2766:. Because al-Ẓāhirī rejected the use of analogical reasoning in jurisprudence, he disagreed with the majority view that the prohibition on excess gain in in-kind exchanges of all commodities, and did not consider such gains to be a form of interest. Had Muhammad intended to include commodities other than the above six, he could have done so; because he specified that usury was only prohibited in these six commodities and that Muslims were free to deal in other commodities as they liked, al-Ẓāhirī saw no basis for making an analogy to any other commodities.
2818:, al-Ẓāhirī saw that the individual should break their fast on the day which they started their journey, a view upon which both Ibn Ḥanbal and Ibn Rāhwayh agreed. This was due to the Quranic verse allowing the traveler to skip the Ramaḍān fast and make it up when they complete their journey. If a Muslim did fast while traveling, they would still have to make up the days the skipped according to al-Ẓāhirī's view, as the verse wasn't merely an allowance for breaking the fast, but a command.
3625:
4883:
715:
297:
2821:
Most
Muslims shorten the length of their prayers while traveling as well. This "traveling" by which the Muslim shortens his prayers and breaks the fast is a topic of discussion among jurists as to its distance and duration. Al-Ẓāhirī saw that any form of traveling, regardless of distance or duration,
2598:
was stated, due to different Muslim historians recording opposing statements. Some take the view that al-Ẓāhirī restricted the ruling to the incident or condition in which the causality arose, seeing that the causality provides a concrete law; others take the view that he would instead form a general
2993:
in particular, were harsh upon al-Ẓāhirī himself. This is not universal, and many followers of the Shāfiʿī school have taken more accommodating views of al-Ẓāhirī's legal rulings. Al-Dhahabī defended al-Ẓāhirī and his followers, stating that just as al-Juwāynī had arrived to his views by the process
2879:
has pieced together chapter headings for al-Ẓāhirī's work on juristic principles from other early works in the following order: binding consensus, invalidity of blindly following the clergy, invalidity of analogical reasoning, traditions transmitted by single authorities, traditions which provide
3045:
They said: 'We believe in whatever is mentioned in the Book and the Sunna, and we do not come to grips with the interpretation; after we certainly know that Allāh, the
Powerful and Exalted, does not resemble anything from the creation and that all what is portrayed in imagination is created and
3051:
And they used to guard themselves from anthropomorphism to such a degree, that they said: 'Whosoever moved his hand during the recitation of His statement: '…I created with My hands?' or pointed with his two fingers during his narration: 'The heart of the believer is between two fingers of the
2360:
After completing his studies in
Nishapur, al-Ẓāhirī returned to Baghdad and began delivering his own lessons. While historians differ regarding his exact number of students, it is agreed that his following was large, with most estimates ranging between four and five hundred students who would
2647:
or "recently occurring", a stance of which Ibn Ḥanbal strongly disapproved. Even before that time, Ibn Ḥanbal had actually cut off contact with anyone who would study with or consult al-Ẓāhirī regarding religious matters, a habit which Ibn Ḥanbal started after witnessing Ẓāhirī's defense of
2713:
Modern-day scholarship has suggested, in light of the weakness in the chains of narration connecting the phrase "the Quran is recently occurring" to al-Ẓāhirī that he may have never made such a statement or held such a belief at all. Due to al-Ẓāhirī's denial of analogical reasoning and
2730:. Abū ʿUbaida further supported his point by noting that al-Ẓāhirī and his students were actually severer in their opposition to the Muʿtazilite school and their belief that the Quran was created than Ibn Ḥanbal was, using harsh language in their written responses to such beliefs.
2344:
Al-Ẓāhirī was initially a follower of al-Shāfiʿī in matters of jurisprudence, later branching off in terms of his principles, likely due to the influence of Ibn Rāhwayh. Describing him as "fanatical" both in his adherence to al-Shāfiʿī and to his own school later on, the
2340:
school, during one of his lessons; a debate ensued in which al-Ẓāhirī alleged that Ibn Rāhwayh didn't understand al-Shāfiʿī 's point on the topic of discussion, although Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, who was physically present for the debate, declared Ibn Rāhwayh to be the winner.
4444:"The Jahmite Ash'aris: The Qur'an Present With Us is 'Muhdath' Meaning (To Them) Created – Ibn Battah's (d. 387H) Refutation of the Jahmites of Old with a Clarification of the Doubts of Contemporary Jahmite Ash'aris Regarding What is 'Muhdath'"
4522:
2853:
for his claim that Ẓāhirī's biography of al-Shāfiʿī was the not just the first biography about al-Shāfiʿī but the first major biography of any Muslim jurist ever written. None of these works have survived to the modern era in their entirety.
3294:
2988:
Members of other schools have often criticized al-Ẓāhirī for his rejection of analogical reasoning. The early followers of al-Shāfiʿī in general held negative views of their former classmate, and the followers of the Shāfiʿīte school,
2351:
describes the Ẓāhirīte school as a one-sided elaboration of Shāfiʿī te doctrine, taking the latter's rejection of juristic discretion as a principle in formulating law and applying it to all forms of human reasoning.
3036:"As for Aĥmad ibn Ĥanbal, Dāwūd ibn 'Alī al-Işfahānī and a group of Imāms from the predecessors, they took the methodological course of the early predecessors from the people of narrations—such as Mālik ibn Anas and
2875:, the difference between general and specific verses of the Quran, the difference between succinct and detailed commands in the Islamic religion, and his views on and experiences with his former teacher, al-Shāfiʿī.
2880:
certainty, incontrovertible proof, particular vs. general scriptural texts, and specified vs. unspecified texts. The chapters—and perhaps even the information contained therein—have primarily been preserved in the
2710:, and others used the phrase "recently occurring" to establish that God and the Quran, believed by Muslims to be the literal speech of God, are not the same thing, but rather that God's speech is an attribute.
3709:
Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. II, C-G, pg. 182. Eds. Bernard Lewis, Charles Pellat and Joseph
Schacht. Assist. J. Burton-Page, C. Dumont and V.L. Menage. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1971. Photomechanical print.
4519:
4443:
2371:
began seeking al-Ẓāhirī's advice on religious topics of study. While his views were not universally accepted in his time, no attempts were made by his contemporaries to prevent him from granting
3002:
also defended the legitimacy of al-Ẓāhirī's views and his school, listing a number of figures from the other Sunnī schools of thought who considered al-Ẓāhirī's opinions in scholarly discourse.
2985:, he answered that Ibn Qutaybah's work was "nothing", and recommended the books of the "people of jurisprudence", mentioning al-Shāfiʿī and al-Ẓāhirī by name, then "their contemporaries".
3083:, denied the validity of analogical reasoning as al-Ẓāhirī did, they also denied literalism and the validity of consensus, and most of them found al-Ẓāhirī's ideas to be ridiculous.
2551:
This creed of not delving into the fundamental nature of the texts likely affected al-Ẓāhirī's views on literalism as well. While all the major figures of Islam were united upon the
4295:
2706:—described by Ibn Taymiyyah as the leading figures of Islam at the time—all agreed that the Quran was uncreated, but a semantic misunderstanding arose when al-Ẓāhirī, al-Bukhārī,
2648:
al-Shāfiʿī against the attacks of Ibn Rāhwayh. The rumor regarding al-Ẓāhirī's statement about the Quran only added more fuel to the fire. The Syrian Muslim historian and scholar
3028:
as his source. Nearly four decades later, the section of al-Shahrastānī's work was translated into
English, demonstrating that al-Shahrastānī had actually stated that al-Ẓāhirī
4664:
Devin
Stewart, "Muhammad b. Dawud al-Zahiri's Manual of Jurisprudence." Taken from Studies in Islamic Law and Society Volume 15: Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Edited by
3628:
2845:. Some of these works were very long, and they covered both legal theory and all branches of positive law. He was also considered to be the first person to have written a
2973:. Even his contemporary critics conceded to his intellect and level of knowledge, even while rejecting his beliefs. He has been described as "the scholar of the era" by
4176:
Wahab, Muhammad
Rashidi, and Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar. "Peringkat Pemikiran Imam al-Ash'ari Dalam Akidah." International Journal of Islamic Thought 3 (2013): 58-70.
6584:
3643:
Frye, R. N.; Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, Richard Nelson; Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Jackson, Peter (26 June 1975).
8498:
3735:, "Muhammad b. Dawud al-Zahiri's Manual of Jurisprudence." Taken from Studies in Islamic Law and Society Volume 15: Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Edited by
3079:, the Muʿtazila school were quite hostile towards al-Ẓāhirī and his school. Although some prominent figures of this school, such as the Muʿtazilite theologian
2913:
Although al-Ẓāhirī's theological views were and are considered controversial, his character and religious piety carry universal acclaim. The Muslim scholars
2527:, but both Ibn Taymiyyah and al-Shahrastānī considered al-Ẓāhirī and his students, along with Mālik ibn Anas, al-Shāfiʿī , Ibn Ḥanbal, al-Thawrī, Abū Thawr,
4447:
2569:), al-Ẓāhirī held that these two sources must also be taken at the literal meanings and only applied in the particular circumstances which they described.
4276:
4161:
3170:"Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations, and political manifestations – Genealogy A: Ibn Hanbal and the Ahl al-Ḥadīth"
8111:
2798:), seeing that a woman's face could be uncovered in public but that all other body parts must be covered. This was the position of Ibn Ḥanbal as well.
912:
3578:
8845:
4916:
4910:
2218:
and others, however, held that this attribution was due to the fact that al-Ẓāhirī's mother was a native of
Isfahan, and that he was actually of
8810:
6767:
4738:
2332:, al-Ẓāhirī was willing to debate with Ibn Rāhwayh on religious topics, something no one else had ever dared to do. Ibn Rāhwayh criticized
880:), used by other schools of Islamic jurisprudence. He was a celebrated, if not controversial, figure during his time, being referred to in
8553:
5048:
5218:
4787:
4565:
3822:
3525:
2594:
There are conflicting views regarding al-Ẓāhirī's position when the specific causality of a command or prohibition within the Quran or
4983:
4649:
7488:
7235:
2230:
agreed that al-Ẓāhirī was born in Kufa, but attributed the confusion regarding his place of birth due to his father's role in the
8860:
8830:
8815:
8795:
7279:
5340:
2578:, otherwise known as "analogical reasoning", as a method of deducing rulings in Islamic jurisprudence, regarding it as a form of
6711:
4755:
2471:
Al-Ẓāhirī's understanding of the
Islamic faith was described by al-Dhahabī's teacher, the Syrian Muslim historian and scholar
6451:
5860:
5350:
5332:
3485:
3421:
3367:
3133:
3017:
743:
4928:
8800:
7822:
6461:
5149:
4545:
3675:, The Proposed Political, Legal and Social Reforms. Taken from Modernist Islam 1840–1940: A Sourcebook, pg. 281. Edited by
2516:
905:
5805:
4185:
Melchert, Christopher. "The Piety of the Hadith folk." International
Journal of Middle East Studies 34.3 (2002): 425-439.
2098:
7122:
4308:
2953:, is not as numerous today as the other four major Sunnī schools of thought, it was once a major school and encompassed
4710:
3644:
3067:
as a valid means of logical deduction, a position for which he also criticized al-Zahiri's son and school in general.
4862:
3654:
3342:
3317:
3201:
2333:
2019:
1981:
1226:
586:
8182:
3964:, "This Day I have Perfected Your Religion For You: A Zahiri Conception of Religious Authority", pg. 15. Taken from
3358:
Jonathan, Constance; Crowe, Youngwon Lee (2019). "9: Natural law in Islam from theological and legal perspectives".
8162:
2977:, and the hierarchy of religious knowledge in Baghdad was considered to have ended with al-Ẓāhirī at the top. When
318:
6915:
6660:
3333:
Bearman P.; Bianquis Th.; Bosworth C.E.; van Donzel E.; Heinrichs W.P., eds. (2005). "Dāwūd b. ʿAlī b. K̲h̲alaf".
2871:), with al-Ẓāhirī producing a number of works on various topics, including his rejection of blindly following the
2102:
8488:
8436:
8050:
7098:
6762:
5650:
5530:
2476:
2286:
1593:
1208:
898:
170:
8730:
6478:
6456:
5770:
5735:
5211:
5125:
4412:
4054:
2707:
1625:
Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas
3764:, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th–10th Centuries C.E., pg. 179. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997.
6605:
6488:
5745:
5565:
4976:
4468:
3781:, The Zahiris: Their Doctrine and Their History, Brill Classics in Islam Volume 3, pg.27, Brill: Boston, 2008
1350:
803:
5102:
2841:
was able to personally record the names of at least 157 of his written works, the majority on topics within
2652:
said that the dispute was semantic in nature, arising from a confusion of al-Ẓāhirī's intended meaning—that
8850:
8805:
8751:
7791:
7272:
6944:
6790:
6740:
6181:
5625:
5185:
5024:
4952:
4429:
4395:
4377:
4108:. Assist. J. Burton-Page, C. dumont and V.L. Menage. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1970. Photomechanical print.
3575:
3059:
have, perhaps, been more accurate in that for which they criticized al-Ẓāhirī. The Ismāʿīlī Shīʿīte jurist
2380:
2376:
2015:
1874:
246:
242:
2178:
Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī's exact place of birth is not entirely clear to historians. It is disputed if he was from
8419:
7309:
7173:
6521:
5835:
5345:
5322:
5317:
5227:
3900:
3279:
3123:
3063:
was particularly critical of al-Ẓāhirī for rejecting analogical reasoning yet at the same time accepting
2325:
520:
5883:
7828:
7423:
7409:
7148:
6893:
6667:
6149:
5780:
5740:
5475:
5392:
5246:
2726:
the statement and attributed it to al-Ẓāhirī as a means of pushing the common people away from him and
2687:
625:
1612:, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taught
8840:
8741:
7375:
7093:
6744:
6506:
5730:
5635:
5610:
5460:
5204:
5175:
3263:
2831:
2616:
2203:
2060:
1892:
961:
849:
736:
348:
306:
8653:
2639:
under Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, he was later barred from study due to a dispute regarding the nature of the
2328:
noted that when studying with Ibn Rāhwayh, considered one of the most knowledgeable scholars in the
8756:
8746:
8736:
7506:
7026:
6640:
6259:
5830:
5760:
5180:
5170:
4969:
4260:
4070:
3076:
1820:
921:
4487:
Dr. Arif Khalil Abu Ubaida, Imam Dawud al-Zahiri and his Influence in Islamic Jurisprudence, pg.56
8644:
8608:
6633:
6591:
6446:
6061:
5850:
5755:
5585:
5540:
5406:
4735:
4691:
Abbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of Abbasid Studies, Cambridge, 6–10 January 2002
3684:
2683:
2118:
2030:
1838:
1232:
799:
343:
8326:
8280:
7674:
7355:
6850:
6511:
6441:
6401:
6386:
6066:
5820:
5725:
5710:
5701:
5580:
5545:
5470:
5108:
5096:
4934:
4093:
3529:
2950:
2367:. His reputation spread outside of Baghdad, and even high-level scholars from elsewhere in the
953:
643:
328:
3461:
3169:
8549:
8208:
7380:
7297:
7043:
7013:
6570:
6466:
6013:
5840:
5590:
5500:
5072:
4855:
4722:
4604:
4025:
3912:
3888:
3861:
2914:
2775:
2493:
2347:
1340:
361:
8249:
2863:, Ibn Ḥanbal and al-Ẓāhirī were the next major Sunnī Muslim scholars to author works on the
2468:
of his era, which accused him of holding particular creedal views relating to God's speech.
2375:, nor were they opposed to his teaching position. His most well-known students were his son
8855:
8785:
7995:
7402:
7260:
7185:
7030:
6845:
6693:
6598:
6577:
6436:
6391:
6376:
5925:
5775:
5765:
5750:
5570:
5535:
5525:
5520:
5495:
4771:
4632:
4272:
4226:
4210:
4050:
3814:
3761:
3457:
3060:
3037:
2695:
2682:
Thus al-Ẓāhirī, Ibn Ḥanbal, al-Shāfiʿī, Mālik ibn Anas, al-Thawrī, Ibn Rāhwayh, al-Ṭabarī,
2215:
2080:
1854:
1709:
1620:(748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn Anas
1495:
1220:
729:
279:
2158:
Key: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith
8:
8790:
8662:
8429:
8229:
8000:
7731:
7608:
7247:
6547:
6473:
5815:
5465:
5279:
5155:
5143:
5131:
4948:
2850:
2759:
2738:
Al-Ẓāhirī held the view that regarding in-kind exchanges of goods, the forbidden type of
2703:
2672:
2458:
1844:
1376:
1370:
1044:
678:
338:
8593:
7476:
7432:
7177:
6990:
6877:
6651:
6612:
6526:
6361:
6324:
6286:
6208:
6083:
5855:
5640:
5515:
5490:
5312:
5299:
5090:
5084:
5012:
4961:
4904:
4074:
3491:
3207:
2454:
2412:
2392:
2278:
1878:
1731:
1609:
1026:
783:
323:
254:
220:
120:
8569:
3778:
2293:) was in contrast to the views of his father, who was a follower of the less orthodox
2227:
2033:(874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna
8835:
8825:
8619:
8585:
8529:
7772:
7711:
7618:
7326:
7190:
7039:
6985:
6881:
6516:
6483:
6411:
6406:
6366:
6354:
6339:
6319:
6220:
6196:
6022:
5845:
5685:
5620:
4798:
4515:
4291:
4133:
3818:
3650:
3499:
3481:
3427:
3417:
3363:
3338:
3313:
3211:
3197:
3129:
3080:
2958:
2892:
2881:
2317:
2235:
1738:
1581:
1487:
620:
598:
458:
212:
63:
7777:
3280:"The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law"
2337:
8865:
8820:
7587:
7561:
7264:
6937:
6840:
6681:
6563:
6416:
6396:
6381:
5946:
5605:
5373:
5042:
4848:
4840:
4818:
4673:
4665:
4580:
4500:
4138:
4013:
3997:
3981:
3973:
3940:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3477:
3409:
3405:
3216:
3189:
2962:
2859:
2512:
2500:
2329:
2313:
2282:
2023:
1955:
1848:
1834:
1723:
1364:
1214:
949:
779:
593:
204:
3969:
3394:
The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law
3125:
The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law
2411:
in Baghdad, where he was buried. The exact year in which he died according to the
8657:
8544:
8131:
7481:
7466:
7428:
7395:
7370:
7284:
7231:
7132:
7127:
7103:
7017:
6920:
6867:
6349:
6252:
6247:
6230:
6191:
6131:
6088:
5895:
5825:
5630:
5378:
4834:
4742:
4653:
4549:
4526:
4337:
3676:
3582:
2876:
2842:
2585:
2072:
1943:
1888:
1194:
1060:
760:
694:
684:
603:
333:
125:
8271:
4542:
3332:
8679:
8598:
8464:
8441:
8424:
8275:
8200:
8124:
7645:
7551:
7160:
7115:
7110:
6961:
6930:
6835:
6718:
6556:
6309:
6242:
6235:
6225:
6073:
5810:
5671:
5600:
5575:
5435:
5368:
5284:
4767:
4645:
4628:
4616:
4538:
4222:
4206:
4105:
4101:
3521:
3025:
3021:
2742:
applies only to the six commodities specified by the Islamic prophet Muhammad:
2739:
2632:
2539:
2520:
2504:
2489:
1826:
1749:(died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography
1719:
1605:
1560:(699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by
1202:
535:
463:
8639:
8446:
7638:
3413:
2445:. Similarly to other Muslim scholars who were accused of sharing Ibn Kullāb's
1596:(702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by
8779:
8603:
8533:
8513:
8475:
8099:
8084:
7848:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
7655:
7580:
7390:
7351:
7338:
7313:
7219:
7008:
6980:
6857:
6811:
6729:
6428:
6329:
6314:
6304:
6139:
6101:
6078:
6040:
5951:
5681:
5675:
5665:
5653:
4992:
4706:
4689:
and the Genre of Usul al-Fiqh in Ninth Century Baghdad," pg. 337. Taken from
4424:
4408:
4390:
4372:
4238:
4194:
4097:
3961:
3680:
3431:
3228:
3193:
3181:
3056:
2970:
2885:
2835:
2691:
2649:
2533:
2472:
2231:
1985:
822:
545:
478:
453:
448:
200:
156:
8565:
5066:
2194:. He himself has been describe as Persian. Some attribute his origin to the
8631:
8560:
8348:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
8288:
8266:
8257:
8157:
7634:
7450:
7385:
7078:
6975:
6966:
6872:
6626:
6294:
6213:
6144:
6008:
5505:
5445:
5420:
5401:
5018:
4887:
4814:
4576:
4496:
4009:
3993:
3936:
3220:
2999:
2982:
2966:
2864:
2838:
2653:
2524:
2368:
2238:
2219:
2056:
1884:
1858:
1704:
1587:
1072:
795:
719:
699:
613:
527:
8298:
7796:
7416:
2668:
8613:
8335:
8303:
8253:
8119:
7817:
7782:
7764:
7556:
7293:
7223:
6903:
6802:
6371:
6344:
6334:
6271:
6176:
6166:
6161:
5993:
5976:
5800:
5715:
5555:
5430:
5137:
4329:
3672:
3262:) to be binding only when comprising a first-generation consensus of the
2954:
2485:
2321:
2298:
2068:
1561:
818:
768:
296:
287:
146:
136:
3718:
Abdul-Qadir bin Abi al-Wafa al-Qurashi, Tabaqat al-Hanafiya, v.1, pg.419
8262:
8059:
7840:
7786:
7684:
7622:
7573:
7539:
7492:
7413:
7346:
7333:
7251:
7227:
7156:
7061:
7003:
6925:
6828:
6201:
5965:
5961:
5795:
5720:
5696:
5661:
5615:
5550:
5510:
5485:
5440:
5425:
5415:
5078:
4922:
4898:
4871:
4472:
4333:
3873:
3619:
3495:
3102:
3092:
3010:
2990:
2974:
2918:
2897:
2888:
2723:
2719:
2528:
2497:
2442:
2432:
2416:
2396:
2211:
2094:
1951:
1746:
1597:
1557:
531:
262:
208:
6046:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
5905:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
3357:
8517:
8505:
8483:
8414:
8327:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
8318:
8224:
8169:
8094:
7748:
7743:
7669:
7613:
7359:
7214:
7207:
7083:
6994:
6908:
6888:
6733:
6674:
6186:
6154:
6109:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
5997:
5875:
5790:
5785:
5595:
5560:
5455:
5450:
5054:
5036:
4783:
4592:
4288:
4033:
3551:
3462:"How Ḥanafism Came to Originate in Kufa and Traditionalism in Medina"
3388:
Osman, Amr (2014). "Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī and the Beginnings of the Ẓāhirī
3254:) as a method for deducing jurisprudential rulings while considering
3185:
3064:
2978:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2846:
2830:
Al-Ẓāhirī was known as being a prolific author, and the Arab-Persian
2783:
2699:
2462:
2384:
2274:
2084:
1939:
1700:
1617:
1577:
1054:
660:
608:
485:
238:
216:
8508:
3032:
hold anthropotheistic beliefs about God. al-Shahrastani had stated:
3013:
have taken a dimmer view of al-Ẓāhirī and his school. In the 1970s,
2623:), excluding all other generations after them from this definition.
2580:
2415:
is a matter of some dispute, with historians having stated both 883
2305:, actually a direct reaction to the Ḥanafī system of jurisprudence.
8702:
8669:
8524:
8409:
8401:
8195:
7600:
7531:
7454:
7437:
7268:
7255:
7088:
7034:
6816:
6264:
6055:
5888:
5480:
5196:
5060:
3243:
3236:
3097:
2902:
2849:
of his former teacher, al-Shāfiʿī. Melchert cites Ibn al-Nadīm and
2588:
2309:
2207:
2191:
1573:
1048:
541:
408:
401:
258:
99:
4697:: Peeters Publishers and the Department of Oriental Studies, 2004.
3624:
3503:
2584:, which means "innovation" within the Islamic religion, which the
2273:) with a number of notable Muslim scholars of the time, including
775:
8707:
8687:
8648:
8493:
8340:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
8284:
8241:
8088:
8078:
7803:
7752:
7706:
7544:
7441:
7342:
7321:
7200:
7195:
7070:
7021:
6949:
6898:
6619:
6498:
6171:
5985:
5917:
5307:
3469:
3337:. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Albany, NY: Brill. p. 182.
3024:
regarding God, citing the Persian Sunnī historian and theologian
3014:
2995:
2815:
2408:
2302:
2254:
2199:
2183:
2114:
1989:
1569:
1382:
810:
437:
368:
160:
110:
77:
4067:
The Islamic school of law – evolution, devolution, and progress
8712:
8692:
8573:
8537:
7726:
7629:
7566:
7445:
7288:
7242:
6722:
6031:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
5989:
5936:
5360:
5271:
5030:
4694:
4669:
3977:
3740:
3532:, Second Edition. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 9 January 2013
3473:
3401:
3397:
3232:
3177:
3052:
Merciful,' his hand should be cut and his two fingers removed."
2946:
2755:
2747:
2727:
2715:
2656:
2595:
2562:
2557:
2508:
2480:
2446:
2388:
2363:
2294:
2266:
2258:
2242:
2202:, and he has also been referred to as "Dāwūd al-Aṣbahānī". The
1868:
1565:
881:
857:
834:
807:
787:
655:
630:
564:
506:
499:
492:
418:
313:
250:
5896:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
8697:
7738:
7363:
7164:
7152:
5954:
5929:
5900:
5289:
4561:
3966:
Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies
3247:
2937:
all attested to his morality, humility, and personal ethics.
2872:
2791:
2779:
2751:
2664:
2640:
2615:) to consist only of the opinions of the first generation of
2574:
2552:
2437:
2372:
2253:
During his formative years, al-Ẓāhirī relocated from Kufa to
2187:
1040:
957:
865:
830:
771:
650:
572:
555:
378:
373:
89:
2857:
Ibn al-Nadīm also mentions that after al-Shāfiʿī's treatise
2391:. Al-Ẓāhirī was also the teacher of the Sunnī Muslim jurist
1841:
jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith books
8391:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
5940:
5935:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
5865:
3255:
2807:
2763:
2743:
2608:
2395:, who was responsible for spreading the Ẓāhirīte school in
2223:
2195:
2179:
2110:
1066:
841:
568:
441:
413:
388:
383:
180:
59:
8351:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
5167:
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
3312:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 60.
3174:
The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics, and Ideology
2320:, at the time considered a champion of the traditionalist
6299:
3242:(c. 815–883), and later popularized by Andalusian jurist
1034:
873:
423:
6041:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
4991:
3362:. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 157.
2895:, in addition to the passages preserved in the treatise
1726:, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taught
4607:, Tawalli al-Ta`sis li-Ma'ali Muhammad bin Idris, pg.26
2308:
Toward the end of his education, al-Ẓāhirī traveled to
1741:(778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the Companions
3020:
Abdul Kareem Mushtaq accused al-Ẓāhirī of having held
6093:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
6056:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
2301:
has suggested that Ẓāhirī's school was, like that of
8323:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
5926:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
4870:
3396:. Studies in Islamic Law and Society. Vol. 38.
2214:, alongside the American scholar of Islamic studies
4069:, pg. 118. Eds. Rudolph Peters and Frank E. Vogel.
3642:
8367:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
8315:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
6034:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
2949:or "Dāwūdi" school, as they were known during the
2461:, al-Ẓāhirī was repudiated by certain factions of
2083:(1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by
7860:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
2822:allowed the individual to shorten their prayers.
2515:as early Sunnī Muslim scholars who rejected both
8777:
6789:
6023:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
4644:The International Institute of Islamic Thought,
4275:, MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN MULTI RELIGIOUS MILIEU:
3546:Mohammad Sharif Khan and Mohammad Anwar Saleem,
3452:
3450:
1385:(682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar
8187:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
6037:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
2537:("people of the tradition"), as opposed to the
4685:Devin Stewart, "Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari's
3444:Taareekh at-Tashree' al-Islaamee, pp. 181, 182
3246:(994–1064). The Zahiris would outright reject
2599:principle in the event of a stated causality.
2379:; ʿAbdullah, the son of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; and
6768:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
6118:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
5212:
4977:
4856:
3903:, Al-Muntazam fi Tarikh al-Umam, v.12, pg.236
3447:
3282:. BRILL. p. 11 – via Google Books.
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
906:
737:
4758:, Lies of Answering Ansar, 27 September 2009
4277:Some Reflections on the Madinan Constitution
3840:Abu Ishaq al-Faqih, Tabaqat al-Fuqaha, pg.92
3383:
3381:
3379:
765:دَاوُدُ بنُ عَلِيِّ بنِ خَلَفٍ الظَّاهِرِيُّ
7866:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
4734:Abdul Kareem Mushtaq, Shi'a Usool al-Deen,
4646:SOURCE METHODOLOGY IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE
4311:, Alfalah Consulting, FRIDAY, 29 APRIL 2011
4309:Qiyas in Islamic Law – A Brief Introduction
3728:
3726:
3724:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
2226:. The Hungarian scholar of Islamic studies
7887:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
5239:
5219:
5205:
4984:
4970:
4863:
4849:
4520:Is Wearing the Niqāb Obligatory for Women?
4368:
4366:
4364:
4320:Al-Subki, Tabaqat al-Shafi'iya, v.2, pg.46
4251:
4249:
4247:
3952:al-Subki, Tabaqat al-Shafi'iya, v.2, pg.46
3823:Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
3517:
3515:
3513:
3142:
2908:
1217:(died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taught
913:
899:
744:
730:
4116:
4114:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
3923:
3921:
3915:, The History of Baghdad, v.2, pg.370–371
3891:, The History of Baghdad, v.2, pg.369–370
3848:
3846:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3668:
3666:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3376:
3292:
2490:Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Shahrastānī
2222:origins, having been born in the city of
1235:(624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught
7489:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
6028:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
4736:Tauheed – Belief in the Oneness of Allah
4595:, Tahdhib al-Asma wal-Lughat, v.1, pg.82
3884:
3882:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3809:
3807:
3721:
3690:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3468:. Islamic Law and Society. Vol. 6.
3466:Hadith, Piety, and Law: Selected Studies
3456:
2722:—the students of those schools may have
2173:
2097:(1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights,
7712:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
4511:
4509:
4483:
4481:
4418:
4384:
4361:
4244:
3955:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3510:
3360:Research Handbook on Natural Law Theory
2546:
2377:Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Dāwūd al-Iṣfahānī
8846:Persian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
8778:
7069:
6712:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
4352:
4294:, The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation,
4159:
4128:
4126:
4111:
4080:
3918:
3843:
3767:
3750:
3663:
3563:
3167:
2905:, an adherent of the Ẓāhirīte school.
2643:; al-Ẓāhirī stated that the Quran was
2626:
2316:in order to complete his studies with
2285:. His study under renowned figures of
2063:jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia
806:. He was the eponymous founder of the
16:Muslim jurist and theologian (815–883)
6788:
5861:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
5238:
5200:
4965:
4844:
4725:, The History of Baghdad, v.2, pg.373
4716:
3906:
3879:
3827:
3588:
3387:
3307:
3277:
3121:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2109:
2107:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1699:
1685:
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1679:
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1673:
1671:
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1663:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1635:
1624:
1616:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1586:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1451:
1449:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1349:
1339:
1301:
1263:
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1245:
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1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1137:
1081:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1019:
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1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
8811:9th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
5226:
5150:Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri
4993:Muslim scholars of the Zahiri School
4803:Differences Among the Schools of Law
4543:Fasting for Someone Intending Travel
4506:
4478:
3784:
3535:
3070:
2657:is unique and existent without peers
2572:Al-Ẓāhirī rejected the principle of
1211:(657–725) taught and raised by Aisha
950:Muhammad, The final Messenger of God
7500:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
5009:(founder of the school; d. 883/884)
4835:Imam Dawud al-Zahiri and His Effect
4197:, al-Aqeedah al-Isfahaniyyah, pg.77
4123:
3480:/Lockwood Press. pp. 318–347.
2865:principles of Islamic jurisprudence
2806:If a Muslim begins traveling while
2407:Al-Ẓāhirī died during the month of
2190:whereas his mother was most likely
2099:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
764:
757:Dāwūd ibn ʿAlī ibn Khalaf al-Ẓāhirī
13:
3548:Muslim Philosophy And Philosophers
2663:)—and the intended meaning of the
2503:, classified al-Ẓāhirī along with
2484:, affirming the attributes of God
2146:Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions
817:), the fifth school of thought in
14:
8877:
7872:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
4828:
3297:. BRILL – via Google Books.
3293:Goldziher, Ignác (21 June 2008).
2981:was asked regarding the books of
2020:History of the Prophets and Kings
767:; 815–883 CE / 199–269 AH) was a
7890:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
6112:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
5984:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
5662:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
4881:
4872:Kullabi school of Sunni theology
3623:
3554:: Ashish Publishing House, 1994.
3310:Between Mysticism and Philosophy
2778:, al-Ẓāhirī regarded the Muslim
2718:—cornerstones in the other main
2492:, a 12th-century Persian Muslim
2475:, as having been based upon the
2297:school. Indian Muslim reformist
829:) meaning of expressions in the
713:
295:
8437:United Submitters International
7721:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
7099:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
6452:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
4808:
4792:
4777:
4761:
4748:
4728:
4700:
4679:
4658:
4638:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4586:
4570:
4555:
4532:
4490:
4462:
4436:
4402:
4343:
4323:
4314:
4301:
4296:Ijtihad' in the Sunni Tradition
4282:
4266:
4232:
4216:
4200:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4153:
4060:
4039:
4019:
4003:
3987:
3946:
3930:
3894:
3867:
3855:
3712:
3636:
3557:
2769:
2728:his eponymous school of thought
2531:, and their students to be the
2511:school), Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, and
2245:, a smaller city near Isfahan.
1887:(died 892) wrote early history
1209:Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
882:Islamic historiographical texts
8861:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
8831:Medieval grammarians of Arabic
8816:9th-century Muslim theologians
8796:9th-century Iranian historians
8731:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
7749:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
6462:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
6457:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
6115:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
5736:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
5126:Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali
4693:. Edited by James Montgomery.
4552:, Islam Today, Sat, 08/21/2010
4413:Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah
4255:J.H. Kramers and H.A.R. Gibb,
4055:University of California Press
3876:, Mizan al-'Itidal, v.2, pg.15
3819:A History of Muslim Philosophy
3649:. Cambridge University Press.
3438:
3351:
3326:
3301:
3286:
3271:
3235:, founded by his student, the
3115:
3005:
2998:, so had al-Ẓāhirī. Likewise,
2940:
2901:of the Sunnī Muslim historian
2561:being the foremost sources of
1982:Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni
1069:(579–644) second caliph taught
1037:(607–661) fourth caliph taught
823:strict adherence to literalism
786:, specialized in the study of
74:c. 883 or 884 (age approx. 68)
1:
8163:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
6489:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
4469:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
4257:Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam
3864:, Lisan al-Mizan, v.2, pg.422
3646:The Cambridge History of Iran
3576:The Riba-Interest Equivalence
3108:
2617:Muhammad's closest companions
2435:states that al-Ẓāhirī learnt
2334:Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī
1351:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
884:as "the scholar of the era."
850:Muhammad's closest companions
848:) of the first generation of
825:and reliance on the outward (
804:historiography of early Islam
7851:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
7792:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
7773:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
6791:Islamic schools and branches
5626:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
5531:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
5049:Mundhir ibn Sa'īd al-Ballūṭī
5025:Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri
4430:A Great Compilation of Fatwa
4396:A Great Compilation of Fatwa
4378:A Great Compilation of Fatwa
4307:Walîd b. Ibrâhîm al-'Ujajî,
4241:, Haqiqah al-Siyam, pg.35–36
4096:, vol II C-G, pg. 183. Eds.
4047:Sufism: The Formative Period
3633:., v.13, Entry 55, pg.97–108
3172:. In Haynes, Jeffrey (ed.).
3040:—and followed the safe path.
2801:
2631:While al-Ẓāhirī at one time
2602:
2441:(dialectical theology) from
2248:
2016:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
1875:Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi
1594:Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir
1480:Hammad bin ibi Sulman taught
887:
874:societal custom or knowledge
243:Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri
7:
8801:9th-century Iranian writers
7783:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
6479:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
5836:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
5771:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
4711:Concise History of Humanity
3278:Osman, Amr (17 July 2014).
3227:) was exceeded only by the
3221:explicit import of the text
3122:Osman, Amr (17 July 2014).
3086:
2355:
10:
8882:
8534:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
7979:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
7732:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
7410:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
6894:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
6150:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
5781:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
5741:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
5566:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
5103:Abu Bakr Ibn Sayyid al-Nās
4687:al-Bayan 'an Usul al-Ahkam
3574:Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq,
3168:Sheikh, Naveed S. (2021).
2488:their fundamental nature.
8725:
8678:
8630:
8584:
8474:
8461:
8400:
8297:
8240:
8223:
8110:
8058:
8049:
7988:
7905:
7839:
7816:
7763:
7683:
7668:
7598:
7465:
7308:
7172:
7147:
7123:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
7060:
6960:
6810:
6801:
6797:
6784:
6758:
6703:
6650:
6546:
6539:
6497:
6467:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
6427:
6285:
6182:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
6130:
6100:
6007:
5975:
5916:
5874:
5695:
5649:
5636:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
5611:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
5461:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
5400:
5391:
5359:
5331:
5298:
5270:
5263:
5259:
5234:
5165:
5118:
4999:
4946:Kullabi-related templates
4944:
4894:
4878:
4471:, Mukhtasar al-'Uluww of
4340:, London: 1958, v.3, pg.5
3414:10.1163/9789004279650_003
3408:. pp. 6, 9–47, 122.
3264:Companions of the Prophet
3138:– via Google Books.
2607:Al-Ẓāhirī considered the
2186:. Al-Ẓāhirī's father was
2061:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
1893:Genealogies of the Nobles
1813:
1807:
1805:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1716:
1714:
1693:
1691:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1359:
1355:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1199:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
521:Sunni schools of theology
229:
191:
186:
176:
166:
152:
142:
132:
116:
105:
95:
85:
70:
52:
47:
37:
30:
23:
8152:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
7027:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
6641:The Moderation in Belief
6522:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
6260:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
5831:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
5761:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
4929:Abu al-Abbas al-Qalanisi
4756:Accusing Dāwūd al-Žāhirī
4652:16 December 2010 at the
4261:Cornell University Press
4166:. Islamweb. p. 174.
3901:Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi
3194:10.4324/9780367816230-16
3022:anthropotheistic beliefs
2825:
2733:
2720:Sunnī schools of thought
2688:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Awzāʿī
2427:
2422:
2402:
2103:The Alchemy of Happiness
2075:followed by Twelver Shia
1988:hadith book followed by
1867:(815–883/4) founded the
31:
8609:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
8005:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
7923:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
7695:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
6634:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
6592:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
6447:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
5851:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
5756:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
5746:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
5586:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
5541:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
5476:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
3685:Oxford University Press
3526:Dāwūd b. ʿAlī b. Khalaf
2909:Contemporary evaluation
2287:traditionalist theology
2119:Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi
1839:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1233:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
821:, characterized by its
800:biographical evaluation
319:Prophets and Messengers
8281:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
7863:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
7356:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
6851:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
6512:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
6507:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
6442:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
6402:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
6387:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
6067:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
6062:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
5821:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
5731:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
5726:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
5711:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
5581:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
5546:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
5471:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
5109:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
5097:Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati
4935:Abu al-Hasan al-Tamimi
4741:9 October 2010 at the
4163:Siyar A'lam Al-Nubala'
4094:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4045:Ahmet T. Karamustafa,
3630:Siyar a`lam al-nubala'
3530:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3335:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2951:early history of Islam
2814:) during the month of
1580:and originally by the
954:Constitution of Medina
922:Early Islamic scholars
587:Contemporary movements
402:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
329:Succession to Muhammad
8550:Wallace Fard Muhammad
7507:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
7014:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
6763:Early Muslim scholars
6571:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
5841:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
5591:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
5501:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
5073:Ibn Tahir of Caesarea
4905:Al-Harith al-Muhasibi
4723:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
4619:, History of Damascus
4605:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
4548:13 March 2012 at the
4525:23 March 2014 at the
4026:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
3913:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
3889:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
3862:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
3813:Dr. Omar A. Farrukh,
3581:12 March 2012 at the
3458:Melchert, Christopher
3308:Lobel, Diana (2000).
3128:. BRILL. p. 13.
2915:al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī
2776:Muḥammad ash-Shawkānī
2696:ʿAbdullah ibn Mubārak
2673:the Quran was created
2543:("people of logic").
2494:historian of religion
2361:regularly attend his
2348:Encyclopedia of Islam
2174:Early life and family
2161:Key: Worked in Persia
2149:Key: Taught in Medina
8201:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
7996:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
7186:Theology of Twelvers
7031:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
6578:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
6377:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
5776:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
5766:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
5751:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
5571:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
5536:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
5526:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
5521:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
5496:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
4772:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
4633:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
4273:Sanusi Lamido Sanusi
4227:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
4211:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
3762:Christopher Melchert
3248:analogical reasoning
3038:Muqātil ibn Sulaymān
2708:Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj
2684:Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān
2547:Analogical reasoning
2486:without delving into
2455:Ḥārit̲h̲ al-Muḥāsibī
2259:prophetic traditions
2216:Christopher Melchert
2155:Key: Worked in Syria
2081:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2031:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
1855:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
1710:Muhammad al-Shaybani
1496:Farwah bint al-Qasim
1221:Said ibn al-Musayyib
866:analogical deduction
864:); and rejection of
794:) and the fields of
369:Declaration of Faith
32:دَاوُد الظَّاهِرِيُّ
8851:Sunni fiqh scholars
8806:9th-century jurists
8430:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
8177:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
8149:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
7947:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
7609:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
6916:Other Salafi trends
6745:Musta'li Isma'ilism
6661:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
6052:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
5816:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
5466:Zakariyya al-Ansari
5156:Abdul Aziz al-Harbi
5144:Muhammad Abu Khubza
5132:Abu Turab al-Zahiri
4911:Abu 'Ali al-Thaqafi
4259:, pg. 266. Ithaca:
4032:. Vol. 5, pg. 173.
3219:'s reliance on the
3077:esoteric philosophy
2996:scholarly discourse
2704:Muḥammad al-Bukhārī
2627:Nature of the Quran
2609:scholarly consensus
2523:interpretations of
2459:Muḥammad al-Bukhārī
2393:ʿAbd Allāh al-Qaysī
2152:Key: Taught in Iraq
1845:Muhammad al-Bukhari
1383:Umar ibn Abdul Aziz
1377:Salim ibn Abd-Allah
1371:Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
1055:Abd Allah ibn Abbas
80:, Abbasid Caliphate
8729:Other scholars of
8620:Islamic modernists
8594:Modernist Salafism
8250:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
8209:Abdullah ibn Saba'
8144:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
8029:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
8017:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
8008:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
7939:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
7261:Astarabadi (Naimi)
6991:Abdullah al-Harari
6945:Muhammad bin Dawud
6878:Syed Nazeer Husain
6613:Tabsirat al-Adilla
6527:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
6362:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
6209:Syed Nazeer Husain
6132:Salafi Theologians
5884:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
5856:Muhammad Abu Zahra
5641:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
5491:Abdul Qadir Gilani
5091:Ibn Dihya al-Kalby
5013:Abd Allah al-Qaysi
4917:Abu Bakr al-Sabghi
4450:on 24 October 2010
4075:Harvard Law School
3927:Melchert, pg. 182.
2877:Modern scholarship
2413:Gregorian calendar
2373:religious verdicts
2113:(1207–1273) wrote
1821:Isma'il ibn Ja'far
1732:Ismail ibn Ibrahim
1341:Ibrahim al-Nakha’i
1051:'s daughter taught
1027:Abdullah ibn Masud
960:, and advised his
856:), for sources of
784:Islamic Golden Age
626:Neo-traditionalism
255:Abd Allah al-Qaysi
195:Influenced by
121:Islamic Golden Age
8773:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8721:
8720:
8530:Muhammad Jaunpuri
8457:
8456:
8383:Sumāma ibn Ashras
8219:
8218:
8070:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
8045:
8044:
7915:Gaylān ibn Marwān
7812:
7811:
7664:
7663:
7327:Abdallah al-Aftah
7143:
7142:
7056:
7055:
7040:Necmettin Erbakan
6882:Siddiq Hasan Khan
6846:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
6780:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6754:
6753:
6694:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
6688:Tashih al-I'tiqad
6599:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
6535:
6534:
6517:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
6484:Idris Imad al-Din
6437:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
6412:Ruhollah Khomeini
6392:Zurarah ibn A'yan
6367:Sharif al-Murtaza
6355:Muhammad al-Mahdi
6340:Muhammad al-Jawad
6320:Muhammad al-Baqir
6221:Siddiq Hasan Khan
6197:Rabee al-Madkhali
5846:Murtada al-Zabidi
5621:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
5387:
5386:
5194:
5193:
4959:
4958:
4901:(d. after 240 AH)
4745:, Answering Ansar
4516:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
4415:, v.2, pg.106–107
4399:, v.6, pg.160–161
4298:, Portal Islamica
4292:Morteza Motahhari
3487:978-1-937040-49-9
3423:978-90-04-27965-0
3369:978-1-78811-003-7
3135:978-90-04-27965-0
3081:Ibrāhīm al-Naẓẓām
3075:Being steeped in
3071:Muʿtazilite views
2959:Iberian Peninsula
2873:Islamic clergymen
2596:prophetic example
2591:had not allowed.
2336:, founder of the
2318:Isḥāq ibn Rāhwayh
2204:Muslim historians
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
1984:(864- 941) wrote
1879:Jami` at-Tirmidhi
1739:Ali ibn al-Madini
1488:Muhammad al-Baqir
1373:(died 741) taught
1227:Abdullah ibn Umar
1197:(died 681) taught
1029:(died 653) taught
811:school of thought
754:
753:
599:Deobandi movement
271:
270:
213:Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh
64:Abbasid Caliphate
42:Imām ahl al-Ẓāhir
8873:
8841:People from Kufa
8472:
8471:
8238:
8237:
8056:
8055:
8032:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
8014:Awn ibn Abdullāh
8001:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
7971:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
7837:
7836:
7681:
7680:
7650:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
7619:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
7588:Khashabiyya Shia
7524:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
7482:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
7265:Imadaddin Nasimi
7170:
7169:
7067:
7066:
6938:Salafi Modernism
6841:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
6808:
6807:
6799:
6798:
6786:
6785:
6682:Awail Al Maqalat
6564:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
6544:
6543:
6474:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
6429:Isma'ili Shi'ism
6417:Wilayat al-faqih
6397:Hisham ibn Hakam
6382:Allamah Al-Hilli
5606:Muhammad Mayyara
5398:
5397:
5268:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5236:
5235:
5228:Islamic theology
5221:
5214:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5043:Ibn al-Mughallis
4986:
4979:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4888:Islam portal
4886:
4885:
4884:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4842:
4841:
4822:
4819:Kitab al-Fihrist
4812:
4806:
4796:
4790:
4781:
4775:
4765:
4759:
4752:
4746:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4704:
4698:
4683:
4677:
4674:Brill Publishers
4666:Bernard G. Weiss
4662:
4656:
4642:
4636:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4581:Kitab al-Fihrist
4574:
4568:
4559:
4553:
4536:
4530:
4529:, SuhaibWebb.com
4513:
4504:
4501:Kitab al-Fihrist
4494:
4488:
4485:
4476:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4446:. Archived from
4440:
4434:
4422:
4416:
4406:
4400:
4388:
4382:
4370:
4359:
4358:Goldziher, pg.34
4356:
4350:
4349:Goldziher, pg.36
4347:
4341:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4305:
4299:
4286:
4280:
4270:
4264:
4253:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4220:
4214:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4139:Encyclopedia.com
4130:
4121:
4120:Goldziher, pg.29
4118:
4109:
4091:
4078:
4064:
4058:
4043:
4037:
4023:
4017:
4014:Kitab al-Fihrist
4007:
4001:
3998:Kitab al-Fihrist
3991:
3985:
3982:Brill Publishers
3974:Sabine Schmidtke
3959:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3941:Kitab al-Fihrist
3934:
3928:
3925:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3852:Goldziher, pg.28
3850:
3841:
3838:
3825:
3811:
3782:
3776:
3765:
3759:
3748:
3745:Brill Publishers
3737:Bernard G. Weiss
3733:Devin J. Stewart
3730:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3688:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3640:
3634:
3627:
3617:
3586:
3572:
3561:
3555:
3544:
3533:
3519:
3508:
3507:
3478:Brill Publishers
3454:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3406:Brill Publishers
3385:
3374:
3373:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3176:(1st ed.).
3165:
3140:
3139:
3119:
2963:Balearic Islands
2851:Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr
2832:Muslim historian
2521:anthropotheistic
2513:Sufyān al-Thawrī
2507:(founder of the
2330:history of Islam
2314:Greater Khorasan
2283:Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal
2267:Quranic exegesis
2257:and studied the
2087:and Twelver Shia
2071:(930–977) wrote
2059:(923–991) wrote
2024:Tafsir al-Tabari
2018:(838–923) wrote
1956:Sunan Abu Dawood
1954:(817–889) wrote
1942:(824–887) wrote
1877:(824–892) wrote
1857:(815–875) wrote
1849:Sahih al-Bukhari
1847:(810–870) wrote
1837:(780–855) wrote
1835:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1722:(767–820) wrote
1703:(729–798) wrote
1608:(711–795) wrote
1490:(676–733) taught
1367:(667–772) taught
1365:Hisham ibn Urwah
1353:(659–712) taught
1229:(614–693) taught
1223:(637–715) taught
1215:Urwah ibn Zubayr
1205:(626–680) taught
1075:(603–681) taught
1063:(610–660) taught
1057:(618–687) taught
930:
929:
915:
908:
901:
892:
891:
766:
746:
739:
732:
720:Islam portal
718:
717:
716:
594:Barelvi movement
560:
559:
473:
472:
299:
290:
284:
283:
273:
272:
205:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
177:Main interest(s)
21:
20:
8881:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8761:
8717:
8674:
8645:Ahmed Raza Khan
8626:
8580:
8570:Fethullah Gülen
8545:Nation of Islam
8466:
8463:
8453:
8396:
8373:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
8301:
8293:
8231:
8227:
8215:
8136:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
8106:
8041:
8026:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
7984:
7901:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7820:
7808:
7759:
7672:
7660:
7594:
7468:
7461:
7429:Hassan-i Sabbah
7312:
7304:
7176:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7139:
7104:Hasan al-Utrush
7052:
7018:Ahmed Raza Khan
6964:
6956:
6863:Dawud al-Zahiri
6814:
6793:
6772:
6750:
6699:
6646:
6606:Kitab al-Tawhid
6531:
6493:
6423:
6350:Hasan al-Askari
6325:Ja'far al-Sadiq
6287:Twelver Shi'ism
6281:
6253:Salafi Jihadism
6248:Osama bin Laden
6231:Safar Al-Hawali
6192:Saleh Al-Fawzan
6126:
6096:
6089:Sahib ibn Abbad
6084:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
6049:Ja'far ibn Harb
6014:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
6011:
6003:
5971:
5932:ī (Muqātilīyya)
5912:
5870:
5826:Shah Abdul Aziz
5699:
5691:
5645:
5631:Ahmad al-Dardir
5516:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
5404:
5383:
5355:
5327:
5294:
5255:
5254:
5230:
5225:
5195:
5190:
5161:
5114:
5007:Dawud al-Zahiri
4995:
4990:
4960:
4955:
4947:
4940:
4890:
4882:
4880:
4874:
4869:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4813:
4809:
4797:
4793:
4782:
4778:
4766:
4762:
4754:Sunni Defense,
4753:
4749:
4743:Wayback Machine
4733:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4705:
4701:
4684:
4680:
4663:
4659:
4654:Wayback Machine
4643:
4639:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4575:
4571:
4560:
4556:
4550:Wayback Machine
4537:
4533:
4527:Wayback Machine
4514:
4507:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4479:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4423:
4419:
4407:
4403:
4389:
4385:
4371:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4338:Franz Rosenthal
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4306:
4302:
4287:
4283:
4271:
4267:
4254:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4221:
4217:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4112:
4092:
4081:
4065:
4061:
4044:
4040:
4024:
4020:
4008:
4004:
3992:
3988:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3844:
3839:
3828:
3812:
3785:
3779:Ignác Goldziher
3777:
3768:
3760:
3751:
3731:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3691:
3677:Charles Kurzman
3671:
3664:
3657:
3641:
3637:
3618:
3589:
3583:Wayback Machine
3573:
3564:
3558:
3545:
3536:
3520:
3511:
3488:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3424:
3386:
3377:
3370:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3306:
3302:
3291:
3287:
3276:
3272:
3240:Dawud al-Zahiri
3204:
3188:. p. 165.
3166:
3143:
3136:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3089:
3073:
3057:Ismāʿīlī Shīʿas
3018:Shīʿīte scholar
3008:
2943:
2911:
2843:Islamic studies
2828:
2804:
2772:
2736:
2716:blind following
2629:
2605:
2586:Islamic prophet
2549:
2430:
2425:
2405:
2358:
2279:Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn
2251:
2228:Ignác Goldziher
2176:
2073:Nahj al-Balagha
1944:Sunan ibn Majah
1889:Futuh al-Buldan
1865:Dawud al-Zahiri
1379:ibn Umar taught
1195:Alqama ibn Qays
1061:Zayd ibn Thabit
1045:Muhammad's wife
924:
919:
890:
750:
714:
712:
707:
706:
685:Kutub al-Sittah
674:
666:
665:
646:
636:
635:
589:
579:
578:
553:
552:
523:
513:
512:
470:
469:
444:
429:
428:
404:
394:
393:
364:
354:
353:
309:
286:
285:
277:
276:
267:
235:
234:
225:
221:Yahya ibn Ma'in
197:
196:
123:
81:
75:
66:
57:
33:
26:
25:Dawud al-Zahiri
17:
12:
11:
5:
8879:
8869:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8771:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8684:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8651:
8636:
8634:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8599:Muhammad Abduh
8590:
8588:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8576:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8503:
8502:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8480:
8478:
8469:
8459:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8442:Rashad Khalifa
8434:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8425:Muhammad Iqbal
8417:
8412:
8406:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8368:
8365:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8316:
8309:
8307:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8278:
8276:Bektashi Order
8269:
8260:
8246:
8244:
8235:
8221:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8172:
8167:
8166:
8165:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8125:Abu al-Khattab
8116:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8083:Abū Hulmān al-
8076:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8064:
8062:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8038:Amr ibn Murrah
8036:
8035:Ahmad ibn Hārb
8033:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8023:Salm ibn Sālem
8021:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8003:
7998:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7974:
7973:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7958:
7957:
7956:
7955:Sāleh ibn Umar
7950:
7949:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7931:Gassān al-Kūfī
7926:
7925:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7882:
7879:
7876:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7845:
7843:
7834:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7800:
7799:
7789:
7780:
7778:Jābir ibn Zayd
7775:
7769:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7746:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7689:
7687:
7678:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7646:Tawussite Shia
7643:
7642:
7641:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7611:
7605:
7603:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7501:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7473:
7471:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7448:
7435:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7349:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7318:
7316:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7291:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7258:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7182:
7180:
7167:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7116:Imams of Yemen
7113:
7111:Yahya ibn Umar
7108:
7107:
7106:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7075:
7073:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7037:
7024:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6983:
6972:
6970:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6865:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6822:
6820:
6805:
6795:
6794:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6737:
6726:
6719:Kitab al-Majmu
6715:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6690:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6656:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6557:Asas al-Taqdis
6552:
6550:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6409:
6407:Ja'far Sobhani
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6310:Husayn ibn Ali
6307:
6302:
6291:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6245:
6243:Salman al-Ouda
6240:
6239:
6238:
6236:Sahwa movement
6228:
6226:Zubair Ali Zai
6223:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6106:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6074:Al-Zamakhshari
6071:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6019:
6017:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5981:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5949:
5933:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5880:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5811:Ahmad Sirhindi
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5679:
5672:Malik ibn Anas
5669:
5658:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5436:Al-Shahrastani
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4957:
4956:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4830:
4829:External links
4827:
4824:
4823:
4807:
4799:Qadi al-Nu'man
4791:
4776:
4768:Al-Shahrastani
4760:
4747:
4727:
4715:
4699:
4678:
4657:
4637:
4629:Al-Shahrastani
4621:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4569:
4554:
4539:Salman al-Ouda
4531:
4505:
4489:
4477:
4461:
4435:
4433:, v.12, pg.177
4417:
4401:
4383:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4322:
4313:
4300:
4281:
4279:, October 2003
4265:
4243:
4231:
4223:Al-Shahrastani
4215:
4207:Al-Shahrastani
4199:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4152:
4134:"Law, Islamic"
4122:
4110:
4106:Joseph Schacht
4102:Charles Pellat
4079:
4059:
4038:
4030:Lisan al-Mizan
4018:
4002:
3986:
3954:
3945:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3826:
3783:
3766:
3749:
3720:
3711:
3689:
3662:
3655:
3635:
3587:
3562:
3556:
3534:
3522:Joseph Schacht
3509:
3486:
3446:
3437:
3422:
3375:
3368:
3350:
3343:
3325:
3318:
3300:
3285:
3270:
3202:
3141:
3134:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3072:
3069:
3061:Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān
3054:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:foreordained.'
3042:
3041:
3026:al-Shahrastānī
3007:
3004:
2942:
2939:
2910:
2907:
2893:Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān
2827:
2824:
2803:
2800:
2790:) rather than
2771:
2768:
2735:
2732:
2628:
2625:
2604:
2601:
2548:
2545:
2505:Mālik ibn Anas
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2404:
2401:
2357:
2354:
2250:
2247:
2236:Abbasid caliph
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2106:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1827:Musa al-Kadhim
1824:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
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1792:
1790:
1788:
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1780:
1778:
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1770:
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1766:
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1760:
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1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1606:Malik ibn Anas
1603:
1601:
1591:
1585:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1498:Jafar's mother
1493:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1203:Husayn ibn Ali
1200:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
926:
925:
920:
918:
917:
910:
903:
895:
889:
886:
752:
751:
749:
748:
741:
734:
726:
723:
722:
709:
708:
705:
704:
703:
702:
691:
690:
689:
688:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
653:
647:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
617:
616:
611:
601:
596:
590:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
550:
549:
539:
524:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
405:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
344:Predestination
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
310:
305:
304:
301:
300:
292:
291:
269:
268:
266:
265:
232:
231:
230:
227:
226:
224:
223:
194:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
118:
114:
113:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
76:
72:
68:
67:
58:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8878:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8728:
8727:
8724:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8680:Other beliefs
8677:
8671:
8668:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8655:
8654:Hilmi Tunahan
8652:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8621:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8604:Muhammad Asad
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8583:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8514:Sabbatai Zevi
8512:
8511:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8460:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:Ali al-Aswarī
8363:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8328:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8300:
8296:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8236:
8233:
8226:
8222:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8191:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8181:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8143:
8142:
8141:Muʿāmmarīyya
8140:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8130:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7826:
7819:
7815:
7805:
7802:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7754:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7737:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7705:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7671:
7667:
7657:
7656:Waqifite Shia
7654:
7649:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7597:
7589:
7586:
7582:
7581:Ishaq al-Turk
7579:
7575:
7572:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7530:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7464:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7339:Hamdan Qarmat
7337:
7336:
7335:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7237:
7236:Safavid Islam
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7220:Sheikh Haydar
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7002:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6963:
6959:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6813:
6812:Ahl al-Hadith
6809:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6499:Zaydi Shi'ism
6496:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6330:Musa al-Kazim
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6315:Ali al-Sajjad
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:Hasan ibn Ali
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6276:Post-Salafism
6275:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6140:Ibn Taymiyyah
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6121:Mustadrakīyya
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6079:Amr ibn Ubayd
6077:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4774:, v.1, pg.104
4773:
4769:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4724:
4719:
4713:, v.2, pg.260
4712:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4618:
4613:
4606:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4484:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4425:Ibn Taymiyyah
4421:
4414:
4410:
4409:Ibn Taymiyyah
4405:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4391:Ibn Taymiyyah
4387:
4381:, v.5, pg.532
4380:
4379:
4374:
4373:Ibn Taymiyyah
4369:
4367:
4365:
4355:
4346:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4239:Ibn Taymiyyah
4235:
4229:, v.1, pg.170
4228:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4195:Ibn Taymiyyah
4191:
4182:
4173:
4165:
4164:
4156:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4098:Bernard Lewis
4095:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3970:Gudrun Krämer
3967:
3963:
3962:Camilla Adang
3958:
3949:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3858:
3849:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3681:New York City
3678:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3656:9780521200936
3652:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3344:9789004161214
3340:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3319:0-7914-4451-1
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3295:"The Zahiris"
3289:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3233:Ẓāhirī school
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3203:9780367816230
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3011:Shīʿa Muslims
3003:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:Southern Iran
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2884:works of the
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:bibliographer
2833:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2774:According to
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:Ibn Khuzaymah
2689:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2671:schools—that
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:Ibn Taymiyyah
2646:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:Ahl al-Ḥadīth
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:Ibn Taymiyyah
2469:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:civil service
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:and scholars
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2164:
2144:
2142:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2017:
1991:
1987:
1986:Kitab al-Kafi
1983:
1979:
1977:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1915:
1913:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1645:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1478:
1475:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1022:
986:
984:
963:
959:
956:, taught the
955:
952:(570–632 the
951:
931:
928:
927:
923:
916:
911:
909:
904:
902:
897:
896:
894:
893:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
762:
758:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
728:
727:
725:
724:
721:
711:
710:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
692:
687:
686:
682:
681:
680:
677:
676:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
640:
639:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
588:
583:
582:
574:
570:
566:
563:
562:
561:
557:
547:
546:Ahl al-Hadith
543:
540:
537:
533:
529:
526:
525:
522:
517:
516:
509:
508:
504:
502:
501:
497:
495:
494:
490:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:
476:
475:
474:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
439:
433:
432:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
403:
398:
397:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
363:
358:
357:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:Judgement Day
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
308:
303:
302:
298:
294:
293:
289:
281:
275:
274:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
236:
228:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
198:
190:
187:Muslim leader
185:
182:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
157:Ahl al-Ḥadīth
155:
153:Jurisprudence
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
127:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
79:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
51:
46:
43:
40:
36:
29:
22:
19:
8663:Other orders
8568: /
8561:Nur movement
8532: /
8489:Mirza Ghulam
8420:Tolu-e-Islam
8289:Galibi Order
8287: /
8272:Balım Sultan
8267:Babai revolt
8258:Qalandariyya
8256: /
8158:Mufaḍḍaliyya
8067:Jawārībīyya
8020:Umar ibn Zar
7989:Other Murjīs
7718:Bayhasīyyah
7635:Nuqta-yi Ula
7451:Pir Sadardin
7444: /
7358: /
7354: /
7271: /
7263: /
7250: /
7230: /
7226: /
7222: /
7079:Zayd ibn Ali
7029: /
7016: /
6967:Ilm al-Kalam
6880: /
6873:Ahl-i Hadith
6862:
6741:Umm al-kitab
6739:
6728:
6717:
6710:
6692:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6639:
6632:
6627:Fihi Ma Fihi
6625:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6295:Twelve Imams
6214:Ahl-i Hadith
6145:Ibnul Qayyim
6025:(Nazzāmīyya)
5506:Ibn al-Jawzi
5446:Al-Taftazani
5421:Al-Baqillani
5119:Contemporary
5081:(d. 1128/30)
5019:Ibn Abi Asim
5015:(d. 885/886)
5006:
4815:Ibn al-Nadim
4810:
4802:
4794:
4779:
4763:
4750:
4730:
4718:
4702:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4660:
4640:
4635:, v.1, pg.61
4624:
4612:
4600:
4588:
4583:, pg.271–272
4577:Ibn al-Nadim
4572:
4557:
4534:
4497:Ibn al-Nadim
4492:
4464:
4452:. Retrieved
4448:the original
4438:
4428:
4420:
4404:
4394:
4386:
4376:
4354:
4345:
4336:, edited by
4325:
4316:
4303:
4284:
4268:
4256:
4234:
4218:
4213:, v.1, pg.74
4202:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4162:
4160:al-Dhahabi.
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4137:
4066:
4062:
4046:
4041:
4029:
4021:
4010:Ibn al-Nadim
4005:
3994:Ibn al-Nadim
3989:
3965:
3957:
3948:
3937:Ibn al-Nadim
3932:
3908:
3896:
3869:
3857:
3714:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3559:
3547:
3465:
3440:
3393:
3389:
3359:
3353:
3334:
3328:
3309:
3303:
3288:
3273:
3259:
3251:
3244:Ali Ibn Hazm
3239:
3224:
3215:
3173:
3124:
3117:
3074:
3055:
3029:
3009:
3000:Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ
2987:
2983:Ibn Qutaybah
2967:North Africa
2944:
2912:
2896:
2869:Uṣūl al-Fiqh
2868:
2858:
2856:
2839:Ibn al-Nadīm
2829:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2795:
2787:
2773:
2770:Female dress
2737:
2712:
2681:
2676:
2660:
2644:
2634:
2633:studied the
2630:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2550:
2538:
2532:
2479:
2470:
2463:
2450:
2436:
2431:
2419:and 884 CE.
2406:
2369:Muslim world
2362:
2359:
2346:
2343:
2326:Ibn al-Jawzī
2324:philosophy.
2307:
2290:
2270:
2262:
2252:
2177:
2057:Ibn Babawayh
1885:Al-Baladhuri
1881:hadith books
1864:
1861:hadith books
1859:Sahih Muslim
1851:hadith books
1705:Usul al-fiqh
1588:Zayd ibn Ali
1073:Abu Hurairah
877:
869:
861:
853:
845:
835:
826:
814:
796:hermeneutics
791:
769:Sunni Muslim
756:
755:
683:
614:Ahl-i Hadith
554:In terms of
551:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
468:
362:Five Pillars
143:Denomination
109:Qāshān near
41:
18:
8856:Sunni imams
8786:810s births
8614:Rashid Rida
8462:Independent
8447:Edip Yüksel
8410:Ahle Qur'an
8361:Nazzāmīyya
8358:Ikhshīdiyya
8345:Huzaylīyya
8336:Bahshamiyya
8312:Mā’marīyya
8304:Rationalism
8254:Malamatiyya
8174:Mānsūrīyya
8120:Khaṭṭābiyya
8051:Mu'shabbiha
8011:Sābit Kutna
7944:Sawbānīyya
7928:Gassānīyya
7912:Gaylānīyya
7906:Other sects
7701:Sa'labīyyah
7698:Maymunīyyah
7675:Arbitration
7557:Khurramites
7521:Sam‘ānīyya
7294:Bābā Rexheb
7224:Shah Ismail
7044:Millî Görüş
6962:Ahl ar-Ra'y
6904:Al-Uthaymin
6825:Kullabiyya
6803:Sunni Islam
6704:Independent
6548:Sunni books
6372:Shaykh Tusi
6345:Ali al-Hadi
6335:Ali al-Rida
6272:Yasir Qadhi
6177:Al-Uthaymin
6167:Rashid Rida
6162:Al-Shawkani
6058:(Jāhizīyya)
6043:(Jubbāīyya)
5947:Jawālikīyya
5801:Ali al-Qari
5716:Al-Sarakhsi
5702:Al-Maturidi
5576:Al-Sha'rani
5556:Ibn Khaldun
5431:Al-Qushayri
5393:Theologians
5374:Metaphysics
5280:Eschatology
5247:Theologians
5146:(1932–2020)
5140:(1920–2003)
5138:Ihsan Abbas
5134:(1923–2002)
5128:(1893–1987)
5111:(1256–1344)
5105:(1200–1261)
5099:(1166–1239)
5093:(1150–1235)
5087:(1116–1196)
5069:(1029–1095)
4937:(d. 371 AH)
4931:(d. 355 AH)
4925:(d. 354 AH)
4919:(d. 342 AH)
4913:(d. 328 AH)
4907:(d. 243 AH)
4668:. Pg. 127.
4617:Ibn 'Asakir
4330:Ibn Khaldun
3739:. Pg. 114.
3673:Chiragh Ali
3585:, June 2006
3006:Shīʿa views
2955:Mesopotamia
2941:Sunnī views
2882:Fāṭimid-era
2784:recommended
2669:Muʿtazilite
2563:Islamic law
2540:Ahl al-Ra'y
2466:authorities
2453:), such as
2299:Chiragh Ali
2069:Sharif Razi
1958:Hadith Book
1946:hadith book
1600:, he taught
858:Islamic law
819:Sunnī Islam
788:Islamic law
782:during the
700:Persecution
536:Ahl al-Ra'y
288:Sunni Islam
137:Mesopotamia
126:Abbasid era
96:Nationality
8791:883 deaths
8780:Categories
8658:Süleymancı
8566:Said Nursî
8525:Mahdavīyya
8476:Messianism
8380:Sumamīyya
8370:Hābītīyya
8263:Baba Ishak
8205:Saba'īyya
8192:Mukhāmmīsa
8183:Mughīrīyya
8170:Ghurābīyya
8132:Bāzīghiyya
8100:Bārāq Bābā
8079:Hulmānīyya
7976:Ziyādīyya
7968:Ubaydīyya
7960:Shamrīyya
7952:Sālehīyya
7936:Tūmanīyya
7920:Yūnusīyya
7881:Sauwāqīyya
7857:Hakāiqīyya
7841:Karrāmīyya
7831:Hanafiyyah
7685:Kharijites
7623:Nuktawiyya
7574:al-Muqanna
7552:Muḥammirah
7540:Abu Muslim
7536:Rezāmīyya
7511:Hārithīyya
7503:Janāhiyya
7493:Hashimiyya
7467:Kaysanites
7414:Badakhshan
7347:Qarmatians
7334:Batiniyyah
7314:Isma'ilism
7285:Demir Bābā
7280:Baktāshism
7273:Bektashism
7252:ibn Nusayr
7248:al-Khaṣībī
7232:Kul Nesîmî
7228:Pir Sultan
7133:Khalafiyya
7128:Dukayniyya
7062:Shia Islam
7004:Maturidism
6926:Madkhalism
6829:Ibn Kullab
6652:Shia books
6202:Madkhalism
6102:Najjārīyya
5992:al-Qībtī (
5966:Karramiyya
5962:Ibn Karram
5918:Mu'jassimā
5806:Al-Maydani
5796:Ali Qushji
5721:Al-Bazdawi
5697:Maturidism
5682:Al-Shafi'i
5551:Al-Baydawi
5511:Qadi Ayyad
5486:Ibn Tumart
5441:Al-Ghazali
5426:Al-Juwayni
5416:Al-Bayhaqi
5407:al-Ash'ari
5379:Philosophy
5300:Philosophy
5079:Ibn Tumart
5067:Al-Humaydī
5063:(994–1064)
4923:Ibn Hibban
4899:Ibn Kullab
4805:, pg. 193.
4707:Abu'l-Fida
4473:Al-Dhahabi
4334:Muqaddimah
4049:, pg. 73.
3874:Al-Dhahabi
3620:Al-Dhahabi
3550:, pg. 34.
3504:2015954883
3229:literalism
3217:Ibn Hanbal
3109:References
3103:Ibn Tumart
3093:Ibn Kullab
2991:al-Juwāynī
2975:al-Dhahabī
2945:While the
2919:al-Dhahabī
2898:Al-Muhalla
2792:obligatory
2637:literature
2529:al-Māwardī
2501:theologian
2443:Ibn Kullāb
2433:Al-Dhahabī
2397:Al-Andalus
2303:Ibn Ḥanbal
2212:al-Dhahabī
2095:Al-Ghazali
1952:Abu Dawood
1747:Ibn Hisham
1720:al-Shafi‘i
1584:and taught
1566:Sunni Sufi
1558:Abu Hanifa
962:companions
838:literature
780:theologian
679:Literature
644:Holy sites
532:Maturidism
389:Pilgrimage
324:Holy books
263:Ibn Tumart
233:Influenced
209:Ibn Kullab
201:Al-Shafi'i
8586:Modernism
8518:Sabbatean
8506:Kabbalist
8484:Ahmadiyya
8415:Kala Kato
8388:Kā‘bīyya
8319:Bishriyya
8299:Muʿtazila
8232:al-Juhani
8225:Qadariyah
8095:Kalandars
8075:Hāshwīyya
7963:Abū Shamr
7896:Zarībīyya
7893:Wāhidīyya
7884:Sūramīyya
7878:Razīnīyya
7854:Dhīmmīyya
7823:Hasan ibn
7797:Wahbiyyah
7744:Abu Qurra
7670:Muhakkima
7614:Hurufiyya
7601:Mahdiists
7516:Riyāhīyya
7497:Hārbīyya
7438:Aga Khans
7433:Assassins
7396:Sulaymani
7360:ad-Darazi
7298:Hārābātīs
7215:Qizilbash
7208:Shaykhism
7084:Jarudiyya
6995:Al-Ahbash
6976:Ash'arism
6909:Al-Albani
6889:Wahhabism
6734:Ahmadiyya
6675:Al-Khisal
6585:Al-Irshad
6540:Key books
6187:Al-Albani
6155:Wahhabism
6009:Mu'tazila
5998:Qadariyah
5876:Mu'attila
5791:Ibn Kemal
5786:Khidr Bey
5666:Hanafiyah
5601:Al-Bahūtī
5596:Ibn Ashir
5561:Ibn Arafa
5456:Ibn Furak
5451:Al-Maziri
5402:Ash'arism
5369:Cosmology
5346:Cosmology
5341:Astronomy
5313:Education
5158:(b. 1965)
5152:(b. 1942)
5085:Ibn Maḍāʾ
5075:(d. 1113)
5055:Al-Qassab
5051:(887–966)
5037:Niftawayh
4593:Al-Nawawi
4289:Ayatollah
4071:Cambridge
4034:Hyderabad
3552:New Delhi
3460:(2015) .
3432:1384-1130
3256:consensus
3212:237931579
3186:Routledge
3065:inference
2979:al-Ṭabarī
2935:al-Albānī
2931:al-Suyūṭī
2927:al-Nawāwī
2923:al-Ṭabarī
2860:Al-Risala
2847:biography
2802:Traveling
2788:mustaḥabb
2780:face veil
2700:al-Dārimī
2603:Consensus
2385:Nifṭawayh
2381:al-Ṭabarī
2275:Abū Thawr
2249:Education
2239:al-Maʿmūn
2121:on Sufism
2105:on Sufism
1940:Ibn Majah
1829:(745–799)
1823:(719–775)
1724:Al-Risala
1712:(749–805)
1701:Abu Yusuf
1618:Al-Waqidi
1590:(695–740)
1578:Zaidiyyah
888:Biography
842:consensus
661:Jerusalem
621:Modernism
609:Wahhabism
569:al-Wijdan
528:Ash'arism
239:Niftawayh
217:Abu Thawr
106:Home town
8836:Mujaddid
8826:Kullabis
8703:Tawakkul
8670:Tawassul
8632:Taṣawwuf
8554:doctrine
8402:Quranism
8196:Namiriya
7825:Muḥāmmad
7818:Murji'ah
7532:Rawendis
7455:Satpanth
7376:Musta'li
7371:Fatimids
7269:Hurufism
7256:Alawites
7161:Sects in
7153:Mahdiist
7089:Batriyya
7035:Deobandi
6986:Shafi'is
6921:Jihadism
6868:Salafism
6836:Hanbalis
6817:Atharism
6730:Malfūzāt
6668:Al-Amali
6265:Hazimism
5977:Murji'ah
5901:Jahmīyya
5889:Mu'jbira
5481:Ibn Aqil
5061:Ibn Hazm
5057:(d. 970)
5045:(d. 936)
5039:(d. 935)
5033:(d. 915)
5027:(d. 909)
5021:(d. 900)
5000:Medieval
4837:(Arabic)
4821:, pg.172
4739:Archived
4672:: 2002.
4650:Archived
4546:Archived
4523:Archived
4475:, pg.211
4454:13 March
4145:13 March
4051:Berkeley
4016:, pg.234
4000:, pg.217
3943:, pg.216
3815:Zaharism
3743:: 2002.
3579:Archived
3182:New York
3098:Ibn Hazm
3087:See also
2947:Ẓāhirīte
2903:Ibn Ḥazm
2886:Ismāʿīlī
2589:Muhammad
2517:esoteric
2356:Teaching
2310:Nishapur
2208:Ibn Ḥazm
2198:city of
1574:Deobandi
1049:Abu Bakr
604:Salafism
573:al-Kashf
542:Atharism
409:Abu Bakr
280:a series
278:Part of
259:Ibn Hazm
86:Religion
48:Personal
8866:Zahiris
8821:Atharis
8752:Shafi'i
8742:Hanbali
8708:Tewafuq
8688:Sadaqah
8649:Barelvi
8640:Ṭarīqah
8494:Qadiani
8467:beliefs
8242:Alevism
8089:Dimashq
7875:Nūnīyya
7869:Maʿīyya
7829:ibn al-
7804:Azzabas
7765:Ibadism
7753:Nukkari
7707:Azariqa
7692:Ajardi
7639:Bábīyya
7545:Sunpadh
7477:Mukhtār
7442:Nizaris
7417:Alevism
7391:Dawoodi
7381:Tayyibi
7343:Sevener
7322:Fathite
7196:Akhbari
7191:Ja'fari
7178:Twelver
7157:Shi'ite
7094:Imamate
7071:Zaydism
7022:Barelvi
7009:Hanafis
6981:Malikis
6950:Maqrizi
6899:Ibn Baz
6858:Zahiris
6620:Masnavi
6172:Ibn Baz
5986:Dimashq
5686:Shafi‘i
5616:'Illish
5351:Physics
5333:Science
5186:Shafi'i
5176:Hanbali
4953:Shafi'i
4949:Ash'ari
4503:, pg.81
4263:, 1953.
4077:, 2005.
4057:, 2007.
4036:: 1911.
3984:, 2006.
3687:, 2002.
3496:3399501
3470:Atlanta
3390:Madhhab
3237:Persian
3231:of the
3015:Twelver
2891:jurist
2889:Shīʿīte
2816:Ramaḍān
2808:fasting
2677:makhlūq
2665:Jahmite
2645:muhdath
2567:sharīʿa
2498:Ashʿarī
2481:ʿaqīdah
2451:ʿaqīdah
2409:Ramaḍān
2338:Shāfiʿī
2255:Baghdad
2234:of the
2200:Isfahan
2196:Iranian
2192:Persian
2184:Aṣbahān
2115:Masnavi
2085:Ismaili
1990:Twelver
1610:Muwatta
1582:Fatimid
1570:Barelvi
862:sharīʿa
815:madhhab
792:sharīʿa
772:scholar
695:History
464:Hanbali
459:Shafi'i
438:schools
384:Fasting
379:Charity
307:Beliefs
161:Ijtihad
111:Aṣbahān
100:Persian
78:Baghdad
8757:Zahiri
8747:Maliki
8737:Hanafi
8713:Thawab
8693:Sunnah
8618:Other
8574:Hizmet
8538:Zikris
8509:Dönmes
8499:Lahori
8465:Muslim
8285:Rifa`i
8230:Ma'bad
8112:Tajsīm
8060:Tamsīl
7787:Ifrani
7727:Najdat
7630:Shayki
7599:Other
7567:Mazyar
7446:Khojas
7424:Nizari
7403:Hafizi
7364:Druzes
7345:
7289:Alians
7243:Ghulat
6723:Alawis
5990:Nabati
5955:Abdals
5937:Juzjan
5676:Maliki
5361:Sufism
5285:Ethics
5272:Aqidah
5264:Fields
5243:Fields
5181:Maliki
5171:Hanafi
5031:Ruwaym
4784:Qur'an
4695:Leuven
4670:Leiden
3978:Leiden
3968:. Ed.
3741:Leiden
3653:
3502:
3494:
3484:
3474:Leiden
3430:
3420:
3402:Boston
3398:Leiden
3366:
3341:
3316:
3210:
3200:
3178:London
3132:
3030:didn't
2969:, and
2961:, the
2957:, the
2933:, and
2782:to be
2762:, and
2756:barley
2748:silver
2724:forged
2702:, and
2661:tawḥīd
2635:ḥadīth
2621:ṣaḥāba
2581:bidʻah
2558:sunnah
2509:Mālikī
2477:Atharī
2464:ḥadīth
2389:Ruwaym
2387:, and
2364:majlis
2295:Ḥanafī
2291:Atharī
2281:, and
2271:tafsīr
2265:) and
2263:ḥadīth
2243:Kashan
1871:school
1869:Zahiri
1343:taught
872:) and
854:ṣaḥāba
840:; the
836:ḥadīth
808:Ẓāhirī
802:, and
778:, and
776:jurist
761:Arabic
656:Medina
631:Farahi
507:Jariri
500:Laythi
493:Thawri
486:Awza'i
479:Zahiri
471:Others
454:Maliki
449:Hanafi
436:Sunni
419:Uthman
374:Prayer
349:Sahaba
334:Angels
251:Ruwaym
247:Tabari
171:Atharī
133:Region
56:c. 815
8698:Taqwa
8087:ī ad-
8085:Fāris
7739:Sufri
7562:Babak
7386:Alavi
7352:Hamza
7310:Imami
7201:Usuli
7174:Imami
7165:Islam
7149:Imami
6931:Sahwa
5994:Murjī
5988:ī an-
5939:ī al-
5930:Balkh
5654:Sunni
5651:Early
5323:Peace
5318:Logic
5290:Kalam
5251:Books
4788:38:75
4566:2:185
4562:Quran
3492:JSTOR
3260:ijmāʿ
3252:qiyās
3208:S2CID
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