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578:. At that time General Motors was the largest employer of black people in South Africa. The principles required that, as a condition of doing business, the corporation ensure that all employees be treated equally regardless of race and in an integrated environment. These principles directly conflicted with the mandated racial discrimination and segregation policies of apartheid-era South Africa.
1611:
of certain strategic minerals". In the end, the bill did not become law, as it was not able to pass the Senate. Even so, the fact that such a harsh bill made any progress at all through
Congress "alerted both the South African government and U.S. business that significant further sanctions were likely to be forthcoming" if the political situation in South Africa remained unchanged.
22:
1716:, also argued that disinvestment would cause further economic hardships for black people and that this would ultimately worsen the political climate for negotiations. Suzman said that such sanctions are "self-defeating, wrecking the economy and do not assist anybody irrespective of race". Schwarz said, "Morality is cheap when someone else is paying."
483:"AAM still hoped that the new Labour Government would be more sensitive to the demands of public opinion than the previous Government." But by the end of 1964 it was clear that the election of the Labour Party had made little difference in the government's overall unwillingness to impose sanctions. Lisson summarized the situation at the UN in 1964:
1254:, black local officials resigned in droves, and the government declared a State of Emergency in 1985 and used thousands of troops to quell "unrest". Television audiences throughout the world were to watch almost nightly reports of massive resistance to apartheid, the growth of a democratic movement, and the savage police and military response.
1430:
companies doing business in South Africa, insisting that through its proxy votes, it could more effectively fight apartheid than by purging stocks from its portfolio. But after a decade of protests, Harvard did adopt a policy of selective divestment, and by the end of the 1980s was almost completely out of South Africa.
1651:, these measures had little effect because of the relatively small economies of those countries. The disinvestment campaign impacted South Africa only after the major Western nations, including the United States, got involved beginning in mid-1984. From 1984 onwards, South Africa experienced considerable
1610:
An additional and much harsher sanctions bill was passed by the House of
Representatives in August 1988. This bill mandated "the withdrawal of all U.S. companies from South Africa, the sale by U.S. residents of all investments in South African companies and an end to most trade, except for the import
1568:
The
Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 was introduced by Congressman Ronald Dellums, supported by the members of the Congressional Black Caucus in the House of Representatives, and piloted through the House by Congressman Howard Wolpe, chairman of the House Africa Subcommittee. President Ronald
1295:
These initial successes set a pattern that was later repeated at other campuses across the country. Activism surged in 1984 on the wave of public interest created by the wide television coverage of resistance efforts of black South
Africans. According to Knight's analysis, over the next few years the
482:
told the press that his party was "not in favour of trade sanctions partly because, even if fully effective, they would harm the people we are most concerned about – the
Africans and those white South Africans who are having to maintain some standard of decency there". Even so, Lisson writes that the
1271:
from companies that traded or had operations in South Africa. At many universities, students and faculty pressured the board of trustees to take action on the issue. The first anti-apartheid organization on university campuses in the United States was CUAA, founded by Ramon
Sevilla at the University
464:
remained firm in its view that the imposition of sanctions would be unconstitutional "because we do not accept that this situation in South Africa constitutes a threat to international peace and security and we do not, in any case, believe that sanctions would have the effect of persuading the South
450:
established the necessity, the legality, and the practicability of internationally organised sanctions against South Africa, whose policies were seen to have become a direct threat to peace and security in Africa and the world. Its findings also pointed out that in order to be effective, a programme
2946:– more than 7,000 documents, posters, T-shirts, buttons, photos, videos, and memories of activism in the U.S. to support the struggles of African peoples against apartheid, colonialism, and social injustice, the 1950s–1990s. Also includes a directory of African activist organizations across the U.S.
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The South
African government attempted to restrict the damaging outflow of capital. Knight writes that "in September 1985 it imposed a system of exchange control and a debt repayments standstill. Under exchange control, South African residents are generally prohibited from removing capital from the
1541:
stated "I'd rather lose business in
Nebraska than with South Africa." The impact was magnified when other U.S. state governments adopted similar measures through the 1980s. Nebraska passed stronger legislation in 1984, mandating divestment of all funds from companies doing business in South Africa.
1389:
of 1986 students at Smith protested the Board of
Trustees' decision not to fully divest. Student protests included a sit-in in the main administrative offices on 24 February 1986. The next day students blockaded the building, preventing staff from entering. The students expected to be arrested, but
1335:
The disinvestment campaign on campuses began in 1977 at
Michigan State University and Stanford University. It had some early successes in 1978 at Michigan State University, Columbia University, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Following the Michigan State University divestiture in 1978, the
1279:
Some of the most effective actions in support of divestment from South Africa took place in the years 1976–1985. Sevilla travelled throughout the US and Europe gathering support for sanctions against South Africa, and he led a successful effort to force the University of California to divest all of
1600:
The sums of money involved are large. According to the Internal Revenue Service, taxes involved in 1982 were $ 211,593,000 on taxable income of $ 440,780,000. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce in South Africa has estimated that the measure increases the tax bill for U.S. companies from 57.5% to 72% of
442:. Knowing that the strongest opposition to the application of sanctions came from the West (and within the West, Britain), the Committee made every effort to attract as wide and varied a number of speakers and participants as possible so that the Conference findings would be regarded as objective.
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passed legislation requiring them not to invest "in corporations and banks doing business in or with South Africa". By the end of 1989, "26 states, 22 counties and over 90 cities had taken some form of binding economic action against companies doing business in South Africa". Many public pension
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The Act banned new U.S. investment in South Africa, sales to the police and military, and new bank loans, except for the purpose of trade. Specific measures against trade included the prohibition of the import of agricultural goods, textiles, shellfish, steel, iron, uranium, and the products of
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funds connected to these local governments were required to divest. These local governments also exerted pressure by enacting selective purchasing policies, "whereby cities give preference in bidding on contracts for goods and services to those companies who do not do business in South Africa".
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to an endowed chair at Columbia. Broadly backed by a diverse array of student groups and many notable faculty members, the Committee Against Investment in South Africa held numerous teach-ins and demonstrations focused on the trustees' ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa.
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While part of the anti-apartheid movement lobbied individual businesses to adopt and comply with the Sullivan Principles, the movement opened an additional front with institutional investors. Besides advocating that institutional investors withdraw any direct investments in South Africa-based
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Throughout the 1980s, Harvard professors for the most part avoided involvement with South Africa in protest of apartheid, and then president Derek C. Bok was a vocal supporter of work by the U.S. to prompt reform in South Africa. But the University was slow to pull its own investments out of
542:
When anti-apartheid activists in the U.S. found that Washington was unwilling to get involved in economically isolating South Africa, they responded by lobbying individual business and institutional investors to end their involvement with or investments in the apartheid state as a matter of
1734:, said disinvestment would "feed white consciences outside South Africa, not black bellies within it", although much later, in 2013, he said that the Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher had been wrong to oppose tougher sanctions against South Africa during the apartheid era.
582:
companies, anti-apartheid activists also lobbied for the divestment from all U.S.-based companies having South African interests that had not yet adopted the Sullivan Principles. Institutional investors such as public pension funds were the most susceptible to these lobbying efforts.
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in 1987 as an amendment to the Budget Reconciliation Act, removed the ability of U.S. corporations to obtain tax reimbursements for taxes paid in South Africa. The result was that U.S. corporations operating in South Africa were subject to double taxation. According to Knight:
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In addition to college and university campuses, anti-apartheid activists found support in city councils and state legislatures. Several states and localities passed legislation ordering the sale of South Africa-related securities. On 5 June 1978 the City and County of
1397:
A comprehensive list of the students' demands was published on 28 February 1986. The "Women at College Hall" agreed to end the blockade if the Board of Trustees agreed to "issue a statement of intent to deliberate again, with a quorum, the issue of divestment" before
1258:
The result of the widely televised South African response was "a dramatic expansion of international actions to isolate apartheid, actions that combined with the internal situation to force dramatic changes in South Africa's international economic relations".
1349:
The initial Columbia divestment focused largely on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime. It followed a year-long campaign initiated by students who in 1977 had worked together to block the appointment of former
589:(which were routinely rejected due to management proxy votes), and they could affect corporate reputations. Second, the companies were presented with a significant financial threat if major institutional investors decided to withdraw their investments.
1583:, attributes some of the increase in imports in 1988 to lax enforcement of the 1986 Act. He writes that a "major weakness of the Act is that it does little to prohibit exports to South Africa, even in such areas as computers and other capital goods".
1409:
would be held, and amnesty would be granted to anyone involved in the sit-in and blockade. As a result of student pressure, by 31 October 1988 Smith College had divested all $ 39 million in stocks that they held in companies working in South Africa.
1759:
economist, also opposed this policy, asserting that the most direct adverse impact of the boycott would be felt by the black workers in that country, and that the best way to remedy the problem of apartheid was by promoting trade and the growth of
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The results of the Act were mixed in economic terms, according to Knight: Between 1985 and 1987, U.S. imports from South Africa declined by 35%, but the trend reversed in 1988 when imports increased by 15%. Knight, citing a 1989 study by the
358:
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in 1982 voted for divestiture by all of Michigan's public colleges and universities, an action later struck down as unconstitutional by the Michigan Court of Appeals in response to a suit against the Act by the University of Michigan.
2718:(Transcription of audio: noted "abysmal sound quality". A copy of the tape survives in the Thatcher MSS. In fact, MT's voice is quite easy to follow. The questions are often much less clear.). Margaret Thatcher Foundation Archive
473:
in Britain. Candidates were asked to state their position on economic sanctions and other punitive measures against the South African government. Most candidates who responded said they supported sanctions. However, after the
1634:
Four exchange control stamps in a South African passport from the mid-1980s allowing the passport holder to take a particular amount of currency out of the country. Exchange controls such as these were imposed by the
1447:, with 38 students arrested in 1984, a semester-long sit-in with 158 arrests in 1985, and a shantytown protest on 1–4 April 1986 that resulted in a violent confrontation between protesters and police and 152 arrests.
1287:
As a result of these organised divestment campaigns, the boards of trustees of several colleges and universities voted to divest completely from companies with major South African interests. The first of these was
1569:
Reagan responded by using his veto, but surprisingly, and in testament to the strength of the anti-apartheid movement, the Republican-controlled Senate overrode his veto. Knight gives this description of the act:
499:
According to Lisson, Great Britain rejected sanctions because of its economic interests in South Africa, which would have been put at risk if any type of meaningful economic sanctions had been put in place.
1402:, and to consider "a restructuring of the investment policy". Students also demanded that a teach-in be conducted to educate the college and the Board of Trustees on divestment and South African apartheid.
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its investments in companies doing business in South Africa. In an anti-apartheid protest in April 1986, 61 students were arrested after building a shantytown in front of the chancellor's office at
2618:
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Board of Trustees and a five-month campaign by the Salaam Committee—a campus group made up of students and faculty—the college divested $ 5.4 million from companies connected to South Africa.
427:, and called for imposing economic and other sanctions on South Africa. Western nations and major trading partners of South Africa opposed the call for sanctions and boycotted the committee.
2484:
1530:. He introduced a nonbinding resolution calling for state pension funds that had been invested directly or indirectly in South Africa to be invested elsewhere. It became state law in 1980.
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1704:, slammed sanctions, stating that "They can only harm all the people of Southern Africa. They can only lead to more hardships, particularly for the blacks." The Members of Parliament
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1684:, which is traded at a 20% to 40% discount compared to the commercial rand. This means companies that disinvest get significantly fewer dollars for the capital they withdraw."
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The disinvestment campaign in the United States, which had been in existence for two decades, gained a critical mass following the black political resistance to the
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Image of UCLA students in sit-down protest with a banner reading "UC Out of South Africa! Divest Now" as two UC Police officers watch Los Angeles, California, 1986.
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The aim of the Conference was to work out the practicability of economic sanctions and their implications on the economies of South Africa, the UK, the U.S., and
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and other political trials to try to appease Afro-Asian countries and public opinion at home and abroad; by early 1965 the issue of sanctions had lost momentum.
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remarked that the University of California's massive divestment was particularly significant in pressuring for an end to white-minority rule in South Africa.
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described sanctions and disinvestment as "the way of poverty, starvation and destroying the hopes of the very people – all of them – whom you wish to help."
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434:(AAM) spearheaded the arrangements for an international conference on sanctions to be held in London in April 1964. According to Arianna Lisson,
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opposed the disinvestment campaign, accusing its advocates of hypocrisy for not also proposing that the same sanctions be levelled on either the
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of sanctions would need the active participation of Britain and the U.S., who were also the main obstacle to the implementation of such a policy.
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2094:"A Powerful and Inspiring Campaign: A Short History of SCRIP's Efforts to End Stanford University's Support of South African Apartheid in 1977"
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The conference was not successful in persuading Britain to take up economic sanctions against South Africa. Rather, the British government
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Trustee meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations, culminating in the May 1978 takeover of the Graduate School of Business.
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1676:. The currency decline made imports more expensive, and this in turn caused inflation in South Africa to rise at a steep 12–15% per year.
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58:, but was not implemented on a significant scale until the mid-1980s. A disinvestment policy the U.S. adopted in 1986 in response to the
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1952:"Policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa & International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa"
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of California, Berkeley. Sevilla had support from Nelson Mandela, with whom he was in communication while Mandela was imprisoned on
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Many politicians outside of South Africa also criticised disinvestment because of its economic impact on black South Africans.
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gained prominence on university campuses in the United States in the mid-1980s; the debate headlined the October 1985 issue of
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On 1 March 1986, the protest ended when administrators agreed that the trustees would re-evaluate their decision, a mandatory
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547:. This campaign was coordinated by several faith-based institutional investors, who eventually came together to form the
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Public companies with South African interests were confronted on two levels. First, concerned stockholders submitted
2225:"400 sign petition against offering Kissinger faculty post; Anthony Lewis of the Times also blasts former Secretary"
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A CONFLICTED RELATIONSHIP: Harvard supported South Africa through investments, but partially divested under protest
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1246:, a document that further solidified the system of racial segregation and discrimination. Richard Knight writes:
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because of disinvestment and the repayment of foreign loans. The net capital movement out of South Africa was:
840:
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1478:
1284:. At Occidental College in Los Angeles, future US president Barack Obama was one of the divestment activists.
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1884:, volume 417, p. 221 (2002) and the response "Did an academic boycott help to end apartheid?", George Fink,
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during the time the disinvestment movement was at its peak, also opposed it, instead favouring a policy of "
1533:
According to Knight, the early divestment in Nebraska caused little immediate change in business practices;
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This resulted in the divestment of $ 14.6 million in stocks from Nebraska's public employee pension funds.
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Constructive Engagement? Chester Crocker and American Policy in South Africa, Namibia and Angola 1981–1988
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undertook only a partial divestment from South Africa and only after significant pressure. Adam Sofen and
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Within South Africa there was opposition to disinvestment among both black and white political leaders.
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number of educational institutions fully or partially divesting from South Africa increased as follows:
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4159:
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swept to power, commitment to the anti-apartheid cause dissipated. In short order, Labour Party leader
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Documenting the U.S. Solidarity Movement: With reflections on the sanctions and divestment campaigns
33:'s student newspaper. The man pictured with his index finger raised is then-South African president
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authorized the withdrawal of three billion dollars worth of investments from the apartheid state.
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At the UN, Britain consistently refused to accept that the situation in South Africa fell under
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1932:"The Anti-Apartheid Movement, Britain and South Africa: Anti-Apartheid Protest vs Real Politik"
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According to Lisson, the International Conference for Economic Sanctions Against South Africa
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2828:. Chapter 90. Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 1995. Online edition. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
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2446:"South African Apartheid - Coalition for Social Responsibility at Michigan State University"
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The capital flight triggered a dramatic decline in the international exchange rate of the
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2619:"Fight against apartheid came to Nebraska in 1980s with gift of South African gold coins"
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Student anti-apartheid activists in the US demanded that their colleges and universities
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1865:, Vassar College Libraries Archives & Special Collections. Poughkeepsie, NY. 2006.
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2428:"Economic Leverage: UC Students Fought Tooth and Nail to Divest from South Africa"
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1880:: "Boycott of Israel? It worked for South Africa", Steven Rose and Hilary Rose,
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An Analysis of U.S. Disinvestment from South Africa: Unity, Rights, and Justice
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Loosing the Bonds: The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years
2871:"For U.S. Firms in South Africa, The Threat of Coercive Sullivan Principles"
2301:"Dozens of students today began their third day occupying... - UPI Archives"
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In 1977, the voluntary UN arms embargo became mandatory with the passing of
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Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections,
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Chapter: "Sanctions, Disinvestment, and U.S. Corporations in South Africa"
2007:
Chapter: "Sanctions, Disinvestment, and U.S. Corporations in South Africa"
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2536:"The Divestment of United States Companies in South Africa and Apartheid"
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2024:"The new South African 'pass laws' require a robust corporate response -"
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The activity at the state and city level set the stage for action by the
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2821:
2137:
U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. (1985).
4555:
4546:
4477:
3883:
3860:
3849:
2943:
2413:
Panel discussion, 6 October 2014, speaker Andrea Prichett, at 47:30,
2206:"Trustees vote for divestiture from backers of S. African government"
1450:
In contrast to the limited action undertaken by Harvard, in 1986 the
1250:
In a total rejection of apartheid, black South Africans mobilized to
1112:
1076:
1013:
609:
517:
86:
2050:"Around the Nation; 61 Arrested at Berkeley in Protest of Apartheid"
5332:
4823:
4468:
3592:
3449:
2169:"Columbia Senate Supports Selling South African Stocks Selectively"
1954:. United Nations General Assembly. 20 November 1987. Archived from
1779:
1507:
1406:
2356:"AROUND THE NATION; Smith College to End South Africa Investments"
1680:
country and foreign investors can only remove investments via the
3733:
2891:"The Choice for U.S. Policy in South Africa: Reform or Vengeance"
1697:
617:
520:
70:
that ultimately led to the dismantling of the apartheid system.
4460:
3616:
3395:
1644:
1102:
2975:
Inkatha Freedom Party – Inkatha and the disinvestment campaign
2918:"Disinvestment from South Africa: They Did Well by Doing Good"
2784:"Disinvestment from South Africa: They did well by doing good"
3608:
1900:"United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid Reports"
2143:. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 213.
574:
who in 1977 was also a board member of the corporate giant
62:
campaign is credited with playing a role in pressuring the
73:
2323:
2321:
1827:
Northeast Coalition for the Liberation of Southern Africa
2107:"Students Organize Against Stanford's Investment Policy"
1591:
A second federal measure, introduced by Representative
430:
Following the passage of this resolution, the UK-based
2901:"Misconceptions about U.S. policy toward South Africa"
2318:
592:
3384:
2955:
U.S. Economic Involvement with Apartheid South Africa
526:
2903:. U.S. Department of State Bulletin. September 1986.
2222:
1639:
to restrict the outflow of capital from the country.
558:
Part of this campaign centered around the so-called
54:
was first advocated in the 1960s in protest against
1557:
2327:
2113:. Volume 5, Number 6. Palo Alto, Calif. June 1977.
425:United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid
2485:"1990: Students Take Action to Protest Apartheid"
1626:Economic history of South Africa § Sanctions
1482:A boycott South Africa sticker now housed at the
531:
5442:
2687:. South Africa: The Herald Times. Archived from
2379:
2377:
2187:"Michigan Law on South Africa Investments Upset"
1712:, who opposed apartheid and were leaders of the
1526:had accepted a donation of several hundred gold
1522:. Chambers was angered when he learned that the
1443:, student organizations conducted a campaign of
469:The AAM tried to make sanctions an issue in the
4174:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
2203:
16:Economic boycott against apartheid South Africa
2881:"On 'Constructive Engagement' in South Africa"
2529:
2527:
2330:"College Hall Occupation Oral History Project"
1605:
1262:
510:United Nations Security Council Resolution 418
3370:
3014:
2685:"Israel Economic Team - No Talk of Sanctions"
2374:
2334:5 College Archives and Manuscript Collections
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1687:
1223:
549:Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility
396:
2965:Black South African Opinion on Disinvestment
2503:The Harvey Milk Interviews: In His Own Words
2497:
2153:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2096:. Vernal Education Project. 3 February 1998.
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1797:Anti-Apartheid movement in the United States
1586:
1441:the University of California Berkeley campus
1330:
551:. An array of celebrities, including singer
423:, a non-binding resolution establishing the
3028:
2712:"Press Conference ending visit to Zimbabwe"
2524:
2415:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQfF1702dQI
2069:"Obama inspired by anti-apartheid campaign"
1434:
562:, authored by and named after the Rev. Dr.
465:African Government to change its policies".
3377:
3363:
3021:
3007:
1647:had been the first to impose sanctions on
1614:
1466:In 1989, after a three-year review by the
1394:, refused to have the students arrested.
1230:
1216:
503:
403:
389:
2781:
2736:
1970:
4247:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2709:
2432:California University Alumni Association
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1888:, Volume 417, Issue 6890, p. 690 (2002).
1856:"The Fergusson Years: Vassar, 1986–2006"
1822:International sanctions during apartheid
1629:
1510:was the first U.S. state to divest from
1477:
20:
3843:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2564:
2533:
2473:. University of California, May 2, 2018
1941:, Ph.D. Dissertation, 15 September 2000
1171:Music in the movement against apartheid
455:
74:United Nations resolutions and embargos
5443:
4324:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
3221:Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment
2837:
2740:British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974
2668:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2590:
2404:. Adam A. Sofen and Alan E. Wirzbicki.
2264:. 2 May 1978 – via Getty Images.
1545:
1344:
254:1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
236:UN Special Committee against Apartheid
3358:
3002:
2993:University of California, Los Angeles
2782:Posnikoff, Judith F. (January 1997).
2616:
2482:
2426:Smith, Chris A. (17 September 2014).
2425:
2223:Mary Alice McDonaugh (3 March 1977).
1913:
1897:
1849:
1461:
1413:
5481:South Africa–United States relations
1473:
364:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
259:1978 World Conference against Racism
4254:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3900:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
2842:. Melton, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK:
2682:
2617:Kelly, Michael (11 December 2013).
2483:White, Lauren (30 September 2016).
2066:
1619:
1390:the college president at the time,
646:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
593:Achieving critical mass (1984–1989)
13:
5451:Boycotts of apartheid South Africa
3057:
2864:
2822:"The Crusade Against South Africa"
2800:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1997.tb00456.x
2710:Thatcher, Margaret (30 May 1989).
2591:Barker, Karlyn (8 February 1985).
1514:. The divestment was initiated by
527:United States campaign (1977–1989)
516:adopted a voluntary international
135:International anti-apartheid music
56:South Africa's system of apartheid
14:
5492:
5413:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
5041:South African Party (Cape Colony)
2989:Charles E. Young Research Library
2937:
2471:How students helped end apartheid
2056:. Associated Press. 2 April 1986.
1807:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
1802:Academic boycotts of South Africa
1643:While post-colonial countries in
1315:Number of institutions divesting
5425:
5424:
2970:The Crusade Against South Africa
2593:"States, Cities Fight Apartheid"
1817:Economic history of South Africa
1564:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
1558:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
1361:
1199:
1198:
1161:Internal resistance to apartheid
616:
211:Artists United Against Apartheid
188:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
93:
5055:South African Party (1977–1980)
5048:South African Party (1911–1934)
4964:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4761:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
3332:National Budget of South Africa
2831:
2814:
2775:
2757:
2730:
2703:
2676:
2636:
2610:
2584:
2567:"The Importance of Being Ernie"
2558:
2491:
2476:
2464:
2438:
2419:
2407:
2348:
2293:
2276:"Clark, Smith Decide to Divest"
2268:
2250:
2235:
2216:
2204:David Rosenberg (8 June 1978).
2197:
2179:
2161:
2130:
2116:
2099:
2086:
1518:, the only black member of the
1252:make the townships ungovernable
1244:1983 South African constitution
671:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
545:corporate social responsibility
514:United Nations General Assembly
417:United Nations General Assembly
4373:2019 service delivery protests
4359:#FeesMustFall student protests
4104:1983 constitutional referendum
2140:The Anti-Apartheid Act of 1985
2060:
2042:
2016:
1944:
1891:
1868:
1832:Socially responsible investing
532:The Sullivan Principles (1977)
1:
5466:Foreign trade of South Africa
4831:Johannesburg Reform Committee
4060:Israel–South Africa Agreement
3453:
3438:
3415:
3408:
2395:Harvard Honors Nelson Mandela
2242:"Demonstration at Columbia".
1842:
322:(South-West Africa ceasefire)
226:Organisation of African Unity
170:Crime of Apartheid Convention
4486:Black Consciousness Movement
4240:Government of National Unity
3226:Qualifying Small Enterprises
2923:Contemporary Economic Policy
2788:Contemporary Economic Policy
2716:Margaret Thatcher Foundation
2258:"Student Sit-in at Columbia"
1136:Apartheid in popular culture
330:(arms embargo strengthening)
306:(arms embargo strengthening)
25:The campaign to divest from
7:
4197:Saint James Church massacre
4083:Weapons of mass destruction
2933:, Doubleday, New York, 1997
2926:. XV(1):76–86. January 1997
2887:. 105(47). 5 November 1985.
1785:
1606:Further legislative efforts
1502:
1263:Higher education endowments
706:Saint James Church massacre
701:Assassination of Chris Hani
489:Chapter VII of the Charter
157:Instruments and legislation
10:
5497:
5476:Investment in South Africa
3937:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
3815:South West Africa campaign
3714:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
3679:French Huguenot settlement
3238:Exempted Micro Enterprises
3216:Black Economic Empowerment
2914:(Africa World Press). 1990
2743:. Routledge. p. 190.
2124:"African Activist Archive"
2013:(Africa World Press), 1990
1747:People's Republic of China
1688:Criticism of disinvestment
1623:
1561:
1371:Northampton, Massachusetts
711:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
535:
512:. On 20 November 1987 the
371:television programming ban
130:Free South Africa Movement
5422:
5399:African National Congress
5388:
5294:
5127:
4852:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
4575:
4566:
4424:
4220:
4190:1992 apartheid referendum
3859:
3804:
3723:
3661:
3634:
3627:
3393:
3292:
3246:
3206:
3171:
3118:
3102:
3069:
3055:
3036:
2737:Theakston, Kevin (2004).
1837:Disinvestment from Israel
1714:Progressive Federal Party
1587:Budget Reconciliation Act
1581:General Accounting Office
1574:state-owned corporations.
1331:Michigan State University
959:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
375:Rugby union and apartheid
349:Elimination of Racism Day
87:apartheid in South Africa
4845:Labour Party (1969–1994)
4838:Labour Party (1910–1958)
4394:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
4352:#RhodesMustFall protests
3951:1960 republic referendum
2944:African Activist Archive
2389:7 September 2007 at the
2336:. Smith College Archives
2328:Smith College Archives.
1637:South African government
1601:profits in South Africa.
1452:University of California
1435:University of California
1373:, which is connected to
1146:Cape Qualified Franchise
314:(mandatory arms embargo)
290:(voluntary arms embargo)
82:International opposition
66:government to embark on
5471:International sanctions
5461:Economy of South Africa
5297:terrorist organisations
5097:National Party of Venda
4380:2019 Johannesburg riots
3993:Constructive engagement
3958:International isolation
3776:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
3327:State-owned enterprises
3186:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
3030:Economy of South Africa
2929:Robert Kinloch Massie,
2895:The Heritage Foundation
2875:The Heritage Foundation
2507:Vince Emery Productions
2244:The New York Daily News
1792:Anti-Apartheid Movement
1776:constructive engagement
1615:Effects on South Africa
1552:U.S. federal government
1425:give this description:
1383:Five College Consortium
1176:Nostalgia for apartheid
587:shareholder resolutions
566:. Leon Sullivan was an
504:United Nations embargos
432:Anti-Apartheid Movement
298:(sanctions feasibility)
216:Commonwealth of Nations
206:Anti-Apartheid Movement
140:International sanctions
125:Constructive engagement
4303:Attack on Kennedy Road
3914:Congress of the People
3505:South African Republic
3063:
2565:Catania, Sara (2006).
2534:Lansing, Paul (1981).
1762:free market capitalism
1721:British Prime Minister
1640:
1603:
1576:
1524:University of Nebraska
1490:
1432:
1379:Amherst, Massachusetts
1256:
1151:Disinvestment campaign
876:State Security Council
497:
467:
453:
444:
415:In November 1962, the
282:(Sharpeville massacre)
40:
4873:Natal Indian Congress
4593:Afrikaner Broederbond
4447:Afrikaner nationalism
4233:1994 general election
4204:Bophuthatswana crisis
4097:Church Street bombing
3877:Apartheid legislation
3870:1948 general election
3790:South Africa Act 1909
3585:Union of South Africa
3405:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3385:Political history of
3061:
2912:Sanctioning Apartheid
2838:Davies, J.E. (2008).
2826:Making Economic Sense
2105:D. (pseudonym), Bob.
2011:Sanctioning Apartheid
1861:28 March 2007 at the
1702:Inkatha Freedom Party
1700:and president of the
1633:
1598:
1571:
1481:
1427:
1248:
1141:Apartheid legislation
1131:Afrikaner nationalism
691:Cape Town peace march
681:Trojan Horse Incident
641:1948 general election
555:, also participated.
485:
471:1964 general election
462:
448:
436:
221:Halt All Racist Tours
24:
4507:Greater South Africa
4345:2014 platinum strike
4211:Shell House massacre
4139:Transkei coup d'Ă©tat
3944:Sharpeville massacre
3707:Battle of Blaauwberg
3700:Battle of Muizenberg
3652:Battle of Salt River
3435:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3274:Consumer price index
3062:Flag of South Africa
2691:on 13 September 2015
2400:13 June 2007 at the
1898:Reddy, E.S. (2007).
1696:, Chief Minister of
1694:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
1668:R5.5 billion in 1988
1665:R3.1 billion in 1987
1662:R6.1 billion in 1986
1659:R9.2 billion in 1985
1520:Nebraska legislature
1039:Eugène Terre'Blanche
909:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
716:Shell House massacre
686:Khotso House bombing
656:Sharpeville massacre
456:The British response
176:Gleneagles Agreement
145:Milton King boycotts
5406:Democratic Alliance
4576:Civic and political
4440:Afrikaner Calvinism
4433:African nationalism
4282:African Renaissance
3972:UNSC Resolution 591
3893:Internal resistance
3794:National Convention
3762:Transvaal Civil War
3686:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
3569:Orange River Colony
3110:Automotive industry
2597:The Washington Post
2540:Nebraska Law Review
2280:The Harvard Crimson
2030:. 12 September 2019
1937:7 June 2007 at the
1730:, at that time her
1546:Federal involvement
1484:Library of Congress
1345:Columbia University
1186:Sullivan Principles
560:Sullivan Principles
538:Sullivan Principles
272:UN Security Council
182:Sullivan principles
4146:Ciskei coup d'Ă©tat
3965:UN Resolution 1761
3930:Women's March 1956
3783:South African Wars
3769:Mineral Revolution
3264:South African rand
3208:Affirmative action
3181:Mineral Revolution
3153:Telecommunications
3064:
2877:. 12 November 1984
2820:Rothbard, Murray.
2772:, 10 December 2013
2683:Belling, Suzanne.
2623:Omaha World-Herald
2360:The New York Times
2229:Columbia Spectator
2210:Columbia Spectator
2193:. 4 February 1988.
2191:The New York Times
2173:The New York Times
2054:The New York Times
1874:See the debate in
1674:South African rand
1641:
1491:
1468:Gettysburg College
1462:Gettysburg College
1445:civil disobedience
1419:Harvard University
1414:Harvard University
1352:Secretary of State
771:Conservative Party
651:1956 Treason Trial
164:UN Resolution 1761
41:
5438:
5437:
5391:political parties
5384:
5383:
5361:Orde van die Dood
4971:Progressive Party
4677:Congress Alliance
4493:Cape Independence
4425:Political culture
4420:
4419:
4387:COVID-19 pandemic
4317:Marikana massacre
4153:Venda coup d'Ă©tat
3907:Defiance Campaign
3497:Orange Free State
3427:Dutch Cape Colony
3352:
3351:
3254:National Treasury
3070:Natural resources
2984:Los Angeles Times
2516:978-0-9725898-8-8
2362:. 28 October 1986
2262:The New York Post
1764:in South Africa.
1732:Foreign Secretary
1724:Margaret Thatcher
1474:States and cities
1375:Hampshire College
1328:
1327:
1290:Hampshire College
1240:
1239:
1097:South-West Africa
440:the Protectorates
413:
412:
52:from South Africa
5488:
5428:
5427:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5295:Paramilitary and
5287:
5285:Umkosi Wezintaba
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5130:social movements
5128:Trade unions and
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4642:Boerestaat Party
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4573:
4572:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4532:
4525:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4472:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4413:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4132:Dakar Conference
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4055:
4053:Israeli alliance
4048:
4041:
4034:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4007:Sporting boycott
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3979:Academic boycott
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3836:Great Depression
3831:
3824:
3822:Maritz rebellion
3817:
3797:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3672:Dutch settlement
3654:
3647:
3645:Bantu migrations
3632:
3631:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3577:Transvaal Colony
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3545:Nieuwe Republiek
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3481:Natalia Republic
3476:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3450:Ndwandwe Kingdom
3445:
3443:
3440:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3315:Traded companies
3279:Provinces by HDI
3193:Great Depression
3173:Economic history
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2906:Richard Knight.
2858:
2857:
2835:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2779:
2773:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2650:on 22 March 2012
2646:. Archived from
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2448:. Archived from
2442:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2067:Jackson, David.
2064:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2005:Richard Knight.
2003:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1958:on 1 August 2017
1948:
1942:
1930:Arianna Lisson,
1928:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1872:
1866:
1853:
1620:Economic effects
1488:Washington, D.C.
1392:Mary Maples Dunn
1299:
1298:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1202:
1201:
999:Albertina Sisulu
994:Benjamin Moloise
929:Arthur Goldreich
620:
597:
596:
568:African-American
405:
398:
391:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
115:Sporting boycott
110:Academic boycott
97:
78:
77:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
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4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4789:HNP (Herstigte)
4787:
4782:HNP (Herenigde)
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4600:Afrikaner Party
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4568:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4528:
4519:
4514:Honorary whites
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
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4385:
4378:
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4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4275:Soweto bombings
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4076:Soweto Uprising
4074:
4067:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4019:
4012:
4005:
4000:Tar Baby Option
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:Freedom Charter
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
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3643:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3521:Griqualand West
3519:
3513:Griqualand East
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3456:
3448:
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3389:
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3242:
3202:
3167:
3114:
3098:
3077:Mining industry
3065:
3053:
3032:
3027:
2940:
2867:
2865:Further reading
2862:
2861:
2854:
2836:
2832:
2819:
2815:
2780:
2776:
2769:The Independent
2762:
2758:
2751:
2735:
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2721:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2681:
2677:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2644:"Archived copy"
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2615:
2611:
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2469:
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2455:
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2444:
2443:
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2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2402:Wayback Machine
2391:Wayback Machine
2382:
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2326:
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2167:
2166:
2162:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2092:Schutt, Randy.
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2004:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1939:Wayback Machine
1929:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1873:
1869:
1863:Wayback Machine
1854:
1850:
1845:
1788:
1753:Murray Rothbard
1690:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1589:
1566:
1560:
1548:
1539:Hewlett Packard
1505:
1476:
1464:
1437:
1416:
1364:
1355:Henry Kissinger
1347:
1336:Michigan State
1333:
1265:
1236:
1191:
1190:
1166:Kairos Document
1156:Freedom Charter
1126:
1118:
1117:
1101:
1072:
1064:
1063:
894:Vernon Berrangé
889:
881:
880:
841:Security Branch
731:
721:
720:
666:Soweto uprising
636:
635:
595:
540:
534:
529:
506:
458:
421:Resolution 1761
409:
380:
379:
344:
336:
335:
329:
328:Resolution 591
321:
320:Resolution 435
313:
312:Resolution 418
305:
304:Resolution 282
297:
296:Resolution 191
289:
288:Resolution 181
281:
280:Resolution 134
275:
264:
263:
249:
241:
240:
201:
193:
192:
158:
150:
149:
105:
85:
76:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5494:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5436:
5435:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5354:Ossewabrandwag
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5090:Unionist Party
5086:
5079:
5072:
5069:Torch Commando
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4943:Orde Boerevolk
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4719:DP (1989–2000)
4715:
4712:DP (1973–1977)
4708:
4705:Dominion Party
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4586:Afrikaner Bond
4581:
4579:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4526:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4500:Day of the Vow
4496:
4489:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4426:
4422:
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4404:
4397:
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4383:
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4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4268:Floor crossing
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4183:Bisho massacre
4179:
4178:
4177:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4125:Operation Vula
4121:
4118:Rubicon speech
4114:
4111:Langa massacre
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3873:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3829:Rand Rebellion
3825:
3818:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3755:Boer Republics
3751:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3601:Bophuthatswana
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3561:Klein Vrystaat
3557:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3446:
3431:
3423:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3247:Macroeconomics
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3163:Power stations
3160:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3104:
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3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3073:
3071:
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3066:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2938:External links
2936:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2915:
2904:
2898:
2897:. 25 July 1986
2888:
2878:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2853:978-1847013040
2852:
2830:
2813:
2774:
2756:
2749:
2729:
2702:
2675:
2635:
2609:
2583:
2557:
2523:
2515:
2490:
2475:
2463:
2452:on 8 June 2011
2437:
2418:
2406:
2373:
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2317:
2292:
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2249:
2234:
2215:
2196:
2178:
2160:
2129:
2115:
2098:
2085:
2059:
2041:
2028:Businessday NG
2015:
1969:
1943:
1912:
1890:
1867:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1772:U.S. President
1770:, who was the
1689:
1686:
1682:financial rand
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1653:capital flight
1624:Main article:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1593:Charles Rangel
1588:
1585:
1562:Main article:
1559:
1556:
1547:
1544:
1516:Ernie Chambers
1504:
1501:
1475:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1456:Nelson Mandela
1436:
1433:
1423:Alan Wirzbicki
1415:
1412:
1381:, through the
1363:
1360:
1346:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
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1238:
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1234:
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1212:
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1206:
1193:
1192:
1189:
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1183:
1178:
1173:
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1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:Related topics
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:H. F. Verwoerd
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1029:Adelaide Tambo
1026:
1021:
1019:Robert Sobukwe
1016:
1011:
1009:J. G. Strijdom
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
989:Raymond Mhlaba
986:
981:
976:
974:Nelson Mandela
971:
966:
961:
956:
954:Albert Luthuli
951:
949:Ahmed Kathrada
946:
941:
939:Bantu Holomisa
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
914:F. W. de Klerk
911:
906:
901:
896:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
831:National Party
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
732:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
634:
633:
627:
626:
625:
622:
621:
613:
612:
606:
605:
594:
591:
576:General Motors
536:Main article:
533:
530:
528:
525:
505:
502:
457:
454:
411:
410:
408:
407:
400:
393:
385:
382:
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372:
366:
361:
356:
351:
345:
342:
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338:
337:
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333:
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117:
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106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
90:
89:
75:
72:
38:
31:Vassar College
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5493:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:Disinvestment
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5433:
5432:
5421:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5271:Die Spoorbund
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5126:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:Workers Party
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:Radio Freedom
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4936:Oranjewerkers
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:organisations
4574:
4571:
4569:organisations
4565:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:Tshwane riots
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:Project Coast
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:Mafeje affair
4066:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:Durban Moment
4036:
4033:
4032:Rivonia Trial
4029:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:Disinvestment
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:1820 Settlers
3738:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3451:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3337:National debt
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3284:Foreign trade
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3198:Disinvestment
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Nuclear power
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2750:1-135-76637-1
2746:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2246:. 2 May 1978.
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2175:. 7 May 1978.
2174:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:Disinvestment
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:Ronald Reagan
1765:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:conservatives
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:Harry Schwarz
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:David Packard
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1496:San Francisco
1489:
1485:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Smith College
1362:Smith College
1359:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1339:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1274:Robben Island
1270:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Project Coast
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Robben Island
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:B. J. Vorster
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Walter Sisulu
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
885:
884:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:Organisations
725:
724:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
676:Vaal uprising
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:Rivonia Trial
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
599:
598:
590:
588:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Leon Sullivan
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
539:
524:
522:
519:
515:
511:
501:
496:
494:
490:
484:
481:
480:Harold Wilson
477:
472:
466:
461:
452:
447:
443:
441:
435:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
406:
401:
399:
394:
392:
387:
386:
384:
383:
376:
373:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:"Biko" (song)
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:Other aspects
340:
339:
332:
326:
324:
318:
316:
310:
308:
302:
300:
294:
292:
286:
284:
278:
277:
273:
268:
267:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:Organisations
197:
196:
189:
185:
183:
179:
177:
173:
171:
167:
165:
161:
160:
154:
153:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
120:Disinvestment
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
96:
92:
91:
88:
83:
80:
79:
71:
69:
65:
64:South African
61:
60:disinvestment
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:Disinvestment
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
5429:
5389:Histories of
5083:United Party
4992:Reform Party
4929:Orangia Unie
4554:
4545:
4538:Swart gevaar
4536:
4520:
4476:
4467:
4408:
4310:Blikkiesdorp
3985:
3636:Pre-colonial
3489:Natal Colony
3473:Zulu Kingdom
3387:South Africa
3344:Trade unions
3269:Reserve Bank
3197:
3146:LGBT tourism
3044:Western Cape
2982:
2930:
2921:
2911:
2885:The MIT Tech
2884:
2844:James Currey
2839:
2833:
2825:
2816:
2794:(1): 76–86.
2791:
2787:
2777:
2767:
2759:
2739:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2715:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2689:the original
2678:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2596:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2571:Mother Jones
2570:
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2543:
2539:
2502:
2499:Milk, Harvey
2493:
2478:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:the original
2440:
2431:
2421:
2409:
2364:. Retrieved
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2333:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2231:. p. 1.
2228:
2218:
2212:. p. 1.
2209:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2139:
2132:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2010:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1946:
1903:. Retrieved
1893:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1851:
1782:government.
1766:
1751:
1743:Soviet Union
1736:
1718:
1706:Helen Suzman
1691:
1678:
1671:
1649:South Africa
1642:
1609:
1599:
1590:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1549:
1532:
1512:South Africa
1506:
1492:
1465:
1449:
1438:
1428:
1417:
1404:
1400:Spring Break
1396:
1365:
1348:
1334:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1266:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1150:
1082:District Six
1044:Desmond Tutu
1034:Oliver Tambo
1024:Helen Suzman
924:Bram Fischer
584:
580:
572:Philadelphia
570:preacher in
557:
541:
507:
498:
486:
476:Labour Party
468:
463:
459:
449:
445:
437:
429:
414:
119:
68:negotiations
51:
47:
43:
42:
27:South Africa
18:
4522:Rooi gevaar
4401:2021 unrest
4331:Nkandlagate
4160:Third Force
4021:Rugby union
3619:(1981–1994)
3611:(1979–1994)
3603:(1977–1994)
3595:(1976–1994)
3587:(1910–1961)
3579:(1902–1910)
3571:(1902–1910)
3563:(1886–1891)
3555:(1885–1887)
3547:(1884–1888)
3539:(1882–1885)
3531:(1882–1883)
3523:(1870–1873)
3515:(1861–1879)
3507:(1856–1902)
3499:(1854–1902)
3491:(1843–1910)
3483:(1839–1843)
3475:(1816–1897)
3467:(1795–1910)
3465:Cape Colony
3457: 1780
3442: 1780
3429:(1652–1806)
3419: 1220
3412: 1075
3310:JSE Limited
3089:Agriculture
3037:By province
1778:" with the
1757:libertarian
1528:Krugerrands
1338:Legislature
1282:UC Berkeley
984:Thabo Mbeki
979:Govan Mbeki
969:D. F. Malan
964:Mac Maharaj
899:P. W. Botha
826:Broederbond
274:Resolutions
248:Conferences
231:TransAfrica
5445:Categories
5340:Greyshirts
5104:Volksparty
4635:Black Sash
4296:Xenophobia
4289:Travelgate
4046:Border War
3850:Bantustans
3748:Great Trek
3693:Xhosa Wars
3553:Upingtonia
3537:Stellaland
3322:Krugerrand
3300:Corruption
3141:Ecotourism
2695:13 January
1843:References
1728:John Major
1092:Sophiatown
1059:Jacob Zuma
944:Joel Joffe
934:Chris Hani
919:Ruth First
904:Steve Biko
761:Black Sash
553:Paul Simon
48:divestment
35:P.W. Botha
4556:Volkstaat
4547:Uitlander
4478:Boerehaat
4454:Anarchism
4261:Arms Deal
4224:apartheid
3884:Pass laws
3861:Apartheid
3806:1910–1948
3725:1815–1910
3663:1652–1815
3305:Companies
3231:Scorecard
2808:1074-3529
2654:29 August
2521:, p. 328.
2149:cite book
2111:Grapevine
2073:USA TODAY
1905:3 October
1292:in 1977.
1113:Vlakplaas
1077:Bantustan
1014:Joe Slovo
610:Apartheid
359:Activists
104:Campaigns
5431:Category
5333:Boeremag
4824:Jeugkrag
4775:Het Volk
4469:Baasskap
4411:incident
4014:Olympics
3593:Transkei
3396:polities
3394:Defunct
3259:Taxation
3131:Gambling
3119:Services
3103:Industry
2664:cite web
2546:(2): 301
2501:(2012).
2398:Archived
2387:Archived
2366:12 April
2340:12 April
2310:23 April
2285:12 April
1935:Archived
1859:Archived
1786:See also
1780:Pretoria
1508:Nebraska
1503:Nebraska
1407:teach-in
1387:semester
1204:Category
1108:Sun City
602:a series
600:Part of
5236:SAAPAWU
4567:Defunct
4530:Slavery
3734:Mfecane
3136:Tourism
3094:Whaling
3049:Gauteng
2722:21 June
2456:9 April
1962:29 July
1745:or the
1698:KwaZulu
521:embargo
493:Rivonia
419:passed
5187:FOSATU
5034:SAYRCO
5006:SADECO
4922:Occupy
4461:Azania
4409:Lady R
4338:Racism
4167:CODESA
3628:Events
3617:Ciskei
3529:Goshen
3459:–1819)
3444:–1817)
2850:
2806:
2747:
2628:6 June
2602:6 June
2576:6 June
2550:6 June
2513:
2078:4 June
2034:26 May
1886:Nature
1882:Nature
1877:Nature
1645:Africa
1269:divest
1103:Soweto
1071:Places
888:People
836:COSATU
786:FOSATU
696:CODESA
631:Events
369:Equity
5368:PAGAD
5264:SATUC
5257:SARHU
5243:SACTU
5222:NURHS
5180:FNETU
5166:CTSWU
5159:CNETU
5152:BLATU
5027:SAYCO
4915:NUSAS
4796:IDASA
4607:AITUP
4222:Post-
3609:Venda
3293:Misc.
3126:Banks
1737:Many
1369:, in
1310:1988
1307:1987
1304:1984
186:1986
180:1977
174:1977
168:1973
162:1962
5375:SANF
5305:APLA
5250:SAIF
5229:PAWE
5215:NEUM
5208:MUSA
5173:FCWU
5118:WOSA
5062:TNIP
5020:SASO
5013:SAIC
4999:SABP
4950:PAVN
4684:COSG
4663:CTEG
4656:CNIP
3082:Coal
2848:ISBN
2804:ISSN
2745:ISBN
2724:2022
2697:2015
2670:link
2656:2011
2630:2021
2604:2021
2578:2021
2552:2021
2511:ISBN
2458:2009
2368:2016
2342:2016
2312:2024
2287:2016
2155:link
2080:2021
2036:2020
1964:2015
1907:2023
1755:, a
1708:and
1324:155
1321:128
871:SACP
861:SAMA
856:SAIC
851:SADF
846:SACC
741:APLA
46:(or
5326:BBB
5319:AWB
5312:ARM
5278:UDF
5201:IWW
5194:ICU
5145:BCM
5138:APF
5076:UFP
4978:PRP
4957:PFP
4908:NRP
4901:NPP
4887:NNP
4880:NLP
4866:NCP
4817:ISL
4768:GNP
4740:ECC
4733:DSM
4726:DPP
4698:DLF
4670:COD
4649:CDA
4628:BPC
4621:AVF
4614:APO
2796:doi
2393:in
2305:UPI
1537:of
1486:in
1439:At
1377:in
1318:53
866:SAP
821:UDF
816:PAC
806:HNP
801:PFP
781:ECC
766:CCB
756:BBB
751:AWB
746:IFP
736:ANC
518:oil
5447::
5347:MK
4894:NP
4859:NA
4810:IP
4803:ID
4754:FD
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