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1949:, led by Bartholomaeus Mikkelsen, planned a revolt. The conspiracy tried to recruit one of Malmös two mayors, Efvert Wiltfang, but he would not commit himself to the uprising, even though he said he would support Frederick III. At the end of December, the Danes embarked on a foray into Scania, but were foiled by bad weather and poor navigation. Meanwhile, the Swedish authorities had become aware of the plot and the main leaders were arrested, among them Mikkelsen and Wildfang, and the conspirators were sentenced to death. On December 22, 1659 Mikkelsen and two others were beheaded, but in an attempt to placate the Scanian people the execution of Wiltfang and 10 others was stayed. The uprising had been averted, but rebels and insurgents continued to operate in the countryside.
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1496:. The other option was an all-out attack on Copenhagen, hoping that conquering the city would end the war. The number of Swedish attackers are somewhat uncertain, roughly 8,000 men, comprising 4,500 infantry, 2,000 cavalry, 1,000 sailors and a few hundred gunners. The king planned the attack meticulously, but neglected to uphold adequate secrecy; the Danes were soon fully aware of the details of the Swedish attack plan thanks to a number of deserters and spies able to move between the encampments. The Danes had 6,000 trained soldiers, and an additional 5,000 men and women from the city had also taken up weapons, bringing the number of defenders to 11,000.
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1360:, took shelter in the city and started bombarding the castle with artillery. The Danes returned the fire, attempting to set the city on fire. They managed to destroy a dozen houses, but the fire did not spread enough to cause a conflagration. Danish artillery rained continually on the Swedish soldiers. However, the Swedish force still managed to advance, taking the outer line of defenses. The mood in the castle darkened, and Beenfeldt's courage wavered. The
1282:
decided on the latter route. The wisdom of this decision has been questioned, since the Danish defenses were in poor shape initially. However, the population of
Copenhagen rallied behind Frederick III, and the walls, moats and other defensive structures of the city were quickly improved. A large number of cannons were brought into the city from ships anchored in the harbor and placed along likely attack routes. The city also had plenty of defensive
1163:. Europe was stunned by the quick victory, and Charles proudly publicized his accomplishments. However, peace meant new problems. In the peace treaty of Roskilde, Denmark was obliged to supply the Swedish army with provisions until May 1658, but soon thereafter the army would need to be moved. The Swedish king knew that the army would not be able to be supplied in Sweden for long, and disbanding it was not desirable with the Poles eager to revenge
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1368:, resorted to subterfuge and spread the rumor that Copenhagen had fallen and the Swedish soldiers started a false celebration. Discouraged and demoralized, the Danes capitulated. The loss of Kronborg was a blow for the Danish; 77 captured cannons were quickly put to use in the siege and with the castle in Swedish hands, it was believed that the Dutch would have a difficult time to come to aid.
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2032:. The Treaty of Copenhagen reaffirmed the Swedish rule over Scania, Halland, Blekinge, and Bohuslän, while Bornholm and Trøndelag were returned. It was a significant victory for Denmark-Norway, but it did not result in a reversal of the costly earlier peace. The treaty of 1660 established political borders between Denmark, Sweden and Norway which have lasted to the present.
1718:
providing good cover for a retreat to Nyborg should it be necessary. Opposing them were 9,000 men, with
Eberstein in command that day. They divided into two lines, each commanded by the respective commanders. Thrice Eberstein attacked; only to be rebuffed by intensive Swedish fire and cavalry attacks. Eberstein himself was almost captured, only narrowly escaping.
1596:. The first attack was duly repelled. On June 26, a second attempt was made: the allies landed after heavy fire had pounded what was thought to be the Swedish positions. However, the Swedes had pulled back and returned unscathed with heavy fire of their own. The invaders were again thrown back. Before a third attempt could be made, a Swedish
1187:. The many enemies in continental Europe, among them Poland and a hostile Dutch would make this a difficult endeavor however. A new attack on Prussia would also see little international support, France was already urging peace. The surprising Swedish solution to this dilemma would be to return to Denmark in an attempt to finish the job.
1985:, allowing the Swedish fleet out in the Øresund strait and blockade Copenhagen. Danish diplomacy soon got the Dutch back on their side again, and real war between Sweden and the Dutch Republic seemed imminent. The French and English intervened in favor of the Swedes and the situation was again teetering on the edge of a major conflict.
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The Swedes had fought bravely. Salzback had personally dispatched 8 men. But their losses were heavy, over 2,000 men had been killed, almost half the force while the allies had lost 1,900 men. The defenses at Nyborg was in no condition to withstand a siege. There was nothing for the
Swedish to do but
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sent a large fleet of 43 ships with more than 2,000 cannons. The force did not directly participate in fighting but nevertheless sent a clear message to the Dutch fleet patrolling the Danish waters. England worked hard to broker a peace, aided by France which also declared its willingness to help the
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in August 1658, the Dutch
Republic was not the only foreign power that took notice. A union between Brandenburg, Poland and Austria had already started to put together a relief army in December 1657, but preparations of the polyglot force took so long that the Treaty of Roskilde was signed before the
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When the
Swedish king arrived to find half the city in flames and the Danes willing to put up a fight he had a difficult decision to make, whether to press forward immediately or whether to lay siege on the city and try to starve it out. His advisers were divided on the issue, and the king ultimately
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The
Swedish forces had performed diversionary attacks on the outskirts of the city on two consecutive nights in order to tire the defenders, and at midnight on February 11, 1659, the main attack commenced. The main spearhead of the Swedish forces attacked from south of St. Jørgens lake with the King
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and Peder
Normand. The Oppland and Østfold regiments together with four cavalry squadrons remained inside the town as strategic reserves. Bjelke, having arrived some days earlier, was in command of the Norwegian forces. The Swedes initially drove the defenders back across the Tista bridge, but were
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in Norway was attacked by
Swedish forces and repulsed by the Norwegian army three times during the years 1658–60. After each withdrawal the Swedes would return in greater force, but never succeeded in capturing the strong fortress. Norwegians called the battles in this theatre of war "bjelkefeiden"
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sat near the narrowest part of Øresund, a sound only four kilometres wide, which gave the castle a supreme strategic importance. Frederick III had appointed the colonel Poul
Beenfeldt commander of the castle and ordered him to defend it at all costs. Should he fail in that, Kronborg was to be blown
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had hit the island hard 4 years earlier, killing 5,000 of the population of 13,000. The island was seething with anger and resentment, and after the
Swedish invasion of Denmark Frederick III sent letters to leading men in the community, urging them to revolt. They wasted no time, and Printzensköld
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had 11 ships. In total, the Dutch fleet consisted of 45 ships with 1,838 cannons and 4,000 sailors. Following the warships, many transports with large quantities of food and supplies as well as 28 regiments of experienced soldiers followed, in total 2 300 men. Standing against them was a Swedish
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of Kronborg would inflict great damage. Charles personally fired the first hostile shot from Kronborg, but it fell short; the Dutch had wisely chosen to sail closer to the Swedish side, where there were fewer land-based guns to contend with. The Swedish force had more guns, but the Dutch had the
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had threatened Copenhagen so seriously that it had won the previous war for Charles. When his attempt to follow through with his previous venture failed, he proved unable to suppress militarily the combined forces of his foes. Sweden had come close to dominating the Baltic, which was not in the
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The Swedes were not popular in the regions that Sweden had gained at the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. With the new war going badly, insurgents saw their chance to rise up against the unpopular rule. Swedish response, especially in Scania, was more subtle than one might believe. An all out terror
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The engagement was confusing for both sides, and the view was soon obscured by gunpowder smoke. Many ships on both sides were badly damaged, and around 2,000 men killed or wounded. Towards the end, a squadron of Danish ships met up with Dutch and escorted them into the harbor of Copenhagen. The
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was signed with the Allies (Poland, Austria and Brandenburg). However, the Danes were not keen on peace after their recent successes and witnessing the weakness of the Swedish efforts. The Dutch retracted their blockade, but were soon convinced by the Danes to support them again. The French and
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subject to heavy fire. Longer bridges were eventually brought, and the attack continued towards the city walls. The battle was ferocious, with the attackers desperately trying to establish a bridgehead on the walls. But in the end, the defenders were successful and the Swedes were thrown back.
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on the ice, which were quickly breached, but the Swedes were immediately stopped by holes in the ice that the Danes had cut. The bridges they had brought were not long enough after the ice moats had been widened with the help of Dutch marines. Caught on the ice, the Swedes were in the open and
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The Norwegian forces increased the pressure on Trondheim and red-hot shot rained down on the city daily. Despite Stiernsköld's swearing to "boil soup on his leather pants before surrendering" he was nevertheless forced to leave the city on December 11. According to the terms of the surrender,
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The Swedish commanders had decided they must try to make a stand. A few kilometers west of Nyborg the Swedish forces of about 5,500 men stood in battle formation in the way of the advancing forces. The Swedes had a good position, with a small lake on the left flank and a forest on the right,
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and were in the process of crossing the moat, when they fell victim to a well-conducted ambush, and withdrew with heavy losses. Around 6 in the morning, Charles X of Sweden knew that all attacks had failed. He ordered a retreat to the outskirts of the city, back to the starting position.
1301:, which had fallen into disrepair. It was hastily repaired and artillery was brought to bear on the city. The Danes would not let the Swedish attack go uncontested, and made several counter-attacks. On August 23, 1658 almost 3,000 students, sailors and soldiers staged a surprise
1921:
was shot dead during an inspection tour on December 8, 1659. The remaining Swedes, mostly Scanians who had little reason to be loyal to the Swedish King, surrendered. The Swedish navy was otherwise occupied and could offer no relief. Bornholm was again under Danish control.
1867:
in 1658, the cession of Trøndelag had divided Norway into two parts with no land connection between the north and south. Later that year, however, Trøndelag was reconquered by Norwegian army units under their commander-in-chief, lieutenant general Jørgen Bjelke.
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from the surrounding countryside who had taken up arms. When hearing that aid was near, the population of the city revolted, but the uprising within Trondheim was quickly suppressed. Charles X ordered Lieutenant Colonel Erik Drakenberg to assemble a force in
1811:, who falsely believed the town to be undefended. But Frederikshald was defended by two companies of the civic militia under captain Peder Olsen Normand, who had taken up a position on the Overberget hill south of the town. Detachments from the regiments of
1713:
Instead of immediately taking advantage of the situation, Eberstein and Shack quarreled over who should command the combined forces. The impasse was finally resolved by Ebestein and Shack by agreeing that they would hold command the forces every other day.
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where they joined 13,000 Brandenburgers. and also moved towards Jutland. However, the anti-Swedish coalition suffered internal conflicts. The Polish opinion of Austria was in rapid decline, and their enthusiasm for the campaign was at best lukewarm.
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was no match for the rested Danish forces—they fled towards Nyborg leaving the infantry defenseless. The Polish riders showed no pardon, cutting down the Swedish infantry almost to a man. The Dutch also intervened with an expeditionary fleet led by
1190:
When the Danish stalled and prolonged the fulfillment of some provisions of the earlier peace treaty the Swedish king decided to use this as a pretext to attack with a breathtaking goal: to vanquish Denmark as a sovereign state, raze the capital of
1040:. However, the Danes stalled and prolonged the fulfillment of some provisions of the earlier peace; the Swedish king decided to use this as a pretext to attack with an ambitious goal: to vanquish Denmark as a sovereign state and raze the capital of
1199:
and bring in large customs revenues. However, even this ambitious goal was just to be stepping stone towards the ultimate plan of a quick conquest of Denmark so that the Swedes could wage a campaign in Europe without risking Danish interference.
1721:
Even then, Eberstein refused to ask Schack for assistance in the battle. Colonel Ditlev Ahlefeldt of the allied forces would not to let pride and vanity be the downfall of the attack and pleaded with Schack to attack. Shack brandished his
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Swedish fleet had failed; much-needed reinforcements and supplies had reached the beleaguered Danish town. The combined Danish and Dutch fleet now had control of the seas, forcing the Swedish fleet to seek refuge in the harbor of
1915:
was presented with its new governor: Colonel Printzensköld, who arrived with his family and 120 soldiers. Printzensköld soon enacted a number of unpopular taxes and many of the island's young men were conscripted. In addition,
1992:
was instructed by Frederick III to negotiate with the Swedes, and the resulting peace treaty can largely be credited to him. Without any direct involvement by foreign powers, the Danes and Swedes managed to negotiate the
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and Harald Stake laid siege to Frederikshald in January 1660. They captured some forward defensive positions, but the sudden death of Charles X on February 13 was a probable cause for lifting the siege February 22.
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In June 1658 it was decided that the Swedish forces would attack. On August 6, 1658 a fleet of 70 ships with 5,700 men and 18 pieces of light artillery embarked upon a journey to Denmark. Since the previous war,
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On October 29 at eight o'clock in the morning, a shot was heard from the Dutch flagship. It was the signal to advance and smash the Swedish line. The Dutch fleet was divided into three squadrons. Vice Admiral
1376:
1678:
was in charge of the allied forces that had been left on Jutland, and was also moving towards Funen; landfall was made two days later without any Swedish resistance. Both Eberstein and Schack marched towards
1976:
was signed with the Allies (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Austria and Brandenburg). However, the Danes were not keen on peace after their recent success. After further concessions, the Dutch released the
1971:
Charles X fell ill in the beginning of 1660 and died of pneumonia on the night of February 13, 1660. With the death of the Swedish king, one of the major obstacles to peace was out of the way; in April the
2005:, the latter having received the Danish king's personal promise of protection. In the end, Bornholm remained under Danish control in exchange for a number of estates in the south of present-day Sweden.
1701:
The Swedish commander Sulzbach made a tactical error in not attacking either Schack or Eberstein before they could join up, even though his generals urged him to do so. Instead, he chose to withdraw to
1835:
halted at the bridgehead. After heavy losses the Swedes retreated to the far side of the river. The Norwegians then prepared for a renewed attack by fortifying the weak spots around Frederikshald.
1540:
with renewed confidence, more privileges and an improved position vis-a-vis the Danish crown. In many ways, it was a new Denmark which emerged from the assault of its capital on February 12, 1659.
1055:. Charles then tried a decisive assault on the city, hoping to conquer it and win the war; this plan likewise failed. Brandenburg, Poland and Austria then also joined the war against the Swedes.
1592:. Less than two weeks later, on May 31, 1659 the first allied assault on Funen began with 9,000 soldiers. Against them stood 4,000 Swedes, considerably fewer, but consisting of battle-hardened
1553:
army was ready to march. However, the preparations were not in vain—with the 1658 invasion the allies were in an excellent position to quickly put together a force and march towards Denmark.
1297:
The Swedish siege force consisted of 11 brigades and 16 squadrons comprising 4,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 50 cannons. The Swedes took the outer defensive perimeter, built in 1625 by
1755:
1886:
A small Swedish reinforcement force arrived in Trondheim, but both food and ammunition were in short supply. On October 4, the Norwegian forces arrived at the city reinforced by 1,000
1402:
Despite Swedish hopes that the Dutch would not enter the conflict, they honored their 1649 treaty by sending a 45-ship relief fleet. On October 7, 1658 the Dutch fleet set sail from
1384:
1710:
to relieve Sulzback of his command. When Stenbock arrived he found the city's defenses wanting and sent a note to the king that he could not guarantee that he would hold the city.
1492:
After six months of siege the Dutch had re-opened the sea lanes. Charles now faced a difficult choice: if he tried to sue for peace, the conditions would have been worse than the
1767:
campaign would have been economically disastrous. Instead small patrols searching the woods were often employed combined with promises of carrots or sticks to the local farmers.
1044:. A quick and decisive defeat of Denmark was however only seen as a means to a greater end. The long-term goal was to wage war in Europe without fearing Danish interference.
1670:
and his forces boarded Dutch transport ships to take them to the east side of Funen. After some false starts, due to weather and Swedish resistance, he managed to land near
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In a 1649 treaty the Dutch had pledged to defend Denmark against unprovoked aggression, and from a Swedish point of view it was essential to establish naval supremacy in
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1410:, unable to proceed for six days due to wind conditions. Wrangel suggested the Swedes should attack, but Charles X still wanted to avoid provoking the Dutch.
1827:
1758:
in January 1660 and the allies were preparing an invasion of Zeeland; the outlook was not good for the Swedes. Fortunately for them, the war would soon end.
1278:
were closed and would not open again for another 22 months. A Swedish fleet of 28 ships blocked the harbor, preventing resupply by sea. The siege had begun.
1058:
Charles X fell ill in early 1660 and died in February of that year. With the death of the Swedish king, one of the major obstacles to peace was gone and the
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Already on September 28, 1658, a small fleet of three ships and several smaller boats landed the Norwegian forces close to Trondheim. The Swedish governor
1568:
on September 14, 1658. Swedish possessions in Central Europe all along the Baltic coast were under attack, and the Austrians at least were enthusiastic in
1822:
The second battle of Frederikshald took place in February 1659. Harald Stake was back with 4000 men, who approached the town across the frozen inlet of
1556:
Thanks to the earlier preparations, a large force of 14,500 Brandenburgers under Frederick William, 10,600 Austrians led by the Italian Field Marshal
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were brought to bear on the Swedish attackers with fast and accurate fire. The two attacking divisions advanced nevertheless, led by major general
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with four cannons came to their rescue. The Swedish attackers were taken by surprise and were completely defeated the day after their arrival.
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and march towards Trondheim, but the relief was stopped by Norwegian peasants that had taken to the hills and defended the mountain passages.
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1608:, and took 1,000 prisoners. In the end the allies had not succeeded to invade Funen, and a decision was taken to instead go back and attack
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English intervened for the Swedish and the situation was again teetering on the edge of a major conflict. However, the Danish statesman
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to Norway. The treaty of 1660 established political borders between Denmark, Sweden and Norway which have lasted to the present day.
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1654:, on November 11, 1659 by one corps of the allied army consisting of Danish, German, Polish and Dutch troops under field marshal
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The victory was important for the Danes. Not only had their arch-enemy been defeated, out of the smoldering city came a stronger
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joined the conflict on the Danish side and a reinforcing fleet managed to smash its way through the Swedish naval forces in
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The political borders in Scandinavia in 1658. The areas in green were returned to Denmark-Norway in the 1660 peace treaty.
1683:, meeting up on November 12. So far, the invasion of Funen was going smoothly for the combined Danish and allied forces.
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between the two belligerents which had ended just months earlier, after Sweden and Denmark brokered a peace agreement in
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were considered, but were rejected due to supply problems. The Swedish King maintained that his main goal was to invade
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Meanwhile, other European powers had decided that it was not in their interest that any one power should dominate the
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were brought to bombard the Danish capital, including the 300-pounder "Eric Hansson", earlier used in the siege of
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negotiated a peace treaty without any direct involvement by foreign powers and the conflict was resolved with the
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interest of the major powers. England, France and to a lesser extent the Netherlands all favored a return to the
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and opened artillery fire from the island Sauøya. He then let his infantry attack from the west across the river
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Charles X of Sweden had concluded the earlier war with Denmark with a stunning victory by succeeding in the bold
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in Poland to the Swedish realm, but his position in the region was not strong enough with the opposition of
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of the Roskilde peace. In Denmark, the war resulted in sweeping social changes. Frederick III browbeat the
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was forced into a long series of retreats. On May 19, 1659, the Swedes abandoned their last positions at
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The first Swedish attack on Frederikshald started on 14 September 1658 with a force of 1600 under
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The Swedish army surrounded Copenhagen, hoping to starve it into submission. This failed when the
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and divide the country into four administrative regions. This would allow Sweden to control the
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advantage of the wind. In the narrow straits of Øresund, nearly a hundred warships now battled.
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and mounted a forceful attack into the Swedish left flank. A bloody engagement ensued, but the
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within weeks, much to the surprise of both parties. A bone of contention was the islands of
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Nevertheless, the allies managed to take possession over Jutland and the Swedish commander
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to surrender, forcing 5,000 men into captivity; Sweden had suffered a devastating defeat.
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1328:. But the citizens of Copenhagen proved to be resilient and endured the constant barrage.
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burnt, even though it had housed a third of the population of the city. That same day the
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1800:. After each attack on Frederiksten, Bjelke invaded the former Norwegian province of
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Hvem forsvarte byen og festningen - Trekk fra Haldens og Fredrikstens krigshistorie
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Stiernsköld and his men were allowed to leave under military honors with 2,500 men
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two years earlier, Denmark-Norway had been forced to cede the Danish provinces of
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An even greater Swedish force of 5000 soldiers (of which 3000 were cavalry) under
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of Poland-Lithuania. Sweden was not in want of enemies to attack: campaigns in
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was fought on October 29, 1658. Painting by Jan Abrahamsz Beerstraaten, 1660.
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had 120 cavalry and 600 infantrymen under his command with the Swedish ship
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is the largest city is situated in the center of Norway. As a result of the
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On August 11, 1658 Charles X and his forces reached Valby hill (current day
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This sally would later become known as "Generaludfaldet" in Danish history.
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to keep the Dutch out should they decide to intervene in the conflict.
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Established present day political borders between Denmark and Sweden.
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in 1659. For this he was knighted by King Frederick III of Denmark.
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managed to sink a large number of the invading fleet at the naval
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in Southern Sweden. The plan was for the Swedish army to march on
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1783:, Commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army. Painted around 1655.
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in the harbor of Trondheim. Two Dano-Norwegian ships attacked
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was still occupied by Swedish troops and there were troops on
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and his 11-ship squadron led the charge, followed by Admiral
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in 1658. In the aftermath of that conflict, the Swedish king
86:
2630:Översikt över Sveriges krig under 1600-talets senare hälft.
1998:
1565:
1406:. Two weeks later, on October 22, it anchored northwest of
1403:
1432:
with 13 ships in the squadron. The last squadron, led by
1214:
1929:
One of Frederick III's bodyguards, Statius, traveled to
1706:. The Swedish king was not pleased and immediately sent
1476:, February 11, 1659. Painting by Poul Steffensen (1898).
2048:
which had long held power in Denmark into accepting a
2024:, the island of Bornholm and the Norwegian provinces
1340:
Colonel Poul Beenfeldt, Danish commander of Kronborg.
2475:
2473:
1320:a day were hurled into the city, and several large
1290:, and a staggering 810 kilometres (500 mi) of
2418:
2416:
1830:. Its bridge was defended by some companies under
1437:navy force led by Carl Gustaf Wrangel and Admiral
1380:The Dutch fleet under Obdam passes Kronborg castle
2638:Kjærulff Hellesen, Jette & Tuxen, Ole (1988)
2470:
1500:himself in overall command. A hundred cannons on
2666:
2659:Sveriges storhetstid, från år 1611 till år 1718.
2316:
2314:
1804:and twice succeeded in reconquering most of it.
1754:) fell to Polish-Lithuanian forces commanded by
1313:under construction and capturing three cannons.
2413:
2079:
2077:
1937:units and instigate anti-Swedish sentiment. In
1270:had already ordered every building outside the
1520:The northern attack force moved south towards
46:The Assault on Copenhagen on February 11, 1659
2311:
1770:
1286:: 50 tonnes (110,000 lb) of lead, 4,000
622:
608:
402:
2074:
1572:sending an army of 17,000 to lay a siege on
2710:Wars involving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2657:Weibull, Martin & Höjer, Magnus (1881)
1628:Swedes if the Danes refused to negotiate.
1543:
615:
601:
409:
395:
2651:(1965) Arne Stade (editor). Kristianstad.
2560:
1962:
1774:
1685:
1641:
1619:. After long negotiations, known as the
1479:
1467:
1383:
1375:
1353:up to prevent the Swedes from using it.
1335:
1245:
2579:
2519:
1457:
2667:
2584:(in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media.
2565:(in Swedish). Albert Bonniers Förlag.
1952:
1371:
1235:
2603:. Halden: Sats og Trykk - E. Sem A.S.
2598:
2541:
596:
416:
390:
1331:
1071:, where Sweden was forced to return
2527:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Atlantis.
1631:
1528:laid. The Swedes got very close to
1356:On August 16 the Swedes arrived at
1155:, and Norway lost the provinces of
13:
2700:Wars involving Brandenburg-Prussia
2609:
1250:The Danes prepare the defences of
14:
2771:
2730:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
2281:Isacson, p. 229; Englund, p. 610
1224:had assembled reinforcements in
1110:
1091:
961:. It is known in Denmark as the
953:, with the former backed by the
373:
362:
351:
340:
329:
318:
307:
295:
284:
273:
253:
243:
234:
223:
212:
199:
39:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
1761:
1179:, but he also wanted to punish
1028:desired to add the province of
987:Karl Gustav's Second Danish War
2735:Wars involving the Netherlands
2209:Frost, p. 182; Isacson, p. 208
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2065:
1933:to organize the peasants into
1733:Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter
1691:Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter
995:Karl Gustavs andra danska krig
358:Michiel Adriaanszoon de Ruyter
1:
2580:Isacson, Claes-Göran (2002).
2544:The Northern Wars (1558-1721)
2512:
1474:Swedish assault on Copenhagen
1135:in which Denmark had to cede
1082:
943:Dano-Swedish War of 1658–1660
162:kept the territories east of
65:August 5, 1658 – May 26, 1660
2760:Netherlands–Sweden relations
1850:
1756:Aleksander Hilary Połubiński
1676:Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein
380:Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein
22:Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660)
7:
1959:Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)
1906:
1439:Klas Hansson Bjelkenstjerna
1362:Lord High Admiral of Sweden
200:
10:
2776:
2649:Carl X Gustaf och Danmark.
1956:
1771:Bohuslän and Frederikshald
1635:
1621:first Concert of the Hague
1461:
1395:
1242:Siege of Copenhagen (1658)
1239:
1099:Charles X Gustav of Sweden
2599:Solum, Ingebrigt (1978).
2542:Frost, Robert I. (2000).
1924:
1588:and took up positions at
1548:When the Swedish invaded
1512:. They reached the outer
1464:The assault on Copenhagen
1454:on the Swedish mainland.
1424:Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam
1203:
1016:It was a continuation of
1011:Zweeds-Nederlandse Oorlog
651:Russo-Swedish (1656–1658)
634:
626:Northern War of 1655–1660
544:Northern War of 1655–1660
528:Northern Seven Years' War
429:
347:Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam
266:
192:
57:
38:
26:
21:
2740:Denmark–Sweden relations
2059:
1524:where the fortification
1309:in the wall, destroying
1118:Frederick III of Denmark
666:Dano-Swedish (1658–1660)
661:Dano-Swedish (1657–1658)
152:sovereignty accepted on
110:Dano-Norwegian victory;
2620:Svenska krig 1521-1814.
2561:Henrikson, Alf (1963).
1560:and 4,500 Poles led by
1544:The Allies invade Funen
1217:. In addition to this,
51:Frederik Christian Lund
2705:Wars involving Denmark
2467:Henrikson, pp. 541–542
2037:March across the Belts
1968:
1784:
1698:
1663:
1489:
1477:
1393:
1381:
1341:
1259:
1149:Scandinavian Peninsula
1129:March across the Belts
1010:
994:
982:
971:Anden Karl Gustav-krig
970:
963:Second Karl Gustav War
878:March Across the Belts
555:second Karl Gustav War
521:Swedish Liberation War
267:Commanders and leaders
2725:Wars involving Sweden
2720:Wars involving Poland
2715:Wars involving Norway
2628:Holm, Torsten (1927)
2546:. Pearson Education.
2440:Isacsson, pp. 258–260
2338:Isacsson, pp. 237–238
1988:The Danish statesman
1966:
1778:
1689:
1645:
1558:Raimondo Montecuccoli
1483:
1471:
1387:
1379:
1339:
1249:
550:first Karl Gustav War
469:Battle of Mjölkalånga
142:formally returned to
2618:Ulf Sundberg (1998)
2449:Isacson, pp. 260–263
2410:Bryhn 1978, pp.11-12
2401:Englund, pp. 697–700
2392:Isacson, pp. 252–253
2329:Isacsson, pp. 242–43
2227:Isacson, pp. 212–215
2218:Isacson, pp. 208–212
2200:Isacsson, pp.204–207
2164:Isacson, pp. 198–199
2137:Isacson, pp. 192–196
2119:Isacson, pp. 187-188
1995:Treaty of Copenhagen
1708:Gustaf Otto Stenbock
1458:Attack on Copenhagen
1222:Gustav Otto Stenbock
1069:Treaty of Copenhagen
302:Gustaf Otto Stenbock
112:Treaty of Copenhagen
2675:Second Northern War
2582:Karl X Gustavs krig
2525:Den oövervinnerlige
2254:Isacson, p. 223–225
2245:Isacson, p. 218–220
2236:Isacson, p. 216–217
1953:Peace and aftermath
1779:Lieutenant general
1650:, at the island of
1418:on the 54-gun ship
1398:Battle of the Sound
1390:Battle of the Sound
1372:Battle of the Sound
1366:Carl Gustaf Wrangel
1236:Siege of Copenhagen
1185:Brandenburg-Prussia
1018:an earlier conflict
291:Carl Gustaf Wrangel
240:Brandenburg-Prussia
29:Second Northern War
2506:Frost, pp. 193-195
2497:Frost, pp. 182–183
2092:Frost, pp. 180-181
2010:Treaty of Roskilde
1969:
1911:On April 29, 1658
1865:Treaty of Roskilde
1859:province in which
1791:above the town of
1785:
1699:
1664:
1606:battle of Ebeltoft
1582:Philip of Sulzbach
1508:and major general
1490:
1478:
1394:
1382:
1342:
1268:King Frederick III
1260:
1151:and the island of
1133:Treaty of Roskilde
945:was a war between
567:Great Northern War
140:Swedish Gold Coast
2690:Conflicts in 1660
2685:Conflicts in 1659
2680:Conflicts in 1658
2553:978-0-582-06429-4
2479:Henrikson, p. 542
2458:Henrikson, p. 539
2054:absolute monarchy
1990:Hannibal Sehested
1873:Claes Stiernsköld
1660:Christian Mølsted
1610:Swedish Pomerania
1562:Stefan Czarniecki
1506:Fabian von Fersen
1486:Fabian von Fersen
1443:coastal artillery
1434:Pieter Floriszoon
1332:Kronborg captured
1181:Frederick William
1165:the 1655 invasion
1103:Sébastien Bourdon
1065:Hannibal Sehested
1003:Swedish-Dutch War
938:
937:
590:
589:
385:
384:
369:Stefan Czarniecki
261:Habsburg Monarchy
188:
187:
2767:
2656:
2647:
2640:Historisk atlas.
2637:
2627:
2617:
2604:
2595:
2576:
2557:
2538:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2072:
2069:
1787:The fortress of
1674:. Major general
1638:Battle of Nyborg
1632:Battle of Nyborg
1564:had crossed the
1114:
1095:
1026:Charles X Gustav
973:), in Norway as
838:Prostki/Prostken
629:
627:
617:
610:
603:
594:
593:
582:War of 1813–1814
577:War of 1808–1809
424:
421:
420:Dano-Swedish war
411:
404:
397:
388:
387:
378:
377:
367:
366:
356:
355:
345:
344:
334:
333:
323:
322:
312:
311:
300:
299:
289:
288:
280:Charles X Gustav
278:
277:
259:
257:
256:
249:Poland–Lithuania
247:
238:
229:
227:
226:
217:
216:
205:
203:
202:
59:
58:
43:
33:Dano-Swedish War
19:
18:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2612:
2610:Further reading
2607:
2592:
2573:
2563:Svensk Historia
2554:
2535:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:Isacson, p. 258
2430:
2426:
2422:Isacson, p. 256
2421:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:Isacson, p. 252
2382:
2378:
2374:Isacson, p. 251
2373:
2369:
2365:Isacson, p. 250
2364:
2360:
2356:Isacson, p. 249
2355:
2351:
2347:Isacson, p. 248
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:Englund, p. 616
2298:
2294:
2290:Isacson, p. 233
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:Isacson, p. 229
2271:
2267:
2263:Isacson, p. 228
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:Isacson, p. 203
2181:
2177:
2173:Englund, p. 615
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:Isacson, p. 197
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:Isacson, p. 191
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:Englund, p. 602
2109:
2105:
2101:Englund, p. 601
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
1974:Treaty of Oliva
1961:
1955:
1927:
1909:
1901:presenting arms
1853:
1832:Tønne Huitfeldt
1773:
1764:
1728:Swedish cavalry
1666:On November 11
1646:The landing at
1640:
1634:
1546:
1510:Johan von Essen
1472:Scene from the
1466:
1460:
1400:
1374:
1350:Kronborg Castle
1334:
1256:Heinrich Hansen
1244:
1238:
1206:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1101:(1652–1653) by
1096:
1085:
1075:to Denmark and
1060:Treaty of Oliva
985:) in Sweden as
939:
934:
630:
625:
623:
621:
591:
586:
425:
419:
417:
415:
372:
371:
361:
360:
350:
349:
339:
338:
328:
327:
317:
316:
306:
294:
293:
283:
282:
272:
254:
252:
251:
242:
233:
224:
222:
221:
211:
198:
119:
102:
48:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:1660 in Europe
2752:
2750:1659 in Europe
2747:
2745:1658 in Europe
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2539:
2533:
2521:Englund, Peter
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2310:
2308:Englund, p.617
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2191:Isacson, p.204
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2083:Frost, p. 180.
2073:
2063:
2061:
2058:
1957:Main article:
1954:
1951:
1926:
1923:
1908:
1905:
1852:
1849:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1658:. Painting by
1636:Main article:
1633:
1630:
1598:naval squadron
1545:
1542:
1494:previous peace
1484:Major general
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1426:on the 72-gun
1396:Main article:
1373:
1370:
1333:
1330:
1311:fortifications
1307:hidden passage
1254:. Painting by
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1205:
1202:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1049:Dutch Republic
997:), and in the
955:Dutch Republic
947:Denmark–Norway
936:
935:
933:
932:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
699:
698:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
676:Peach Tree War
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
645:Swedish Deluge
640:
639:
635:
632:
631:
620:
619:
612:
605:
597:
588:
587:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
558:
557:
552:
540:
538:Torstenson War
535:
530:
525:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
486:
484:Battle of Åsle
481:
476:
474:Kalundborg War
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
430:
427:
426:
414:
413:
406:
399:
391:
383:
382:
304:
269:
268:
264:
263:
231:Dutch Republic
219:Denmark–Norway
209:
207:Swedish Empire
195:
194:
190:
189:
186:
185:
184:
183:
157:
147:
137:
134:Denmark-Norway
121:
115:
114:
108:
104:
103:
75:Denmark–Norway
73:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2772:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Northern Wars
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2591:91-85057-25-8
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2572:91-0-010551-1
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2534:91-7486-999-X
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2503:
2494:
2488:Frost, p. 183
2485:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2320:Frost, p. 182
2317:
2315:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:Jørgen Bjelke
1794:
1793:Frederikshald
1790:
1782:
1781:Jørgen Bjelke
1777:
1768:
1759:
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1416:Witte de With
1411:
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1264:Frederiksberg
1257:
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1219:Field Marshal
1216:
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1177:Royal Prussia
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1030:Royal Prussia
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863:Czarny Ostrów
861:
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849:
846:
844:
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839:
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464:6000 mark war
462:
460:
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431:
428:
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389:
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376:
370:
365:
359:
354:
348:
343:
337:
336:Jørgen Bjelke
332:
326:
321:
315:
314:Frederick III
310:
305:
303:
298:
292:
287:
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276:
271:
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34:
30:
25:
20:
2658:
2655:(in Swedish)
2648:
2646:(in Swedish)
2639:
2629:
2626:(in Swedish)
2619:
2616:(in Swedish)
2600:
2581:
2562:
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2259:
2250:
2241:
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2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2067:
2034:
2007:
1987:
1970:
1928:
1910:
1897:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1854:
1837:
1821:
1809:Harald Stake
1806:
1786:
1765:
1762:Insurgencies
1741:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1665:
1614:
1586:Fredriksodde
1579:
1555:
1547:
1535:
1519:
1498:
1491:
1448:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1401:
1355:
1343:
1315:
1299:Christian IV
1296:
1280:
1261:
1207:
1189:
1126:
1057:
1046:
1015:
1002:
986:
983:Bjelkefeiden
975:Bjelkes Feud
974:
962:
942:
940:
665:
643:
554:
542:
488:
193:Belligerents
166:, including
132:returned to
45:
27:Part of the
2636:(in Danish)
1947:bourgeoisie
1844:Gustaf Horn
1789:Fredriksten
1668:Hans Schack
1656:Hans Schack
1538:bourgeoisie
1502:Slotsholmen
1318:heated shot
1034:Brandenburg
999:Netherlands
572:Theatre War
562:Scanian War
439:Fýrisvellir
325:Hans Schack
118:Territorial
2669:Categories
2661:Stockholm.
2642:Köpenhamn.
2632:Stockholm.
2622:Stockholm.
2513:References
2050:hereditary
2042:status quo
1983:Landskrona
1672:Kerteminde
1648:Kerteminde
1617:Baltic Sea
1452:Landskrona
1305:through a
1292:slow match
1276:city gates
1272:city walls
1252:Copenhagen
1230:Copenhagen
1197:Baltic Sea
1193:Copenhagen
1083:Background
1042:Copenhagen
908:Copenhagen
833:2nd Cracow
813:Kokenhusen
803:2nd Warsaw
788:1st Warsaw
773:Sandomierz
743:Jasna Góra
723:1st Cracow
681:New Sweden
533:Kalmar War
490:Union Wars
2035:The bold
2026:Trøndelag
1935:Snapphane
1861:Trondheim
1857:Trøndelag
1851:Trondheim
1840:Lars Kagg
1824:Svinesund
1602:Owen Coxe
1570:Pomerania
1526:Kastellet
1522:Østerport
1514:palisades
1429:Eendracht
1408:Helsingør
1358:Helsingør
1322:howitzers
1316:Over 200
1161:Trøndelag
1077:Trøndelag
979:Norwegian
918:Grudziądz
728:Nowy Dwór
656:Pomerania
516:1512–1520
511:1501–1512
506:1470–1471
496:1434-1436
454:Gestilren
434:Brávellir
164:the Sound
130:Trøndelag
91:Trøndelag
2523:(2000).
2046:nobility
2030:Bohuslän
2022:Blekinge
2003:Bornholm
1979:blockade
1945:of rich
1913:Bornholm
1907:Bornholm
1893:Jämtland
1888:peasants
1802:Bohuslän
1746:city of
1594:veterans
1420:Brederod
1284:materiel
1157:Båhuslen
1153:Bornholm
1145:Blekinge
1073:Bornholm
1022:Roskilde
930:Treaties
913:Ebeltoft
858:Magierów
848:Chojnice
808:Dyneburg
758:Jarosław
686:Courland
638:Theaters
180:Bohuslän
176:Blekinge
126:Bornholm
99:Bornholm
70:Location
2018:Halland
2008:In the
1881:Gotland
1877:Gotland
1817:Østfold
1813:Oppland
1752:Jelgava
1744:Latvian
1625:England
1574:Stettin
1550:Zealand
1530:Nyboder
1346:Øresund
1288:muskets
1211:Jutland
1173:Estonia
1169:Livonia
1147:on the
1141:Halland
1053:Øresund
1038:Austria
1001:as the
991:Swedish
903:Rödsund
898:Kolding
843:Filipów
798:Tykocin
733:Wojnicz
697:Battles
501:Haraker
172:Halland
150:Swedish
120:changes
95:Romsdal
83:Zealand
79:Jutland
53:(1887).
2588:
2569:
2550:
2531:
2014:Scania
1931:Scania
1925:Scania
1918:plague
1724:rapier
1704:Nyborg
1695:Nyborg
1681:Odense
1600:under
1326:Kraków
1303:sortie
1226:Scania
1204:Events
1137:Scania
967:Danish
959:Poland
951:Sweden
923:Nyborg
888:Szkudy
868:Skałat
828:Lubrze
823:Łowicz
793:Kcynia
783:Kłecko
768:Zamość
738:Krosno
718:Żarnów
713:Sobota
708:Danzig
703:Ujście
691:Africa
671:Norway
444:Helgeå
258:
228:
204:
168:Scania
160:Sweden
144:Sweden
107:Result
2060:Notes
1943:cabal
1939:Malmö
1828:Tista
1748:Mitau
1652:Funen
1590:Funen
1007:Dutch
893:Sound
883:Toruń
778:Warka
763:Nisko
753:Gołąb
748:Radom
479:Visby
87:Funen
2586:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2052:and
2028:and
2001:and
1999:Hven
1941:, a
1855:The
1815:and
1742:The
1566:Oder
1404:Vlie
1388:The
1171:and
1159:and
1143:and
1036:and
957:and
949:and
941:The
873:Gdov
853:Walk
818:Riga
459:Hova
449:Lena
128:and
97:and
62:Date
31:and
1981:on
1215:Fyn
1183:of
1013:).
154:Ven
49:by
2671::
2472:^
2415:^
2313:^
2076:^
2056:.
2020:,
2016:,
1903:.
1842:,
1735:.
1623:,
1612:.
1364:,
1294:.
1232:.
1139:,
1009::
993::
981::
969::
178:,
174:,
170:,
93:,
89:,
85:,
81:,
2594:.
2575:.
2556:.
2537:.
1750:(
1662:.
1258:.
1120:.
1105:.
1005:(
989:(
977:(
965:(
616:e
609:t
602:v
422:s
410:e
403:t
396:v
182:.
156:.
146:.
136:.
101:)
77:(
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