסיקת ההלכה הקונסרבטיבית בימינו
4597:Struggle between Ideology and Popularity
4198:
4127:
4038:
4008:
3874:
3782:
3679:
3536:
3478:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
3390:
3371:, is the largest with 35 communities in
3174:
3159:
2901:
2688:
2526:dedicated to the matter, leading rabbis
2469:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
43:
7280:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5917:
5338:
5314:
5185:
5182:(Rev. ed.). New York: United Synagogue.
4980:, National Ramah Commission, pp. 53–55.
4476:, Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 624
3848:Jewish Theological Seminary of Budapest
3155:
7412:
5634:Miller Introduction to Judaism Program
5621:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
5447:
5430:
5403:
5384:
5216:
5073:Silvan, Gabriel (2011). "Neology". In
5072:
4965:Will Conservative Day Schools Survive?
4340:
3971:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
3896:Union of American Hebrew Congregations
3788:Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
3726:Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
3332:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2803:and the like. Concurrently, examining
2695:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2537:
2506:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2473:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
5733:
5654:Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies
5606:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
5543:
5192:Conservative Judaism: The New Century
5037:
5028:
4572:Positive-Historical Judaism Exhausted
4554:Conservative Judaism: The New Century
4334:
3496:and chair Sophie Fellman Rafalovitz.
3462:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
3452:The current chancellor of the JTS is
3447:Budapest University of Jewish Studies
3427:Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies
3338:. By 1901, the JTS alumni formed the
2871:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
5759:
5282:A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice
4993:, National Ramah Commission, p. 174.
4923:The Conservative Movement in Judaism
4728:, pp. 30-41; Dorff, pp. 101-107 etc.
4565:Dorff, pp. 24-25; Michael R. Cohen,
4492:, Wayne State, 1995. pp. 84-89, 414.
4484:
4482:
4379:
4377:
4375:
3862:The Breslau Seminary and the Reform
3661:called for the convocation of a new
2437:. It therefore views Jewish law, or
5304:The Jewish Publication Society, NY.
5125:, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
4310:World Union for Progressive Judaism
4105:
2414:
13:
7227:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
7207:American Jewish Historical Society
5639:Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
5231:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism
5131:
4989:Nancy Scheff, "Romance at Ramah",
4355:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism
4234:Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano
3759:. On the ordinances classified as
3721:, and was postponed indefinitely.
3407:Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
3396:Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
3212:' opinion, as "redundant labour" (
2897:
2887:Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano
14:
7436:
5705:Criticism of Conservative Judaism
5518:
5105:The Birth of Conservative Judaism
4556:, Behrman House, 1993. pp. 54–56.
4479:
4372:
3910:congregations, along with rabbis
2618:, pioneering modern study of the
418:Historical population comparisons
7391:
7378:
7377:
5628:(formerly University of Judaism)
4896:The Algemeiner, January 15, 2016
3830:led the central congregation in
1062:Democratic Republic of the Congo
976:Historical population by country
5525:The Jewish Theological Seminary
5389:. Glencoe, Il: The Free Press.
5272:Keysar, Ariela; Kosmin, Barry.
5110:
5097:
5066:
4983:
4970:
4928:
4915:
4899:
4887:
4853:
4839:
4834:American Jewish Year, Book 2012
4832:Arnold Dashefsky, Ira Sheskin,
4826:
4778:
4753:
4731:
4718:
4691:
4670:
4657:
4644:
4641:Elazer, Minz-Geffen, pp. 63-65.
4635:
4610:
4601:Conservative Judaism: A Requiem
4589:
4559:
4543:
4522:
4513:
4448:, pp. 41, 59.; Gordis, 353-354.
4146:Sabbath and Festival Prayerbook
3596:, appointed chief rabbi of the
31:For the scholarly journal, see
7299:Relations with other religions
5228:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.).
4713:Modernists vs. Traditionalists
4504:
4495:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4352:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.).
3100:matters concerning livestock.
2913:The Conservative treatment of
2574:, but while references to the
16:Movement of Rabbinical Judaism
1:
7286:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
5412:Social Foundations of Judaism
5302:Etz Hayim: A Torah Commentary
5252:; Geffen, Rela Mintz (2012).
5038:Dorff, Elliot Nelson (2011).
4407:; Geffen, Rela Mintz (2012).
4328:
4026:Rabbinical Council of America
3620:, who argued that the act of
3513:Solomon Schechter Day Schools
3322:Organization and demographics
3218:members of the priestly caste
2855:Union for Traditional Judaism
2777:
2757:boundaries beyond any limit.
2605:
633:Christianity and Judaism
7217:Leo Baeck Institute New York
7212:American Sephardi Federation
5274:Eight Up: The College Years,
4711:, pp. 187-190; Silverstein,
4446:”If you are My witnesses...”
4292:, was admitted into the RA.
4002:as Chancellor. In 1901, the
3969:. In 1886, they founded the
50:Merion Station, Pennsylvania
7:
6040:Constantinopolitan Karaites
5626:American Jewish University
5195:. New York: Behrman House.
4300:integrity. They formed the
4072:, rejecting the concept of
3871:Jewish Theological Seminary
3761:Law given to Moses at Sinai
3751:). He heaved praise on the
3677:reassured of his loyalty".
3630:
3344:United Synagogue of America
3252:Panim Chadashot ba'u l'Khan
2793:Fidelity and commitment to
2684:
2610:Conservative conception of
2487:
2482:
2425:
1932:
1913:
1640:Latin America and Caribbean
336:
10:
7441:
7425:Jewish religious movements
7268:National Library of Israel
5909:Zionism, race and genetics
5339:Raphael, Marc Lee (1984).
5258:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
5122:The Conservative Synagogue
4879:December 22, 2015, at the
4472:, in: Adele Berlin (ed.),
4413:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
4134:Congregation Shaarey Zedek
4044:East Midwood Jewish Center
3628:) rather than sanctified (
3606:Hamburg Temple controversy
3558:Wissenschaft des Judentums
3533:Positive-Historical School
3527:
3468:, serving since 2007. The
3411:American Jewish University
3400:American Jewish University
2781:
2660:, but also attracted many
2245:Jewish political movements
1942:Conversion to Judaism
18:
7366:
7222:Yeshiva University Museum
7202:Center for Jewish History
7192:
7057:
6929:
6803:
6697:
6228:
5847:
5789:
5771:
5697:
5593:
5577:
5385:Sklare, Marshall (1955).
5362:Rudavsky, David (1979) .
5307:Nadell Pamela S. (1988).
5178:Dorff, Elliot N. (1996).
5006:Rudavsky, David (1979) .
4632:, Academic Studies Press.
4219:Already in a 1955 study,
4070:Judaism as a Civilization
3196:unto itself, not even in
2471:, and the New York–based
2431:Jewish religious movement
648:Hinduism and Judaism
5814:Ancient Israel and Judah
5209:Golinkin, David (1991).
4745:August 10, 2014, at the
4024:and members of the OU's
3951:Frederick de Sola Mendes
3773:Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach
3565:in Germany, like rabbis
2576:Resurrection of the Dead
474:Temple in Jerusalem
167:Bar and bat mitzvah
20:Not to be confused with
6190:North African Sephardim
6163:Jewish tribes of Arabia
4884:, S3K Report, Fall 2006
4715:, p. 42; Dorff, p. 161.
4628:in: Daniel Plevan ed.,
4577:April 10, 2015, at the
3732:, who fiercely opposed
3699:second day of festivals
3541:Rabbi Zecharias Frankel
3511:The USCJ maintains the
3009:and the more prominent
2788:
2572:Immortality of the Soul
436:Twelve Tribes of Israel
7293:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7263:Jewish Virtual Library
5684:United Synagogue Youth
5664:Ramah Camping Movement
5311:, Greenwood Press, NY.
5285:, JTS Press, New York.
4680:, pp. 26-31; See also
4605:Jewish Review of Books
4208:
4163:Abraham Joshua Heschel
4141:
4125:, rabbinic ordinance.
4047:
4016:
3882:
3790:
3685:
3542:
3501:United Synagogue Youth
3402:
3224:In 1954, the issue of
3214:Sh’eina Tzricha L’gufa
3180:
3172:
2910:
2730:
2702:
52:
7240:Encyclopaedia Judaica
7022:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
6207:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
5957:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
5279:Klein, Isaac (1992).
5040:"Historical Movement"
4709:Doing Jewish Theology
4707:, OUP 2012; Gillman,
4652:Doing Jewish Theology
4202:
4131:
4064:on the background of
4042:
4012:
3878:
3820:Isaac Noah Mannheimer
3786:
3730:Samson Raphael Hirsch
3683:
3540:
3458:Bradley Shavit Artson
3425:, Argentina; and the
3394:
3192:) did not constitute
3178:
3163:
3070:." The liberal Rabbi
2905:
2721:
2692:
1182:São Tomé and Príncipe
1177:Republic of the Congo
571:Second Temple Judaism
442:Kingdom of Judah
413:Modern historiography
47:
7420:Conservative Judaism
5819:Second Temple period
5710:Gladstein Fellowship
5649:Conservative Yeshiva
5585:Conservative halakha
5571:Conservative Judaism
4942:on February 22, 2015
4726:Halakha For Our Time
4678:Halakha For Our Time
4665:Halakha For Our Time
4584:Conservative Judaism
4190:Tradition and Change
4138:Southfield, Michigan
3967:Hebrew Union College
3904:Henry Pereira Mendes
3640:positive, historical
3464:is chaired by Rabbi
3454:Shuly Rubin Schwartz
3439:Conservative Yeshiva
3413:in Los Angeles; the
3328:Conservative Judaism
3276:Counting of the Omer
3258:could be considered
3254:) and therefore all
3179:Women rabbis, Israel
3156:Rulings and policies
2906:Memorial service of
2784:Conservative Halakha
2523:Conservative Judaism
2403:Conservative Judaism
2284:World Agudath Israel
1425:United Arab Emirates
512:Second Temple period
502:Babylonian captivity
34:Conservative Judaism
7257:Jewish Encyclopedia
7002:Hekhalot literature
6813:Religious movements
6348:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5611:Rabbinical Assembly
5213:, United Synagogue.
5150:Liebman, Charles S.
4936:"About the Network"
4750:, Akdamot 27, 2012.
4519:Dorff, pp. 107-114.
4510:Dorff, pp. 107-108.
4294:David Weiss Halivni
4004:Rabbinical Assembly
3940:Pittsburgh Platform
3795:Azriel Hildesheimer
3622:marriage in Judaism
3571:Azriel Hildesheimer
3563:modernized Orthodox
3490:Jonathan Wittenberg
3470:Rabbinical Assembly
3356:Pew Research Center
3340:Rabbinical Assembly
3232:prenuptial contract
3081:Rabbinical Assembly
3066:should control the
2975:and especially the
2809:rabbinic literature
2538:God and eschatology
2449:historical-critical
577:Hellenistic Judaism
155:Land of Israel
114:Principles of faith
26:Jewish conservatism
7398:Judaism portal
7334:Jews and Halloween
7329:Jews and Christmas
6719:Rabbinic authority
6471:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5904:Xueta Christianity
5809:Origins of Judaism
5776:Outline of Judaism
4528:Dorff, pp. 20-23;
4501:Dorff, pp. 103–105
4278:Linda Joy Holtzman
4254:their own seminary
4209:
4142:
4048:
4017:
3883:
3840:Isaac Hirsch Weiss
3791:
3686:
3648:Biblical criticism
3543:
3482:Ariel Stofenmacher
3403:
3198:incandescent bulbs
3190:electrical circuit
3181:
3173:
2937:Hayim David HaLevi
2911:
2703:
2622:. He regarded the
2600:Election of Israel
2138:Jewish Koine Greek
1680:Dominican Republic
961:Judaism by country
640:Jews and Christmas
495:Assyrian captivity
53:
7407:
7406:
7373:extinct languages
7274:YIVO Encyclopedia
7049:Hebrew literature
7017:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
6857:Reconstructionist
6535:Judaeo-Portuguese
6224:
6223:
6180:Eastern Sephardim
5824:Synagogal Judaism
5727:
5726:
5669:Masorti on Campus
5510:978-0-691-18129-5
5250:Elazar, Daniel J.
5171:978-1-56000-178-2
5140:(January 2007). "
5090:978-0-19-975927-9
5059:978-0-19-975927-9
4963:Jennifer Siegel,
4859:Steven M. Cohen,
4466:Martha Himmelfarb
4405:Elazar, Daniel J.
4226:Edward S. Shapiro
4205:Louis Finkelstein
4165:, who espoused a
4132:The Conservative
4083:Louis Finkelstein
4079:Reconstructionism
4014:Solomon Schechter
4000:Solomon Schechter
3984:Agudas HaRabbanim
3898:. These included
3691:Hirsch Bär Fassel
3669:Frankfurt am Main
3598:Kingdom of Saxony
3594:Zecharias Frankel
3136:Later authorities
2927:ritual enclosures
2838:Louis Finkelstein
2743:Solomon Schechter
2738:Zecharias Frankel
2641:Solomon Schechter
2565:Reconstructionism
2563:. After Kaplan's
2494:Zecharias Frankel
2465:Zecharias Frankel
2423:
2400:
2399:
2349:
2348:
2097:
2096:
1844:Reconstructionist
1788:
1787:
940:
939:
747:
746:
584:Jewish–Roman wars
532:Hasmonean dynasty
448:Kingdom of Israel
352:
351:
7432:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7381:
7380:
6513:Judeo-Golpaygani
6114:Palestinian Jews
6089:Alexandrian Jews
6045:Crimean Karaites
5962:Unterlander Jews
5915:
5914:
5829:Rabbinic Judaism
5754:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5730:
5644:Fuchsberg Center
5629:
5616:Cantors Assembly
5564:
5557:
5550:
5541:
5540:
5514:
5495:Wertheimer, Jack
5490:
5471:Wertheimer, Jack
5466:
5449:Waxman, Mordecai
5444:
5442:
5433:Waxman, Chaim I.
5427:
5415:
5400:
5381:
5369:
5358:
5346:
5335:
5269:
5245:
5206:
5175:
5163:
5148:Deshen, Shlomo;
5138:Cohen, Steven M.
5126:
5114:
5108:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5035:
5026:
5025:
5013:
5003:
4994:
4987:
4981:
4974:
4968:
4961:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4938:. Archived from
4932:
4926:
4921:Elazar, Geffen.
4919:
4913:
4906:Judith R. Baskin
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4843:
4837:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4792:on April 6, 2016
4788:. Archived from
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4757:
4751:
4735:
4729:
4722:
4716:
4695:
4689:
4688:, December 1999.
4674:
4668:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4633:
4614:
4608:
4593:
4587:
4563:
4557:
4547:
4541:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4486:
4477:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4401:
4395:
4384:Alan Silverstein
4381:
4370:
4369:
4338:
4276:-ordained Rabbi
4106:A third movement
3947:Henry Hochheimer
3923:Isaac Meyer Wise
3912:Bernard Drachman
3813:Messianic belief
3765:Asher ben Jehiel
3633:
3515:, comprising 76
3474:Jacob Blumenthal
3348:Cantors Assembly
3085:Shinui ha-I'ttim
3033:) but rather an
2875:Va'ad ha-Halakha
2824:rigid position.
2771:Daniel J. Elazar
2654:Franz Rosenzweig
2633:Higher Criticism
2428:
2426:Yahadut Masortit
2418:
2416:
2405:, also known as
2392:
2385:
2378:
2241:
2240:
2122:
1943:
1937:
1918:
1882:
1881:
1829:
1776:New Zealand
1728:
1691:El Salvador
1681:
1613:Northern America
1605:
1199:
955:
954:
866:Crimean Karaites
762:
761:
740:
738:
659:
657:
649:
643:
634:
622:Rabbinic Judaism
603:
597:
591:
579:
567:
533:
526:Maccabean Revolt
503:
496:
490:
482:
475:
469:
461:
443:
367:
366:
341:
236:
235:
168:
156:
55:
54:
39:
29:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7392:
7390:
7362:
7188:
7053:
6925:
6799:
6693:
6508:Judeo-Borujerdi
6483:Judeo-Malayalam
6429:Judeo-Aragonese
6400:Lishanid Noshan
6232:
6220:
5952:Oberlander Jews
5913:
5843:
5785:
5767:
5758:
5728:
5723:
5693:
5627:
5589:
5573:
5568:
5521:
5511:
5487:
5463:
5424:
5397:
5378:
5355:
5332:
5300:, eds. (2001).
5288:Lieber. David;
5266:
5242:
5203:
5172:
5134:
5132:Further reading
5129:
5117:Jack Wertheimer
5115:
5111:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5004:
4997:
4988:
4984:
4975:
4971:
4962:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4925:. pp. 133, 174.
4920:
4916:
4904:
4900:
4892:
4888:
4881:Wayback Machine
4858:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4765:Washington Post
4759:
4758:
4754:
4747:Wayback Machine
4736:
4732:
4723:
4719:
4696:
4692:
4675:
4671:
4667:, pp. 5, 9, 13.
4662:
4658:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4615:
4611:
4594:
4590:
4579:Wayback Machine
4564:
4560:
4548:
4544:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4488:Michael Meyer,
4487:
4480:
4458:Elliot N. Dorff
4456:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4402:
4398:
4382:
4373:
4366:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4221:Marshall Sklare
4194:Alexander Kohut
4186:Mordecai Waxman
4108:
4034:Mordecai Kaplan
3936:Alexander Kohut
3919:Kaufmann Kohler
3906:of the elitist
3880:Alexander Kohut
3873:
3828:Moritz Güdemann
3809:Heinrich Graetz
3753:Beatified Sages
3745:Darke ha-Mishna
3719:Jacob Ettlinger
3618:Samuel Holdheim
3535:
3530:
3486:Marcelo Rittner
3466:Elliot N. Dorff
3360:Steven M. Cohen
3336:Alexander Kohut
3324:
3304:, or the local
3280:Judith Hauptman
3194:kindling a fire
3166:Robinson's Arch
3158:
3021:Sabbatical Year
2900:
2898:Characteristics
2826:Mordecai Kaplan
2791:
2786:
2780:
2767:Charles Liebman
2687:
2667:Ben-Zion Bokser
2658:existentialists
2637:Alexander Kohut
2624:Beatified Sages
2608:
2584:Messianic ideal
2561:Mordecai Kaplan
2540:
2528:Elliot N. Dorff
2490:
2485:
2447:employs modern
2407:Masorti Judaism
2396:
2351:
2350:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2218:Judeo-Malayalam
2198:Judaeo-Georgian
2118:
2109:
2099:
2098:
1999:Yiddish theatre
1941:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1827:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1726:
1679:
1603:
1197:
981:Genetic studies
952:
942:
941:
759:
749:
748:
736:
735:
655:
654:
647:
637:
632:
614:and Middle Ages
612:Rabbinic period
599:
593:
586:
574:
545:
531:
501:
494:
485:
477:
473:
464:
459:in Judaism
456:
441:
364:
354:
353:
233:
223:
222:
166:
154:
99:
40:
30:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7438:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7387:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7340:non-Christian
7338:
7337:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7277:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7236:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7198:
7196:
7190:
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7187:
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7174:
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7159:
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7144:
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7132:
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7130:
7125:
7115:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7063:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7039:Shulchan Aruch
7036:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7027:Sefer Yetzirah
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7007:Pardes Rimonim
7004:
6997:Kabbalah texts
6994:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6941:
6935:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6924:
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6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6809:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6790:Land of Israel
6787:
6786:
6785:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6742:
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6715:
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6703:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6668:
6666:Judeo-Alsatian
6658:
6657:
6656:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6518:Judeo-Hamedani
6515:
6510:
6505:
6495:
6493:Judaeo-Occitan
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6434:Jewish English
6431:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6365:Judaeo-Aramaic
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6353:Judeo-Tunisian
6350:
6345:
6343:Judeo-Moroccan
6340:
6339:
6338:
6336:Judeo-Baghdadi
6323:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6240:
6238:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6187:
6185:Livornese Jews
6182:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5932:Afrikaner-Jode
5923:
5921:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5757:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5698:Related topics
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5519:External links
5517:
5516:
5515:
5509:
5491:
5485:
5473:, ed. (2002).
5467:
5461:
5451:, ed. (1958).
5445:
5428:
5422:
5406:Neusner, Jacob
5401:
5395:
5382:
5376:
5359:
5353:
5336:
5330:
5318:, ed. (1975).
5316:Neusner, Jacob
5312:
5305:
5298:Harold Kushner
5286:
5277:
5270:
5264:
5246:
5240:
5226:Neusner, Jacob
5218:Gordis, Daniel
5214:
5207:
5201:
5183:
5176:
5170:
5154:Shokeid, Moshe
5145:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5109:
5096:
5089:
5065:
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5027:
5020:
4995:
4982:
4969:
4967:, June 5, 2008
4953:
4927:
4914:
4898:
4886:
4852:
4838:
4825:
4803:
4777:
4752:
4730:
4717:
4690:
4669:
4656:
4643:
4634:
4616:Neil Gillman,
4609:
4607:, Winter 2014.
4588:
4558:
4542:
4530:David Golinkin
4521:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4478:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4419:
4396:
4371:
4364:
4350:Neusner, Jacob
4342:Gordis, Daniel
4332:
4330:
4327:
4323:Ismar Schorsch
4315:Emet ve-Emunah
4230:Marshall Meyer
4159:Saul Lieberman
4107:
4104:
4056:Louis Ginzberg
3976:Orthodox Union
3963:Benjamin Szold
3959:Marcus Jastrow
3892:Reform Judaism
3872:
3869:
3836:Meir Friedmann
3824:Adolf Jellinek
3804:Chalav Yisrael
3703:Adolf Jellinek
3583:Reform Judaism
3579:Abraham Geiger
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3386:Neolog Judaism
3323:
3320:
3268:Shulchan Aruch
3244:Kvod ha'Tzibur
3157:
3154:
3093:Judaic Studies
3054:Seymour Siegel
2995:Shulchan Aruch
2987:Shulchan Aruch
2983:Isserles Gloss
2978:Shulchan Aruch
2932:Shulchan Aruch
2923:David Golinkin
2899:
2896:
2892:prayer quorums
2842:Saul Lieberman
2834:Louis Ginzberg
2813:Emet ve-Emunah
2805:Jewish history
2790:
2787:
2782:Main article:
2779:
2776:
2763:Reform Judaism
2717:Louis Ginzberg
2686:
2683:
2607:
2604:
2592:Return to Zion
2552:Emet ve-Emunah
2539:
2536:
2510:Emet ve-Emunah
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2398:
2397:
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2309:
2304:
2296:
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2286:
2281:
2279:Territorialism
2276:
2271:
2266:
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2256:
2248:
2247:
2239:
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2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Judaeo-Spanish
2160:
2158:Judaeo-Iranian
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2110:
2105:
2104:
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2100:
2095:
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2092:
2087:
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2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1965:
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1958:
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1950:
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1938:
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1623:
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1604:United Kingdom
1600:
1595:
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1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1037:Bilad-el-Sudan
1034:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
993:
992:
990:Land of Israel
986:
985:
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
953:
948:
947:
944:
943:
938:
937:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
850:
849:
848:Related groups
845:
844:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
780:
775:
760:
755:
754:
751:
750:
745:
744:
743:
742:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
705:Jewish atheism
702:
697:
692:
684:
683:
679:
678:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:Islamic–Jewish
651:
644:
629:
624:
616:
615:
608:
607:
606:
605:
581:
568:
540:
535:
528:
523:
521:Yehud Medinata
515:
514:
508:
507:
506:
505:
498:
491:
483:
470:
462:
450:
445:
438:
430:
429:
427:Ancient Israel
423:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
383:Land of Israel
380:
372:
371:
365:
360:
359:
356:
355:
350:
349:
348:
347:
342:
338:Shulchan Aruch
333:
328:
323:
318:
310:
309:
308:
307:
302:
294:
293:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
271:
270:
264:
263:
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261:
256:
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243:
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229:
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224:
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220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
163:
158:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
116:
111:
104:God in Judaism
100:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
75:
74:
64:
63:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7437:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7400:
7399:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7324:Protestantism
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7281:
7278:
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7264:
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7138:
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7136:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7124:
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7120:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7095:
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7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7012:Sefer HaBahir
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6939:Sifrei Kodesh
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6795:Who is a Jew?
6793:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6724:Chosen people
6722:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6690:
6687:
6681:
6680:Scots-Yiddish
6678:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6654:
6653:Klezmer-loshn
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6523:Judeo-Shirazi
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6498:Judeo-Persian
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:Judeo-Marathi
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6466:Judeo-Italian
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:Judeo-Amazigh
6319:
6317:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6231:
6227:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6144:Hadhrami Jews
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Mountain Jews
6107:
6105:
6104:Egyptian Jews
6102:
6100:
6099:Bukharan Jews
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:Lists of Jews
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5743:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:Organizations
5592:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:Core articles
5576:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5553:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5486:0-8135-2821-6
5482:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5423:1-59244-943-3
5419:
5414:
5413:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5377:0-87441-286-2
5373:
5368:
5367:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5265:9780791492024
5261:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5241:1-57718-058-5
5237:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5202:0-87441-547-0
5198:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5187:Gillman, Neil
5184:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5100:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5075:Berlin, Adele
5069:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5044:Berlin, Adele
5041:
5034:
5032:
5023:
5021:0-87441-286-2
5017:
5012:
5011:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4979:
4973:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4842:
4835:
4829:
4813:
4807:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4737:Diana Villa,
4734:
4727:
4721:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4697:Shai Cherry,
4694:
4687:
4683:
4679:
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4420:9780791492024
4416:
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4380:
4378:
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4365:1-57718-058-5
4361:
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4318:
4316:
4311:
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4272:accepted the
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4118:
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4113:Robert Gordis
4103:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4075:
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4067:
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4023:
4015:
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3993:
3989:
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3979:
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3968:
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3948:
3943:
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3937:
3933:
3932:trefa banquet
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3900:Sabato Morais
3897:
3893:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:Michael Sachs
3849:
3845:
3844:Neolog public
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:Solomon Klein
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:(Ways of the
3746:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:Michael Sachs
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3624:was a civic (
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3610:S.L. Rapoport
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3567:Isaac Bernays
3564:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3552:acculturation
3549:
3539:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3445:. The Neolog
3444:
3441:, located in
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:Latin America
3364:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3294:K'rov Yisrael
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3144:Horaat Sha'ah
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3072:Gordon Tucker
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3048:, like Rabbi
3047:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:Arba'ah Turim
2968:
2967:
2966:Mishneh Torah
2962:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2924:
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2876:
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2856:
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2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2747:K'lal Yisrael
2744:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2699:New York City
2696:
2691:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:Robert Gordis
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2532:Gordon Tucker
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2480:
2478:
2477:Masorti Olami
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2415:יהדות מסורתית
2412:
2408:
2404:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2362:
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2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2343:
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2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Judeo-Aramaic
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Judeo-Italian
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Ghardaïa Sign
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1884:
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1878:
1873:
1872:
1865:
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1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:Denominations
1794:
1793:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
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1714:
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1709:
1707:
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1702:
1699:
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1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:United States
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
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1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
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1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
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1351:
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1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
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1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Guinea-Bissau
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
994:
991:
988:
987:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
966:Lists of Jews
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
945:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:
847:
846:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
766:
765:
764:
763:
758:
753:
752:
741:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:The Holocaust
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
685:
681:
680:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
652:
650:
645:
641:
635:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
602:
596:
590:
585:
582:
578:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
516:
513:
510:
509:
504:
499:
497:
492:
488:
484:
481:
476:
471:
467:
463:
460:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
428:
425:
424:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
369:
368:
363:
358:
357:
346:
343:
340:
339:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Mishneh Torah
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
292:
289:
288:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
269:
266:
265:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
241:
238:
237:
232:
227:
226:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
164:
162:
159:
157:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
101:
98:
93:
92:
87:
86:Who is a Jew?
84:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
51:
46:
42:
37:
35:
27:
23:
7389:
7382:
7368:
7291:
7284:
7272:
7255:
7238:
7072:perspectives
6906:Samaritanism
6867:Neo-Hasidism
6847:Conservative
6846:
6761:Names of God
6670:
6651:
6461:Judaeo-Greek
6456:Judeo-Gascon
6395:Lishán Didán
6390:Lishana Deni
6358:Judeo-Yemeni
6326:Judeo-Arabic
6200:Meshuchrarim
6119:Persian Jews
6052:Kurdish Jews
6030:Kaifeng Jews
5979:Beta Abraham
5942:Galitzianers
5897:Antisemitism
5872:Israeli Jews
5857:Assimilation
5716:
5570:
5499:
5475:
5452:
5438:
5411:
5386:
5365:
5354:0-06066801-6
5342:
5320:
5308:
5301:
5290:Jules Harlow
5280:
5273:
5254:
5230:
5210:
5191:
5179:
5159:
5120:
5112:
5107:, pp. 80–82.
5104:
5099:
5079:
5068:
5048:
5009:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4944:. Retrieved
4940:the original
4930:
4922:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4889:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4855:
4841:
4833:
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4812:"About USCJ"
4806:
4794:. Retrieved
4790:the original
4780:
4768:. Retrieved
4764:
4755:
4738:
4733:
4725:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4693:
4685:
4682:Binyamin Lau
4677:
4672:
4664:
4659:
4651:
4646:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4596:
4591:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4553:
4550:Neil Gillman
4545:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4489:
4473:
4470:Resurrection
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4409:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4354:
4336:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4297:
4282:
4263:
4248:
4246:
4242:Louis Jacobs
4238:Buenos Aires
4232:founded the
4218:
4210:
4189:
4188:in his 1957
4181:
4179:
4171:
4153:
4145:
4143:
4120:
4109:
4090:
4087:
4059:
4051:
4049:
4030:
4018:
3992:Jacob Schiff
3980:
3944:
3927:dietary laws
3916:
3884:
3861:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3768:
3763:, he quoted
3744:
3742:
3737:
3734:Wissenschaft
3733:
3723:
3715:Abraham Kohn
3687:
3673:
3662:
3659:Aaron Chorin
3655:Braunschweig
3652:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3602:Wissenschaft
3601:
3592:-born Rabbi
3587:
3575:Wissenschaft
3574:
3556:
3548:emancipation
3544:
3510:
3505:Marom Israel
3498:
3451:
3423:Buenos Aires
3418:
3404:
3365:
3352:
3327:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3283:
3267:
3264:
3251:
3243:
3225:
3223:
3213:
3202:
3182:
3170:Western Wall
3147:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3041:
3039:
3035:act of piety
3029:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2930:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2860:Neil Gillman
2850:
2847:Non-Halakhic
2846:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2801:phylacteries
2794:
2792:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2734:
2731:
2722:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2679:Neil Gillman
2675:Louis Jacobs
2662:Objectivists
2646:
2609:
2579:
2569:
2557:naturalistic
2551:
2548:personal God
2546:notion of a
2541:
2521:
2509:
2491:
2462:
2453:
2438:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2342:Post-Zionism
2213:Judeo-Berber
2208:Judeo-Arabic
2168:Judeo-Gascon
1915:Pidyon haben
1834:Conservative
1833:
1380:Saudi Arabia
1198:South Africa
1187:Sierra Leone
1009:Israeli Jews
923:Mosaic Arabs
876:Kaifeng Jews
737:Arab–Israeli
710:Emancipation
589:Great Revolt
398:Anti-Judaism
393:Antisemitism
388:Name "Judea"
183:Baal teshuva
41:
33:
7314:Catholicism
6896:Hellenistic
6734:Eschatology
6672:Lachoudisch
6597:Lotegorisch
6575:Lachoudisch
6565:Koiné Greek
6478:Judeo-Latin
6415:Palestinian
6309:Palestinian
6158:Mustaʿravim
6084:Afghan Jews
6072:Berber Jews
5996:Bene Israel
5984:Falash Mura
5974:Beta Israel
5892:Persecution
5834:Middle Ages
5294:Chaim Potok
4991:Ramah at 60
4978:Ramah at 60
4290:Amy Eilberg
4203:Chancellor
4175:Conservadox
4066:Prohibition
3996:Cyrus Adler
3888:Jonas Bondi
3857:Manuel Joël
3707:Leopold Löw
3644:Zeitschrift
3517:day schools
3494:Yizhar Hess
3311:Mara D'Atra
3302:Mara D'Atra
3256:hard cheese
3240:Bat Mitzvah
3236:bride price
3186:Eth la'asot
3127:Isaac Klein
3122:Heter I'ska
2991:Joseph Karo
2883:Mara D'Atra
2594:and even a
2458:theological
2337:Revisionist
2327:Neo-Zionism
1934:Zeved habat
1727:Puerto Rico
1553:Netherlands
1385:South Korea
1370:Philippines
1250:Afghanistan
1117:Ivory Coast
891:Crypto-Jews
856:Bnei Anusim
835:Bene Israel
800:Beta Israel
757:Communities
664:Middle Ages
403:Persecution
178:Bereavement
7414:Categories
7309:Anabaptism
7251:Jew (word)
7118:Leadership
6931:Literature
6916:Secularism
6862:Humanistic
6729:Conversion
6699:Philosophy
6540:Judeo-Urdu
6304:Babylonian
6149:Saada Jews
6134:Adeni Jews
5927:Ashkenazim
5882:Samaritans
5849:Population
5804:Israelites
5462:0838131042
5396:0819144800
5331:0870682792
4724:Golinkin,
4676:Golinkin,
4663:Golinkin,
4329:References
4117:Jacob Agus
4100:Boaz Cohen
4074:Revelation
3955:Aaron Wise
3902:and Rabbi
3826:and Rabbi
3757:Oral Torah
3522:Camp Ramah
3417:(Spanish:
3206:Tabernacle
3030:de'Rabanan
2935:and Rabbi
2778:Jewish law
2656:and other
2616:Oral Torah
2612:Revelation
2606:Revelation
2596:New Temple
2588:Sacrifices
2435:revelation
2322:Maximalism
2274:Secularism
2254:Autonomism
2071:Literature
1864:Humanistic
1468:Azerbaijan
1430:Uzbekistan
1405:Tajikistan
1325:Kyrgyzstan
1310:Kazakhstan
1157:Mozambique
1132:Madagascar
1052:Cape Verde
1004:New Yishuv
999:Old Yishuv
950:Population
928:Subbotniks
886:Samaritans
825:Romanyotim
768:Ashkenazim
715:Old Yishuv
695:Sabbateans
682:Modern era
674:Golden Age
601:Bar Kokhba
321:Beit Yosef
188:Philosophy
7371:indicate
7319:Mormonism
7304:Christian
7184:Symbolism
7172:Synagogue
7152:Mythology
7113:Education
7084:Astronomy
7067:Astrology
6884:relations
6689:Zarphatic
6637:Galitzish
6439:Yeshivish
6316:Catalanic
6279:Samaritan
6254:Ashkenazi
6235:Diasporic
6230:Languages
6175:Sephardim
6170:Romaniote
6057:Krymchaks
5991:Desi Jews
5867:Buddhists
5220:(2003) .
4818:April 30,
4654:, p. 190.
4650:Gillman,
4344:(2003) .
4285:Joel Roth
3664:Sanhedrin
3443:Jerusalem
3431:Jerusalem
3373:Argentina
3334:by Rabbi
3326:The term
3285:kiddushin
3272:Joel Roth
3210:Tosafists
3050:Joel Roth
3026:de'Oraita
3006:Acharonim
2981:with its
2956:machloket
2650:theophany
2445:rabbinate
2420:romanized
2332:Religious
2188:Zarphatic
2178:Bukharian
2148:Judeo-Tat
2133:Yeshivish
2107:Languages
2062:Sephardic
2052:Israelite
2042:Ethiopian
2032:Ashkenazi
1971:Religious
1761:Australia
1743:Venezuela
1649:Argentina
1631:Greenland
1543:Lithuania
1395:Sri Lanka
1390:Singapore
1315:Kurdistan
1280:Indonesia
1270:Hong Kong
1223:Abayudaya
1147:Mauritius
881:Igbo Jews
871:Krymchaks
790:Sephardim
658:relations
552:Sadducees
548:Pharisees
538:Sanhedrin
453:Jerusalem
213:Synagogue
81:Etymology
36:(journal)
7384:Category
7354:Hinduism
7344:Buddhism
7246:Genetics
7162:Politics
7135:Marriage
7094:Holidays
7089:Calendar
6970:Rabbinic
6946:/Hebrew
6891:Haymanot
6818:Orthodox
6805:Branches
6778:Kabbalah
6773:Haskalah
6751:Holiness
6627:dialects
6607:Shassagh
6570:Krymchak
6550:Kayliñña
6444:Yinglish
6420:Galilean
6410:Talmudic
6405:Biblical
6380:Betanure
6299:Biblical
6294:Mishnaic
6289:Medieval
6274:Tiberian
6269:Yemenite
6259:Sephardi
6195:Paradesi
6139:Ḥabbanim
6129:Teimanim
6094:Baghdadi
6067:Maghrebi
6035:Karaites
6013:Gruzínim
6001:Kochinim
5919:Diaspora
5877:Karaites
5862:Atheists
5799:Timeline
5497:(2018).
5435:(eds.).
5408:(eds.).
5189:(1993).
5144:" (PDF).
4946:March 5,
4877:Archived
4743:Archived
4595:Gordis,
4586:, XLVII.
4575:Archived
4298:halakhic
4259:Chavurah
4249:halakhic
4214:suburbia
4154:takkanot
4122:takkanah
4091:halakhic
4052:halakhic
3908:Sephardi
3738:halakhic
3674:halakhic
3316:Halakhic
3306:Halakhic
3140:halakhic
3131:takkanot
3110:Takkanah
3098:Halakhic
3046:decisors
3042:halakhic
3017:Rishonim
3012:Rishonim
3000:Kabbalah
2950:decisors
2945:Rishonim
2919:Halakhic
2879:halakhic
2864:Halakhic
2851:Halakhic
2830:Halakhic
2755:halakhic
2685:Ideology
2544:theistic
2518:Election
2502:Orthodox
2488:Attitude
2483:Theology
2454:Halakhic
2429:), is a
2359:Category
2317:Kahanism
2264:Feminism
2236:Politics
2120:Biblical
2090:American
2037:Bukharan
2027:American
1927:Shidduch
1903:Clothing
1859:Haymanot
1805:Orthodox
1733:Suriname
1716:Paraguay
1669:Colombia
1568:Portugal
1478:Bulgaria
1415:Thailand
1365:Pakistan
1345:Mongolia
1340:Malaysia
1260:Cambodia
1234:Zimbabwe
1209:Tanzania
1087:Eswatini
1077:Ethiopia
1067:Djibouti
1047:Cameroon
1042:Botswana
971:Diaspora
933:Noahides
906:Marranos
830:Cochinim
815:Bukharim
805:Gruzinim
795:Teimanim
785:Mizrahim
773:Galician
739:conflict
700:Hasidism
690:Haskalah
595:Diaspora
466:timeline
378:Timeline
291:Rabbinic
198:Kabbalah
173:Marriage
149:Tzedakah
139:Holidays
97:Religion
60:a series
58:Part of
22:Masortim
7369:Italics
7194:Studies
7140:Divorce
7106:Kashrut
7101:Cuisine
7059:Culture
6990:Midrash
6985:Tosefta
6975:Mishnah
6963:Ketuvim
6958:Nevi'im
6921:Schisms
6911:Science
6901:Karaite
6872:Renewal
6833:Litvaks
6828:Hasidic
6783:Sefirot
6768:Halakha
6739:Messiah
6712:Mitzvah
6707:Beliefs
6661:Western
6647:Poylish
6642:Litvish
6632:Eastern
6622:Yiddish
6617:Shuadit
6602:Qwareña
6590:Tetuani
6585:Haketia
6560:Knaanic
6555:Kivruli
6503:Bukhori
6449:Heblish
6385:Hulaulá
6375:Barzani
6331:Yahudic
6264:Mizrahi
6124:Urfalim
6079:Mizrahi
6023:Neofiti
6018:Italkim
5947:Lita'im
5839:Zionism
5791:History
5765:Judaism
5718:more...
5103:Cohen,
5077:(ed.).
5046:(ed.).
4770:June 2,
4182:halakha
4150:Chicago
4061:Kiddush
3988:Yiddish
3799:Halakha
3695:Dresden
3631:issurim
3626:memonot
3614:Breslau
3528:History
3437:is the
3435:yeshiva
3409:at the
3379:, 6 in
3375:, 7 in
3116:Prozbul
3105:Halakha
3076:Aggadic
3068:Halakha
3064:Aggadah
3059:Aggadah
2915:Halakha
2817:Halakha
2796:Halakha
2725:Sabbath
2712:Halakha
2620:Mishnah
2440:Halakha
2422::
2302:General
2293:Zionism
2269:Leftism
2259:Bundism
2183:Knaanic
2143:Yevanic
2128:Yiddish
2085:Yiddish
2080:Israeli
2057:Mizrahi
2047:Israeli
2018:Cuisine
1994:Ancient
1976:Secular
1922:Kashrut
1898:Wedding
1885:Customs
1877:Culture
1854:Science
1849:Renewal
1839:Karaite
1820:Hasidic
1752:Oceania
1738:Uruguay
1706:Jamaica
1686:Ecuador
1654:Bolivia
1598:Ukraine
1573:Romania
1548:Moldova
1528:Hungary
1518:Germany
1513:Georgia
1503:Finland
1498:Estonia
1493:Denmark
1488:Czechia
1473:Belarus
1463:Austria
1458:Armenia
1435:Vietnam
1350:Myanmar
1335:Lebanon
1255:Bahrain
1214:Tunisia
1192:Somalia
1167:Nigeria
1162:Namibia
1152:Morocco
1082:Eritrea
1027:Algeria
911:Neofiti
820:Italkim
810:Juhurim
720:Zionism
669:Khazars
564:Sicarii
560:Zealots
556:Essenes
543:Schisms
408:Leaders
370:General
362:History
305:Tosefta
300:Midrash
277:Mishnah
259:Ketuvim
254:Nevi'im
203:Customs
134:Shabbat
129:Halakha
121: (
119:Mitzvot
106: (
72:Judaism
7177:Hazzan
7167:Prayer
7044:Siddur
6980:Talmud
6944:Tanakh
6879:Neolog
6852:Reform
6840:Modern
6823:Haredi
6746:Ethics
6612:Shassi
6580:Ladino
6545:Karaim
6528:Juhuri
6370:Targum
6284:Signed
6249:Modern
6244:Hebrew
6212:Xuetes
6008:Dönmeh
5967:Yekkes
5689:Kadima
5507:
5483:
5459:
5420:
5393:
5374:
5351:
5328:
5262:
5238:
5199:
5168:
5087:
5056:
5018:
4796:May 5,
4582:. in:
4417:
4390:, in:
4362:
4265:minyan
4096:agunah
3961:, and
3832:Vienna
3749:Mishna
3590:Prague
3460:. The
3421:), in
3377:Brazil
3260:kosher
3248:rennet
3227:agunot
3149:mamzer
2961:custom
2498:Reform
2411:Hebrew
2364:Portal
2223:Domari
2153:Shassi
2114:Hebrew
2009:Humour
1953:Hiloni
1948:Aliyah
1908:Niddah
1893:Minyan
1828:Reform
1815:Haredi
1810:Modern
1711:Mexico
1696:Guyana
1659:Brazil
1621:Canada
1593:Sweden
1583:Serbia
1578:Russia
1563:Poland
1558:Norway
1538:Latvia
1523:Greece
1508:France
1483:Cyprus
1449:Europe
1420:Turkey
1410:Taiwan
1320:Kuwait
1305:Jordan
1295:Israel
1229:Zambia
1219:Uganda
1137:Malawi
1107:Guinea
1097:Gambia
1032:Angola
1018:Africa
901:Dönmeh
896:Anusim
840:Berber
778:Litvak
730:Israel
636:
573:
487:Second
455:
316:Targum
282:Gemara
268:Talmud
240:Tanakh
193:Ethics
144:Prayer
7349:Islam
7157:Names
7147:Music
7128:Rebbe
7123:Rabbi
7077:Monen
7032:Zohar
6953:Torah
6948:Bible
6062:Lemba
5937:Chuts
5224:. In
5042:. In
4908:ed.,
4686:De'ot
4348:. In
3769:as if
3381:Chile
2628:Moses
2312:Labor
2307:Green
2004:Dance
1962:Music
1781:Palau
1701:Haiti
1664:Chile
1588:Spain
1533:Italy
1440:Yemen
1400:Syria
1375:Qatar
1355:Nepal
1300:Japan
1275:India
1265:China
1204:Sudan
1127:Libya
1122:Kenya
1102:Ghana
1092:Gabon
1072:Egypt
1057:Benin
916:Xueta
861:Lemba
480:First
345:Zohar
249:Torah
231:Texts
218:Rabbi
208:Rites
108:names
5763:and
5761:Jews
5505:ISBN
5481:ISBN
5457:ISBN
5418:ISBN
5391:ISBN
5372:ISBN
5349:ISBN
5326:ISBN
5260:ISBN
5236:ISBN
5197:ISBN
5166:ISBN
5085:ISBN
5054:ISBN
5016:ISBN
4948:2015
4820:2019
4798:2010
4772:2016
4415:ISBN
4360:ISBN
3838:and
3588:The
3569:and
3550:and
3028:nor
2840:and
2807:and
2789:Role
2769:and
2693:The
2677:and
2669:and
2580:Emet
2530:and
2500:and
1771:Guam
1766:Fiji
1721:Peru
1674:Cuba
1360:Oman
1330:Laos
1290:Iraq
1285:Iran
1242:Asia
1171:Igbo
1142:Mali
161:Brit
70:and
68:Jews
6756:God
4274:RRC
4236:in
3429:in
3398:at
3119:or
2697:in
1985:Art
331:Tur
123:613
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5292:;
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5119:,
5030:^
4998:^
4956:^
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4603:,
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