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Capo's (1989a) claim about a larger Defoid family including Owon-Arigidi and Ayere-Ahan remains doubtful because of the insufficient empirical support provided for this hypothesis (p. 168).
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GĂĽldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In GĂĽldemann, Tom (ed.).
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The Niger-Congo
Languages: A classification and description of Africa's largest language family
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The numeral system of Proto-Niger-Congo: A step-by-step reconstruction
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Capo, H. B. C. (1989). "Defoid". In Bendor-Samuel, J. (ed.).
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The Defoid language group consists of three branches,
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