Diversity, equity, and inclusion

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she believed that "the commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion actually means that we must protect free expression of all views." She added that the commitment would not take the form of "having the school administration announce institutional positions on a wide range of current social and political issues, make frequent institutional statements about current news events, or exclude or condemn speakers who hold views on social and political issues with whom some or even many in our community disagree." She criticized this definition of an "inclusive environment" by stating it "can lead to creating and enforcing an institutional

103: 505:, found a correlation between financial benefits and DEI. The study from McKinsey & Company was criticized in a paper by Jeremiah Green & John R. M. Hand, who found the impact of DEI programs to be statistically insignificant. At an aggregate level, a 2013 study found that birth country diversity of the labor force positively impacts a nation's long term productivity and income.Firm-level research has provided conditional support to the proposal that workforce diversity per se brings business benefits with it. In short, whether diversity pays off or not depends on environmental factors, internal or external to the firm. 325:, declared that the bill “would prohibit preferential treatment for any particular group” adding “I will eat my hat if this leads to racial quotas.” However affirmative action in practice would eventually become synonymous with preferences, goals and quotas as upheld or struck down by Supreme Court decisions even though no law had been passed explicitly permitting discrimination in favor of disadvantaged groups. Some state laws explicitly banned racial preferences, and in response some laws have failed attempting to explicitly legalize race preferences. 1032:

colleges from requiring “political loyalty tests” as a condition of employment, admission, or promotion. The other Florida law prohibits public colleges from spending state or federal funds on DEI unless required by federal law. One Texas law prohibits DEI practices or programs, including training, that are not in compliance with the state Constitution regarding equality. The other law bans DEI offices and staff, as well as mandatory diversity training. It also bans identity-based diversity statements that give preference regarding race or sex.

552:. It has also been criticized that there has been limited progress in achieving racial diversity in corporate leadership, particularly for Black professionals, due to a lack of diverse Chief Diversity Officers and a broad DEI focus that overlooks specific issues Black professionals face. A 2007 study of 829 companies over 31 years showed "no positive effects in the average workplace" from diversity training, while the effect was negative where it was mandatory. According to 43: 493:

consultants, engaged in establishing the argument that a diverse workforce should be seen as a competitive advantage rather than just as a legal constraint. Basically, their message was, do not promote diversity because it is a legal mandate, but because it is good for business. Following the murder of George Floyd in 2020, some companies made substantial commitments to racial equity by establishing dedicated diversity, equity, and inclusion teams. In early 2024, the

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for both students and professors was widespread in colleges and universities, with many schools requiring training and meetings on the topic. Many scholarships and opportunities at universities even have a secondary purpose of encouraging diversity. Diversity in higher education can be difficult, with diverse students often feeling reduced to fulfilling a 'diversity quota,' which can carry a high emotional tax.

905:, has criticized American universities for "aving gone so far down the ideological path" that "these universities and these presidents cannot make the case clearly that at the center of a university is the free expression of ideas." He opines that "he most obvious lack of diversity at universities, political diversity, which clearly affects their ability to analyze many issues, is not addressed." 498:

for DEI roles has been approximately twice as high as that of non-DEI positions. The scaling back of DEI initiatives has aligned with a rise in legal challenges and political opposition to systematic endeavors aimed at enhancing racial equity. Diversity management can be seen to "leverage organisational diversity to enhance organisational justice and achieve better business outcomes".

527:, institutions are making defensive adjustments to the criticism. Some schools are removing the word "diversity" from titles of offices and jobs; some are closing campus spaces set up for students according to identity; some are ending diversity training; and some have stopped asking all faculty and staff members for written affirmations of their commitment to diversity. 279:, and hospitals. Into the 2020s, DEI efforts and policies have generated criticism, some directed at the specific effectiveness of its tools, such as diversity training, and its effect on free speech and academic freedom, as well as more broadly attracting criticism on political or philosophical grounds. In addition, the term "DEI" has gained traction as an 637:, "many academics at Harvard and beyond feel intense and growing resentment against the DEI enterprise because of features that are perhaps most evident in the demand for DEI statements", stating "I am a scholar on the left committed to struggles for social justice. The realities surrounding mandatory DEI statements, however, make me wince". 5551: 5717: 434:. The Court held that affirmative action programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today". 359:

legal constraint. Basically, their message was, do not promote diversity because it is a legal mandate, but because it is good for business. From then on, researchers started to test a number of hypotheses on the business benefits of diversity and of diversity management, known as the business case of diversity.

822:

stated he had asked for a review and "options to reform professional training and strengthen accountability on school boards so this never happens again", calling Bilkszto's allegations before his death "serious and disturbing". Bilkszto's death generated international attention and renewed debate on

492:

Diversity management as a concept appeared and gained momentum in the US in the mid-1980s. At a time when President Ronald Reagan threatened to dismantle equality and affirmative action laws in the US in the 1980s, equality and affirmative action professionals employed by US firms along with equality

2053:

The Court ruled: “The diversity that furthers a compelling state interest encompasses a far broader array of qualifications and characteristics of which racial or ethnic origin is but a single though important element," quoted in Brent K., Nakamura, and Lauren B. Edelman, "Bakke at 40: How diversity

1022:

Since 2023, Republican-dominated state legislatures are considering bills that are against DEI efforts, primarily at state colleges and universities. The downgrading is taking place amid heavy legal pressures. Supreme Court in June 2023 upended established equal protection law with its decision in

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professor in sociology and diversity researcher Frank Dobbin, "n average, the typical all-hands-on-deck, 'everybody has to have diversity training'—that typical format in big companies doesn't have any positive effects on any historically underrepresented groups like black men or women, Hispanic men

508:

Research suggests that attempts to promote diversity can provoke defensive responses: One study suggested that even incidental allusions to diversity during interviews promoted defensive reactions in White male applicants. Indeed, after diversity was mentioned, their performance during the interview

497:

reported that there is a trend in corporate America to reduce DEI positions and delegate the work to external consultants. The number of DEI jobs reached its highest point in early 2023, but subsequently decreased by 5 percent that year and has further shrunk by 8 percent in 2024. The attrition rate

358:

threatened to dismantle equality and affirmative action laws in the 1980s, equality and affirmative action professionals employed by US firms along with equality consultants, engaged in establishing the argument that a diverse workforce should be seen as a competitive advantage rather than just as a

464:

As of 2022, many academic institutions in the US have also started making commitments to DEI in different ways, including creating documents, programs and appointing dedicated staff members especially in the US. Many accreditation agencies now require supporting DEI. As of 2014, information on DEI

813:

in the wake of a 2021 incident at a DEI training seminar; Bilkszto was later diagnosed with "anxiety secondary to a workplace event", and claimed the session and its aftermath had destroyed his reputation. Bilkszto's lawyer has publicly linked this incident and its aftermath with his death. In the

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also published a ten-page document addressing the situation and clarifying Stanford's position on free speech. In it, Martinez stated that the university's commitment to DEI "can and should be implemented in ways that are consistent with its commitment to academic freedom and free speech" and that

460:

In a 2018 article, proponents of DEI argued that because businesses and corporations exist within a larger world, they cannot be completely separated from the issues that exist in society. Therefore, the authors argue the need for DEI to improve coworker relations and teamwork. Through a DEI plan,

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which required government employers to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin." The Civil

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in February 2024 is tracking 73 bills introduced in state legislatures in 2023–2024. Of these 8 have become law, 25 failed to pass, and the rest are pending. Two bills became law in Florida and Texas; and one each in North Carolina, North Dakota, Tennessee, and Utah. Florida now prohibits public

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and co-founder of the Commission for Disability Employment, argues that when deliberating on the vision of DEI success in the United States, policymakers, and employers need to take proactive measures to engaging with people with disabilities who they historically ignored. Corinne Gray has argued

5706:

Russell, Princess M. "From Affirmative Action to Diversity and Inclusion: Exploring Diversification Efforts among African American Faculty at Ivy League Universities in a State of Anti-affirmative Action Regulatory Environment" (EdD dissertation, Northcentral University; ProQuest Dissertations

997:, which are, according to this label, assumed to be less qualified and have supposedly received preferential treatment due to DEI policies. Wording of some DEI initiatives can backfire and contribute to the self-perception of the hired person that they would not have been hired solely based on 616:

in protest against mandatory diversity statements, has stated that "most academic work has nothing to do with diversity, so these mandatory statements force many academics to betray their quasi-fiduciary duty to the truth by spinning, twisting, or otherwise inventing some tenuous connection to

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Contrary arguments for training are that, "implicit bias training is crucial for addressing racism, and bypassing it cannot be justified under the First Amendment. While free speech is a fundamental right, it is not absolute and must be balanced against public health needs, including combating

332:

to that of the majority population. The philosophical basis of the policy has various rationales, including but not limited to compensation for past discrimination, correction of current discrimination, and the diversification of society. It is often implemented in governmental and educational

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Another significant point of political controversy has been the implementation of DEI frameworks in the military, with Republican politicians frequently criticizing the efforts as "divisive" and as harming military efficiency and recruiting, while Democrats have defended it as beneficial and

468:

Within healthcare, DEI reflective groups have been used to enhance the cultural sensitivity within mental health professionals. Such reflective spaces help improve mental health professionals reflexivity and awareness of DEI-related issues both within direct clinical work with clients, their

427:

As of 2024, affirmative action rhetoric has been increasingly replaced by emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion, while nine states explicitly ban its use in the employment process. The Supreme Court in 2023 explicitly rejected affirmative action regarding race in college admissions in

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A 1,500-person survey conducted by FIRE reported that the issue is highly polarizing for faculty members, with half saying their view more closely aligns with the description of diversity statements as "a justifiable requirement for a job at a university", while the other half saw it as "an

640:

Several U.S. states have implemented legislation to ban mandatory diversity statements. In 2024, MIT announced that diversity statements "will no longer be part of applications for any faculty positions" at the university, becoming the first major university to abandon the practice.

1027:. This ruling, effectively eliminated the use of affirmative action in college admissions but did not directly affect employers. Nevertheless, since then conservative activists have organized in the states to dismantle race-conscious policies in various aspects of the economy. The 1051:

stated the Academy Award's diversity and inclusion standards "make me vomit", arguing that art should not be morally legislated. Several major film directors, who are voting members of the Academy Awards, anonymously expressed their opposition to the new diversity standards to

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Tracks state legislation that would close DEI offices, ban mandatory diversity training; prevent colleges from using DEI statements in hiring and promotion; or bar them for considering race, sex, ethnicity, or national origin in admissions or employment. Free

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Boulware, L. Ebony; Corbie, Giselle; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Wilkins, Consuelo H.; Ruiz, Raquel; Vitale, Alfred; Egede, Leonard E. (20 January 2022). "Combating Structural Inequities – Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Clinical and Translational Research".

565:

The use of mandatory "diversity statements" within academia, wherein an applicant or faculty member outlines their "past contributions" and plans "for advancing diversity, equity and inclusion" if hired, has become controversial and sparked criticism.

833:

commentators looking to roll-back initiatives." The anti-racism trainer involved in the incident has stated they welcome the review by Lecce, and stated that the incident has been "weaponized to discredit and suppress the work of people committed ".

340:

by the ruling class of a culture, and to address existing discrimination. More recently concepts have moved beyond discrimination to include diversity, equity and inclusion as motives for preferring historically underrepresented groups. In the famous

255:

and allocating resources and "decision making authority to groups that have historically been disadvantaged", and taking "into consideration a person's unique circumstances, adjusting treatment accordingly so that the end result is equal." Finally,

311:

to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin". It was used to promote actions that achieve non-discrimination. In September 1965, President

956:(ESG). To investors and stakeholders, hiring these groups sends a coded message that the organization is more open to a diverse workforce, but to the groups hired it suggests the organization lacks effective diversity management or inclusion. 477:

students through resources and staff training, in order to support students facing social disparities. Other proponents of allyship consider impromptu speaking a key skill for allies to operate on authenticity in everyday words and reactions.

865:

said that "Jews, unlike other minority group, possess privilege and power, Jews and victims of Jew-hatred do not merit or necessitate the attention of the DEI committee" after two students complained about antisemitic incidents on campus.

736:

sparked criticism and discussion in the media, with many focusing on the role of Associate DEI Dean Tirien Steinbach, who joined protesters in denouncing Duncan's presence on campus. In the wake of the incident, the editorial board of the

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Ariana Baio, "Supreme Court strikes down affirmative action, banning colleges from factoring race in admissions: In a 6 -3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled higher education institutions may not consider race as a factor in admissions"

321:

Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Neither executive order nor The Civil Rights Act authorized group preferences. The Senate floor manager of the bill, Senator

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Schwarzschild, Maimon and Heriot, Gail L. "Race Preferences, Diversity, and Students for Fair Admissions: A New Day, a New Clarity" (January 16, 2024). SMU Law Review, Forthcoming (2024), San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 24-003,

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Schwarzschild, Maimon and Heriot, Gail L., Race Preferences, Diversity, and Students for Fair Admissions: A New Day, a New Clarity (January 16, 2024). SMU Law Review, Forthcoming (2024), San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 24-003,

1697:

Rosenkranz, Kari M.; Arora, Tania K.; Termuhlen, Paula M.; Stain, Steven C.; Misra, Subhasis; Dent, Daniel; Nfonsam, Valentine (July 2021). "Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Medicine: Why It Matters and How do We Achieve It?".

547:

has stated that "the consensus now emerging among academics is that many anti-discrimination policies have no effect. What is worse, they often backfire." A regular claim is that these efforts mainly work to protect against

697:

calling DEI initiatives "illegal", a spokesperson for his office stated: "The issue is not diversity – the issue is that equity is not equality. Here in Texas, we give people a chance to advance based on talent and merit."

608:(AFA) has called for the end of required diversity statements, stating it "encourages cynicism and dishonesty" and erases "the distinction between academic expertise and ideological conformity". Social psychologist 968:

in 2017, college professor Stephen Friedman said that, "Organizations who are serious about DEI must adopt the frame of producing shared value where business and social goods exist side-by-side". According to a

656:

According to DEI frameworks, "equity is different than equality in that equality implies treating everyone as if their experiences are exactly the same." A common identification, especially among critics, is of

2151: 351:, diversity now became a factor in constitutional law. The Supreme Court ruled quotas were illegal but it was allowable to consider race as a plus factor when trying to foster "diversity" in their classes. 391:

One 2020 estimate placed the size of the global diversity and inclusion market at $ 7.5 billion, of which $ 3.4 billion was in the United States, projecting it to reach $ 17.2 billion by 2027. In 2021,

388:

magazine stated in 2019 that the DEI industry had "exploded" in size. Within academia, a 2019 survey found that spending on DEI efforts had increased 27 percent over the five preceding academic years.

693:"the most egregious, self-righteous, historically-ignorant and dangerous" of the three titular notions of DEI. The debate has also branched into the realm of politics. Commenting on Governor of Texas 1547: 461:

organizations outline measures to be taken, including recruiting and retaining personnel, fostering effective communication channels, imparting relevant training, and regulating workplace conduct.

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opined that DEI offices have "become weapons to intimidate and limit speech". Steinbach replied with a piece entitled "Diversity and Free Speech Can Coexist at Stanford" that was published in the

4176: 2944:

Richard, O. C.; Barnett, T.; Dwyer, S.; Chadwick, K. (1 April 2004). "Cultural diversity in management, firm performance, and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions".

117:) are organizational frameworks which seek to promote the fair treatment and full participation of all people, particularly groups who have historically been underrepresented or subject to 1456: 141:) together represent "three closely linked values" which organizations seek to institutionalize through DEI frameworks. The concepts predate this terminology and other variations include 778:

worldview", which, they argue, is "enforced by 'Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion' (DEI) officers and bureaucracies" and "threatens the entire scientific enterprise." Two of the authors,

424:

has also stated that surveys of international companies indicate that the number of people hired for jobs with "diversity" or "inclusion" in the title more than quadrupled since 2010.

5120: 2917:

Dwyer, Sean; Richard, Orlando C; Chadwick, Ken (December 2003). "Gender diversity in management and firm performance: the influence of growth orientation and organizational culture".

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Smulowitz, Stephen; Becerra, Manuel; Mayo, Margarita (October 2019). "Racial diversity and its asymmetry within and across hierarchical levels: The effects on financial performance".

809:

principal Richard Bilkszto led to a new wave of controversy surrounding DEI in the workplace and its impact on freedom of expression. Bilkszto had earlier filed a lawsuit against the

581:

for adherence to prevailing ideological views on DEI" and "penalize faculty for holding dissenting opinions on matters of public concern". According to a 2022 survey conducted by the

5143: 3308: 721:

after he criticized DEI programs led to media attention and controversy. As a result, MIT empaneled a committee to investigate the state of academic freedom at the university.

2726: 952:", dog whistle diversity is defined as the hiring of groups who have historically been underrepresented or subject to discrimination by organizations for the social aspect of 1001:

and have only been hired due to a combination of their underrepresented identity and formal merit. The term diversity hire can refer to problematic hiring strategies such as

589:

standards, including 45.6% of institutions with more than 5000 students. Some universities have begun to weigh diversity statements heavily in hiring processes. For example,

4404: 5642:

Monea, Nino. "Next on the Chopping Block: The Litigation Campaign against Race-Conscious Policies Beyond Affirmative Action in University Admissions." (SSRN 4440549, 2023)

3216: 4842: 2248:

Nino Monea, "Next on the Chopping Block: The Litigation Campaign against Race-Conscious Policies Beyond Affirmative Action in University Admissions." (SSRN 4440549, 2023)

924:

litigation, U.S. courts have seen an increase in reverse discrimination claims since 2020, with some individual plaintiffs being awarded damages against companies such as

4916: 4556: 4202: 2295: 260:

refers to creating an organizational culture that creates an experience where "all employees feel their voices will be heard", and a sense of belonging and integration.

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stating DEI programs "are anything but inclusive for Jews". DEI's lack of inclusion of Jews and contribution to antisemitism were similarly criticized by businessman

677:. Some have criticized the focus on equity rather than equality, arguing that the former runs contrary to a focus on merit or non-discrimination. Political scientist 3167: 796:– "once anodyne and unobjectionable now contentious and outré, even in the hard sciences" – led to its refusal by major journals and subsequent publication in the 5576: 5630:

Kraus, Michael W., Brittany Torrez, and LaStarr Hollie. "How narratives of racial progress create barriers to diversity, equity, and inclusion in organizations."

3977: 5467:

Arsel, Zeynep, David Crockett, and Maura L. Scott. "Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the Journal of Consumer Research: A curation and research agenda."

5210: 5090: 4265: 5827:

Weiss, Robert John. "We want jobs: a history of affirmative action" (PhD dissertation, New York University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1985. 8604096).

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found that 6 in 10 Americans believed that diversity, equity, and inclusion programs are "a good thing". In a June 2019 poll by Whitman Insight Strategies and

1044:. Beginning in 2024, to be eligible for a best-picture nomination at the Academy Awards, a film must meet two of four diversity standards in order to qualify. 4131: 889:, one donor pulled a $ 100 million donation "because he thought the school was prioritizing D.E.I. over enhancing the business school's academic excellence." 5176: 4983: 3905: 3500: 3020:

Dover, Tessa L.; Major, Brenda; Kaiser, Cheryl R. (January 2016). "Members of high-status groups are threatened by pro-diversity organizational messages".

2090:

Sweeting, Karen D. (2023). "Executive Orders: Mandating Inclusion in the Federal Workplace: Insights from Federal Executive Departments' Strategic Plans".

328:

Affirmative action is intended to alleviate under-representation and to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them

5588:

Harrison, David A., et al. "Understanding attitudes toward affirmative action programs in employment: Summary and meta-analysis of 35 years of research."

3928: 2665:

Kelly, Erin; Dobbin, Frank (April 1998). "How Affirmative Action Became Diversity Management: Employer Response to Antidiscrimination Law, 1961 to 1996".

2500: 5546:

Ferraro, Carla, Alicia Hemsley, and Sean Sands. "Embracing diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI): Considerations and opportunities for brand managers."

4502: 882: 3263: 1142:

and military along partisan lines, with all Democrats and four Republican members also opposing. The Senate, under Democratic control, has not acted.

5327: 5670:

Portocarrero, Sandra, and James T. Carter. "Diversity initiatives in the US workplace: A brief history, their intended and unintended consequences."

4829: 4479: 4382: 3237: 2279: 706:

In the 2020s, high-profile incidents of campus conflict have sparked debate about the effect of DEI on the campus environment, academic freedom, and

1820: 5460: 347: 17: 2564: 5941: 5593: 1242: 953: 570: 5904: 3056: 5506: 5285: 4243: 3719: 2075: 2070:

Erin Kelly, and Frank Dobbin, "How affirmative action became diversity management: Employer response to antidiscrimination law, 1961 to 1996."

53: 5655: 5419:

The Effectiveness of Educational Policy for Bias-Free Teacher Hiring: Critical Insights to Enhance Diversity in the Canadian Teacher Workforce

5152: 4592: 3345: 2059: 846:. According to Andria Spindel of the Canadian Antisemitism Education Foundation, antisemitism has been largely ignored in the DEI curriculum. 5611:

Iyer, Aarti. "Understanding advantaged groups' opposition to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) policies: The role of perceived threat."

5112: 4965: 4774: 4070: 3741: 3382: 2715: 2152:"An Insight Investigation: Accounting for Just 0.5% of Higher Education's Budgets, Even Minimal Diversity Funding Supports Their Bottom Line" 613: 582: 5801:

Thurber, Timothy M. "Racial Liberalism, Affirmative Action, and the Troubled History of the President's Committee on Government Contracts."

3950: 3652: 3477: 2223: 2198:

Bridget Read, "Reckoning with as Reckoning: Doing the Work at Work What are companies desperate for diversity consultants actually buying?"

1601: 4811: 4631:

Hughes, Anne K.; Horner, Pilar S.; Ortiz, Daniel Vélez (2012). "Being the Diversity Hire: Negotiating Identity in an Academic Job Search".

1902: 541:

Diversity training, a common tool used in DEI efforts, has repeatedly come under criticism as being ineffective or even counterproductive.

5780:

Tatli, Ahu. "A multi‐layered exploration of the diversity management field: diversity discourses, practices and practitioners in the UK."

4667: 1525: 1503: 1040:

Within the film industry, several prominent actors and directors have criticized recently implemented diversity standards, such as at the

4001: 5059: 4938: 3763: 1331: 1094:-controlled states. Several states are considering or have passed legislation targeting DEI in public institutions. In March 2023, the 869:

Following a wave of antisemitic incidents on American campuses in 2023–2024, several Republican congressmen laid the blame on DEI, with

333:

settings to ensure that designated groups within a society can participate in all promotional, educational, and training opportunities.

6021: 3834: 5819: 4755: 3859: 1979: 469:

families, and wider systems, as well as within professional supervision and teams. DEI positions also exist with the goal of creating

5946: 5773:

Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion in Caribbean Organisations and Society: An Exploration of Work, Employment, Education, and the Law

4793: 4427: 3319: 2311: 5764: 2853: 5961: 5522:(Princeton UP, 2009), scholarly history argues that Congress and the courts followed the lead of programs created by corporations. 5304: 4311: 4177:"Former Toronto Principal Bullied By Equity Consultants For His 'Whiteness' Commits Suicide, Leaves Family and Friends 'Reeling'" 4022: 1151: 1024: 897:

DEI has according to some critics become a distinct ideology or "political agenda", leading to a politicization of universities.

430: 292: 3144: 2323:

Gill, Gurwinder Kaur; McNally, Mary Jane; Berman, Vin (16 August 2018). "Effective diversity, equity, and inclusion practices".

336:

The stated justification for affirmative action by its proponents is to help compensate for past discrimination, persecution or

1135: 5815: 5381: 3882: 3523: 5429: 2890:

Bell, Myrtle P.; Berry, Daphne P. (November 2007). "Viewing Diversity Through Different Lenses: Avoiding a Few Blind Spots".

711: 510: 65: 5033: 4721:

Chronicle Staff, "DEI Legislation Tracker: Explore where college diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts are under attack"

4450: 4356: 4153: 2762: 2375: 1430: 2177: 5353: 3405: 5675: 4203:"The Lived Experiences of Anti-Semitism Encountered by Jewish Students on University Campuses: A Phenomenological Study" 3428: 5986: 2638:

Obah Jr., Herbert (2023). "Black and Asian Allyship Through Impromptu Speaking". In Sha, Mandy; Lee, Cassandra (eds.).

1774: 1196: 909: 590: 5863: 5753: 5237: 5082: 2203: 1354: 1098:

passed a bill with a rider banning the use of state funds for DEI programs in universities and colleges. In May 2023,

5530: 4266:"Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Programming's Antisemitism Failures; Buffalo Shooting and Great Replacement Theory" 3359: 2649: 2013: 1069: 523: 87: 4694:"'I'm here for my gender, not my skill': Causal reasoning shapes beliefs about merit in response to DEI initiatives" 3451: 1478: 1090:

In the 2020s, DEI came into the spotlight in American politics, especially in state legislatures in Texas and other

998: 5187: 4335:"'I declared myself not woke': What happened when a critic of anti-racism 'ideology' led DEI at a Bay Area college" 2716:

Cross-cultural and diversity management intersections: lessons for attracting and retaining international assignees

1091: 1005:. The term "DEI", when used as a term to disparage people (particularly Black Americans), has been described as an 4102: 2306:

Cara McClellan, "When Claims Collide: Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard and the Meaning of Discrimination."

1457:"Why the Term 'JEDI' Is Problematic for Describing Programs That Promote Justice, Equity, Diversity and Inclusion" 4610: 4334: 2474: 1247: 1166:", have led to calls for boycotts of certain companies by activists and politicians; with notable examples being 313: 5665: 4736: 3693: 1102:

passed legislation banning offices and programs promoting DEI at publicly funded colleges and universities. In

1095: 981: 798: 725: 5479:

Barnett, Rachel. "Leading with meaning: Why diversity, equity, and inclusion matters in US higher education."

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Hammond, J. W.; Brownell, Sara E.; Kedharnath, Nita A.; Cheng, Susan J.; Byrd, W. Carson (23 September 2021).

6016: 5694: 5494: 5260: 4828:

Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, "State Legislatures Targeting DEI in Higher Education" (Jun 29, 2023)

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Green, Jeremiah; Hand, John R. M. (2021). "Diversity matters/delivers/wins revisited in S&P 500® firms".

1854: 810: 645: 455: 300: 2727:

Hunt, Vivian, Dennis Layton, and Sara Prince. "Diversity matters." McKinsey & Company 1.1 (2015): 15–29.

1078:, have also been frequent critics of DEI, with contributor George Leff arguing it is authoritarian and anti- 5650:

Nakamura, Brent K., and Lauren B. Edelman. "Bakke at 40: How diversity matters in the employment context."

5527:

Gender Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Academia: A Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Transformations

4890: 4405:"CNBC Transcript: Pershing Square Capital Management CEO Bill Ackman Speaks with CNBC's 'Squawk Box' Today" 1387: 5917:"Affirmative action is under attack. How did we get here" By Julian Mark, Taylor Telford and Emma Kumer 5537:"Elkins, Caroline, Frances Frei, and Anne Morriss. "Critics of D.E.I. Forget That It Works: Guest Essay," 1806:

See the concluding chapter, "Demise of Affirmative Action in the Age of Diversity," in Terry H. Anderson,

1162:

Political opposition to corporate DEI efforts in the United States, particularly marketing criticized as "

61: 6006: 5956: 5712:

Russen, Michelle, and Mary Dawson. "Which should come first? Examining diversity, equity and inclusion."

3264:"FIRE Statement on the Use of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Criteria in Faculty Hiring and Evaluation" 1880: 355: 4557:"Organizations are leaving disabled workers behind in their DEI efforts – here's how they can do better" 5996: 5991: 5411: 3168:"Commentary: Diversity training is unpopular because it doesn't work (but companies could change that)" 2008:

Sowell, Thomas (2004). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, Yale University Press,

1122: 886: 371: 5484: 5971: 5951: 5616: 4984:"Florida board bans use of state, federal dollars for DEI programs at state universities – CBS Miami" 3095: 2042:"That's Not What We Meant to Do": Reform and Its Unintended Consequences in Twentieth-Century America 1827: 921: 662: 605: 192: 122: 5113:"Secret Service says it's appalled by DEI rhetoric against female agents after Trump rally shooting" 993:

Diversity hire, equity hire, or DEI hire, are disparaging and controversial labels for persons from

138: 5604: 4865: 3677:

Minow, Martha. "Learning to live with the dilemma of difference: Bilingual and special education."

2040:

Steven M. Gillon, "The strange career of affirmative action: the Civil Rights Act of 1964" in his

1745: 1237: 405: 367: 69: 5328:"Target workers say the abrupt removal of Pride month displays has alienated some LGBTQ employees" 4132:"Anti-racism trainer accused of bullying Toronto principal who later died welcomes Ontario review" 3309:"Initiative to Advance Faculty Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in the Life Science at UC Berkeley" 1623: 577:, stating that "ague or ideologically motivated DEI statement policies can too easily function as 5981: 941: 857:

and DEI critic, has criticized DEI for what she says is fostering antisemitism. According to the

5839: 4966:"Who is Vivek Ramaswamy? A look at the GOP presidential candidate's first visit to Philadelphia" 3285: 2778:"The significance of trying : How organizational members meet the ambiguities of diversity" 1910: 6011: 5869:

Varlack, Tiega-Noel (2023). "Bypassing implicit bias training is not a First Amendment right."

994: 964:

According to some critics, DEI initiatives inadvertently sideline disabled people. Writing for

949: 917: 913: 682: 578: 415: 337: 5853: 5750:

Liberty Road: Black Middle-Class Suburbs and the Battle Between Civil Rights and Neoliberalism

5740:

Vanderbilt University Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series Working Paper Number 24-4

4756:"Richard Dreyfuss Slams New Diversity Requirements for Oscar Contention: 'They Make Me Vomit'" 3809: 1223:, over three quarters, or 76%, of LGBT Americans support corporate presence in Pride parades. 1195:

Some of these companies' responses to the controversies have, in turn, sparked criticism from

2449: 1548:"Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce" 502: 451: 401: 317: 304: 296: 102: 5966: 5936: 4103:"Anti-racism trainer accused of bullying principal who later died says she welcomes review" 1987: 1579: 1252: 1188: 1109:

Several prominent Republicans positioned themselves as critics, including Florida Governor

487: 248: 130: 31: 5860:

The case for affirmative action on campus: Concepts of equity, considerations for practice

5763:

55#4 (2021): 1989-2062. Controversy regarding statements required of university faculty.

5557:

Preparing for a Successful Faculty Career: Achieving Career Excellence as a Faculty Member

3929:"Stanford Law's Diversity Dean Is 'on Leave' as Controversy Boils Over a Disrupted Speech" 2973:"The significance of trying: How organizational members meet the ambiguities of diversity" 2524:"Evaluating the experiences of a staff equality, diversity and inclusion reflective space" 748: 509:

deteriorated and their physiological arousal increased. DEI can also be one component of

271:

training, it also finds implementation within many types of organizations, such as within

8: 6001: 5358: 4574: 4154:"Education minister orders review into allegations of TDSB principal who died by suicide" 3786: 3193: 2972: 2777: 1255:– employer that does not automatically disqualify all people with any criminal background 1209: 862: 830: 788: 739: 733: 729: 670: 597:

exclusively on the basis of their diversity statements in the hiring cycle of 2018–2019.

447: 443: 409: 5083:"What to Know About Women in Secret Service as Critics Blame 'DEI' for Trump's Shooting" 4843:"Texas House panel OKs funding ban for college DEI programs in draft budget. Here's why" 4593:"Op-Ed: Employers' diversity and equity efforts often overlook people with disabilities" 3589: 2025: 1106:, a bill to ban spending on DEI in public universities was also advanced in March 2023. 5572:"Diversity within racial groups and the constitutionality of race-conscious admissions" 5455:

April, Kurt. "The new diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) realities and challenges."

5181: 3906:"A new Supreme Court case could be the most important transgender rights decision ever" 3634: 3115: 3002: 2953: 2807: 2754: 2615: 2590: 2348: 2290:

Dan Morgan, "Supreme Court rejects affirmative action at colleges as unconstitutional"

1961: 1723: 1679: 1268: 1232: 1145: 878: 825: 634: 630: 618: 553: 536: 379: 264: 228: 220: 208: 5426:

Selling diversity: Immigration, multiculturalism, employment equity, and globalization

3501:"Mandatory DEI Statements Are Ideological Pledges of Allegiance. Time to Abandon Them" 2930: 770:, published a paper that outlined what the authors see as a "clash in science between 5976: 5835: 5571: 4648: 3638: 3571: 3563: 3119: 3037: 3006: 2811: 2645: 2620: 2545: 2340: 2107: 2009: 1953: 1782: 1727: 1715: 1683: 1671: 1054: 771: 707: 252: 196: 5662:

Racing for innocence: Whiteness, gender, and the backlash against affirmative action

4503:"DEI under siege: Why more businesses are being accused of 'reverse discrimination'" 2758: 2352: 5643: 5560: 4640: 4217: 3624: 3555: 3107: 3029: 2992: 2984: 2926: 2899: 2872: 2834: 2797: 2789: 2746: 2674: 2610: 2602: 2535: 2332: 2249: 2099: 1945: 1707: 1661: 1171: 1048: 574: 5382:"Most LGBTQ Americans Actually Love Having Cops And Corporations In Pride Parades" 4530: 3787:"When Diversity and Inclusion Clash with Free Speech – And Why They Don't Have To" 3111: 2540: 2523: 191:

refers to the presence of variety within the organizational workforce, such as in

5794:

Taylor, Alecia. "3 Ways That Anti-DEI Efforts Are Changing How Colleges Operate"

5635: 5564: 3764:"New FIRE model legislation takes on DEI bureaucracy's chilling effect on campus" 1858: 1263: 1183: 1118: 1074: 920:

against whites. While such complaints have historically been a small fraction of

858: 850: 686: 622: 586: 397: 384: 322: 200: 4668:"Kamala Harris faces racial 'DEI' attacks amid campaign for the 2024 presidency" 4644: 4289:"DEI: Not diverse, equitable, or inclusive if antisemitism is ignored – opinion" 3720:"Jordan Peterson: When the left goes too far – the dangerous doctrine of equity" 3080:

Alecia Taylor, "3 Ways That Anti-DEI Efforts Are Changing How Colleges Operate"

2678: 1711: 985:

that, "If you embrace diversity, but ignore disability, you're doing it wrong."

629:

ideological litmus test that violates academic freedom". According to Professor

414:

magazine stated "the business became astronomically larger than ever" after the

4288: 3033: 2591:"The feudal structure of global health and its implications for decolonisation" 2565:"Equity Elementary: 'Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion' Staff in Public Schools" 2126: 1175: 1041: 977: 898: 760: 715: 681:

has called "equity" a "mandate to discriminate", threatening the principle of "

678: 617:

diversity". Other criticisms include that it "devalues merit"; is connected to

609: 375: 240: 118: 5211:"Bud Light loses top US beer spot after promotion with transgender influencer" 3810:"M.I.T.'s Choice of Lecturer Ignited Criticism. So Did Its Decision to Cancel" 3096:"Why Doesn't Diversity Training Work? The Challenge for Industry and Academia" 2903: 2606: 2103: 1949: 1125:

banned federal or state money being used toward DEI programs in universities.

701: 5930: 5846: 5386: 4652: 3567: 3383:"Mandated Diversity Statement Drives Jonathan Haidt To Quit Academic Society" 3041: 2838: 2549: 2423: 2336: 2111: 1957: 1786: 1258: 1219: 929: 870: 819: 775: 767: 763: 594: 543: 420: 329: 134: 5812:

The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History From Reconstruction to Today

4693: 3860:"The Illusion of Consensus: An Interview with Professor Jeffrey Flier, M.D." 1934:"The Parameters of Affirmative Action: Equity and Excellence in the Academy" 354:

Diversity themes gained momentum in the mid-1980s. At a time when President

4775:"Oscars voters slam Hollywood inclusion standards amid new diversity rules" 3575: 2624: 2344: 1719: 1675: 1139: 1110: 1062:

attacked the new standards as "progressive fascism", comparing them to the

1059: 843: 718: 474: 363: 224: 5726:

International Diversity and Inclusion: Innovative Higher Education in Asia

4221: 3478:"Professors Are Sharply Divided on DEI Statements in Hiring, Survey Finds" 2398: 1666: 1649: 593:

eliminated three-quarters of applicants for five faculty positions in the

5177:"After Trump Assassination Attempt, Right Points Finger at Female Agents" 5060:"House Approves GOP Measure Banning Military DEI Initiatives by One Vote" 4611:"Disability fashion: Stephanie Thomas is shaking up the fashion industry" 3629: 3612: 3559: 2997: 2876: 2802: 2399:"Homepage – Diversity, Equity and Inclusion – Carnegie Mellon University" 1179: 1114: 1079: 1006: 874: 793: 783: 779: 694: 585:, one in five American colleges and universities include DEI criteria in 280: 4917:"Bill to ban DEI spending at public universities advances in Iowa House" 4244:"Campus Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) Excludes and Targets Jews" 2957: 1299: 4812:"Diversity, Equity, Inclusion – Manipulating Words for Political Goals" 3676: 2988: 2793: 1965: 1933: 854: 549: 362:

In 2003, corporations spent $ 8 billion annually on diversity. In 2011

212: 126: 5515:(2022), wide-ranging manual to help new DEI officials in corporations. 5144:"Right-wing influencers use Trump assassination attempt to attack DEI" 5011:"Military academies' diversity efforts draw GOP concerns, Dem support" 4383:"House Republicans Blame DEI Programs for Rise in Campus Antisemitism" 2501:"What Is Really Going On: Black Graduate Students in Higher Education" 1355:"Inside the Booming Diversity-Equity-and-Inclusion Industrial Complex" 4939:"Ron DeSantis announces plan to block DEI programs in state colleges" 4156:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The Canadian Press. 25 July 2023 4105:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The Canadian Press. 28 July 2023 3217:"This Is Why Corporate DEI Tragically Fails Many Black Professionals" 2742: 1063: 925: 753: 393: 268: 263:

DEI is most often used to describe certain training efforts, such as

204: 5789:

Critical and Creative Engagements with Diversity in Nordic Education

5743: 5733: 5603:

38.3 (2000): 483–568; summary of 200 studies on the actual effects.

3544: 2741:

Alesina, Alberto; Harnoss, Johann; Rapoport, Hillel (January 2013).

2262: 2127:"Diversity Has Become a Booming Business. So Where Are the Results?" 1379: 1146:

Reactions to attempted assassination during a U.S. presidential race

976:

This view has been echoed by a number of DEI leaders and activists.

5286:"Consumers fight back, with some success, against brands gone woke" 4866:"Texas Lawmakers Pass Ban on D.E.I. Programs at State Universities" 3883:"Stanford Law students shout down 5th Circuit judge: A post-mortem" 3766:. Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression. 16 February 2023 2750: 1273: 1002: 470: 272: 5599:

Holzer, Harry, and David Neumark. "Assessing affirmative action."

4698:

Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society

1851: 5352:

Telford, Taylor; Felton, Emmanuel; Guskin, Emily (18 June 2024).

3346:"Bypassing implicit bias training is not a First Amendment right" 3238:"American universities are hiring based on devotion to diversity" 1408: 973:

article in 2023, "People with disabilities are being neglected".

829:, the incident has also been "seized on by a number of prominent 815: 806: 560: 244: 232: 4575:"Why Businesses Must Stop Disregarding People With Disabilities" 4047: 3524:"MIT becomes first elite university to ban diversity statements" 1881:"Today's racial quotas? Senator Humphrey would've eaten his hat" 1526:"Definitions of Diversity, Equity, Accessibility, and Inclusion" 5621:

King, Eden B. , Quinetta M. Roberson, and Mikki R. Hebl, eds.

5503:

Diversity in the workforce: Current issues and emerging trends.

2699:"As DEI gets more divisive, companies are ditching their teams" 1826:. Society for History in the Federal Government. Archived from 1775:"The Right Is Trying to Turn 'DEI' Into a Slur. Don't Let Them" 1167: 276: 5450:(Oxford University Press, 2004), a standard scholarly history. 5034:"Republicans Ban All Racial Diversity Offices Inside Military" 1821:"President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action" 1454: 1150:

DEI policies became a frequent target for criticism after the

673:". This difference between equity and equality is also called 5354:"Most Americans approve of DEI, according to Post-Ipsos poll" 2589:

Keshri, Vikash Ranjan; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep (September 2022).

1980:"Equal Opportunity & Affirmative Action Policy Statement" 1746:"Is DEI a racial slur? Rise in term outrages Black Americans" 1696: 1214: 1099: 251:. More specifically, equity usually also includes a focus on 216: 52:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

5714:

International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management

5703:(University Press of Mississippi, 2001), a Black perspective 4002:"Stanford DEI Dean Escalates Battle against Law-School Dean" 3288:. American Association of University Professors. 16 May 2022 1861:, University of California, Irvine (access date 16 May 2015) 1479:"Office of Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Justice (EDIJ)" 3057:"ESG And DEI: Why They Matter For Long-Term Sustainability" 2943: 1409:"The Office of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging" 1279: 1163: 1103: 702:

Effects of DEI policies on free speech and academic freedom

5738:

Sherry, Suzanna. "DEI and Antisemitism: Bred in the Bone"

5555:

Fleming, Robert S. "Diversity, equity, and inclusion." in

5142:

Lorenz, Taylor; Nix, Naomi; Tiku, Nitasha (16 July 2024).

4357:"Overview of Complaints Filed Against Stanford University" 3406:"Want An Academic Job? Start Preparing Your DEI Statement" 2368:"Equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in the workplace" 5305:"The Bud Light boycott, explained as much as is possible" 2424:"Diversity, Equity and Inclusion - University of Houston" 902: 295:. The legal term "affirmative action" was first used in " 106:

Flyer supporting equity, diversity, and inclusion in 2016

5577:

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law

5448:

The pursuit of fairness: a history of affirmative action

2224:"Workplace diversity programmes often fail, or backfire" 1808:

The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action

1138:

voted to ban all DEI offices and initiatives within the

5830:

Weiss, Robert J. "Affirmative Action: A Brief History"

4737:"The Oscars' New Diversity Rules Are Sweeping but Safe" 3360:"AFA Calls for An End to Required Diversity Statements" 1058:, with one describing them as "contrived". Film critic 916:

have alleged that corporate DEI programs are a form of

557:

or women, Asian-American men or women or white women."

501:

Several reports and academic studies, including one by

4451:"Who Decides Penn's Future: Donors or the University?" 4134:. The Globe and Mail. The Canadian Press. 29 July 2023 2740: 1192:

described such boycotts as possessing "some success".

5623:

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Insights in Practice

2854:"Diversity Was Supposed to Make Us Rich. Not So Much" 2644:. Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp. pp. 13–16. 2522:

Bolster, Alexander; Jameel, Leila (31 January 2024).

2308:

U of Penn Law School, Public Law Research Paper 23-20

5559:(Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024). 157–159. 3318:. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from 2916: 2824: 908:

Conservative activists in the United States such as

5852:(2003) an attack by a conservative anthropologist. 5684:

Diversity and Inclusion in Educational Institutions

5351: 4480:"Opinion: Why university presidents are under fire" 3978:"Diversity and Free Speech Can Coexist at Stanford" 2178:"Global Diversity and Inclusion (D&I) Industry" 1380:"Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging (DEIB)" 883:

2023 United States Congress hearing on antisemitism

759:In April 2023, a group of 29 scientists, including 5238:"How Chick-fil-A became a target for going 'woke'" 5186: 5151: 4069:Coyne, Jerry A.; Krylov, Anna I. (27 April 2023). 3145:"Why ineffective diversity training won't go away" 3094:Dobbin, Frank; Kalev, Alexandra (September 2018). 2475:"Diversity and Inclusion in the Standards | AACSB" 2018: 5491:The Oxford handbook of diversity in organizations 4630: 3885:. Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression 3266:. Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression 2322: 1580:"DEI: What does it mean and what is its purpose?" 1504:"Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Access (IDEA)" 303:on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that 5928: 3019: 2970: 2775: 1012: 747:the following week. Dean of Stanford Law School 348:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 5876:Varlack,Tiega-Noel (2023). "What I Stand For." 5441:Leading Global Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 4964:Terruso, Julia; Brennan, Chris (20 June 2023). 4312:"Amid DEI Backdrop, OU Students Condemn Israel" 1243:Environmental, social, and corporate governance 954:environmental, social, and corporate governance 571:Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression 286: 4963: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 2743:"Birthplace Diversity and Economic Prosperity" 2736: 2734: 2692: 2690: 2688: 1650:"Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion That Matter" 1602:"Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Definitions" 1199:of "walking back" or failing DEI commitments. 892: 573:(FIRE) has called such practices an attack on 561:Mandatory diversity statements within academia 370:concerning Diversity and inclusion. After the 283:towards minority groups in the United States. 171:diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility 5513:Diversity, Equity & Inclusion For Dummies 5501:Byrd, Marilyn Y., and Chaunda L. Scott, eds. 5141: 4531:"We Need to Talk About Dog-Whistle Diversity" 3881:Morey, Alex; Conza, Sabrina (13 March 2023). 3742:"Freedom of Speech, Diversity, and Inclusion" 3232: 3230: 2588: 2521: 614:Society for Personality and Social Psychology 583:American Association of University Professors 50:The examples and perspective in this article 4772: 4691: 4525: 4523: 4200: 2498: 2030:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2009. 1845: 944:coined the term "dog-whistle diversity" for 842:DEI has been criticized for not focusing on 516: 5424:Abu-Laban, Yasmeen, and Christina Gabriel. 4692:Popat, Aarthi; Leonard, Julia Anne (2024). 4117: 4068: 4016: 4014: 4008:, March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023. 3653:"Diversity, equality and the law in the UK" 3475: 3362:. Academic Freedom Alliance. 22 August 2022 3306: 3093: 2971:Risberg, Annette; Corvellec, Hervé (2022). 2776:Risberg, Annette; Corvellec, Hervé (2022). 2731: 2685: 2664: 1332:"What is diversity, equity, and inclusion?" 5862:(Stylus Publishing, 2009), with timeline. 5701:A History of Affirmative Action, 1619–2000 5428:(U of Toronto Press, 2002), DEI in Canada 5258: 5057: 5013:. militarytimes.com. Sightline Media Group 4473: 4471: 4425: 3880: 3452:"Diversity, yes. Diversity statements, no" 3286:"The 2022 AAUP Survey of Tenure Practices" 3227: 2851: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1035: 267:. Although DEI is best known as a form of 143:diversity, equity, inclusion and belonging 30:"DEI" redirects here. For other uses, see 5892:Affirmative action: a documentary history 5691:The Oxford Handbook of Diversity and Work 5613:Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5412:Affirmative action § Further reading 5261:"Chick-fil-A Faces a Conservative Revolt" 5174: 5031: 5008: 4665: 4520: 4201:Abrams, Chaya M.; Armeni, Kelsey (2023). 3975: 3903: 3854: 3852: 3628: 3106:(2). Taylor & Francis Online: 48–55. 3022:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2996: 2889: 2866: 2801: 2614: 2539: 1665: 1577: 786:, subsequently argued in an op-ed in the 651: 88:Learn how and when to remove this message 5417:Abawi, Zuhra E., and Ann E. Lopez, eds. 5235: 4914: 4773:Giang-Paunon, Stephanie (17 June 2023). 4734: 4626: 4624: 4268:. American Jewish Committee. 19 May 2022 4210:American Journal of Qualitative Research 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4071:"The 'Hurtful' Idea of Scientific Merit" 4020: 4011: 3862:Academic Freedom Alliance. 21 March 2023 3835:"Politics overshadowing scientific work" 3784: 3717: 3380: 3214: 3165: 2637: 2499:Harris-Hasan, Alandra (9 October 2014). 2180:. Global Industry Analysts. October 2022 2089: 1772: 1506:. Indiana Arts Commission. 30 April 2018 1334:. McKinsey & Company. 17 August 2022 935: 823:DEI and freedom of speech. According to 437: 159:justice, equity, diversity and inclusion 101: 5759:Soucek, Brian. "Diversity Statements." 5302: 4468: 4426:Mac Donald, Heather (6 December 2023). 4286: 3926: 3785:Friedman, Jonathan (20 February 2020). 3694:"'Equity' Is a Mandate to Discriminate" 3498: 3343: 3191: 2696: 2447: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2124: 2085: 2083: 1931: 1773:Warfield, Rafiel Deon (1 August 2024). 1562: 1317: 1152:attempted assassination of Donald Trump 1025:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 988: 959: 689:, a frequent critic of DEI, has called 431:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 293:Affirmative Action in the United States 14: 5942:Definition of antisemitism controversy 5929: 5379: 5325: 4753: 4332: 4309: 3849: 3807: 3691: 3521: 3476:Marijolovic, Kate (28 February 2023). 3471: 3469: 3449: 3426: 3344:Varlack, Tiega-Noel (16 August 2023). 3187: 3185: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3054: 2396: 1883:. Family News Network. 20 January 2022 1743: 1647: 980:, the former president and CEO of the 5850:Diversity: The Invention of a Concept 5771:Stephenson, Jacqueline H. et al eds. 5686:(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2022) 4863: 4791: 4685: 4659: 4621: 4500: 4381:Knott, Katherine (15 November 2023). 4380: 4241: 4174: 4146: 4088: 4050:. indefenseofmerit.org. 28 April 2023 3610: 3256: 1852:A Brief History of Affirmative Action 1768: 1766: 1739: 1737: 1578:Alfonseca, Kiara (10 February 2023). 712:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 530: 511:environmental, social, and governance 4840: 4448: 4326: 4314:. Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs 4048:"Scientists Defend Merit in Science" 4021:Martinez, Jenny S. (22 March 2023). 3951:"The Tyranny of the DEI Bureaucracy" 3617:American Journal of Law and Equality 3538: 3499:Kennedy, Randall L. (2 April 2024). 3429:"Higher Ed's New Woke Loyalty Oaths" 3403: 3381:Tuccille, J.D. (30 September 2022). 3048: 2763:National Bureau of Economic Research 2697:Telford, Taylor (18 February 2024). 2365: 2209: 2118: 2080: 2054:matters in the employment context." 1909:. Harvard Law School. Archived from 1641: 1431:"What is Inclusion & Diversity?" 1352: 849:Tabia Lee, a former DEI director at 36: 5724:Sanger, Catherine Shea et al. eds. 5443:(2021), for multinational companies 5373: 5080: 4915:Sostaric, Katarina (1 March 2023). 4792:White, Armond (11 September 2020). 4735:Buchanan, Kyle (9 September 2020). 4501:Guynn, Jessica (20 December 2023). 4477: 4449:Saul, Stephanie (26 October 2023). 3976:Steinbach, Tirien (23 March 2023). 3808:Powell, Michael (21 October 2021). 3611:Minow, Martha (21 September 2021). 3466: 3182: 3133: 2125:Newkirk, Pamela (10 October 2019). 1624:"Diversity, Equity & Inclusion" 1017: 948:in 2017. Influenced by the phrase " 24: 5884: 5664:(Stanford University Press, 2012). 5570:Harpalani, Vinay (November 2012). 5405: 5032:Carbonaro, Giulia (14 July 2023). 4864:Burch, Audra D. S. (29 May 2023). 3307:Heald, Rebecca; Wildermuth, Mary. 3170:. Competitive Enterprise Institute 3166:Morrison, Richard (5 March 2022). 2892:Academy of Management Perspectives 2852:Mackintosh, James (28 June 2024). 2505:Diverse Issues in Higher Education 2002: 1763: 1734: 1690: 1346: 1157: 1117:, and 2024 presidential candidate 625:; or functions as a loyalty oath. 591:University of California, Berkeley 25: 6033: 6022:Anti-African and anti-black slurs 5898: 5175:Edmondson, Catie (16 July 2024). 5123:from the original on 18 July 2024 5093:from the original on 18 July 2024 5058:Uebelacker, Erik (13 July 2023). 4666:Alfonseca, Kiara (23 July 2024). 4287:Spindel, Andria (8 August 2023). 3927:Goodman, Sylvia (22 March 2023). 3427:Sailer, John (7 September 2022). 3215:Brownlee, Dana (11 August 2022). 3194:"Diversity Training Doesn't Work" 3055:Llopis, Glenn (8 December 2022). 2448:Bohanon, Mariah (16 March 2022). 2058:52 (2018): 2627–2679 at p. 2629. 1744:Rahman, Khaleda (30 March 2024). 1435:The Insurance Institute of London 1202: 1134:strengthening. In July 2023, the 724:The 2023 disruption of a talk by 524:The Chronicle of Higher Education 5947:Definition of racism controversy 5380:Holden, Dominic (24 June 2019). 5345: 5326:Reuter, Dominick (24 May 2023). 5319: 5296: 5278: 5259:Mordowanec, Nick (30 May 2023). 5252: 5236:Valinsky, Jordan (2 June 2023). 5229: 5203: 5168: 5135: 5105: 5074: 5051: 5025: 5002: 4976: 4957: 4931: 4908: 4883: 4857: 4834: 4822: 4804: 4785: 4766: 4747: 4728: 4715: 4633:Journal of Social Work Education 4603: 4585: 4567: 4549: 4494: 4442: 4428:"DEI Drives Campus Antisemitism" 4419: 4397: 4374: 4349: 4303: 4280: 4258: 4235: 4194: 4168: 4062: 4040: 3995: 3969: 3943: 3920: 3904:Millhiser, Ian (14 March 2023). 3897: 3874: 3718:Peterson, Jordan (10 May 2019). 3692:Lipson, Charles (4 March 2021). 3404:Camp, Emma (19 September 2022). 3192:Bregman, Peter (12 March 2012). 3143:Nathoo, Zulekha (17 June 2021). 2562: 1648:Grubbs, Vanessa (23 July 2020). 247:, such as fair compensation and 111:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 41: 18:Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 5962:Corporate social responsibility 5905:"DEI Legislation Tracker" from 5832:Journal of intergroup relations 5775:(Springer International, 2020) 5625:(Oxford University Press, 2024) 5432:; see symposium on the book at 5009:Shane III, Leo (19 July 2023). 4362:. Brandeis Center. 15 June 2021 4333:Asimov, Nanette (14 May 2023). 4310:Carter, Ray (27 October 2023). 4242:Rosen, Armin (4 October 2022). 3931:. Chronicle of Higher Education 3827: 3801: 3778: 3756: 3744:. American Council of Education 3734: 3711: 3685: 3670: 3645: 3604: 3582: 3548:New England Journal of Medicine 3515: 3492: 3480:. Chronicle of Higher Education 3443: 3420: 3397: 3374: 3352: 3337: 3300: 3278: 3208: 3159: 3087: 3074: 3013: 2977:Gender, Work & Organization 2964: 2937: 2910: 2883: 2860: 2845: 2818: 2782:Gender, Work & Organization 2769: 2720: 2709: 2658: 2631: 2582: 2556: 2515: 2492: 2467: 2441: 2416: 2390: 2359: 2316: 2300: 2284: 2267: 2254: 2242: 2192: 2170: 2144: 2064: 2047: 2034: 1972: 1925: 1895: 1873: 1864: 1813: 1800: 1654:New England Journal of Medicine 1616: 1594: 1540: 1518: 1248:Corporate social responsibility 837: 685:", while Canadian psychologist 5907:Chronicle of Higher Education. 5707:Publishing, 2022. 28964683). 5601:Journal of Economic Literature 5303:Stewart, Emily (19 May 2023). 2641:If we can do it, you can, too! 1938:Review of Educational Research 1550:. whitehouse.gov. 25 June 2021 1528:. American Alliance of Museums 1496: 1471: 1448: 1423: 1401: 1372: 1292: 1276:, regarding sex discrimination 1096:Texas House of Representatives 982:National Down Syndrome Society 799:Journal of Controversial Ideas 726:Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals 374:in 2016 and the ascent of the 13: 1: 5796:Chronicle of Higher Education 5787:Tavares, Vander, et al. eds. 5782:British Journal of Management 5632:Current opinion in psychology 5590:Journal of Applied Psychology 4754:Murphy, Jim K. (6 May 2023). 4723:Chronicle of Higher Education 3679:Law and Contemporary Problems 3450:Jacoby, Jeff (9 April 2024). 3112:10.1080/19428200.2018.1493182 3082:Chronicle of Higher Education 2946:Academy of Management Journal 2931:10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00329-0 2667:American Behavioral Scientist 2541:10.1080/14623943.2024.2309882 2397:University, Carnegie Mellon. 2072:American Behavioral Scientist 1700:Journal of Surgical Education 1353:Read, Bridget (26 May 2021). 1285: 1029:Chronicle of Higher Education 1013:Political and public reaction 811:Toronto District School Board 646:National Institutes of Health 456:Inclusion (disability rights) 5565:10.1007/978-3-031-50161-6_35 5469:Journal of Consumer Research 2919:Journal of Business Research 1932:Tierney, William G. (1997). 1388:BI Norwegian Business School 481: 287:History in the United States 7: 5525:Duarte, Melina et al. eds. 5520:Inventing equal opportunity 5489:Bendl, Regina, et al. eds. 4845:. Austin American-Statesman 4645:10.5175/JSWE.2012.201000101 4175:Blaff, Ari (24 July 2023). 3522:Sailer, John (5 May 2024). 2679:10.1177/0002764298041007008 2325:Healthcare Management Forum 2092:Public Personnel Management 1712:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.11.013 1300:"'DEI' – on Dictionary.com" 1226: 1128: 1085: 893:Politicization and ideology 805:The 2023 suicide of former 710:. The 2021 cancelling of a 64:, discuss the issue on the 10: 6038: 5858:Zamani-Gallaher, Eboni M. 5728:(Palgrave MacMillan. 2020) 5689:Roberson, Quinetta M. ed. 5409: 3196:. Harvard Business Reviews 3034:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.006 1604:. University of Washington 1123:Florida Board of Education 887:University of Pennsylvania 814:wake of Bilkszto's death, 534: 485: 441: 400:concerning DEI, including 29: 5987:Human resource management 5803:Journal of Policy History 5481:Perspectives in Education 5081:Ewe, Koh (15 July 2024). 4337:. San Francisco Chronicle 2904:10.5465/AMP.2007.27895336 2607:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010603 2104:10.1177/00910260231187542 2044:(WW Norton, 2000) p. 152. 1950:10.3102/00346543067002165 922:employment discrimination 663:equality of opportunities 606:Academic Freedom Alliance 517:Criticism and controversy 297:Executive Order No. 10925 2839:10.1177/0018726718812602 2745:. Working Paper Series. 2337:10.1177/0840470418773785 1238:Corporate Equality Index 1136:House of Representatives 612:, who resigned from the 372:election of Donald Trump 291:DEI policy emerged from 27:Organizational framework 5834:(1987), 15#2 p.40–53; 5434:Canadian Ethnic Studies 4794:"Our Sovietized Oscars" 4407:. CNBC. 6 November 2023 2869:SSRN Electronic Journal 2569:The Heritage Foundation 2372:Diversity And Inclusion 2366:Noah (7 January 2023). 1121:. In January 2024, the 1072:media sources, such as 1036:Entertainment and media 995:underrepresented groups 942:Christine Michel Carter 861:, the DEI committee at 792:that their emphasis on 714:(MIT) guest lecture by 621:; that it violates the 299:", signed by President 151:inclusion and diversity 129:. These three notions ( 5923:, detailed chronology. 5890:Robinson, Jo Ann, ed. 5654:52 (2018): 2627–2679. 5471:48.5 (2022): 920–933. 4023:"SLS Letter from Dean" 2856:. Wall Street Journal. 2454:Insight Into Diversity 2450:"DEI in Accreditation" 2074:41.7 (1998): 960–984. 1411:. University of Kansas 918:reverse discrimination 818:Minister of Education 683:equality under the law 652:Equity versus equality 503:McKinsey & Company 416:murder of George Floyd 305:government contractors 239:refers to concepts of 107: 5805:18.4 (2006): 446–476. 5784:22.2 (2011): 238–253. 5748:Smithsimon, Gregory. 5674:16.7 (2022): e13001. 5615:16.5 (2022): e12666. 5550:66.4 (2023): 463–479. 5436:55.1 (2023): 125–145. 5410:Further information: 4430:. Wall Street Journal 4028:. Stanford Law School 3681:48.2 (1985): 157–211. 3613:"Equality vs. Equity" 3503:. The Harvard Crimson 2563:Ph.D, Jay P. Greene. 1870:Executive Order 11246 1667:10.1056/NEJMpv2022639 1459:. Scientific American 936:Dog-whistle diversity 675:Dilemma of Difference 535:Further information: 452:Inclusion (education) 442:Further information: 438:Methods and arguments 406:Executive Order 14035 402:Executive Order 13985 368:Executive Order 13583 318:Executive Order 11246 105: 6017:Diversity (business) 5810:Urofsky, Melvin I. 5742:(January 23, 2024). 5716:36.1 (2024): 25–40. 5634:43 (2022): 108–113. 5511:Davis, Dr. Shirley. 5483:38.2 (2020): 20–35. 5446:Anderson, Terry H. 3630:10.1162/ajle_a_00019 3592:. University of Iowa 3560:10.1056/NEJMp2112233 2877:10.2139/ssrn.3849562 1903:"Affirmative Action" 1810:(2004) pp. 217–273. 1253:Fair-chance employer 1207:A June 2024 poll by 989:Diversity hire label 960:Disability community 950:dog whistle politics 488:Diversity (business) 253:societal disparities 249:substantive equality 70:create a new article 62:improve this article 32:DEI (disambiguation) 5761:UC Davis Law Review 5652:UC Davis Law Review 5592:91#5 (2006): 1013+ 5359:The Washington Post 4919:. Iowa Public Radio 4563:. 29 November 2017. 4222:10.29333/ajqr/13482 4075:Wall Street Journal 3982:Wall Street Journal 3955:Wall Street Journal 3722:. The National Post 3698:Wall Street Journal 3623:(1). MIT: 167–193. 3084:(January 18, 2024) 2528:Reflective Practice 2056:UC Davis Law Review 1857:12 May 2015 at the 1210:The Washington Post 901:, a commentator on 863:Stanford University 789:Wall Street Journal 774:values" and a "new 740:Wall Street Journal 734:Stanford Law School 671:equality of outcome 644:DEI is promoted by 448:Equity in education 444:Diversity education 6007:Left-wing politics 5957:Affirmative action 5873:. August 16, 2023. 5798:(January 18, 2024) 5752:(NYU Press, 2022) 5660:Pierce, Jennifer. 5493:(Oxford UP, 2015) 5457:HR: The new agenda 5182:The New York Times 4741:The New York Times 4725:February 16, 2024. 4581:. 12 January 2023. 4537:. 29 November 2017 4385:. Inside Higher Ed 2989:10.1111/gwao.12883 2794:10.1111/gwao.12883 2027:Affirmative Action 1833:on 27 October 2020 1269:Rainbow capitalism 1233:Affirmative action 879:Heather Mac Donald 826:The Globe and Mail 635:Harvard University 631:Randall L. Kennedy 619:affirmative action 601:systemic racism." 554:Harvard University 537:Diversity training 531:Diversity training 380:Black Lives Matter 309:affirmative action 265:diversity training 209:sexual orientation 108: 5997:Intersectionality 5992:Identity politics 5791:(Lexington, 2023) 5699:Rubio, Philip F. 5672:Sociology Compass 5548:Business Horizons 5459:(2021): 119–132. 5421:(Routledge, 2021) 5062:. The Daily Beast 4990:. 24 January 2024 4945:. 2 February 2023 4895:capitol.texas.gov 4841:Menchaca, Megan. 4478:Zakaria, Fareed. 3590:"DEI Definitions" 3316:ofew.berkeley.edu 3244:. 4 February 2023 2925:(12): 1009–1019. 2833:(10): 1671–1696. 2595:BMJ Global Health 2200:New York: The Cut 2158:. 16 October 2019 1483:Lesley University 1113:, Texas Governor 1055:The New York Post 772:classical liberal 749:Jenny S. Martínez 197:identity politics 98: 97: 90: 72:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 6029: 5972:Environmentalism 5952:Multiculturalism 5880:. February 2023. 5585: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5332:Business Insider 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5185:. Archived from 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5155: 5150:. Archived from 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5119:. 18 July 2024. 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4891:"Senate Bill 17" 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4818:. 15 March 2021. 4808: 4802: 4801: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4732: 4726: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4599:. 21 April 2021. 4589: 4583: 4582: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4561:The Conversation 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4361: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4291:. Jerusalem Post 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4128: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4018: 4009: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3689: 3683: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3657: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3325:on 26 March 2023 3324: 3313: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3100:Anthropology Now 3091: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3000: 2983:(6): 1849–1867. 2968: 2962: 2961: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2805: 2788:(6): 1849–1867. 2773: 2767: 2766: 2738: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2694: 2683: 2682: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2618: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2543: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2374:. 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Following the 575:academic freedom 398:executive orders 121:on the basis of 93: 86: 82: 79: 73: 45: 44: 37: 21: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6026: 5927: 5926: 5919:Washington Post 5901: 5887: 5885:Primary sources 5569: 5518:Dobbin, Frank. 5439:Anand, Rohini. 5414: 5408: 5406:Further reading 5403: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5301: 5297: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5191:on 18 July 2024 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5156:on 18 July 2024 5148:Washington Post 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4988:www.cbsnews.com 4982: 4981: 4977: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4816:National Review 4810: 4809: 4805: 4798:National Review 4790: 4786: 4771: 4767: 4752: 4748: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4664: 4660: 4629: 4622: 4617:. 20 June 2019. 4609: 4608: 4604: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4181:National Review 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4129: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4006:National Review 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3957:. 17 March 2023 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3690: 3686: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3658:. 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It includes 119:discrimination 96: 95: 56:of the subject 54:worldwide view 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6034: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6012:Progressivism 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5922: 5921:March 9, 2024 5920: 5915: 5914: 5911:subscription. 5909: 5908: 5903: 5902: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5871:Daily Journal 5868: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5584:(2): 463–537. 5583: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5541:Jan 21, 2024. 5540: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5389: 5388: 5387:BuzzFeed News 5383: 5376: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5239: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5061: 5054: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5012: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4918: 4911: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4481: 4474: 4472: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4429: 4422: 4406: 4400: 4384: 4377: 4358: 4352: 4336: 4329: 4313: 4306: 4290: 4283: 4267: 4261: 4245: 4238: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4155: 4149: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4043: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3930: 3923: 3907: 3900: 3884: 3877: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3836: 3830: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3789:. PEN America 3788: 3781: 3765: 3759: 3743: 3737: 3721: 3714: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3673: 3654: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3525: 3518: 3502: 3495: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3453: 3446: 3430: 3423: 3407: 3400: 3384: 3377: 3361: 3355: 3347: 3340: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3281: 3265: 3259: 3243: 3242:The Economist 3239: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3169: 3162: 3146: 3139: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2998:11250/3030684 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2803:11250/3030684 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2651:9798379235413 2647: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2480: 2479:www.aacsb.edu 2476: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2229: 2228:The Economist 2225: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2179: 2173: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2084: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2015: 2014:0-300-10199-6 2011: 2005: 1990:on 1 May 2015 1989: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1912: 1908: 1907:Harvard Blogs 1904: 1898: 1882: 1876: 1867: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1644: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1603: 1597: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1549: 1543: 1527: 1521: 1505: 1499: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1458: 1451: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1410: 1404: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1333: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1259:Health equity 1257: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1220:BuzzFeed News 1216: 1212: 1211: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 986: 983: 979: 974: 972: 967: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 933: 931: 930:Novant Health 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 871:Burgess Owens 867: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 835: 832: 828: 827: 821: 820:Stephen Lecce 817: 812: 808: 803: 801: 800: 795: 791: 790: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768:Arieh Warshel 765: 764:Dan Shechtman 762: 757: 755: 750: 746: 742: 741: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 717: 713: 709: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 649: 647: 642: 638: 636: 632: 626: 624: 620: 615: 611: 607: 602: 598: 596: 595:life sciences 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 558: 555: 551: 546: 545: 544:The Economist 538: 528: 526: 525: 521:According to 514: 512: 506: 504: 499: 496: 489: 479: 476: 475:public school 472: 466: 462: 457: 453: 449: 445: 435: 433: 432: 425: 423: 422: 421:The Economist 418:in May 2020. 417: 413: 412: 407: 403: 399: 395: 389: 387: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 357: 356:Ronald Reagan 352: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 331: 326: 324: 319: 315: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 259: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 104: 100: 92: 89: 81: 71: 67: 63: 57: 55: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 5918: 5906: 5891: 5877: 5870: 5859: 5849: 5831: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5772: 5760: 5749: 5739: 5725: 5713: 5700: 5690: 5683: 5671: 5661: 5651: 5631: 5622: 5612: 5600: 5589: 5581: 5575: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5502: 5490: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5418: 5391:. 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