Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

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enlightenment of the population was crucial factors in its policy. New schools for girls, hospitals in villages, libraries, courses for teachers were founded in different parts of the country by the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The foundation of Baku State University on September 1, 1919, demonstrates that education was an essential factor in the policy of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Although the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic collapsed, Baku State University played great in gaining freedom again in the future. Parliament started to create an opportunity for a young generation to study abroad in order to increase the number of educated people. 100 students were sent abroad with the help of state fund.

3264: 111: 2557: 161: 3299:, and a list of standard diplomatic remonstrances. After the Azerbaijani delegation successfully completed its mission at the Paris Peace Conference, the parliament adopted a law on the establishment of diplomatic missions in France, Great Britain, Italy, the United States, and Poland. In addition, the consulates of Azerbaijan started operating in Tabriz, Khoy, Anzali, Rasht, Ahar, Mashhad, Batumi, Kiev, Crimea, Ashgabat, and elsewhere. Baku, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Belgium, the Netherlands, Greece, Denmark, Italy, France, Sweden, Switzerland, England, USA, Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland, Finland, and other countries have official representations at different levels. 97: 3560: 2597:: "The Soviet at Baku, led by Shaumyan, was meanwhile making itself the ruler of the area, discreetly but unmistakably. Following the Moslem rising of 18 March, it had to introduce a dictatorship. This rising, instigated by the Mussavat, set the Tartar and Turkish population, led by their reactionary bourgeoisie, against the Soviets, which consisted of Russians with support from the Armenians. The races began to slaughter each other in the street. Most of the Turkish port-workers (the 2500: 5867: 3335:, while welcoming the independence of every Muslim land as a "source of joy," asked in its newspaper if the choice of the name Azerbaijan implied the new republic's desire to join Iran. If so, they said, it should be stated clearly, otherwise, Iranians would be opposed to calling that republic Azerbaijan. Consequently, to allay Iranian fears, the Azerbaijani government would accommodatingly use the term Caucasian Azerbaijan in its documents for circulation abroad. 6384: 3631: 2254: 3753: 3412: 702: 3359:, soon protested against such naming. For almost a year, the printed media in Tehran, Tabriz, and other big Iranian cities on the one side, and the media in Baku, the capital of the newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan, on the other side, presented their arguments to prove that such naming was wrong or right. Iranians were generally suspicious of Baku's choice and regarded confiscating the historical name of Iran's north-western province as a 3761: 3854: 3455: 2306: 2907: 3236: 2456:, and other founders of the future Azerbaijan Democratic Republic): pan-Turkish, meaning joining with Turkey, and federalization (expressed by M. Rasulzade). The Transcaucasian region decided on federalization. In accordance with the new structure, the Transcaucasian region was to have a fully independent internal policy, leaving only foreign policy, defense, and custom to the new Russian government. 3970:, held intensive negotiations with the leadership of the Musavat party during the increasing chaos and instability in the city. During the closing stages, an accord was reached between them; however, before the idea was presented to Vossug ed Dowleh in Tehran, the Communists took over Baku and terminated the Musavat-Ottoman rule. The Iranian delegation at Paris, which was headed by foreign minister 2460:

first serious step towards complete independence of the Caucasian nations. The "Sejm" consisted of 125 deputies and represented 3 leading parties: Georgian mensheviks (32 deputies), Azerbaijan Muslims ("Mussavat", 30 deputies), and Armenian "dashnaks" (27 deputies). Bolsheviks refused to join the Sejm and established their own government of the local

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would be better for them to develop a spirit of confederation and that such a confederation of all the peoples of Transcaucasia could receive the protection of some Power on the basis of a mandate granted by the League of Nations. The Azerbaijani question, Wilson concluded, could not be solved prior to the general settlement of the Russian question.

2658:, Shafi bey Rustambayli, and others, the Parliament decided to surrender the government in order not to cause bloodshed. Although they stipulated 7 terms that would guarantee the independence of Azerbaijan, Bolsheviks did not keep their promises, and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was occupied on 28 April 1920 by the 2590:. Muslims were expelled from Baku or went underground. At the same time, the Baku Commune was involved in heavy fighting with the advancing Ottoman Caucasian Army of Islam in and around Ganja. Major battles occurred in Yevlakh and Agdash, where the Turks routed and defeated Dashnak and Russian forces. 3989:

as chairman was established and issued the ADR Government an ultimatum. The labor military detachments managed to occupy oilfields, state offices, post offices. Police regiments defected to the rebels. To avoid bloodshed, the deputies complied with the demand and the ADR officially ceased to exist on

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In 1919 Azerbaijan left parties including the Baku organization of the Russian communist party, "Gummet" and "Adalet", started consolidating and by the end of the year, the Azerbaijan Communist Party (ACP) was created. The ACP held an active agitation campaign in Baku and its region and was supported

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President Wilson granted the delegation an audience, at which he displayed a cold and rather unsympathetic attitude. As the Azerbaijani delegation reported to its Government, Wilson had stated that the Conference did not want to partition the world into small pieces. Wilson advised Azerbaijan that it

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In the end, "the Azeris did not surrender their brief independence of 1918-20 quickly or easily. As many as 20,000 died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest." However, it has to be noted that the installation of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was made easier by the fact that

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On 16 July 1919, the Council of Ministers appointed Adil Khan Ziatkhan, who had up to that time served as Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic representative of Azerbaijan to the court of the Persian King of Kings. A Persian delegation headed by Seyed Ziaed-Din Tabatai came to Baku, to

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was assigned as the deputy chairman. In total, the Parliament held 145 sessions in which more than 270 draft laws were discussed, and 230 of them were adopted. The last emergency meeting of the Parliament was convened on 27 April 1920 after the ultimatum of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and Baku

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On 26 May 1918, the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic fell and its bodies were dissolved. The Azerbaijani faction constituted itself into the Azerbaijani National Council (NC). The Azerbaijani National Council immediately undertook parliamentary functions and proclaimed the foundation of

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who were threatening to start an offensive on their borders. Denikin concluded a secret military pact with Armenia. The Republic of Armenia with its forces formed the 7th corps of Denikin's army and gained military support from the White Movement. This fact increased the tension between the ADR and

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Although the proclamation restricted its claim to the territory north of the Araz River, the use of the name Azerbaijan would soon bring objections from Iran. In Teheran, suspicions were aroused that the Republic of Azerbaijan served as an Ottoman device for detaching the Tabriz province from Iran.

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recognition of Georgia and Azerbaijan, but that this decision did not prejudge the question of the respective boundaries... There has been no change in representation as a result of recognition; as before, His Majesty's Government have a British Chief Commissioner for the Caucasus with Headquarters

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Despite existing for only two years, the multiparty Azerbaijani Parliamentary republic and the coalition governments managed to achieve a number of measures on the nation and state-building, education, creation of an army, independent financial and economic systems, international recognition of the

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The name Azerbaijan was also adopted for Arrān, historically an Iranian region, by anti-Russian separatist forces of the area when, on 26 May 1918, they declared its independence and called it the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. To allay Iranian concerns, the Azerbaijan government used the term

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to the Ottoman Empire. The terms of the Treaty revealed a deep conflict between Georgians and Armenians on one side and the Muslims on another. The peace talks between the Sejm and Turkey started in March 1918, in Trapezond did not have any results. The Ottoman Empire delivered an ultimatum to the

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After the October revolution of 1917, the Transcaucasian government had to change its policy as Russia was now involved in the Civil War. The Transcaucasians did not accept the Bolshevik revolution. In February 1918, the Transcaucasian Council ("Sejm") started its work in Tbilisi, and this was the

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reached the border of Azerbaijan and prepared to attack. The official date of the operation is considered April 25, 1920, when the Azerbaijan Communist Party transformed the party's cells into military bodies, which were to take part in the attack. On April 27, 1920, the Provisional Revolutionary

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when the country regained independence in 1991 with collapse of the USSR. The Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan acknowledges the principles of the Constitutional Act on the State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan which has declared that Azerbaijan is the heir of the Republic of

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The main direction of Azerbaijan diplomacy was based on friendly relations with the neighbouring countries regardless of their nationalities and religious beliefs. On the wider world stage, the foreign policy of the ADR can be divided into three periods: the period of Turkish orientation (May to

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In the course of April and May 1917, several Muslim Assemblies took place. Like many ethnic minorities of Transcaucasia, Azeris aimed at secession from Russia after the February Revolution. Two general opinions were expressed by the representatives of the Muslim community (Mammad Hasan Hajinski,

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will be one entity, because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used, it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a question rises as to which Azerbaijan is

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On May 27, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (DRA) was declared with Ottoman military support. The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as Tatar, which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition. ... Neighboring Iran did not welcome did not welcome the DRA's

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The Baku secession in 1918 was a sensitive strike for Soviet Russia, and it caused heavy consequences during economic warfare. Moscow's intention to regain control of the vitally necessary region was strong and coherent, and on its way, the Soviet government was ready to accept any concession.

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In 1920 the Soviet government established a strong relationship with the new Turkish government headed by Mustafa Kemal. The Soviets were ready to supply Turkey with armaments in exchange for Turkish military support in Azerbaijan. Turkey particularly suggested using military bodies formed in

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Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan one of the first countries in the world, and the first majority-Muslim nation, to grant women equal political rights with men. Another important accomplishment of the ADR was the

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recognition, official recognition and diplomatic relations with a number of states, preparing of a Constitution and equal rights for all. This laid an important foundation for the re-establishment of independence in 1991. However, Parliament was in complicated circumstance, education, the

2440:. The members of the committee were the members of the State Council and representatives of the Armenian, Georgian and Azerbaijan political elite. The committee announced that in the following months the most important issues were to be solved by the Transcaucasian Constituent Assembly. 145: 146: 143: 3954:

By March 1920, it was obvious that the economic and political situation in the ADR had reached a crucial point. In accordance with the analysis made by the Bolsheviks, the ADR government received weak support from the people and this should have provided success to the operation.

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by the Bolsheviks and their allies. The Armenian and Muslim militias engaged in an armed confrontation, with the formally neutral Bolsheviks tacitly supporting the Armenian side. All the non-Azeri political groups of the city joined the Bolsheviks against the Muslims: Bolsheviks,

150: 148: 144: 149: 3915:, which said: "The government of the Russian Socialist Federative Republic reverts to Azerbaijan with an initiative to immediately launch talks with the Soviet government aiming at acceleration and finishing of the White army bodies in the South of Russia". In his response, 3277:, was asked on what date recognition had been extended to Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, and whether "in accordance with such recognition, official representatives have been exchanged, and the boundaries of the Transcaucasian Republics defined", Mr. Greenwood replied: 3919:, the head of the Azerbaijan government, insisted on non-interference in the internal affairs of the country. The Soviets considered this position as support rendered by Azerbaijan to the White army led by Denikin, and lobby of the British interests on the Caspian Sea. 3784:

forces, unfriendly Iran in the south; the British administration was not hostile but indifferent to the plight of Muslims. General Thomson initially did not recognize the Republic but tacitly cooperated with it. On April 25, 1919, a violent protest organized by

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to Europe. By calling the real historical Azerbaijan located in Iran "southern Azerbaijan", the pan-Turkists could claim the necessity of unifying the Republic of Azerbaijan and "southern Azerbaijan" in their future "Turan." Fearing such threats, Shaikh

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Under the ADR, a government system was developed in which a Parliament elected on the basis of universal, free, and proportionate representation was the supreme organ of state authority; the Council of Ministers was held responsible before it.

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found themselves for the first time on the same side of the barricade because they were all fighting "for the Russian cause". Equating the Azeris with the Ottoman Turks, the Dashnaks launched a massacre on the city's Azeris in revenge for the

3720:, Dunsterville ordered the evacuation of the city on September 14, after six weeks of occupation, and withdrew to Iran; most of the Armenian population escaped with the British forces. The Ottoman Army of Islam and its Azeri allies, led by 2644:

The council was opposed by ultra-nationalists who accused it of being too left-wing. The council was abolished after the opening of the Parliament on 7 December 1918. This was the first democratic Parliament in the Eastern Muslim world.

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and the Armenians. In order to escape the possibility of a Soviet invasion and an even greater imminent threat of an Armenian invasion, Muslim Nakhchivan proprosed annexing to Iran. The then pro-British government in Tehran led by

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Two infantry divisions consisting of eight regiments, a cavalry division consisting of three regiments and two artillery brigades. In addition to these, there were a number of auxiliary detachments, sections and enterprises in the

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The Allies recognized the Transcaucasian Republics partly because of their fear of Bolshevism, but their activities directed against Bolshevism, at least in Transcaucasia, did not go much beyond words, the strongest of which was

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independence of the Caucasian Republics: Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. The delegation of Azerbaijan and Georgia had been notified of this decision by M. Jules Cambon at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 15th January, 1920".

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In 1918 and 1919 Soviet Russia rejected all attempts made by the ADR to establish diplomatic relations between the two. 1920 was marked by a diplomatic dispatch which started with a radiogram sent by Minister of Foreign Affairs

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Azerbaijan that existed from May 28, 1918, until April 28 of 1920 in its Article 2. The Republic of Azerbaijan has adopted the national flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and some national holidays, including the

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was degrading after the collapse of the Russian Empire. The Russian forces were substituted by new Armenian bodies, which were not prepared for the war. Given the circumstances, the Transcaucasian Sejm signed the

6040: 3724:, entered Baku on September 15 and slaughtered between 10,000 – 20,000 Armenians in retaliation for the March massacre of Muslims. The capital of the ADR was finally moved from Ganja to Baku. However, after the 5947: 2640:

Until the Azerbaijani Constituent Assembly is convened, the supreme authority over Azerbaijan is vested in a universally elected National Council and the provisional government is responsible to this council.

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October 1918); Western Orientation Period (November 1918, January 1920); the period of struggle for access to a broader and multilateral worldwide cooperation (January–April, 1920). ADR government remained

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Michael G. Smith. Anatomy of a Rumour: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narratives of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917-20. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Apr. 2001), pp. 211–240

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Dagestan to occupy Baku and to avoid exploding its petrol storage reservoirs. Turkish support played an important role and attracted the Bolsheviks the sympathies of the Muslim population in Azerbaijan.

140: 141: 3797:, a military dictatorship led by Russian colonel T. P. Sukhorukov. On May 15, the Extraordinary Congress of the "Councils of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies" of Lankaran district proclaimed the 4036:

and Behbudagha Javanshir. Most students and citizens traveling abroad remained in those countries, never to return. Other prominent ADR military figures like former Minister of Defense General

3398:, Khiabani's deputy at the time, the main reason for such a change was to prevent any future claim by the pan-Turkist Ottomans to Iranian Azerbaijan on the basis of the similarity of the names. 2874:, consisting of the chair Alimardan Topchubashev, A.A. Sheykh Ul-Islamov, M. Maharramov, M. Mir-Mehdiyev and advisor B. Hajibayov; Diplomatic Representative to Georgia, Farist Bey Vekilov, to 3826:

for some part of 1919. The fighting increased in intensity by February 1920 and martial law was introduced in Karabakh, which was enforced by the newly formed National Army, led by general

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opened on December 5, 1918. Musavat had 38 members in parliament, which consisted of 96 deputies, and with some independent MPs formed the biggest faction. The republic was governed by

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The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic guarantees to all its citizens within its borders full civil and political rights, regardless of ethnic origin, religion, class, profession, or sex.

2870:. Thus, the Ottoman Empire became the first foreign country to recognize the independence of ADR. Among the representation of the ADR abroad were the Azerbaijani Peace Delegation in 3281:

Instructions were sent to the British Chief Commissioner for the Georgian and Azerbaijani Governments that the Allied Powers represented on the Supreme Council had decided to grant

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This made the ADR pursue a neutral policy with regard to the Russian Civil War. On June 16, 1919, the ADR and Georgia signed a defensive treaty against the White troops of General

2862:. Throughout its existence from 1918 to 1920, the Republic of Azerbaijan had diplomatic relations with a number of states. The first peace and friendship treaty of the Republic – 5367:

Prof. Avtandil Menteshashvili, "From the history of relations of Georgian Democratic Republic with Soviet Russia and Entente". 1918–1921. Tbilisi State University: October 1989.

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made endeavours amongst Baku's leadership to join Iran. In order to promote this idea, Vosugh ed Dowleh dispatched two separate Iranian delegations; one to Baku and one to the

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Map does not show the disputed territories of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, so it's important to note that not everything included in the map was under Azerbaijani control

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on December 5, 1917. On March 3, 1918, the Bolshevik government in Russia signed the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany. One of the terms was the loss of the regions of

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negotiate transit, tariff, mail, customs, and other such agreements. Speeches were made in which the common bonds between Caucasian Azerbaijan and Iran were stressed.

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The Red Army, which entered Baku by April 30, 1920, met very little resistance in Baku from Azerbaijani forces, which were tied up on the Karabakh front. The first

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After a major political crisis, the Fifth Cabinet of Ministers of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic resigned on April 1, 1920. At the beginning of April 1920, the

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The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.

1428: 5283: 5942: 1374: 7054: 3930:, with the latter protesting this decision. In tandem with this naming controversy however, the young Azerbaijan Republic also faced a threat from the nascent 4695: 3267: 110: 4073:, Day of the National Security Service Officers etc. are linked with it as the current governmental bodies are considered heirs of the 1918-1920 Republic. 1446: 7049: 5952: 2898:, Sheykh Ali Useynov. Agreements on the principles of mutual relations were signed with some of them; sixteen states established their missions in Baku. 1987: 1464: 1410: 224: 4028:, Turkey and Iran, or were captured by the Bolsheviks and executed, including Gen. Selimov, Gen. Sulkevich, Gen. Agalarov: a total of over 20 generals ( 4707:

Until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the

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Azerbaijan is a fully sovereign nation; it consists of the southern and eastern parts of Transcaucasia under the authority of the Azerbaijani people.

17: 6984: 3974:, reached a unity negotiation with the delegation from Baku and signed a confederation agreement, which, in the end, would prove to be of no avail. 3315:

party adopted, for political reasons, was prior to the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 exclusively used to identify the

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bureau of the Caucasian Committee of the Russian Communist Party about the surrender of the government to Bolsheviks. Despite the objections of

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In March 1918, ethnic and religious tension grew and the Armenian-Azeri conflict in Baku began. The Musavat and Ittihad parties were accused of

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adopted, for political reasons, was, prior to the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, exclusively used to identify the

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The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic is determined to establish friendly relations with all, especially with the neighboring nations and states.

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adoptation of the name of 'Azerbaijan' for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim.

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A map showing comparative administrative divisions of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–20) compared to modern Azerbaijan Republic

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can be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the

2878:– Abdurahman Bey Akhverdiyev, advisor Agha Salah Musayev; to Persia – Agha-khan Khiatkhan and his assistant Alakpar Bey Sadikhov; in 2837:, was recognized as the head of state. In this capacity, he represented Azerbaijan at the Versailles Paris Peace Conference in 1919. 2604: 2113: 4547: 4391: 3622:), but they were not as persistent about these claims as they were about the territories they disputed between Armenia and Georgia. 5978: 5937: 5237: 5707: 102: 7039: 7019: 6616: 5794: 4782: 3637:

was a General of the Artillery in Imperial Russian Army before becoming the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic's Minister of Defense.

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Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia, and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995). pg 69

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there was certain popular support for Bolshevik ideology in Azerbaijan, in particular among the industrial workers in Baku.

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First flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic adopted on June 21, 1918, with reference number 144 (till November 9, 1918)

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Sejm with requirements to accept the terms of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and initiated an attack to occupy the territories of

1397: 1343: 6977: 6328: 6103: 3991: 3495: 2425: 2338: 2142: 2042: 2009: 1998: 1955: 1759: 947: 493: 7034: 5513: 4044:(who was called "the God of Artillery" ) were at first arrested, but then released two months later thanks to efforts of 2516: 2275: 96: 5491: 5081: 3185: 2612:, where on May 28, 1918, the Azerbaijani National Assembly declared the first independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 6594: 6436: 5542: 5422: 5275: 4735: 4689: 4612:... whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the republic of Azerbaijan, name 4583: 5455: 6426: 6287: 6131: 5652: 5598: 5533:

Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.).

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Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.).

5040: 5017: 4953: 4926: 4659: 4480: 4457: 3893: 3546: 2570: 2389: 2167: 2162: 1748: 1716: 1694: 721: 6343: 5145: 3484: 3435:. By the fall of the ADR by the invasion of the Red Army, the military had grown to consist of the following units. 6778: 6743: 6707: 6702: 3803:. By mid-1919 the situation in Azerbaijan had more or less stabilized, and British forces left on August 19, 1919. 3429: 3422: 3347:

was in a transitional period, struggling with foreign domination, the Iranian political and intellectual elites in

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party was the major opposition force and didn't participate in the cabinet formations, except its member was State

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The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic encourages the free development of all nationalities inhabiting its territory.

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6. That diplomatic relations be established between the United States of America and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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in Baku: the so-called Baku Commune (November 1917 – 31 July 1918). The Commune was formed by 85

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Hugh Pope, "Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world", New York: The Overlook Press, 2006, p. 116,

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Armenia. However, the war never materialized as by January 1920, Denikin's army was completely defeated by the

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Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift

6951: 6886: 6828: 6793: 6788: 6601: 6404: 5748: 4294:"93 years pass since establishment of first democratic republic in the east – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" 1433: 1379: 3520: 2424:. By 1917, when both Russian revolutions took place the territory, Azerbaijan had been part of the empire's 2363: 1832: 6631: 6528: 6495: 6480: 6443: 6419: 6045: 5988: 4980: 4283:Азербайджанская Демократическая Республика(1918–1920) / Н. Агамалиева. — Баку: «Элм», 1998. — 5-8066-0897-2 3194: 566: 330: 231: 4888: 1071: 6475: 6348: 6151: 6146: 5354:, No. 7, June, 1919, Fund of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dossier No. 3, p. 7, as cited in Raevskii, 5053:"Michael Smith. Azerbaijan and Russia: Society and State: Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani National Memory" 4024:

in power. The uprising was crushed by government troops by May 31. Leaders of the ADR either fled to the

3971: 3656: 2829:, but he was unable to form it, due to lack of time and majority backing in the parliament, and also the 2628:

It is resolved that the form of government of the independent Azerbaijani state is a democratic republic.

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government of Azerbaijan consisted almost entirely of native Azerbaijanis from the left factions of the

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for more than 100 years, alongside the rest of the Transcaucasus, ever since Iran's cession. After the

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and the Deputy Minister of Defense and General of the Artillery of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

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Office of the Ukrainian Mission and Ukrainian National Council in the House of Mirzabeyov brothers on

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Constitutional Act on the State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan (18 October 1991)

5591:"Azerbaijani Generals, Military Leaders and Heroes (Generals of Azerbaijan, Azeri Admirals)" 3651:

In the summer of 1918, the Dashnaks, together with the SRs and the Mensheviks, expelled the

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The Bolshevik account of the events of March 1918 in Baku is presented by Victor Serge in

8: 6993: 6923: 6843: 6813: 6808: 6763: 6463: 6453: 6448: 5836: 4383: 4033: 3916: 3725: 3671: 2818: 2726: 2453: 2429: 1652: 1597: 1586: 618: 250: 5251: 3682:

at the head of a 1,000-strong elite force) was to seize the oil fields in Baku ahead of

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Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community

4945:

Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community

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Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community

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troops (who were in neighboring Georgia) and to block a Bolshevik consolidation in the

3316: 2413: 1872: 1781: 1705: 1169: 1011: 801: 767: 610: 208: 4786: 3380:, a popular member of the political elite in Iranian Azerbaijan and the leader of the 2601:) either remained neutral or supported the Reds. The contest was won by the Soviets." 1469: 6998: 6682: 6176: 6171: 5911: 5738: 5704: 5664: 5648: 5538: 5418: 5173: 5116: 5036: 5013: 4949: 4922: 4921:. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 37. 4731: 4685: 4655: 4579: 4553: 4527: 4484: 4476: 4461: 4453: 4333: 4045: 4017: 3986: 3981: 3816: 3377: 3356: 3286:

at Tiflis, and the three Republics have their accredited representatives in London...

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The ADR found itself in a difficult position, hemmed in from the north by advancing

3728:

between Great Britain and Turkey on October 30, Turkish troops were replaced by the

2586:. As a result, between 3,000 and 12,000 Muslims were killed in what is known as the 165:

Map of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with territorial claims and disputed areas

6767: 6369: 6217: 6186: 6014: 5906: 5901: 4993:Признать флагом Азербайджана флаг, изготовленный из красной материи с изображением 4799: 4613: 4519: 4257: 3936: 3912: 3607: 3587: 3025: 2822: 2797:

All cabinets were formed by a coalition of Musavat and other parties including the

2761: 2704:(the 6th was being in the process when Azerbaijan was occupied by the Bolsheviks): 2197: 2091: 1892: 1770: 1641: 1524: 1288: 1132: 3367:, then active in Baku, for their ultimate goal of establishing a pan-Turk entity ( 6838: 6753: 6191: 6181: 5786: 5711: 5564: 5517: 5495: 5339: 4987: 4807: 4755: 4106: 4016:

In May 1920, there was a major uprising against the occupying Russian XI Army in

3659:(1 August 1918 – 15 September 1918). The CCD was supported by the 3591: 2863: 2847: 2489: 1663: 1513: 1277: 974: 920: 910: 340: 6156: 5896: 5891: 4844: 4116: 3956: 3843: 3811: 3717: 3695: 3675: 3660: 3646: 3273:

Furthermore, in the House of Commons the Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs,

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National Identities in Soviet Historiography: The Rise of Nations Under Stalin

3772:'s Nikolayevskaya Street (modern-day Istiqlaliyyet Street), ruined during the 3559: 7013: 6338: 6257: 6212: 5772: 5759: 5693:

http://ask.org.az/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Konstitusiya_ENG.pdf%7Ctitle=The

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3. That the Azerbaijani delegation be admitted to the Paris Peace Conference,

3086: 2955: 2031: 1792: 1564: 1553: 1481: 1159: 1112: 646: 218: 5451: 5138:

Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti (1918-1920), Parlament (Stenoqrafik hesabatlar)

4981:Азербайджанская Демократическая Республика (1918―1920). Законодательные акты 2499: 6911: 6267: 6252: 6242: 4032:

was later allowed to emigrate), or assassinated by Armenian militants like

3931: 3740:

soldiers arrived in Baku on November 17, 1918. By General Thomson's order,

3703: 3372: 3222:

5. That the United States War Department extend military help to Azerbaijan

2621:" on 28 May 1918 and declared the National Charter, which read as follows: 2461: 2222: 1976: 1673: 1630: 1608: 1266: 1229: 1102: 658: 577:, and ceased to exist on April 28, 1920. Its established borders were with 562: 5866: 5590: 5437:"Внешняя политика контрреволюционных правительств в начале 1919-го года", 3833: 3752: 6409: 6227: 5136: 3819:, which later started to concentrate its troops on Azerbaijan's borders. 3741: 3683: 3364: 3360: 3153: 2565: 662: 3630: 3125: 2894:, Mahmud Bey Efendiyev; Consul to Ukraine, Jamal Sadikhov and Consul in 6313: 6272: 6247: 6232: 6222: 6099: 5921: 4526:. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–270. 4121: 4111: 3927: 3878: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3773: 3721: 3664: 3652: 3411: 3344: 3255:

wrote: "The Supreme Council at one of its last sessions recognized the

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The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917–1923

4293: 3663:

who sent an expeditionary force to Baku to help the Armenians and the

3603: 6237: 4002: 3926:" by the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, a naming dispute arose with 3390: 3042: 2830: 2227: 2202: 1209: 1199: 638: 551: 3853: 3760: 3454: 2305: 2030: • 2019: • 1933: • 1651: • 1463: • 1427: • 1373: • 869: 673:, which was the first modern-type university founded in Azerbaijan. 4833:

On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus

4757:

Les peuples de la Transcaucasie pendant la guerre et devant la paix

3790: 3699: 3575: 3197:. Upon its arrival, the Azerbaijani delegation addressed a note to 2855: 2477: 2232: 2187: 2112: • 2090: • 1997: • 1802: • 1791: • 1780: • 1769: • 1726: • 1704: • 642: 554: 4326:Азербайджанское национально-демократическое движение. 1917-1920 гг 2906: 2573:, Social Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, and even the anti-Bolshevik 657:

minorities gained seats in the parliament. Many members supported

6196: 4155:

The Azerbaijani language was called Turkic language at that time.

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in the last Cabinet. The premier in the first three cabinets was

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The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus

5415:

The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus

3736:, who had declared himself the military governor of Baku, 5,000 4405:'Caucasian Azerbaijan' in the documents for circulation abroad. 4259:Фарид Алекберли. История государственного языка в Азербайджане. 3978: 3679: 3595: 3352: 3348: 3166: 3138: 3071: 3058: 2895: 2891: 2546: 2533: 2217: 4995:белого полумесяца и белой восьмигранной звезды на красном фоне 4721: 4719: 3368: 3243:

However, despite Wilson's attitude, on January 12, 1920, the

2871: 2436:

was established to fill the administrative gap following the

3428:

The ADR military was formed through the work of then acting

3251:

recognition to Azerbaijan, along with Georgia, and Armenia.

4324:

Balayev, Aydin; Aliyarov, Suleiman; Jafarov, Jafar (1990).

3769: 3713:

only became the capital of the Republic in September 1918.

3710: 3611: 2542: 2529: 2192: 654: 598: 183: 4948:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. 4862:

Disaster and Development: The Politics of Humanitarian Aid

4716: 3655:, who refused to ask for British support, and founded the 3423:

Minister of Defense of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic

4875:

The Armenian-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications

3756:

Memorial to Turkish soldiers killed in the Battle of Baku

5010:

The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications

4652:

Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran

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4. That Azerbaijan be admitted to the League of Nations,

3834:

Fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (April 1920)

593:

to the south. It had a population of around 3 million.

5641: 4889:"How did Armenia become a part of the Russian Empire?" 4730:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 356. 4681:

Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region

4323: 3959:

said that the invasion was justified by the fact that

3213:

2. That Wilsonian principles be applied to Azerbaijan,

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Unable to resist advancing Turkish troops during the

3210:

1. That the independence of Azerbaijan be recognized,

2902:

List of the foreign diplomatic missions in Azerbaijan

4919:

Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus

4060:

Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was succeeded by the

2825:. The formation of the next cabinet was assigned to 605:

control. The name of "Azerbaijan" which the leading

5580:, pp 218–220, 229 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1997). 4493:

Talk:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic#First or second

225:

parliamentary republic with an executive presidency

5816: 5705:https://republic.preslib.az/en_d2.html%7Ctitle=The 5511:Deliveries of Baku oil to Russia in April-May 1920 5356:Английская интервенция и Мусаватское правительство 5276:"[kitabyurdu.org]-Ensiklopediya_adr_1.pdf" 3239:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic postage stamp, 1919 3189:Conference room of the Republic's first parliament 5033:Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition 4678:Dekmejian, R. Hrair; Simonian, Hovann H. (2003). 4677: 4450:Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition 4223: 4202: 3966:The Iranian delegation at Baku, at the behest of 3789:workers of pro-Bolshevik orientation exploded in 3317:adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran 611:adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran 128: 77: 71: 7011: 5239:ИСТОРИЯ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ 5027: 5025: 4990:. (Сборник документов). — Баку, 1998, Page 196: 4366: 4364: 3333:national revolutionary Jangali movement in Gilan 5244:History of establishment of Azerbaijan Republic 4102:First cabinet of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 2688:Political life in the ADR was dominated by the 5104: 4820:Pan-Turkism: From Irrendentism to Coopersation 4673: 4671: 3174:Corner of Persidskaya and Gubernskaya streets 7055:States and territories disestablished in 1920 6084: 5802: 5583: 5558:CONSTITUTIONAL ACT OF THE AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC 5537:. Oxford University Press. pp. 108–109. 5110: 5022: 4941: 4645: 4643: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4436:. Longmans, Green & Company. p. 203. 4361: 3616:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 2886:, his financial advisor, Jangir Bey Gayibov; 2507:is widely regarded as the national leader of 2276: 1863:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 621:became its first prime minister. Besides the 597:was the temporary capital of the Republic as 575:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 481:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 399:99,908.87 km (38,575.03 sq mi) 5469: 5002: 4569: 4567: 4552:. Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 129. 4176:in some diplomatic documents abroad, or the 3667:. The purpose of the British forces (led by 3066:Corner of Gubernskaya Str and Spasskaya Str 2649:became the chairman of the Parliament while 1944: • 1922: • 1662: • 1640: • 1629: • 1618: • 1607: • 1596: • 1585: • 1574: • 1563: • 1552: • 1534: • 1523: • 1512: • 1491: • 1445: • 1409: • 1391: • 1355: • 1337: • 1319: • 1021: • 984: • 896: • 6020:Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan 5303: 5115:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 4753: 4668: 3625: 3614:). The ADR also claimed territories of the 3590:, Zangezur (today the Armenian province of 3483:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2608:Memorial plaque on the wall of the hall of 2101: • 2079: • 2041: • 2008: • 1986: • 1965: • 1851: • 1813: • 1758: • 1747: • 1715: • 1693: • 1298: • 1287: • 1276: • 1091: • 1070: • 1056: • 1032: • 23: 7050:States and territories established in 1918 6091: 6077: 5809: 5795: 5695:Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan 5657: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5318:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5231: 5229: 5192:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4849:Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires 4640: 4632:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4518: 4499: 4434:A History of European Diplomacy, 1914-1925 4388:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2-3 3193:A delegation from Azerbaijan attended the 2998:Diplomatic Representative Grigol Alshibaia 2833:invasion. The Chairman of the Parliament, 2283: 2269: 159: 24: 5567:, Section 1, Article 2. October 18, 1991. 5333:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan 5306:Azərbaycan istiqlal mücadilesi xatirələri 4564: 4524:The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921 4421:. L. Dickson & Thompson. p. 265. 4319: 4317: 4315: 3894:Learn how and when to remove this message 3547:Learn how and when to remove this message 2390:Learn how and when to remove this message 573:on 28 May 1918 after the collapse of the 5612: 5417:. Oxford University Press. p. 108. 4916: 4747: 4605: 4330:Azerbaijani National Democratic Movement 4219: 3764:Remains of the editorial offices of the 3759: 3751: 3629: 3574:Much like its other counterparts in the 3558: 3410: 3262: 3234: 3184: 3180: 2952:Diplomatic Representative G.A. Bekzadyan 2905: 2603: 2555: 2498: 72: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 7045:Former countries of the interwar period 6098: 5391: 5377:Bulletin d'information de l'Azerbaidjan 5250:. Baku: Elm. p. 25. Archived from 5235: 5226: 4725: 4649: 4356:Bulletin d'Information de l'Azerbaidjan 3922:Following the adoption of the name of " 3822:Armenia and Azerbaijan were engaged in 3444: 3388:), changed the name of the province to 3253:Bulletin d'information de l'Azerbaidjan 2503:A founder and Speaker of the Republic, 14: 7012: 5532: 5452:"Army: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" 5412: 5095: 5068: 5066: 5045: 4886: 4760:. Éditions Bossard. pp. 108–110. 4573: 4312: 4300:from the original on November 21, 2011 4262:. Elm History & Heritage Website. 3030:Chief of the 8th Mission, Enrico Ensom 6072: 5790: 5728:CNN on Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 5570: 5144:. Bakı: Azərbaycan Nəşriyyatı. 1998. 4473:A Modern History of the Islamic World 4431: 4419:More Moves on an Eastern Chequerboard 4071:Day of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan 3747: 59:1918–1920 state in the South Caucasus 7030:1920 disestablishments in Azerbaijan 6319:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 5751:, 2011 (accessed November 18, 2011). 4754:La Chesnais, Pierre Georget (1921). 4416: 4394:from the original on 23 January 2013 4040:and deputy defense minister General 3992:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 3963:could not survive without Baku oil. 3876:adding citations to reliable sources 3847: 3643:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 3481:adding citations to reliable sources 3448: 2840: 2328:adding citations to reliable sources 2299: 1956:Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 494:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 5063: 4860:Middleton, Neil and O'Keefe, Phil. 4452:. Columbia University Press, 1995. 4358:, No. I, September 1, 1919, pp. 6–7 2751:December 26, 1918 – March 14, 1919 56: 4962:from the original on June 13, 2022 4440: 4373:, 58., February 24, 1920, p. 1467. 4250: 4204:Azərbaycan Demokratik Respublikası 4199:Azərbaycan Demokratik Cümhuriyyəti 3990:April 28, 1920, giving way to the 3363:conspiracy planned by the Ottoman 2776:December 22, 1919 – April 1, 1920 2595:Year One Of the Russian Revolution 2408:From 1813 to 1828, as a result of 751:Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivan 57: 7066: 7025:1918 establishments in Azerbaijan 5721: 4170:Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920 3795:Mughan Territorial Administration 3339:According to Hamid Ahmadi (2017): 3204:, making the following requests: 377:Azerbaijani independence restored 18:Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan 6382: 5948:General-Quartermaster Department 5865: 5733:Account of British Force in Baku 4107:History of the name "Azerbaijan" 4083: 3852: 3566:was a Lieutenant-General of the 3496:"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" 3453: 3394:(land of freedom). According to 2942:(Russian-Asian Bank Depository) 2698:first parliament of the republic 2434:Special Transcaucasian Committee 2339:"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" 2304: 2295: 2252: 1815:Special Transcaucasian Committee 700: 498: 473: 138: 109: 95: 5698: 5686: 5675:from the original on 2020-10-26 5630:from the original on 2018-06-14 5601:from the original on 2006-07-08 5551: 5526: 5504: 5482: 5458:from the original on 2019-05-29 5444: 5431: 5382: 5370: 5361: 5345: 5326: 5297: 5286:from the original on 2022-03-31 5268: 5200: 5162: 5151:from the original on 2018-02-19 5129: 5111:Swietochowski, Tadeusz (2004). 5084:from the original on 2016-03-03 4974: 4942:Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). 4935: 4910: 4899:from the original on 2021-07-09 4880: 4867: 4854: 4838: 4825: 4812: 4793: 4775: 4764:from the original on 2016-06-11 4698:from the original on 2021-01-19 4540: 4425: 4266:from the original on 2023-01-29 4230: 4209: 4183: 4158: 3863:needs additional citations for 3840:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 2917: 2706: 2692:Party, the local winner of the 2619:Azerbaijani Democratic Republic 2315:needs additional citations for 1946:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 7020:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 6365:History of the name Azerbaijan 6324:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 5818:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 5520:"History of the City of Baku" 4709:Iranian province of Azerbaijan 4432:Mowat, Robert Balmain (1927). 4410: 4376: 4286: 4277: 4149: 4132:Democratic Republic of Georgia 4026:Democratic Republic of Georgia 3600:Democratic Republic of Georgia 2807:Muslim Social Democratic Party 2412:'s forced cession through the 1913:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 637:as well as representatives of 583:Democratic Republic of Georgia 544:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 13: 1: 6288:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 5749:Institute of European History 5620:"7.3 Last Parliament Session" 5304:Şeyxzamanlı, Nağıbəy (1998). 4887:Manaev, Georgy (2020-10-01). 4243: 4055: 3686:'s advancing Turkish troops ( 3112:(Mirzabeyov brothers' house) 2766:April 14 – December 22, 1919 1544: 1540: 1062: 1038: 1003: 990: 939: 935: 902: 878: 874: 844: 840: 827: 823: 810: 806: 793: 789: 776: 772: 759: 755: 742: 738: 565:. The ADR was founded by the 352:• Independence declared 6046:Islamic Army of the Caucasus 5379:, No. 7, January, 1920, p. 1 5212:Times Higher Education (THE) 4800:"Musavat Party (Azerbaijan)" 4225:Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti 4178:Tatar Republic of Azerbaijan 3732:. Headed by British general 3195:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 567:Azerbaijani National Council 548:Azerbaijan People's Republic 331:Azerbaijani National Council 79:Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti 68:Azerbaijan People's Republic 7: 6349:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 6278:Russo-Persian War (1804–13) 5979:Declaration of Independence 5477:Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict 4684:. I.B. Tauris. p. 60. 4296:. Azerbaijan Press Agency. 4095: 3972:Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III 3657:Centro Caspian Dictatorship 3406: 2984:Corner of Gogolevskaya and 2741:June 17 – December 7, 1918 2683: 2470:Left Social Revolutionaries 1842:Transcaucasian Commissariat 1493:Division of Afsharid Empire 10: 7071: 7040:Post–Russian Empire states 7035:20th century in Azerbaijan 6334:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 5832:Alimardan bey Topchubashov 5441:, No. 6 (37), 1929, p. 94. 4654:. I.B.Tauris. p. 25. 4390:. 1987. pp. 205–257. 3837: 3734:William Montgomery Thomson 3640: 2660:11th Army (Russian Empire) 2401: 1883:Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1393:Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (II) 317:Alimardan bey Topchubashov 6964: 6932: 6867: 6739: 6730: 6658: 6649: 6555: 6546: 6509: 6400: 6391: 6380: 6357: 6301: 6205: 6119: 6110: 6033: 6007: 5971: 5930: 5874: 5863: 5824: 4917:Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). 4606:Barthold, Vasily (1963). 4578:. Routledge. p. 21. 4137:First Republic of Armenia 4067:Republic Day (Azerbaijan) 3744:was implemented in Baku. 3580:First Republic of Armenia 3302: 2854:and never sided with the 2760: 2725: 2665: 1339:Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (I) 514: 452: 442: 432: 418: 408: 403: 395: 390: 386: 373: 360: 350: 346: 336: 326: 322: 310: 298: 294: 284: 280: 268: 256: 244: 240: 230: 214: 202: 192: 170: 158: 123: 91: 86: 66: 6519:Administrative divisions 6309:Armenian–Tatar massacres 6263:Khanates of the Caucasus 5958:National Military School 5852:Nariman bey Narimanbeyov 5352:Report of the Delegation 5338:October 7, 2008, at the 4650:Atabaki, Touraj (2000). 4546:Swietochowski, Tadeusz. 4332:]. Elm. p. 92. 4258: 4142: 3626:Armenian-Azerbaijani war 3268:First parliament meeting 3171:Consul R.K. Vander-Ploug 2940:Kladbisshenskaya Str, 11 1924:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1749:Second Russo-Persian War 1695:Fourth Russo-Persian War 1503:Khanates of the Caucasus 550:, was the first secular 39:latest accepted revision 6152:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 6147:Khojaly–Gadabay culture 5938:First Infantry Division 5745:European History Online 5208:"Baku State University" 5031:Tadeusz Swietochowski. 4726:Rezvani, Babak (2014). 4610:. Moscow. p. 706. 4448:Tadeusz Swietochowski. 4076: 2971:Gorchakovskaya Str, 19 2731:May 28 – June 17, 1918 2696:elections of 1917. The 2610:the building in Tbilisi 2103:II Nagorno-Karabakh War 1804:Elizavetpol Governorate 1717:Fifth Russo-Persian War 836:Khojaly–Gadabay culture 734:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 641:(21 out of 120 seats), 635:Muslim Social Democrats 585:to the north-west, the 6344:Independent Azerbaijan 6025:Mughan Soviet Republic 5489:Lenin and Caucasus oil 5236:Vekilov, R.A. (1998). 5008:Michael P. Croissant. 4999: 4873:Croissant, Michael P. 4831:Mostashari, Firouzeh. 4574:Yilmaz, Harun (2015). 4224: 4220:آذربایجان خلق جمهوریتی 4203: 4198: 4062:Republic of Azerbaijan 4020:, intent on restoring 3996:Republic of Azerbaijan 3941:Paris Peace Conference 3824:fighting over Karabakh 3800:Mughan Soviet Republic 3777: 3757: 3638: 3571: 3425: 3400: 3337: 3288: 3270: 3245:Allied Supreme Council 3240: 3190: 3094:Krasnovodskaya Str, 8 3063:Consul Saad Ul Vizirov 3001:Politseyskaya Str, 20 2915: 2835:Alimardan Topchubashev 2656:Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh 2647:Alimardan Topchubashov 2613: 2561: 2512: 2466:Social Revolutionaries 2450:Alimardan Topchubashov 2438:abdication of the Tsar 2081:I Nagorno-Karabakh War 2070:Republic of Azerbaijan 2043:Republic of Azerbaijan 1903:Mughan Soviet Republic 1429:Nakhchivan Sanjak (II) 180:(until September 1918) 129: 78: 73:آذربایجان خلق جمهوریتی 6293:Treaty of Turkmenchay 5943:Ganja Military School 5847:Mammad Amin Rasulzade 5842:Mammad Hasan Hajinski 4991: 4608:Sochineniya, vol II/1 4127:Mammed Amin Rasulzade 4030:Mammed Amin Rasulzade 3998:on October 18, 1991. 3968:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 3763: 3755: 3730:Allies of World War I 3635:Samad bey Mehmandarov 3633: 3568:Imperial Russian Army 3562: 3414: 3341: 3328: 3324:Tadeusz Swietochowski 3279: 3266: 3238: 3188: 3181:Recognition by Allies 3080:Politseyskaya Str, 15 2909: 2827:Mammad Hasan Hajinski 2799:Muslim Socialist Bloc 2785:Mammad Hasan Hajinski 2607: 2559: 2522:Armistice of Erzincan 2517:Russian Caucasus Army 2505:Mammad Amin Rasulzade 2502: 2494:Prokopius Dzhaparidze 2446:Mammad Amin Rasulzade 2418:Treaty of Turkmenchay 2259:Azerbaijan portal 1728:Treaty of Turkmenchay 1375:Nakhchivan Sanjak (I) 819:Talish–Mughan culture 671:Baku State University 305:Mammad Amin Rasulzade 275:Mammad Hasan Hajinski 193:Common languages 136:"March of Azerbaijan" 6534:World Heritage Sites 6051:in Azerbaijani media 4783:"Azerbaijan:History" 4475:. I.B.Tauris, 2000. 4417:Luke, Harry (1935). 4174:Caucasian Azerbaijan 4042:Ali-Agha Shikhlinski 4038:Samedbey Mehmandarov 3872:improve this article 3828:Samedbey Mehmandarov 3564:Ali-Agha Shikhlinski 3477:improve this section 3445:Territorial disputes 3433:Khosrov bey Sultanov 3419:Khosrov bey Sultanov 3311:" which the leading 3148:(Mitrofanovs house) 3018:Elektricheskaya Sila 2866:was signed with the 2850:on the issue of the 2801:, the Independents, 2694:Constituent Assembly 2426:Caucasus Viceroyalty 2324:improve this article 2061:Contemporary history 1760:Caucasus Viceroyalty 1620:Shamshadil sultanate 1258:Early modern history 546:, also known as the 410:• 1919 estimate 263:Nasib bey Yusifbeyli 6137:Kura–Araxes culture 6132:Bronze and Iron age 5837:Fatali Khan Khoyski 5769: / 4491:. Citations are at 4189:Abbreviated as the 4180:in British sources. 4034:Fatali Khan Khoyski 3917:Fatali Khan Khoyski 3726:Armistice of Mudros 3674:, who arrived from 3672:Lionel Dunsterville 3430:Minister of Defense 3161:Birzhevaya Str, 14 2937:Vice Consul Gevelke 2821:; in the last two, 2819:Fatali Khan Khoyski 2809:. The conservative 2727:Fatali Khan Khoyski 2492:, a Bolshevik, and 2454:Fatali Khan Khoyski 2430:February Revolution 2114:Ceasefire Agreement 1988:Transcaucasian SFSR 1653:Treaty of Kurakchay 1598:Qutqashen Sultanate 1587:Nakhichevan Khanate 1093:Emirate of Arminiya 1072:Emirate of Arminiya 785:Kura–Araxes culture 724: • 720: • 619:Fatali Khan Khoyski 587:Republic of Armenia 251:Fatali Khan Khoyski 29:Page version status 6708:Telecommunications 6703:Petroleum industry 6283:Treaty of Gulistan 6167:Leyla-Tepe culture 6162:Jar-Burial Culture 6142:Nakhchivan culture 5917:Battle of Kurdamir 5887:Battle of Binagadi 5710:2022-06-13 at the 5563:2021-03-01 at the 5516:2017-03-21 at the 5494:2003-09-06 at the 4986:2016-10-12 at the 4806:2020-06-22 at the 4618:Persian Azerbaijan 4471:Reinhard Schulze. 3778: 3758: 3748:Fight for survival 3639: 3572: 3426: 3357:Iranian Azerbaijan 3271: 3241: 3191: 3108:Nikolayevskaya Str 3049:Vincas Mickevičius 3037:Krasnovodskaya, 8 3032:Consul L. Grikurov 3020:company building) 3014:Birzhevaya Str, 32 2916: 2912:Nikolayevskaya Str 2614: 2562: 2513: 2414:Treaty of Gulistan 2181:Historical regions 1782:Erivan Governorate 1706:Treaty of Gulistan 1447:Tiflis Eyalet (II) 1170:Khwarazmian Empire 1012:Rashidun Caliphate 986:Satrapy of Albania 802:Nakhchivan culture 768:Leyla-Tepe culture 581:to the north, the 428:1919 estimate 35: 7007: 7006: 6960: 6959: 6882:Ethnic minorities 6824:Novruz (New Year) 6794:National identity 6726: 6725: 6698:Natural resources 6645: 6644: 6617:Political parties 6612:National Assembly 6595:Children's rights 6580:Foreign relations 6542: 6541: 6378: 6377: 6329:Soviet Azerbaijan 6177:Caucasian Albania 6172:Achaemenid Empire 6066: 6065: 5912:Battle of Goychay 5669:www.zerbaijan.com 5595:www.zerbaijan.com 5214:. 9 February 2024 5179:978-9952-482-37-9 5122:978-0-521-52245-8 5059:on 10 March 2011. 4818:Landau, Jacob M. 4789:on 15 March 2007. 4533:978-0-8305-0076-5 4520:Kazemzadeh, Firuz 4489:978-1-86064-822-9 4466:978-0-231-07068-3 4339:978-5-8066-0422-5 4046:Nariman Narimanov 3987:Nariman Narimanov 3932:Soviets in Moscow 3904: 3903: 3896: 3557: 3556: 3549: 3531: 3378:Mohammad Khiabani 3355:, the capital of 3178: 3177: 3053:Pozenovskaya, 15 2884:Yusif Bey Vezirov 2852:Russian Civil War 2841:Foreign relations 2815:Inspector General 2795: 2794: 2651:Hasan bey Aghayev 2580:Armenian genocide 2400: 2399: 2392: 2374: 2293: 2292: 2122: 2121: 2051: 2050: 1823: 1822: 1465:Kazak Sanjak (II) 1411:Revan Eyalet (II) 1248: 1247: 1141: 1140: 1082:Abbasid Caliphate 1047:Umayyad Caliphate 966:Early Middle Ages 956: 955: 931:Caucasian Albania 887:Achaemenid Empire 870:Kingdom of Iškuza 851: 850: 669:establishment of 589:to the west, and 540: 539: 510: 509: 506: 505: 486: 485: 447:Azerbaijani ruble 312:• 1918–1920 258:• 1919–1920 246:• 1918–1919 151: 26: 16:(Redirected from 7062: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6737: 6736: 6693:Mineral industry 6683:Manat (currency) 6656: 6655: 6553: 6552: 6398: 6397: 6386: 6370:The Land of Fire 6218:Sallarid dynasty 6187:Arran (Caucasus) 6117: 6116: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6070: 6069: 6015:Republic of Aras 5999:Treasury Chamber 5989:National Council 5907:Battle of Sarvan 5902:Battle of Yalama 5869: 5857:Nasib Yusifbeyli 5811: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5715: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5665:"UNDECLARED WAR" 5661: 5655: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5587: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5498:on GlobalRus.ru 5486: 5480: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5448: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5410: 5389: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5349: 5343: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5317: 5309: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5256: 5249: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5191: 5183: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5143: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5055:. 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Rylsky 3035:Molokanskaya, 35 2918: 2823:Nasib Yusifbeyli 2762:Nasib Yusifbeyli 2707: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2332: 2308: 2300: 2285: 2278: 2271: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2158:Military history 2153:Economic history 2092:Bishkek Protocol 2066: 2065: 1893:Republic of Aras 1838: 1837: 1771:Baku Governorate 1642:Karabakh Khanate 1546: 1542: 1525:Kazakh sultanate 1473: 1455: 1437: 1419: 1401: 1383: 1365: 1357:Revan Eyalet (I) 1347: 1329: 1289:Safavid Karabakh 1263: 1262: 1156: 1155: 1151:High Middle Ages 1133:Sallarid dynasty 1064: 1040: 1023:Islamic conquest 1005: 999:Khazar Khaganate 992: 971: 970: 941: 937: 904: 898:Satrapy of Media 880: 876: 866: 865: 846: 842: 829: 825: 812: 808: 795: 791: 778: 774: 761: 757: 744: 740: 730: 729: 728: 704: 694: 676: 675: 502: 501: 490: 489: 477: 476: 470: 469: 454: 453: 425: 163: 153: 152: 134: 131:Azərbaycan marşı 113: 103:Flag (1918–1920) 99: 81: 75: 74: 64: 63: 21: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6956: 6952:National emblem 6947:National anthem 6928: 6887:Gender equality 6863: 6829:Public holidays 6722: 6641: 6602:Law enforcement 6538: 6505: 6491:Protected areas 6405:Bodies of water 6387: 6374: 6353: 6297: 6201: 6192:Sasanian Empire 6182:Parthian Empire 6106: 6097: 6067: 6062: 6058:Students abroad 6029: 6003: 5967: 5926: 5882:Battle of Aghsu 5870: 5861: 5820: 5815: 5777: 5775: 5773:40.50°N 47.56°E 5771: 5768: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5737:Gasimov, Zaur: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5712:Wayback Machine 5703: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5678: 5676: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5646: 5642: 5633: 5631: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5604: 5602: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5576:Richard Pipes. 5575: 5571: 5565:Wayback Machine 5556: 5552: 5545: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5518:Wayback Machine 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496:Wayback Machine 5487: 5483: 5474: 5470: 5461: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5411: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5350: 5346: 5340:Wayback Machine 5331: 5327: 5311: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5289: 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6483: 6481:National parks 6478: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6444:Extreme points 6441: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6420:Climate change 6412: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6157:Mughan culture 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5897:Mughan clashes 5894: 5892:Battle of Baku 5889: 5884: 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Bakı. 2013. 5161: 5128: 5121: 5103: 5094: 5062: 5044: 5021: 5001: 4973: 4954: 4934: 4927: 4909: 4879: 4866: 4853: 4837: 4824: 4811: 4792: 4774: 4746: 4737:978-9048519286 4736: 4715: 4691:978-1860649226 4690: 4667: 4660: 4639: 4595: 4585:978-1317596646 4584: 4563: 4539: 4532: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4469: 4439: 4424: 4409: 4375: 4360: 4345: 4338: 4311: 4285: 4276: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4229: 4208: 4182: 4157: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4117:Azerbaijan SSR 4114: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4057: 4054: 3957:Vladimir Lenin 3902: 3901: 3860: 3858: 3851: 3844:Azerbaijan SSR 3835: 3832: 3812:Volunteer Army 3749: 3746: 3718:Battle of Baku 3647:Battle of Baku 3627: 3624: 3555: 3554: 3461: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3408: 3405: 3331:Likewise, the 3304: 3301: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3202:Woodrow Wilson 3199:U.S. President 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3158:Consul Clateau 3156: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3131:Nobel Brothers 3123: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3104:Consul Golovan 3102: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2981:Consul Koussis 2979: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2968:Consul Ayvazov 2966: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2933:United Kingdom 2929: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2904: 2903: 2880:Constantinople 2868:Ottoman Empire 2842: 2839: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2685: 2682: 2675:state pending 2667: 2664: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2584:Ottoman Empire 2526:Ottoman Empire 2422:Russian Empire 2398: 2397: 2312: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2163:Jewish history 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2143:Heads of state 2140: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2010:Azerbaijan SSR 2005: 2004: 2001: 1999:Azerbaijan SSR 1994: 1993: 1990: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1967:Treaty of Kars 1962: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1935:Battle of Baku 1930: 1929: 1926: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1836: 1833:Modern history 1831: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1738:Russian Empire 1734: 1733: 1730: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1576:Talysh Khanate 1571: 1570: 1567: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1549: 1548: 1538: 1536:Djaro-Belokani 1531: 1530: 1527: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1321:Shirvan Eyalet 1316: 1315: 1312: 1310:Ottoman Empire 1306: 1305: 1302: 1300:Chokhur-e Sa'd 1295: 1294: 1291: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1220:Timurid Empire 1216: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1001: 995: 994: 988: 981: 980: 977: 969: 964: 963: 960: 959: 954: 953: 952:27 BC – AD 395 950: 944: 943: 933: 927: 926: 923: 917: 916: 915:312 BC – 63 BC 913: 907: 906: 900: 893: 892: 889: 883: 882: 872: 864: 859: 858: 855: 854: 849: 848: 838: 832: 831: 821: 815: 814: 804: 798: 797: 787: 781: 780: 770: 764: 763: 753: 747: 746: 736: 715: 710: 709: 706: 705: 697: 696: 687: 686: 679: 538: 537: 535: 534: 529: 524: 518: 516: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 496: 487: 484: 483: 478: 466: 465: 460: 450: 449: 444: 440: 439: 436: 433: 430: 429: 426: 416: 415: 412: 409: 406: 405: 401: 400: 397: 393: 392: 388: 387: 384: 383: 380: 374: 371: 370: 367: 361: 358: 357: 354: 351: 348: 347: 344: 343: 338: 337:Historical era 334: 333: 328: 324: 323: 320: 319: 314: 311: 308: 307: 302: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 288: 282: 281: 278: 277: 272: 269: 266: 265: 260: 257: 254: 253: 248: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 234: 232:Prime Minister 228: 227: 216: 212: 211: 206: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 187: 186: 181: 174: 172: 168: 167: 164: 156: 155: 137: 121: 120: 115: 108: 107: 101: 94: 93: 92: 89: 88: 84: 83: 70: 67: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7067: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6339:Black January 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6258:Afsharid Iran 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6213:Sajid dynasty 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6082: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5963:Special Corps 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5953:National Army 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5694: 5689: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5653:1-58567-804-X 5650: 5644: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5579: 5573: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5554: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5440: 5439:Красный Архив 5434: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5321: 5315: 5307: 5300: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5257:on 2012-04-25 5253: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5232: 5230: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5147: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5041:0-231-07068-3 5038: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5019: 5018:0-275-96241-5 5015: 5011: 5005: 4998: 4996: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4955:0-521-26310-7 4951: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4928:9780300153088 4924: 4920: 4913: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4710: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4661:9781860645549 4657: 4653: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4622: 4621:talked about. 4619: 4615: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4481:1-86064-822-3 4478: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4458:0-231-07068-3 4455: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4371:125 H.C.Debs. 4367: 4365: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4280: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4233: 4226: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4053: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3961:Soviet Russia 3958: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3898: 3895: 3887: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3861:This section 3859: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3808:Anton Denikin 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3768:newspaper on 3767: 3762: 3754: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688:Army of Islam 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3669:Major General 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3548: 3540: 3537:February 2024 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: – 3497: 3493: 3492:Find sources: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3462:This section 3460: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3416:Major General 3413: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3396:Ahmad Kasravi 3393: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345:Iranian state 3340: 3336: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3322:According to 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3307:The name of " 3300: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3275:Mr. Greenwood 3269: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087:United States 3085: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2702:five cabinets 2699: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2394: 2391: 2383: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2341: – 2340: 2336: 2335:Find sources: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2313:This section 2311: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2296:Establishment 2286: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2250: 2249: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2032:Black January 2029: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1793:Zakatal okrug 1790: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1565:Ganja Khanate 1562: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1554:Shaki Khanate 1551: 1550: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1482:Afsharid Iran 1480: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1190:Mongol Empire 1188: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1160:Seljuk Empire 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 989: 987: 983: 982: 978: 976: 973: 972: 967: 962: 961: 951: 949: 946: 945: 934: 932: 929: 928: 924: 922: 919: 918: 914: 912: 909: 908: 901: 899: 895: 894: 891:550 BC–330 BC 890: 888: 885: 884: 873: 871: 868: 867: 862: 857: 856: 839: 837: 834: 833: 822: 820: 817: 816: 805: 803: 800: 799: 788: 786: 783: 782: 771: 769: 766: 765: 754: 752: 749: 748: 737: 735: 732: 731: 727: 723: 719: 713: 708: 707: 703: 699: 698: 695: 689: 688: 683: 678: 677: 674: 672: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 614: 612: 608: 607:Musavat party 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:Muslim worlds 560: 556: 553: 549: 545: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 517: 515:Today part of 513: 497: 495: 492: 491: 488: 482: 479: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 451: 448: 445: 441: 437: 431: 427: 421: 417: 413: 407: 402: 398: 394: 389: 385: 381: 378: 372: 369:28 April 1920 368: 365: 359: 355: 349: 345: 342: 339: 335: 332: 329: 325: 321: 318: 315: 309: 306: 303: 297: 293: 289: 287: 283: 279: 276: 273: 267: 264: 261: 255: 252: 249: 243: 239: 235: 233: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 213: 210: 207: 205: 201: 198: 195: 191: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 173: 169: 162: 157: 133: 132: 126: 122: 112: 104: 98: 90: 85: 80: 65: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 6985:Bibliography 6869:Demographics 6749:Architecture 6668:Central Bank 6585:Human rights 6570:Constitution 6511:Subdivisions 6323: 6268:Zand dynasty 6253:Safavid Iran 6243:Kara Koyunlu 6228:Shirvanshahs 6041:Demographics 5817: 5778:40.50; 47.56 5754: 5740:The Caucasus 5739: 5700: 5688: 5677:. 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